DOCSLIB.ORG

Alpaca Immunoglobulins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alpaca Immunoglobulins Alpaca Immunoglobulins OCTOBER 2012 Alpaca Immunoglobulins by Andrew Padula Oct 2012 RIRDC Publication No 14-065 RIRDC Project No PRJ-007770 © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-681-0 ISSN 1440-6845 Alpaca immunoglobulins Publication no. 14-065 Project No. PRJ-007770 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6271 4165. Researcher Contact Details Name: Andrew Padula Address: 26 Howitt Ave, Bairnsdale, Victoria, 3875 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au ii Foreword This research explores an alternative use for alpaca, other than for fibre production. Fibre production has been the traditional saleable product from alpaca, along with trade in live animals and, to a lesser extent, alpaca meat. Blood contains molecules called immunoglobulins, which have a number of medical uses, including antivenom production. Australia has over 130,000 alpaca which represent a vast, untapped resource for using the animals to produce unique therapeutic immunoglobulins. This research has examined the potential of the alpaca immunoglobulins for a specific application: snake antivenom production. There are two main benefactors of this research. Firstly, the Australian alpaca industry stands to benefit from having an alternative use for the alpaca, as a producer of high value niche market products. Secondly, the benefits are to the global community in terms of safer and more effective therapeutic immunoglobulin products. Alpaca belong to the camelid family. Camels have recently been shown to produce a unique form of immunoglobulins in their blood. These immunoglobulins have been shown in the camel to be more heat stable, less allergenic than horse or sheep immunoglobulins, and better at inhibiting some enzymes. These properties, especially the lower allergenicity, identify camelid immunoglobulins as potentially having significant advantages over horse or sheep immunoglobulins. This project was undertaken as a proof of concept study. No similar work has been conducted anywhere in the world. Much of what was undertaken was developed on basic science principles. The key findings of this research are that alpaca can be used successfully to produce therapeutic immunoglobulins. This project explored one specific type of immunoglobulin product; antibodies produced against snake venoms, for antivenom production. In this project, we have demonstrated that alpaca can be immunised, without harm to the animal, against highly toxic and low molecular weight compounds. We have shown that alpaca produce strong immune responses to low doses of a range of snake venoms. We have developed the technology to monitor these specific immune responses. We have developed a system for harvesting of the alpaca blood and separating the serum. We have successfully adapted a process used in horses to concentrate these immunoglobulins during processing. We have obtained the necessary animal ethics approvals to test the protective nature of these immunoglobulins in mice that are challenged with doses of venom. Finally, we have shown that these immunoglobulins are truly protective against the lethal effects of snake venoms. This study has proved the concept that alpaca can make potent therapeutic antibodies against snake venoms. However, further work is required before this could be commercialised. This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications and it forms part of our Rare Natural Animal Fibres R&D program, which aims to conduct RD&E for new and developing animal industries that contribute to the profitability, sustainability and productivity of regional Australia. Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii About the author Andrew Padula is a veterinarian with a PhD in veterinary physiology from the University of Melbourne. He owns, and runs, a veterinary practice in Bairnsdale, Victoria. Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the enthusiasm and financial support of the Australian Alpaca Association (AAA). The AAA loaned various equipment for use in the project. In particular, Fiona and Ian Vanderbeek, of Alcazar Suri Stud, have been outstanding in helping to make this project successful, and in supplying alpaca. Thanks also to Jenny McDavitt, Merungle Alpaca Stud, Paul and Fran Haslin of Elysion Alpaca, Paul Cramley and Linda Davies of Pacofino, and Ros and Michael Davis of Elimbari Alpaca for supplying animals for use at various stages in the project. Technical aspects of the project were supported by Frank Madaras and Peter Mirtschin of Venom Science Pty Ltd, Tanunda, South Australia. The uniqueness of the alpaca necessitated starting from scratch with some aspects of this work, and Frank in particular helped with numerous issues. Thank you Dr Tim Kuchel of the Institute of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, for advice on various technical aspects of antibody production. Thank you to Prof. Jose Maria Gutierrez, University of Costa Rica, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Costa Rica for enthusiastic technical advice. Thanks to Nathan Dunstan of Venom Supplies Pty Ltd, South Australia for supply of the venoms used in the project. The venoms are the essential component required to make antibodies, and without the help of those who place themselves at risk with venomous snakes, this work could not happen. Thank you to Dr Ken Winkel, Director of the Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne. Ken has been part of many fruitful and informed discussions on the topic of snake venoms and treatments. We are fortunate to have such expertise in Australia. Thank you to Max Campbell and Ian Temby, of the Department of Primary Industries Wildlife and Small Institutions Animal Ethics Committee, for working with me the get the necessary approvals to undertake this work. I am most appreciative of the ‘working together’ approach with the delicate animal ethics issues associated with snake venoms and their application in animals. Thank you to Catheryn Obrien, veterinarian at Walter Eliza Hall Institute, for generous donation of technical knowledge and experience in working with mice. Thank you to the Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, for assistance with obtaining animal ethics approvals. Thank you to staff at Bairnsdale Animal Hospital: Kylee, Lisa, Debbie and Stephanie, for putting your time into this project. In particular, I would like to thank Allan Quirke, aka “the human clamp”, for the hours of helping with the field work with the alpaca. His abilities in the field and many useful tips are most appreciated. Thank you to Julie Bird of RIRDC for commissioning this project. iv Abbreviations µg: Microgram µL: Microlitre µm: Micrometre AAA: Australian Alpaca Association CSL: Commonwealth Serum Laboratory ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay g: Gram h: hour HCIgG: Heavy chain only immunoglobulin IgA: Immunoglobulin A IgG: Immunoglobulin G Kg: Kilogram M: Molar mg/mL: milligram per millilitre mg: Milligram mL: millilitre MW: molecular weight NaCl: Sodium Chloride nm: Nanometre PCV: packed cell volume PBS: Phosphate Buffered Saline PLA2: Phospholipase A2 U/mL: Units per millilitre U: Units °C: degrees Celsius v Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... iii About the Author.................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neurotoxic Effects of Venoms from Seven Species of Australasian Black Snakes (Pseudechis): Efficacy of Black and Tiger Snake Antivenoms
    Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology (2005) 32, 7–12 NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF VENOMS FROM SEVEN SPECIES OF AUSTRALASIAN BLACK SNAKES (PSEUDECHIS): EFFICACY OF BLACK AND TIGER SNAKE ANTIVENOMS Sharmaine Ramasamy,* Bryan G Fry† and Wayne C Hodgson* *Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton and †Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia SUMMARY the sole clad of venomous snakes capable of inflicting bites of medical importance in the region.1–3 The Pseudechis genus (black 1. Pseudechis species (black snakes) are among the most snakes) is one of the most widespread, occupying temperate, widespread venomous snakes in Australia. Despite this, very desert and tropical habitats and ranging in size from 1 to 3 m. little is known about the potency of their venoms or the efficacy Pseudechis australis is one of the largest venomous snakes found of the antivenoms used to treat systemic envenomation by these in Australia and is responsible for the vast majority of black snake snakes. The present study investigated the in vitro neurotoxicity envenomations. As such, the venom of P. australis has been the of venoms from seven Australasian Pseudechis species and most extensively studied and is used in the production of black determined the efficacy of black and tiger snake antivenoms snake antivenom. It has been documented that a number of other against this activity. Pseudechis from the Australasian region can cause lethal 2. All venoms (10 ␮g/mL) significantly inhibited indirect envenomation.4 twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve–muscle prepar- The envenomation syndrome produced by Pseudechis species ation and responses to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; varies across the genus and is difficult to characterize because the 1 mmol/L), but not to KCl (40 mmol/L), indicating activity at offending snake is often not identified.3,5 However, symptoms of post-synaptic nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 3 Bites and Stings
    First Aid in Common and Environmental Emergencies UNIT 3 BITES AND STINGS Structure 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Bites and Stings 3.2.1 Definition, Causes, Types and Recognition of Bites and Stings 3.2.2 Assessment of the Victim and General First Aid 3.3 Various Bites/Stings 3.3.1 Scorpion Bite and Spider Bite 3.3.2 Snake Bite 3.3.3 Insect Bite 3.3.4 Animal Bites (Dog Bite/Monkey Bites) 3.3.5 Human Bites 3.4 Let Us Sum Up 3.5 Keywords 3.6 Answers to Check Your Progress 3.7 References and Further Readings 3.0 INTRODUCTION Bites and stings are commonly seen in the rural and remote areas. Nowadays, however, they can occur in urban areas also. Lakhs of people every year are bitten or stung by someone or something. These emergencies include bites and stings due to various reasons. These bites or stings need to be identified and treated early as they affect some part or the whole of the body which can cause mild, moderate or severe reaction and can even be life-threatening. Most are not medical emergencies but however, treatment is usually required if there is bleeding, wounds or infection. All bites and stings are not same. Different First Aid treatment and care is needed depending on the type of insect or animal that has caused the bite. Some species are more dangerous and cause more harm compared to others. Hence, in this unit we shall discuss the different types of bites and stings, causes, recognition and first aid in these situations.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Studies of the Venom of a New Taipan Species, Oxyuranus Temporalis, with Other Members of Its Genus
    Toxins 2014, 6, 1979-1995; doi:10.3390/toxins6071979 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Comparative Studies of the Venom of a New Taipan Species, Oxyuranus temporalis, with Other Members of Its Genus Carmel M. Barber 1, Frank Madaras 2, Richard K. Turnbull 3, Terry Morley 4, Nathan Dunstan 5, Luke Allen 5, Tim Kuchel 3, Peter Mirtschin 2 and Wayne C. Hodgson 1,* 1 Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Venom Science Pty Ltd, Tanunda, South Australia 5352, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (P.M.) 3 SA Pathology, IMVS Veterinary Services, Gilles Plains, South Australia 5086, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.K.T.); [email protected] (T.K.) 4 Adelaide Zoo, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Venom Supplies, Tanunda, South Australia, South Australia 5352, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (N.D.); [email protected] (L.A.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-9905-4861; Fax: +61-3-9905-2547. Received: 5 May 2014; in revised form: 11 June 2014 / Accepted: 16 June 2014 / Published: 2 July 2014 Abstract: Taipans are highly venomous Australo-Papuan elapids. A new species of taipan, the Western Desert Taipan (Oxyuranus temporalis), has been discovered with two specimens housed in captivity at the Adelaide Zoo. This study is the first investigation of O.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 342.28 K
    http:// ijp.mums.ac.ir Original Article (Pages: 12795-12804) Clinical and Laboratory Findings and Prognosis of Snake and Scorpion Bites in Children under 18 Years of Age in Southern Iran in 2018-19 Gholamreza Soleimani1, Elham Shafighi Shahri2, Niloufar Shahraki3, Fariba Godarzi4, *Seyed Hosein Soleimanzadeh Mousavi5, Zeinab Tavakolikia31 ¹Associate Professor of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children and Adolescents Health Research Center, Research Institute for Drug, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. 2Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3General Practitioner, School of Medicine, Ali-Ibn-Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. 4Pediatrician, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 5Resident of Pediatric, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ali-Ibn-Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. Abstract Background Biting is one of the major medical and social problems in many tropical and subtropical regions, including the Middle East. Identification of clinical signs and other factors in children and adolescents is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory symptoms and prognosis of snake and scorpion bites in children under 18 years. Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was performed on 60 bite patients with an age range of one month to 18 years in Ali-Ibn-Abitaleb hospital of Zahedan, Iran. Demographic data, bite characteristics and clinical symptoms were recorded from files withdrawn from hospital data center. Frequency of studied variables was expressed as percentage. Results: From all patients 32 (53.3%) were male and 28 (46.7%) were female with mean age of 9.73 ± 4.26 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Urgent Care Management of Animal Bites and Stings
    Clinical Urgent Care Management of Animal Bites and Stings Urgent message: Because bite and stings can be sustained in a vari- ety of settings from many different animals and can transmit a wide variety of infectious agents, urgent care providers should have specific knowledge about treating wounds from mammals, nonmammals, and marine animals. ALEXANDER NATHANSON, MD Introduction ractitioners at urgent care centers often see patients Pwho have sustained animal bites or stings. In addition to causing structural damage to tissues, bites and stings expose patients to potentially dangerous bacteria from animal oral flora or bacteria from the surface of the skin. In rare cases, bites can result in exposure to the rabies virus, and infection with the virus carries an extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, the need for rabies prophylaxis must be addressed in almost all cases of mammalian bites. Urgent care providers should also have some familiarity with certain bites and stings from nonmammals that can cause harm through envenoma- tion, including snakes, scorpions, and marine wildlife such as stingrays, jellyfish, and siphonophores. Mammals Dogs Overview Dogs are responsible for about 80% of all animal bites in ©iStockPhoto.com the United States. The breeds commonly implicated are German shepherds and pit bull terriers. Most dog bites come from dogs known to the individual, and the inci- dence of biting is higher in dogs that have not been neutered. Dog bites can result in scratches, abrasions, Alexander Nathanson, MD, is an urgent care physician at CityMD in Brooklyn, New York. He is a graduate of the Urgent Care Association of deep lacerations, puncture wounds, tissue avulsions, and America Urgent Care Fellowship program at University Hospitals Case crush injuries (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Extreme Adventures: Killer Whale Free Ebook
    FREEEXTREME ADVENTURES: KILLER WHALE EBOOK Justin D'Ath | 144 pages | 05 May 2011 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781408126462 | English | London, United Kingdom Killer Whale Shark Bait, Anaconda Ambush, Killer Whale, Crocodile Attack, Bushfire Rescue, Spider Bite, Scorpion Sting (Extreme Adventures), Man-Eater, Grizzly Trap. A creature with huge jaws, and rows and rows of enormous teeth A wild, action-packed ride, Killer Whale is the most chilling Extreme Adventure yet! Visit for more. Author: Justin D'Ath. Publisher: Penguin Group Australia. ISBN: Category: Juvenile Fiction. Page: View: Download →. Before long, they're stranded on a wobbly icefloe. Just when it seems things couldn't get any worse, a massive creature emerges from the deep. A creature with huge jaws, and rows and rows of enormous teeth A wild, action-packed ride, Killer Whale is the most chilling Extreme Adventure yet! Visit for more. Killer Whale: Extreme Adventures About Extreme Adventures: Killer Whale. Sam Fox and his younger brother Harry are thrilled when they win a family holiday to Antarctica. However, things quickly take a turn for the worse when their ski plane crash lands on arrival, with the boys becoming isolated from the rest of the group. A creature with huge jaws, and rows and rows of enormous teeth A wild, action-packed ride, Killer Whale is the most chilling Extreme Adventure yet! Visit for more. Author: Justin D'Ath. Publisher: Penguin Group Australia. ISBN: Category: Juvenile Fiction. Page: View: Download →. Killer Whale is another fast-paced, frenzy of a story that takes a sharp turn from the norm. In every book, we find Sam evading all types of danger, and coming out it relatively unharmed.
    [Show full text]
  • Venomous Stings and Bites in the Tropics (Malaysia): Review (Non-Snake Related)
    Open Access Library Journal 2021, Volume 8, e7230 ISSN Online: 2333-9721 ISSN Print: 2333-9705 Venomous Stings and Bites in the Tropics (Malaysia): Review (Non-Snake Related) Xin Y. Er1,2*, Iman D. Johan Arief1,2, Rafiq Shajahan1, Faiz Johan Arief1, Naganathan Pillai1 1Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 2Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia How to cite this paper: Er, X.Y., Arief, Abstract I.D.J., Shajahan, R., Arief, F.J. and Pillai, N. (2021) Venomous Stings and Bites in the The success in conservation and increase in number of nature reserves re- Tropics (Malaysia): Review (Non-Snake sulted in repopulation of wildlife across the country. Whereas areas which are Related). Open Access Library Journal, 8: not conserved experience deforestation and destruction of animal’s natural e7230. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107230 habitat. Both of these scenarios predispose mankind to the encounter of ani- mals, some of which carry toxins and cause significant harm. This review Received: February 8, 2021 dwells into the envenomation by organisms from the land and sea, excluding Accepted: March 28, 2021 snakes which are discussed separately. Rapid recognition of the organism and Published: March 31, 2021 rapid response may aid in further management and changes the prognosis of Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Open victims. Access Library Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Subject Areas Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). Environmental Sciences, Toxicology, Zoology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Keywords Venom, Toxins, Tropical, Malaysia, Bite 1. Introduction Envenomation by animal is a common problem across all nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Table I. Genodermatoses with Known Gene Defects 92 Pulkkinen
    92 Pulkkinen, Ringpfeil, and Uitto JAM ACAD DERMATOL JULY 2002 Table I. Genodermatoses with known gene defects Reference Disease Mutated gene* Affected protein/function No.† Epidermal fragility disorders DEB COL7A1 Type VII collagen 6 Junctional EB LAMA3, LAMB3, ␣3, ␤3, and ␥2 chains of laminin 5, 6 LAMC2, COL17A1 type XVII collagen EB with pyloric atresia ITGA6, ITGB4 ␣6␤4 Integrin 6 EB with muscular dystrophy PLEC1 Plectin 6 EB simplex KRT5, KRT14 Keratins 5 and 14 46 Ectodermal dysplasia with skin fragility PKP1 Plakophilin 1 47 Hailey-Hailey disease ATP2C1 ATP-dependent calcium transporter 13 Keratinization disorders Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis KRT1, KRT10 Keratins 1 and 10 46 Ichthyosis hystrix KRT1 Keratin 1 48 Epidermolytic PPK KRT9 Keratin 9 46 Nonepidermolytic PPK KRT1, KRT16 Keratins 1 and 16 46 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens KRT2e Keratin 2e 46 Pachyonychia congenita, types 1 and 2 KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT16, Keratins 6a, 6b, 16, and 17 46 KRT17 White sponge naevus KRT4, KRT13 Keratins 4 and 13 46 X-linked recessive ichthyosis STS Steroid sulfatase 49 Lamellar ichthyosis TGM1 Transglutaminase 1 50 Mutilating keratoderma with ichthyosis LOR Loricrin 10 Vohwinkel’s syndrome GJB2 Connexin 26 12 PPK with deafness GJB2 Connexin 26 12 Erythrokeratodermia variabilis GJB3, GJB4 Connexins 31 and 30.3 12 Darier disease ATP2A2 ATP-dependent calcium 14 transporter Striate PPK DSP, DSG1 Desmoplakin, desmoglein 1 51, 52 Conradi-Hu¨nermann-Happle syndrome EBP Delta 8-delta 7 sterol isomerase 53 (emopamil binding protein) Mal de Meleda ARS SLURP-1
    [Show full text]
  • A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings
    Incorporating the updated CSL Antivenom Handbook Bites and Stings Australian Venomous Guide to A Clinician’s A Clinician’s Guide to DC-3234 Australian Venomous Bites and Stings Incorporating the updated CSL Antivenom Handbook Associate Professor Julian White Associate Professor Principal author Principal author Principal author Associate Professor Julian White The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of bioCSL Pty Ltd. Before administering or prescribing any prescription product mentioned in this publication please refer to the relevant Product Information. Product Information leafl ets for bioCSL’s antivenoms are available at www.biocsl.com.au/PI. This handbook is not for sale. Date of preparation: February 2013. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry. Author: White, Julian. Title: A clinician’s guide to Australian venomous bites and stings: incorporating the updated CSL antivenom handbook / Professor Julian White. ISBN: 9780646579986 (pbk.) Subjects: Bites and stings – Australia. Antivenins. Bites and stings – Treatment – Australia. Other Authors/ Contributors: CSL Limited (Australia). Dewey Number: 615.942 Medical writing and project management services for this handbook provided by Dr Nalini Swaminathan, Nalini Ink Pty Ltd; +61 416 560 258; [email protected]. Design by Spaghetti Arts; +61 410 357 140; [email protected]. © Copyright 2013 bioCSL Pty Ltd, ABN 26 160 735 035; 63 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia. bioCSL is a trademark of CSL Limited. bioCSL understands that clinicians may need to reproduce forms and fl owcharts in this handbook for the clinical management of cases of envenoming and permits such reproduction for these purposes. However, except for the purpose of clinical management of cases of envenoming from bites/stings from Australian venomous fauna, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process in any language without the prior written consent of bioCSL Pty Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Monkey Bites - Herpes B Virus Monkeys Carry Many Diseases That Infect Humans
    Monkey Bites - Herpes B Virus Monkeys carry many diseases that infect humans. Exposure to monkey bites and scratches puts one at risk for herpes B virus and rabies. Rabies prophylaxis – Monkey bite victims usually need rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Please refer to rabies chapter in this manual for more information. Herpes B virus is a dangerous infection that occurs in Macaque monkeys. There are reports of fatal cases in humans of myelitis and hemorrhagic encephalitis caused by herpes B virus transmitted from Macaque monkeys. Persons at greatest risk for B virus infection are travelers, veterinarians, laboratory workers, and others who have close contact with Old World macaques or monkey cell cultures. Infection is typically caused by animal bites or scratches, exposure to the tissues or secretions of macaques, or mucosal contact (contact with the eyes, nose or mouth with infected body fluid or tissue). Human infection can also result from indirect contact via needlestick injury from a contaminated needle. Macaques housed in primate facilities usually become B virus positive by the time they reach adulthood. B virus establishes latent infection in macaques and can only be transmitted during active viral shedding into mucosal surfaces. Although rare viral shedding occurs after reactivation from the latent state, most commonly in animals that have been stressed or immunosuppressed. In nature, Old World macaques are found in Central and Southeast Asia along with Barbary macaques in North Africa and Gibraltar. Identification of the species of primate that bit a person should be made from geographic location and description of the animal, including any pictures.
    [Show full text]
  • 86A1bedb377096cf412d7e5f593
    Contents Gray..................................................................................... Section: Introduction and Diagnosis 1 Introduction to Skin Biology ̈ 1 2 Dermatologic Diagnosis ̈ 16 3 Other Diagnostic Methods ̈ 39 .....................................................................................Blue Section: Dermatologic Diseases 4 Viral Diseases ̈ 53 5 Bacterial Diseases ̈ 73 6 Fungal Diseases ̈ 106 7 Other Infectious Diseases ̈ 122 8 Sexually Transmitted Diseases ̈ 134 9 HIV Infection and AIDS ̈ 155 10 Allergic Diseases ̈ 166 11 Drug Reactions ̈ 179 12 Dermatitis ̈ 190 13 Collagen–Vascular Disorders ̈ 203 14 Autoimmune Bullous Diseases ̈ 229 15 Purpura and Vasculitis ̈ 245 16 Papulosquamous Disorders ̈ 262 17 Granulomatous and Necrobiotic Disorders ̈ 290 18 Dermatoses Caused by Physical and Chemical Agents ̈ 295 19 Metabolic Diseases ̈ 310 20 Pruritus and Prurigo ̈ 328 21 Genodermatoses ̈ 332 22 Disorders of Pigmentation ̈ 371 23 Melanocytic Tumors ̈ 384 24 Cysts and Epidermal Tumors ̈ 407 25 Adnexal Tumors ̈ 424 26 Soft Tissue Tumors ̈ 438 27 Other Cutaneous Tumors ̈ 465 28 Cutaneous Lymphomas and Leukemia ̈ 471 29 Paraneoplastic Disorders ̈ 485 30 Diseases of the Lips and Oral Mucosa ̈ 489 31 Diseases of the Hairs and Scalp ̈ 495 32 Diseases of the Nails ̈ 518 33 Disorders of Sweat Glands ̈ 528 34 Diseases of Sebaceous Glands ̈ 530 35 Diseases of Subcutaneous Fat ̈ 538 36 Anogenital Diseases ̈ 543 37 Phlebology ̈ 552 38 Occupational Dermatoses ̈ 565 39 Skin Diseases in Different Age Groups ̈ 569 40 Psychodermatology
    [Show full text]
  • September 1995
    Nonprofit Organization U.S. Postage ELLOWSTONE Paid Y ANIMAL PEOPLE, The steam isn't all from geysers Inc. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK––Filmed in Grand Teton National Park, just south of Yellowstone, the 1952 POB 205, SHUSHAN, NY 12873 western classic S h a n e depicted stubborn men who thought them- [ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED.] selves reasonable in a tragic clash over limited range. Alan Ladd, in the title role, won the big showdown, then rode away pledging there would be no more guns in the valley. But more than a century after the S h a n e era, the Yellowstone range wars not only smoulder on, but have heated up. To the north, in rural Montana, at least three times this year armed wise-users have holed up for months, standing off bored cordons of sheriff’s deputies, who wait beyond bullet range to arrest them for not paying taxes and taking the law into their own hands. One of the besieged, Gordon Sellner, 57, was wounded in an alleged shootout and arrested on July 19 near Condon. Sellner, In February, U.S. Fish and Wildlife agents reportedly who said he hadn’t filed a tax return in 20 years, was wanted for backed away from searching an Idaho ranch for evidence in a poach- attempted murder, having allegedly shot a sheriff’s deputy in 1992. ing case, after the proprietor threatened to call a militia. A similar siege goes on at Roundup, where Rodney Skurdahl and But the Yellowstone region battles are waged with political four others are wanted for allegedly issuing a “citizen’s declaration clout more often than guns, and the showdowns usually come in leg- of war” against the state and federal governments and posting boun- islative offices.
    [Show full text]