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The Japanese Migrant Community in Christchurch: the Quest for New Values and Identity

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THE JAPANESE MIGRANT COMMUNITY IN CHRISTCHURCH: THE QUEST FOR NEW VALUES AND IDENTITY _________________________________ A Thesis Submitted to the College of Arts in candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts School of History By Ayami Kuragasaki-Laughton _______________________________ University of Canterbury 2007 Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………iii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………..v List of Figures…………………………………………………………………vii Abstract………………………………………………………………………..ix Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter 1 Japanese immigration to Christchurch……………………………19 Chapter 2 Development of formal Japanese ethnic organisation…………….51 Chapter 3 Integration and acculturation in work and social life……………...72 Chapter 4 Japanese culture, Japanese identity, and New Zealand…………..114 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….165 Appendix A Questionnaire survey sample in English……………………….167 Appendix B Questionnaire survey sample in Japanese……………………....175 Appendix C Basic information of respondents for questionnaire survey …....185 Bibliography………………………………………………………………....…191 ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Chris Connolly of the University of Canterbury for acting as senior supervisor, assisting me with many drafts, and giving invaluable advice and comments to improve the quality of this thesis. His kindness and tolerance are beyond words. Without his help and encouragement, the thesis would not have been completed in this form. I am also thankful to Dr James Ockey, formerly lecturer in the Political Science Department, for his insightful comments on an earlier draft of the questionnaire survey that is so central to this thesis. And I am grateful to Dr Jane Buckingham for very kindly agreeing to take over as associate supervisor when Dr Ockey departed for the United States. I am pleased to acknowledge that this study was in part funded by the Sasakawa Fellowship Fund for Japanese Language Education. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the members of the Japanese community in Christchurch who so generously spared their time to assist me in my research. Without their cooperation this thesis would not have been possible. I am very much indebted to the Japanese Society of Canterbury, especially to Mr Takayoshi Kamiya, Mrs Noriko Wright, and Mr Kazuhiro Matsuzaki. And I have also received important assistance from Mr Masahiro Takemura of the Japanese Consular Office of Christchurch, Mr Tomoyuki Sasaki of the Japan Trading Assembly, and Mr Kiyomi Gunji, Mr Haruki Tashiro and Mr Kenji Azuma of the Japanese Society of Auckland. iii I would like to thank my parents, Teruo and Masako Kuragasaki, who have given me great encouragement and support. Finally, I would like to thank my husband and my son, Vinny and Sage Laughton, for their patience during the long hours I was working on the thesis. iv List of Tables 1.0 Distribution of Japanese permanent and non-permanent residents in Old and New communities, 2004……………………………………….5 1.1 Number of Japanese population in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, other cities, and New Zealand, 1896-2001……………………………......21 1.2 Reasons for leaving Japan…………………………………………………37 1.3 Reasons for selecting New Zealand as the immigration destination…..….42 3.1 English competency levels of total respondents…………………………..78 3.2 English competency levels by length of residence in New Zealand……...78 3.3 English competency levels by gender………………………………….....78 3.4 English competency levels by respondent’s partner’s first language……..79 3.5 Residential location………………………………………………………..86 3.6 Frequency of socialisation by English level……………………………....98 3.7 Proportion of Japanese, Asian and New Zealand European households with access to telecommunication systems………………………………102 3.8 Frequency of contacting families and friends in Japan…………………..103 3.9 Frequency of gathering news on Japan compared with frequency of gathering news on New Zealand………………………………………....107 3.10 Frequency of gathering news on Japan compared with frequency of gathering news on New Zealand, by respondent’s partner’s first language………………………………………………………………….108 3.11 Main sources of news on Japan by respondents’ partners’ first language………………………………………………………………….109 3.12 Main sources of news on New Zealand, by partner’s first language…….111 4.1 Aspect of Japanese culture seen as most important to teach children…....129 v 4.2 Ethnic identity……………………………………………………………..134 4.3 Importance of practicing Japanese business manners and acting in conformity with associated Japanese cultural values at work…………….141 5.1 Attitudes towards seasonal evens of Japan and New Zealand by length of residence in New Zealand………………………………………………188 5.2 Level of social activity with different ethnic groups by length of residence…………………………………………………………………..189 vi List of Figures 1.1 Number of Japanese applicants approved for residence in New Zealand, 1986-2004…………………………………………………………………28 1.2 Number of Japanese working holiday makers to New Zealand, 1985-2003………………………………………………………………….30 1.3 Visa categories at first arrival in New Zealand……………………………31 3.1 Occupation by industry for the total respondents………………………….81 3.2 Ethnic interactions in the Workplace………………………………………83 3.3 Main occasions for socialisation……………………………………………89 3.4 Level of socialisation with different ethnic groups…………………….…...93 3.5 Level of socialisation by the respondent’s partner’s first language………...96 4.1 Celebration of Christmas and Easter amongst Japanese immigrants……...116 4.2 Celebration of New Year and Girls’ Day or Boys’ Day amongst Japanese immigrants………………………………………………………118 4.3 Celebration of Christmas and Easter, by partners’ first language…………121 4.4 Celebration of traditional Japanese seasonal events by partners’ first language…………………………………………………………………...123 4.5 Level of support for passing on Japanese culture, traditions and customs to the next generation amongst Japanese parents………………………….125 4.6 Preferences concerning ethnicity of children’s future partner……………..132 4.7 New Zealand Citizenship statuses of the respondents……………………..136 4.8 Intention to apply/not apply for New Zealand citizenship in the future…...138 4.9 Whether respondents considered that they had become less ‘Japanese’…..143 4.10 Whether respondents felt that they had become less ‘Japanese’, by respondent’s partner’s first language……………………………………..143 vii 4.11 Whether respondents felt that they had become less ‘Japanese’, by length of stay………………………………………………………........144 4.12 Whether respondents considered that they had become less ‘Japanese’, by gender…………………………………………………………………...148 4.13 Attitudes towards the national flag for total respondents…………………..151 4.14 Reaction to someone burning a Japanese flag by respondent’s partner’s first language……………………………………………………………….153 4.15 Reaction to someone burning a Japanese flag, by length of residence in New Zealand……………………………………………………………..155 4.16 Level of support for either Japanese or New Zealand teams……………….157 4.17 Support for New Zealand vs. support for Japan, by respondent’s partner’s first language……………………………………………………..161 4.18 Support for New Zealand vs. support for Japan, by length of residence in New Zealand………………………………………………………………..162 5.1 Proportion of male and female respondents………………………………..185 5.2 Age distributions of respondents……………………………………………185 5.3 Length of residence in New Zealand for the total respondents…………….186 5.4 First language for respondent’s partners……………………………………186 viii Abstract Until the 1980s, there was no Japanese community in Christchurch, but only a small number of individuals living mainly amongst European New Zealanders. However, from the mid-1980s changes in New Zealand’s immigration policies and the introduction of a working holiday scheme between Japan and New Zealand, led to the growth of a distinctive Japanese community. Its distinctiveness lays in a fact that unlike the classic ‘New’ immigrant communities of Japanese in Auckland and some other countries, it consisted largely of permanent residents rather than business expatriates. By the 1990s, the community had become large enough to support formal organisational structures, such as the Japanese Society of Canterbury, established in 1991 and the Japanese Supplementary School of Canterbury, opened in 1999. These organisations were founded by the permanent residents, not business sojourners. They fostered a sense of community and were expressions of Japanese identity, but they also promoted links with the host society. In this respect, they were representative of attitudes prevalent amongst the Christchurch’s Japanese permanent residents. A survey conducted as a part of the research for this thesis reveals that Japanese in Christchurch retain a strong ethnic identification with Japan. However, it as well shows that they also have a strong civic identification with Christchurch and with New Zealand because they are glad that they live there; and it shows that most of them socialise extensively with European New Zealanders, support Canterbury and the All Blacks, and adopt aspects of ‘Kiwi culture’. They have a dual loyalty to the land of their birth and the place where they live. ix Introduction In the last 15 years of the twentieth century, New Zealand experienced a dramatic growth in Asian immigration. The new immigrants came from many lands, including Japan. According to Statistics New Zealand, the Japanese population of New Zealand increased 3.4 times between 1991 and 2001, from 2,970 people to 10,000. This made the Japanese the fifth largest Asian ethnic
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