622-2014Lectureweek9

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BIOLOGY 622 – FALL 2014 BASAL AMNIOTA - STRUCTURE AND PHYLOGENY WEEK – 9 PROCOLOPHONIDAE and RELATIVES S. S. SUMIDA INTRODUCTION PROCOLOPHONOIDEA 1 Procolophonids have been variously placed, difficult to define, and not surprisingly considered as a potential ancestors to turtles. As a group they appear to hang together by virtue of the broadly flared shape of their cheeks. Recall that this is the first group we examine this term that survived the end-Permian extinction, persisting until the end of the Triassic. However, complicating this is the position of the tetrapod Owenetta, a taxon sometimes included in the group, and sometimes considered as its sister-taxon. Cisneros worked on the phylogeny of the procolophonids in 2008, but excluded Owenetta from the family, only placing in the larger Procolophonoidea. So, brief mention of Owenetta is warranted. OWENETTA Owenetta is a small parareptilian genus known form the Upper Permian to the Lower Triassic of South Africa. 2 Reisz and Scott (2002) considered Owenetta + Barasaurus (Late Permian, Madagascar) to belong to their own clade known as the Owenettidae characterized by: • a large postfrontal that prevents contact between the parietal and postorbital • a deep temporal emargination between the jugal and quadratojugal • a rectangular supratemporal • humerus lacking entepicondylar foramen The last character isn’t entirely useful, as there are other groups with this condition. 3 4 PROCOLOPHONIDAE Recall that procolophonids a mostly Gondwanan group that has been variously placed, difficult to define, and not surprisingly considered as a potential ancestors to turtles. As a group they appear to hang together by virtue of the broadly flared shape of their cheeks. This is the first group we examine this term that survived the end-Permian extinction, persisting until the end of the Triassic. Cisneros (2008) defined the procolophonids with the following features: • Maxilla premaxillary subnarial process absent. • External naris subcircular or dorsoventrally expanded. • Maxillary depression present. • Three to four premaxillary teeth. • Maxillary teeth with labio-lingually expanded bases present. • Ten to 12 maxillary teeth. • Anterior vomerine dentition consisting of true teeth. 5 6 .

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Sauropareion Anoplus, with a Discussion of Possible Life History
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Cisneros2008.Pdf
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622-2014Lectureweek8
BIOLOGY 622 – FALL 2014 BASAL AMNIOTA - STRUCTURE AND PHYLOGENY WEEK – 8 PARAREPTILIA CONTINUED NYCTIPHRURETUS, BOLOSAURIDAE and MORE S. S. SUMIDA INTRODUCTION We are now well Into the ParareptilIa, whIch means we are goIng to encounter a genus of varyIng phylogenetic placement dependIng on what study you have read most recently. 1 Nyctiphruretus Nyctiphruretus Is a Middle PermIan from the Mezen River BasIn of RussIa that has been varIously classIfIed as a nycteroleterId (part of ParaiesaurIa), a procolophonId, and entirely on Its own. The latter Is the posItion gIven by TsujI and Muller, and that provIsIonally adopted In the phylogeny used for organIzing thIs class. Most recently, SäiIä (2010) placed It as the sIster-taxon to procolophonIds, though that Is still debated. The skull Is generalIzed, wIth fairly sImple teeth suggestive of Insectivory. In other words, It Is prImItive and mIght fIt anywhere. One thIng that Is worth noting is the relative huge orbIts – possIbly suggestive of a nocturnal lIfestyle. 2 THE BOLOSAURIDAE A small, but Important group of [mostly] Early PermIan parareptiles Is the BolosaurIdae. The famIly has been known for over a century, and although Its phylogenetic placement has been all over the map durIng much of that time, membershIp In the BolosaurIdae has been stable and unquestioned. All bolosaurs are characterIzed by dramatic jaw and dental features, particularly the extremely cuspate teeth and the lower jaw wIth extremely hIgh coronoId process. Following are Illustrations of the RussIan form Belebey demonstrating these features: 3 The teeth are unmIstakable, and though somewhat low In dIversIty, bolosaurIds are apparently pan-LaurasIan In dIstrIbution.
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