FOOD POLICY

sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty REPORT Supported by the CGIAR

Beyond the Arab Awakening Policies and Investments for Poverty Reduction and Food Security

Clemens Breisinger, Olivier Ecker, Perrihan Al-Riffai, and Bingxin Yu 28 BEYOND THE ARAB AWAKENING T the prevalence ofchildundernutrition. indicators are high, very thoserelated particularly tohealth, rateand suchasthechildmortality Yemen inthebottomthird ofglobalincomedistribution. Inaddition, disparitiesinallmajorMDG 10 countriesintermsofpercapita income, andComoros, Djibouti, Iraq, Mauritania, Sudan, and are alsovastdisparitiesamong Arab-TI countries, with Kuwait, Qatar, andUAE rankinginthetop rural andurbanareas (intermsoflivingstandards) are amongthehighestinworld. There employment opportunities), menandwomeninemployment), (intermsofparticipation and official numbers suggest. Inaddition, inequalitiesbetween theyoung andtheold(intermsof Arab Awakening. Findings suggest thatpoverty andincomeinequalitylevels are higherthan or exporters. This distinction is important given that that given important is distinction This exporters. or importers oil are net they by whether differentiated are also countries Arab-TI The Sudan. and Mauritania Yemen, and followed are by Somalia risk food-security most the with countries the Among risk. insecurity levels food- of alarming extremely or alarming, whereasrisk, all other countries experience serious, Turkey, food-insecurity Tunisia and moderate exhibit Libya, Iran, Algeria, risk. low levels food-insecurity of UAEface and Qatar, Arabia, Saudi Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, risk. level insecurity food of their on based groups five into countries classifies index The index. innovative this for compiling available is countries all for almost data that fact the and volatility) price food global to vulnerability thus (and imports food on dependence high exceptionally regions’ Arab-TI the including capturing approach, macro–micro combined to this advantages conceptual and practical important are There stunting). by child (measured nutrition under child of prevalence the (2) and remittances net plus exports total of ashare as (1) imports food combining well-being, of anew measure as insecurity food of risk the introduces report this region, for the security food of importance the given and countries Arab for many misleading be to seem poverty income as such indicators welfare existing that Given andPolicySummary Recommendations policymakers andcivilsocietyin Arab countriesdirectly andindirectly affected by the his reporthasusedinnovative dataandtoolstoidentifythree key focus areas for - Bank and Gaza, and Kuwait. The countries with the the with countries The Kuwait. and Gaza, and Bank West Syria, Mauritania, Yemen, Lebanon, Comoros, Iraq, Algeria, including growth, manufacturing capita per negative experienced countries Arab several and average, on year per 1percent at amodest grew countries Arab-TI in Manufacturing regions. world other behind lagging been also has growth manufacturing resourceconstraints, by natural explained partly be can growth limited agricultural While Gaza. and West and Bank Syria, Mauritania, rates for Algeria, Iraq, Yemen, Jordan, Lebanon, year, per growth negative capita with per percent 0.3 averaged insecurity food of at risk countries in growth Agricultural and manufacturing. agriculture in modest especially been has region the throughout Growth Somalia. and Gaza, and West Bank Lebanon, including Iraq, countries, in conflict-affected trated concen were mainly capita) per 1percent than (less rates growth Very low annual countries. some in terms capita per in even and negative countries Arab-TI many in years 20 past slow duringthe been prices. global commodity high of times in critical particularly is which ments, for govern flexibility fiscal creates and countries Arab the of for half earnings export significant provides oil Economic growth on a per capita level has level has capita aper on growth Economic - - the Arab world (andthe Arab-TI region) direct the food security. Low- andmiddle-income countriesin privatesector–led growthsupporting andimproving American countries,aswell asinTurkey. development morebroadlyinmanyAsianandLatin proven successfulforpovertyreductionandeconomic with productivity-drivenstructuralchange,hasalso people’s well-being.Thistypeofgrowth,combined results showthesesectorsdriveimprovementinpoor Arab-TI regionresemblestherestofworld,and (particularly growthledbytheprivatesector), of manufacturing-andservicesector–ledgrowth such asEgypt,especiallyintimesofcrisis.Interms continues toserveasasocialsafetynetincountries agricultural potential,suchasSudan;andagriculture tant roleinpovertyreductioncountrieswithlarge example, agriculturewilllikelyhavetoplayanimpor- econometric analysiscouldnotfullycapture.For differences amongcountriesthatthecross-country However, itisimportanttonotethatthereare earn 36percentoftheirincomefromagriculture. whereas therichest20percentofruralhouseholds earn only18percentoftheirincomefromagriculture, example, thepoorest20percentofruralhouseholds poorest thatdependmostonagriculture.InEgypt,for activities, andthefindingthatitisnotalways large majorityoftheirincomefromnonagricultural past 20years,thefactthatruralpoorearna slow agriculturalgrowthinmostcountriesoverthe not havetranslatedintopovertyreduction,including explain whyagricultureinmanyArabcountriesmay region. Thereareseveralstructuralreasonsto in otherworldregionsdoesnotapplytotheArab-TI growth andreductionsinchildundernutritionfound strong andpositiverelationshipbetweenagricultural reduction inArab-TIcountries.Furthermore,the ship betweenGDPgrowthandchild-undernutrition statistical evidencedidnotrevealthesamerelation- tion by0.12percentagepointsonaverage;however, growth reducestheprevalenceofchildundernutri- In otherworldregions,1percentGDPpercapita countries asmuchitdoesintherestofworld. growth doesnottrickledowntothepoorinArab and Oman. Jordan, Bahrain, Sudan, Iran, include rates growth manufacturing best Government toolfor spending isanimportant Results ofthisreportalsoshowthateconomic

with macro- compared to micro-level food insecurity with macro-comparedto micro-level foodinsecurity FSC countries,andmeasures maydifferincountries Arab-TI countries,theurgency toactisgreaterin While thesepriorityareas applyingeneraltoall revisit theallocationandefficiency ofpublicspending. (2) fostergrowththatenhancesfoodsecurity,and(3) data andcapacityforevidence-baseddecisionmaking, this analysis,includingtheurgentneedto(1)improve detail underpolicypriorityarea 3. which selectedmeasures willbediscussedinmore the efficiencyandeffectiveness ofpublicspending, for findings clearly suggestalargescopefor improving growth compared withtherest oftheworld. These in Arab-TI countriescontributeslesstoeconomic high levels ofpublicspending, overall publicspending inefficient andineffective. Despite theserelatively programs andhealth, andthesesubsidiesare often are oftenhigherthanspendingonsocialprotection In addition, fueland, insomecountries, food subsidies public sectorsandrelated benefitssuchaspensions. protection ofallworld regions countries have by farthehighestspendingonsocial tries grew countries. fasterthanoil-exporting Arab-TI than inFSCcountries, coun- andthatofoil-importing countries’ spendingoneducationandhealthgrew less In atrend thatdiverges from overall spending, FS budgets inbothcategories have shrunkinrecent years. and lessonhealththantheaverage ofallLMICs, but health, Arab-TI countriesspendmore oneducation FScountries.in (oil-exporting) As for educationand while spendinghassharply increased by 12.2percent per capita peryearFSCcountries, inoil-importing FSC countries: spendinghasdeclinedby 2.6percent within theregion, there are diverging trends inFSand comparable toEasternEurope andCentral Asia. But potential underspending. Spendingoninfrastructure is and Yemen littleonagriculture, spendvery indicating GDP) asotherworld regions. Yet of resources toagriculture (relative toagricultural countries asagroup allocateaboutthesameamount years comparedcountries. withoil-importing Arab-TI countries washigherandgrew fasterduringthepast of FSCcountries, publicspendingby oil-exporting spending ishighestinFScountries. Within thegroup with allLMICsacross theglobe. As expected, public largest share ofGDPtopublicspendingcompared Several key policy recommendations emerge from Several keypolicyrecommendationsemergefrom which isdriven by large Lebanon, Morocco, 29 BEYOND THE ARAB AWAKENING 30 BEYOND THE ARAB AWAKENING accessibility, andqualityofdata. countries shoulddevelop andimprove availability, can more realistically beassessed. For thesereasons, allow themtosettargets againstwhichfuture progress will helptoincrease the credibility ofpolicymakers and the extentofproblems many Arab countries face poverty andinequalityindicators)may underestimate admitting thatsomeofficialnumbers (suchasofficial and damagetoeconomiespeople. Inaddition, on flawed data canleadtosignificantfinanciallosses decisions on realistic baselines, becausedecisions based It iscriticalthatpolicymakers andvoters basetheir based decisionmaking. 1. Improvedataandcapacityforevidence- budget-neutral. financial burdensonthecountriesandarelargely mainly focusonmeasuresthatdonotplaceadditional economic realitiesintoconsideration.Therefore,they recommendations takethesespecificpoliticaland for stimulusmeasures. large andgrowingfiscaldeficitsthuslimitedscope governments, especiallyinoil-importingcountries,with run-up toandduringtheArabAwakeninghaveleft increases inpublic-sectorwagesandsubsidiesthe foreign aidinflows,extensivefiscalmeasuressuchas support totheregion.Inadditionpotentiallylimited and maylimittradeprospectsexternalfinancial is likelytoslowglobaleconomicgrowthprospects where thedebtcrisisinEuropeandUnitedStates (and continuestounfold)inthemidstofaglobalcrisis, limited bythefactthatArabAwakeningunfolded poverty. Policymakers’spaceforactionisfurther streets andarenowfacedwithfewerjobsgrowing more jobsandbetterliveswhentheytooktothe Tunisia, andelsewhere,manypeoplewerehopingfor and insteadbenefitedonlyafew.Inaddition,inEgypt, privatization, havepreviouslybypassedthemajority and certainreforms,includingtradeliberalization designed andimplementedusingatop-downapproach, Arab world,mainlybecausepolicieshaveoftenbeen has anegativeconnotationformanypeopleinthe implemented islimitedforseveralreasons.“Reform” to whichtheseandotherdesirablereformscanbe risks. However,itisimportanttonotethattheextent The following policy priority areas and related The followingpolicypriorityareasandrelated There is also large scope for regional cooperation cooperation for regional scope large also is There processing. and collection during data of quality the improve greatly can training staff in offices regional Focusingmechanisms. on national and subnational quality-control have built-in often and years recent in improved have vastly interfaces flexible and software, user-friendly (GPSs), systems positioning global (PDAs), nologies assistants such digital personal as tech New data. relevant evaluate and analyze, collect, to agencies related and ministries, offices, statistical in staff of have improve capacity to the countries term, long to medium the In countries. Arab-TI for many World are available which of Gallup Poll, all the and Surveys, Cluster Indicator Multiple Surveys, Health and Demographic the include sources data alternative these report, this in demonstrated As data. reliable of lack for the compensate can data alternative run, short the In analysis. for policy matters data way innational,regional,andglobalonlinedatabases. should bepublishedinacoordinatedandconsistent and impactanalysis,areofteninaccessible.Suchdata levels, whichareimportantforfood-insecurityrisk consumer pricesatthenationalandlocalmarket in mostmiddle-andhigh-incomecountries.Dataon on anannualbasis,insteadofquarterly,asiscommon lags (sometimesofseveralyears)andproducedonly accounts dataoftenpublishedwithsignificanttime fewer countries.Anotherexampleisthenational by rural–urbandisaggregationisavailableforeven level foronlyhalfofallArab-TIcountries,whiledata recent incomeinequalityestimatesatthenational Indicators database(WorldBank2011a)provides countries. Forexample,theWorldDevelopment and otherdevelopmentgoalsdonotexistformany indicators forassessingprogresstowardtheMDGs only extremelylimitedaccesstotherawdatasets.Key publically available,andevenlocalanalystsoftenhave conducting relatedpolicyanalyses.Yetnoneofthemis are themainsourcesforestimatingpovertyand out householdbudgetsurveysinrecentyears,which Morocco, Tunisia,Syria,andYemenhavecarried immediately online.SeveralcountriessuchasEgypt, consumer prices,andothers,shouldbemadeavailable household surveys,socialindicators,nationalaccounts, and relatedagencies.Theseexistingdata,suchas In addition to the lack of access, the quality of of quality the access, of lack the to addition In Data oftenexistbutarewithheldbygovernments - the West Bank and Gaza (Figure A1.1). Finding the the WestBankandGaza(Figure A1.1).Findingthe Yemen, Comoros,Djibouti, Mauritania,Morocco,and as Algeria,Egypt,Jordan,Lebanon, Sudan,Syria, countries withhighmacro-level vulnerability,such food securityisparticularly importantforthose be directed topublicspendingonfood security. systems, alsogeneratesgovernment revenues thatcan for thepoor. Growth, combinedwithappropriate tax inclusive growth, whichgeneratesjobsandincomes Enhancing food securityatthehouseholdlevel requires ates foreign exchangerevenues for food imports. improves thebalance ofpayment positionandgener food securityatthemacro level, growth export-led macro orhousehold levels orboth. For improving be more conducive toenhancingfood securityat security, yet different typesofgrowth are likely to Fostering economicgrowth iskey toenhancingfood security. food enhances that growth Foster 2. subnational developmentstrategies. governorates, and,moregenerally,givesupportto biases inrural–urbanallocation,revealdistributionby This kindofinformationcouldhelpidentifypotential resources, whichisnotincludedinmostdatabases. to includethesubnationaldistributionofgovernment Public spendingdatacollectionshouldbeexpanded effective atenhancinggrowthorreducingpoverty. electricity networks,railways,orharbors—isthemost spending—such asinvestmentsinroads,irrigation, policymakers toknowwhattypeofinfrastructure example, itwouldbeinterestingforanalystsand specific analysisofthereturnoninvestments.For a detailedsubsectorbreakdownthatallowsformore report). Countriesshouldexpandthisdatatoinclude the datausedforpublicspendinganalysisinthis often onlyavailablebyaggregatesectors(including infrastructure, education,health,andotherareasare and allocation.Dataonspendingagriculture, levels couldgreatlyenhancepublicspendinganalysis by detailedcategories,function,andsubnational knowledge exchange and transfer. for potential and others) and flows, water migration, (trade, data cross-country of multitude the given Supporting growth that strengthens macro-level Supporting growththatstrengthensmacro-level Providing governmentbudgetdataorganized - managing Dutch disease effects—such as overvalued managing Dutchdiseaseeffects—such asovervalued tives (López-Cálix2005).For oil-exportingcountries, poor institutionalcapacity, andbiasedexportincen- constraints includelowwomen’s educationalcoverage, sector–led growth(Enders 2007).ForMorocco,key lack ofeducationarekeyissuesthatconstrainprivate cracy andfinancialservices,highpublicdebtlevels, diagnostics forEgyptsuggestthatinefficientbureau- it doesinotherworldregions.Forexample,growth growth doesnotreachthepoortosameextent growth andtoidentifycountry-specificreasonswhy analysis tofindthebindingconstraintsonaccelerating world. Thus,Arab-TIcountriesneedcountry-level Arab-TI countriesareweakerthanintherestof the manufacturingsector’spoverty-reducingeffectsin countries haveseendismalmanufacturinggrowth,and service sectorsismostpro-poor(Table3),butmany report showthatgrowthledbythemanufacturingand Syria, andYemen(FigureA1.2).Resultsfromthis Djibouti, Egypt,Iraq,Sudan,Somalia,Libya,Mauritania, in countrieswithhighlevelsofpoverty,including food securitymustbecomeakeypriority,especially these plans(BrautigamandXiaoyang2011). and creatinglegislationinfrastructureconduciveto economic zonesinnationalandurbanizationstrategies, years fromstarttofulloperation),includingspecial importance ofexpectinglongplanninghorizons(10–15 electrical equipment.Theselessonshighlightthe petroleum equipment,automobileassembly,and be appliedtosectorssuchastextilesandgarments, to itsNorthwestSuezSpecialEconomicZonecan Egypt’s experienceattractingforeigndirectinvestment industrial clusters.Importantlessonslearnedfrom countries attractiveplacesforsettingupspecialzone demand. AccesstotheseaalsomakesmanyArab for solarenergyproductiontomeetthisgrowing Mediterranean countriescanusetheirvastpotential nontraditional exportssuchasrenewableenergy. tourism. Inaddition,thereisagrowingmarketfor such asfreshorprocessedfruitsandvegetables an exportmarketfor“traditional”goodsandservices countries canbenefitfromtheirproximitytoEurope, factors. Intermsofgeographiclocation,Mediterranean location andnaturalendowments,amongother on countries’initialconditions,suchasgeographic “right” pathtoexport-ledgrowthislikelydepend Fostering growth that improves household-level Fostering growththatimproveshousehold-level 31 BEYOND THE ARAB AWAKENING 32 BEYOND THE ARAB AWAKENING and theirfamily members, especially during timesof provide safety netfunctionfor animportant farmers crops. Inaddition, smallholderagriculture continues to andSyria,as Egypt cash toswitch toexport-oriented with alargeshare ofirrigated cereal production, such cereals, providing for countries huge opportunities requiredareto produc e who are oftenpoor. For example, more laborers for creating jobs, especially for lower-skilled workers transformation withinthesectorstillhaspotential and provision ofenvironmental services. Structural net intimesofcrisis, development oflaggingregions, included jobcreation for thepoor, provision ofasafety revisiting thesector’s roles, whichhave traditionally growth isnotpro-poor inthe Arab-TI region callsfor the ruralpoor. However, thefindingthatagricultural domestic market. Itmay alsoprovide incomesto orfood productionin agriculturalexports for the macro-level food securityeitherthrough growth to contributehumanandeconomicdevelopment. improve opportunitiesforindividualsandprivatefirms that theyareabletoprovide,makeavailable,and healthy governinginstitutionsintheArabworldso and publicaccountabilityoverall.Itiscrucialtobuild closed throughimprovementsinpublicadministration gap” thatexiststhroughouttheregionhastobe frameworks forfirmsandindividuals.The“governance substantial improvementsininstitutionsandlegal targeting transferstopoorhouseholdsrequire individuals (Fan,Torero,andHeadey2011). health andnutritionofvulnerablehouseholds increase theproductivecapacityandimprove combined withgender-sensitiveinterventionsthat the foodinsecure.Safetynetsshouldbeeffectively unemployment insuranceareessentialforprotecting conditional cashtransfersandin-kindtransfers, net programs.Labor-intensivepublicworksprograms, such programsincountrieslackingestablishedsafety countries wheretheyarealreadyinplaceandestablish to expandtargetedsocialsafetynetprogramsin and tomakegrowthinclusive,governmentsneed cornerstone ofpro-poorgrowthpolicy.Inaddition, the domesticmanufacturingsector—isanimportant both ofwhichcompromisethecompetitiveness exchange ratesanddistortionsinthelabormarkets, Agricultural growth may play arole inenhancing Fostering export-led,inclusivegrowthand vegetables thantoproduce

more optimistic view points to new opportunities that more optimistic viewpointstonewopportunities that led byarmedgroups(Kaldor 2006;Duffield2001).The power vacuumshaveledto anincreaseincivilwars Eastern EuropeandSub-Saharan Africainwhich pessimists frequentlypoint toexperiencesfrom Hoeffler 1998).Inthecontext oftheArabAwakening, are oftenatthehighestriskofconflict(Collierand political transition(suchasEgypt,Tunisa,andLibya) world (TableA3.1).Evidenceshowsthatcountriesin the highestnumberandintensityofconflictsin bate conflictsintheregion,whichalreadyexhibits strong impactsofclimatechangemayalsoexacer- growth, naturalresourcescarcityplusprojected A3.2 andA3.3).Inadditiontoconstrainingeconomic must continuetoplayanimportantrole(Figures growing ruralpopulationquickly,development that urbanareaswillnotbeabletoabsorbarapidly density, specialization,andshorterdistances.Assuming provide opportunitiesfordevelopmentthroughhigher on waterandothernaturalresourcesbutmayalso population growthislikelytoputadditionalpressure water scarcityby2050(FigureA3.1).Continuedhigh worse, causingthosecountriestosufferfromextreme Lebanon, waterscarcityislikelytobecomemuch show thatinallArabcountries,exceptDjiboutiand as theycanseverelycompromisegrowth.Projections emerging challengesshouldalsobecloselyintegrated suchashealthandeducation.supplying publicservices producer organizations’ accesstomarkets, and crops, linkingfarmerstoagribusinesses, promoting include boostingagriculturalproductivity inhigh-value components (IFAD 2011). These componentswould Syria, shouldhave agriculturalsupply chains programs, forornortheast examplefor upperEgypt for other Arab countries. Subnationaldevelopment and theirexperiencemay provide lessons important surplusesofrurallabor,sectors thatabsorbimportant with significantagro-processing andrelated export al. 2010 programs andresearch anddevelopment (Minotet subnational comprehensive regional development through targeted “green box” measures including investments toagriculture andrelated ruralactivities services, Arab governments shouldshiftpoliciesand lagging regions andtheprovision ofenvironmental crisi s. To thedevelopment support ofruralareas and When designing country-specific growth strategies, When designingcountry-specificgrowthstrategies, ). Morocco and Tunisia are two countries as key better respond to labor market signals, and stimulate better respond tolabormarketsignals, and stimulate to prioritizeeducationaddress existingskillgaps, achieving inclusivegrowth, Arabpolicymakerswillhave However, giventhateducation isthefoundationfor who donothaveskillsmatched tothelabormarkets. large volumeofgraduates with highcareeraspirations curricula, ormotivatedteachersandthatpumpouta universities thatlackgoodtechnology,appropriate in mostArabcountrieshaveproducedschoolsand the often-heardnotionthateducationsystems of theworld(Table6).Thisfindingisconsistentwith effective intheArab-TIregioncomparedtorest and mostcriticallyeducationspending,ismuchless Results ofthisreportshowthatsocial-sectorspending, serve thepeopleandachievedesiredoutcomes. services needtobeoverhauledinorderbetter consistency anddevelopment impact. subsector andsubnationallevels toensure maximum they shouldbelinked closely togrowth strategiesat conditions,for country-specific and, importantly, of growth strategies, investment planshave toaccount security ofproperty rights, andothers. As inthecase public-sector competence, governance, politicalstability, of economicdevelopment, sizeofthepublicsector, affects publicexpenditure efficiency, suchasthelevel their spending. A widearray factors ofcountry-specific have agenuine interest inachieving higherreturns on However, should andoilexporters bothoilimporters tion ofspendingandimproving spendingefficiency. deficits are likely tohave torely mainly onrealloca- spending, countrieswithfiscal whileoil-importing easier tocompensatefor inefficienciesby increasing countrieswithfiscalspacewillfindit oil-exporting and allocationofpublicspending. Ingeneral, most Arab countriesurgently needtoassesstheefficiency public spending. 3. Revisittheefficiencyandallocationof and (2)Whatmeasurescaneliminatethesecauses? are themajorcausesofconflictsinArabcountries? interlinked questionsneedtobeanswered:(1)What transition process.Inthiscontext,twoimportant makers intheirquesttoleadapeacefulandsuccessful However, moreresearchisneededtosupportpolicy- unique momentumforpoliticalandeconomicreforms. emerge fromthefallofauthoritarianregimes,including As a key element of increasing efficiency, public As akeyelementofincreasingefficiency,public next steps. The ArabWorldhasawakened. Itistimetotakethe that ispatientandaccepts the tenantsofdemocracy. listen tothevoicesof people, andacivilsociety and institutions,politicianswhoareaccountable strategies willrequirevisionaryleadership,soundlaws them? Successfuldesignandimplementationofthese be achieved?Andwhatarerealisticwaystoachieve tions: Whichshort-andmedium-termgoalsshould vision shouldhaveanswerstomorespecificques- necessary? Developmentstrategiesbasedonajoint much inequalityandredistributionareacceptable the globaleconomyandneighboringcountries?How years? Whatrelationshipshouldthecountryhavewith questions: Whatshouldtheeconomylooklikein20 Governments andcitizensshouldbeconsideringkey systems, butalsoeconomicdevelopmentpathways. the jointvisionofsociety,notonlyintermspolitical What isurgentlyneededarenationaldialoguesabout or newlyelected,toimprovethelivesofpeople. for governments,betheyestablished,intransition, people’s aspirationsofachievingprosperity. align instructorincentiveswiththegovernment’sand and trainingmustalsobecomecompetitiveinorderto be consolidated,andteacherinstructorsalaries also internationally.Public-sectoremploymentshould be modifiedtocompetitive,notjustnationallybut tion, thecurriculumacrossalleducationlevelsshould in theirnationaldevelopmentgoals.Forgeneraleduca- systems—general andvocational—ascomplementary plan, thegovernmentshouldportraybotheducation a vocationaleducationandcareer.Withinnational media todispelthecurrentnegativeperceptionof competitive. Governmentsshouldemploynational vocational training—mustbemadeworthwhileand perspective, thealternativetoageneraleducation— relevant vocationaleducationsystem.Fromademand report willrequirebuildingastrong,competitive,and food securityassuggestedbythefindingsofthis builds onmanufacturing-ledgrowthforimproving (UNDP 2009).Forexample,agrowthstrategythat in theglobalaswellregionalandlocaleconomy knowledge-based capabilities,matchingopportunities These priority areas may provide a starting point These priorityareasmayprovideastartingpoint

33 BEYOND THE ARAB AWAKENING