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Los Fósiles Del Estado De Hidalgo Los fósiles del estado de Hidalgo Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 1 6/11/09 23:02:39 Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 2 6/11/09 23:02:39 Los fósiles del estado de Hidalgo Katia Adriana González-Rodríguez Consuelo Cuevas-Cardona Jesús Martín Castillo-Cerón editores UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE HIDALGO Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 3 6/11/09 23:02:46 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE HIDALGO Luis Gil Borja Rector Humberto A. Veras Godoy Secretario General © UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE HIDALGO Abasolo 600, Centro, Pachuca, Hidalgo, México, CP 42000 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra sin el consentimiento escrito de la UAEH. ISBN: 978-607-482-047-8 Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 4 6/11/09 23:02:47 Índice Presentación ................................. 7 Capítulo 1. Los fósiles y la paleontología ...................... 9 Katia Adriana González-Rodríguez y Jesús Martín Castillo-Cerón Capítulo 2. Historia de los estudios paleontológicos (1841-1975) .... .19 Consuelo Cuevas-Cardona Capítulo 3. Las plantasfósiles ............................. .33 Rocío Hernández-López y Jesús Martín Castillo-Cerón Capítulo 4. Panorama de los invertebrados fósiles .............. .39 Carlos Esquivel-Macías Capítulo 5. Los crustáceos de la cantera Muhi elementos importantes en la evolución de los braquiuros.................. .59 Francisco J. Vega Capítulo 6. Los peces fósiles .............................. .65 Katia Adriana González-Rodríguez y Christopher Fielitz 5 Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 5 6/11/09 23:02:48 Los fósiles del Estado de Hidalgo Capítulo 7. Micromamíferos fósiles ......................... .79 Jesús Martín Castillo-Cerón y Arturo Palma-Ramírez Capítulo 8. La megafauna del Pleistoceno .................... .85 Victor Manuel Bravo-Cuevas, Miguel Ángel Cabral-Perdomo, Elizabeth Ortiz-Caballero y Jaime Priego-Vargas Glosario.................................... .97 Recopilación de K. A. González-Rodríguez y J. M. Castillo-Cerón 6 Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 6 6/11/09 23:02:49 Presentación l estado de Hidalgo, reconocido por su amplio leodiversidad de Hidalgo y se han desarrollado nue- potencial minero, también cuenta con una vas líneas de investigación que incluyen el estudio Egran riqueza fosilífera que incluye organismos de organismos invertebrados y vertebrados marinos de diferentes ambientes, los cuales vivieron en los re- y dulceacuícolas, así como de plantas. Es por esto cientes 250 millones de años. Este extenso patrimonio que aquí se presenta una nueva reseña de los fósiles fosilífero se ha descubierto a través del tiempo por del estado, haciendo énfasis en el material deposita- paleontólogos nacionales y extranjeros; gran cantidad do en el Museo de Paleontología de la Universidad del material fue extraído y albergado fuera del país, Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAHMP); en las aunque sí hubo depósito de colecciones en México. localidades descubiertas en años recientes (Figura Fue en la última década del siglo XX cuando se 1), reconocidas por las siglas HGO; en los proyectos fundó el Museo y Laboratorio de Paleontología en realizados por los investigadores del museo, en cola- la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo boración con otras instituciones; y en las investiga- (UAEH), donde se alberga a más de 2,800 fósiles de ciones realizadas por alumnos de la UAEH, que han plantas y animales procedentes de diversas localida- culminado en trabajos de tesis de licenciatura. des del estado. Este material es producto de recolectas Pese a que la información de algunos de estos realizadas desde hace más de catorce años por inves- hallazgos e investigaciones se encuentra plasmada tigadores de esta Universidad, a través de proyectos en publicaciones científicas y de divulgación, esta de investigación apoyados por diversas instancias y obra pretende mostrar al público en general un pa- de donaciones por parte de alumnos y aficionados. norama de los fósiles que se encuentran en el estado En el año de 1996 Castillo-Cerón y colabora- de Hidalgo, de manera que el lector reconozca la ri- dores realizaron la primera revisión de los vertebra- queza fosilífera y, en el caso particular de los hidal- dos fósiles del estado de Hidalgo, cuyos resultados guenses, se logre un impacto para la protección y quedaron plasmados en una obra similar a ésta y, conservación del patrimonio paleontológico. más adelante, en 1997, editaron una versión resu- En el libro se hace una reseña histórica de los mida de la primera. Después de más de una década hallazgos paleontológicos en Hidalgo, y en cada uno de haber publicado esta revisión, se han obtenido de los capítulos se muestra la diversidad de fósiles avances considerables en el conocimiento de la pa- que se ha encontrado. Se comienza con la presenta- 7 Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 7 6/11/09 23:02:50 Los fósiles del Estado de Hidalgo ción de la paleoflora de Hidalgo y se continúa con Katia Adriana González-Rodríguez los diversos grupos de invertebrados y vertebrados. Consuelo Cuevas-Cardona Al final se encuentra un glosario de los términos Jesús Martín Castillo-Cerón utilizados en cada uno de los capítulos. editores La publicación de este libro fue posible gracias al apoyo financiero del Programa Anual de Inves- Victor Manuel Bravo-Cuevas tigación (PAI-2006-2007) de la UAEH, a través del Miguel Ángel Cabral-Perdomo proyecto de investigación titulado “Los fósiles del Jesús Martín Castillo-Cerón estado de Hidalgo”. Consuelo Cuevas-Cardona Los autores agradecen el apoyo en la edición de Carlos Esquivel-Macías las figuras a la Lic. en Artes Visuales Érika. A. Alonzo Christopher Fielitz González, al Biól. Jorge González Martínez y al Pas. Katia Adriana González-Rodríguez de Biología Jaime Priego Vargas. Sergio Daniel Hernández-Flores Rocío Hernández-López Elizabeth Ortiz-Caballero Arturo Palma-Ramírez Jaime Priego-Vargas Francisco J. Vega participantes Figura 1. Mapa índice que muestra las principales áreas fosilíferas del estado de Hidalgo, centro de México (Elaborado por Victor Manuel Bravo-Cuevas). 8 Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 8 6/11/09 23:02:59 Capítulo Los fósiles y la 1 paleontología Katia Adriana González-Rodríguez y Jesús Martín Castillo-Cerón Área Académica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Introducción disciplinas como la anatomía comparada, la zoolo- gía, la botánica, la ecología, la biogeografía, la sis- a historia de la evolución de los organismos temática, la geología, la geofísica y la climatología, puede ser revelada por el estudio de los fó- entre otras, para descubrir las características anató- Lsiles. De manera tradicional se dice que un micas de los organismos, dónde y cómo vivieron, fósil es cualquier evidencia de vida en el pasado, que cuáles eran sus relaciones en el ecosistema, cómo es ha quedado plasmada en las rocas y tiene una anti- que se preservaron y por qué los encontramos en los güedad mínima de 10 mil años. afloramientos. Un paleontólogo es un detective que El registro fósil representa sólo una pequeña debe estudiar todos los aspectos que condujeron a la muestra de la vida del pasado, ya que no todas las preservación de estos restos, para reconstruir su pa- plantas y animales tienen la misma posibilidad de sado y establecer las relaciones de parentesco entre conservarse y no todos los ambientes donde se de- las especies, pues los fósiles son un testimonio real y positaron son igualmente adecuados para su preser- tangible de su evolución. vación. Los organismos que presentan partes duras A lo largo de la historia de la Tierra ha existido como esqueletos, en el caso de los vertebrados, o una serie de eventos geológicos y tectónicos, como conchas, como ocurre en algunos grupos de inver- la ruptura y unión de continentes (deriva conti- tebrados, son candidatos idóneos para preservarse, nental), el vulcanismo, la orogenia, la expansión aunque no es raro encontrar restos de plantas y de del suelo oceánico, las trasgresiones y regresiones organismos con partes blandas en el registro fósil. marinas, entre otros, que han determinado en gran La paleontología es la ciencia que estudia los parte la distribución de los organismos y al mismo testimonios de vida en el pasado; se auxilia de otras tiempo su permanencia o extinción (Cuadros 1-4). 9 Fosiles 21 x 27.indd 9 6/11/09 23:03:01 Los fósiles del Estado de Hidalgo Estos mismos eventos, a su vez, han favorecido o 3000 a 2500 millones de años, y en México tenemos impedido la oportunidad de encontrarlos en los testimonio de ellos en Caborca, Sonora (aproxima- afloramientos actuales. Los fósiles más antiguos que damente 600 millones de años). se conocen (estromatolitos) datan de alrededor de Cuadro 1. Escala de tiempo geológico: Cenozoico EÓN ERA PERIODO ÉPOCA PRINCIPALES SUCESOS Holoceno - Edad del hombre (Homo sapiens) (0.01 MA-actualidad) - Enfriamiento posterior a un rápido aumento de temperatura - Abundancia de Plantas Herbáceas. - Grandes Carnívoros. - Herramientas de piedra en China (1.6 MA) - Homo erectus en China (1.2 MA) - Restos humanos más antiguos en Europa Homo antecessor/ Homo erectus (0.8 MA) - Primer Homo neanderthalensis (0.3 MA) - Primer Homo sapiens (0.26 MA) - Últimos Homo neanderthalensis (0.04 MA) - Extinción de mamutes, tigres dientes de sable, gliptodontes, perezosos Pleistoceno gigantes, camellos y caballos (1.8-0.01 MA) CUATERNARIO - Se intensifica el descenso de temperatura en Europa, Asia y América del (1.8 MA--actualidad) Norte (1 MA) - Periodos glaciales (0.8- 0.15 MA) - Se abre el estrecho del Mar Rojo, interrupción de la unión entre África y Arabia (1.5 MA) - Tectitas en Australia y Asia e
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