DOCSLIB.ORG

Relationships Between Local Communities and Protected Areas in Kwazulu-Natal: During the Apartheid to the Post- Apartheid Era

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Relationships Between Local Communities and Protected Areas in Kwazulu-Natal: During the Apartheid to the Post- Apartheid Era RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND PROTECTED AREAS IN KWAZULU-NATAL: DURING THE APARTHEID TO THE POST- APARTHEID ERA BY JOYCE MNESI MDINISO [REG: 897018] A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Recreation and Tourism, at the University of Zululand KwaDlangezwa December 2017 APPROVAL SUPERVISOR:.................................................................. PROF. A. T. NZAMA Department of Recreation and Tourism University of Zululand EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ------------------------------------------- PROF J. STRICKLAND-MUNRO EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ------------------------------------ PROF PROF J. SAARINEN EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ------------------------------- PROF C. ROGERSON i DECLARATION I declare that this research study entitled: Relationships between Local Communities and Protected Areas in KwaZulu-Natal: During Apartheid and the Post-Apartheid Era, except were specifically indicated to the contrary in the text, is my own work both in conception and execution. All the theoretical information and related sources that have been used or quoted have been duly acknowledged by means of complete references. It is further declared that this research project is my own and has not previously been submitted to any institution for degree purposes. ii DEDICATION This document is dedicated to my husband Tyrone Mdiniso, who has been a pillar of strength in all my endeavours. To my dearest children Mandisa, Nontsikelelo, Mbulelo and Minenhle who have imbued in me a sense of maternal achievement. Finally, to all my adorable brothers and sisters, as well as to my mother who have offered emotional and familial support to our extended family. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would really like to express my gratitude to the following people who have made a significant contribution towards the completion of this thesis. It is evident that without their commitment, expertise and guidance on to this project, it would possibly not have reached its final stage. I am making reference to: My supervisor, Prof. A.T. Nzama in the Department of Recreation and Tourism, for the valuable role you played in the development of the entire research proposal and production of this dissertation. She mentored me throughout and ensuring that I completed my work. Her fundamentalist approach to research methodology contributed towards sharpening my research design skills. Prof. L.M. in the Department of Recreation and Tourism, for organising research related classes for postgraduate students, presentations and proof-reading of the thesis. Ms B. Ndimande lecturer in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, for assisting me with the refinement of the topic of this research study. Mr T. Mthembu from the Department of Geography for helping me in the analysis of data utilising the SPSS programme as well as presenting it in a more professional manner. Appreciation is also given for attending to me even at awkward times. Mr M. Brett lecturer within the Department of Recreation and Tourism, for proof- reading some chapters of this thesis as well as offering constructive comments on some aspects of the thesis. My fellow colleagues in the Department of Recreation and Tourism, who have supported and encouraged me during times when the research progress was becoming a serious challenge. The Almighty God, who afforded me good health and the strength to withstand all the physical and emotional challenges that I had to experience. iv ABSTRACT The beneficial and magnanimous relationship between protected areas and communities staying adjacent to these areas is one of the most important mechanisms at our disposal in shaping and sustainably managing the natural environment and resources. In some instances, the progress made in developing a sound environmental governance framework, in the KZN protected areas, relating to UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Park, have been hindered by the environmental issues. The need to strengthen the implementation of appropriate environmental laws and policies still require bringing environmental sustainability principles into the mainstream of all aspects of governance, planning, decision-making and operation, in the protected areas of KwaZulu-Natal. Aswani and Weiant (2004) have affirmed that when local communities are excluded from the management of protected areas, and their needs and aspirations ignored, then it becomes extremely difficult to implement conservation policies. This research inquiry is fundamentally aimed at revealing the existing relationships between local communities and protected areas in KwaZulu-Natal: focusing on tracking the achievements made from the apartheid to the post-apartheid periods. The spatial analysis of these relationships is determined in places such as UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Park. In other words, the study seeks to objectify and establish how local communities understand the meaning and importance of the concept of conservation in the study area. It also attempts to find out if there are any business developments or partnership/relationship between the authoritative agencies and local communities. The methodology pursued in this study includes the selection of the sample, use of the research instrument for data collection in two (2) KwaZulu-Natal protected areas, namely, UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Park. Other methodologies that were used included the Semantic Differential technique, used to analyse respondents' attitudes, awareness, understanding and beneficiation. In conclusion the study established that, on the whole, the respondents were fully aware and understood the meaning and importance of the role of relationships in the benefit and sustainable value of Protected Areas in the study area. v Also established by the study is that the exclusion of local communities tends to perpetuate hostile attitudes towards policies and the management of natural resources, thus leading to the practise of illegal activities. The findings of the study further indicated that the local communities do understand the meaning and importance of conservation services within the study area. Furthermore, the outcomes also indicated that there are limited to no tourism business ventures that have resulted for the community's beneficiation from the protected area. Eventually, it may be concluded that the respondents perceived that there were no business opportunities brought by the practice of tourism and conservation in the study area. It is an indictment on the authorities that the community indicated that there were no policies and strategies that they were aware of or successfully implemented in the study area. Finally, the idea that relationships and conservation appreciation was found to be inadequately contributing to community-based tourism and that its implementation was deficient, the study anticipated that designing a management model would facilitate its effectiveness. The success of such a model would stand as the ultimate contribution of this study to knowledge in the tourism discipline leading to better community beneficiation. vi TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER PAGE Approval i Declaration ii Dedication iii Acknowledgement iv Abstract v Acronyms & Abbreviations xiii List of figures xiv List of tables xv CHAPTER 1 ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background to the Problem 3 1.3 Statement of the Problem 5 1.4 Delimitation of the Study 6 1.4.1 Geographic Delimitation 6 1.4.2 Conceptual Delimitation 9 1.5 Aim and Objectives of the Study 9 1.5.1 Aims of the study 9 1.5.2 Objectives 10 1.6 Link to Research Question 10 1.7 Hypotheses of the Study 11 1.8 Research Methodology 13 1.9 Significance of the Study 13 1.10 Definition of Terms 15 1.10.1 Conservation 15 1.10.2 Conservation Agency 16 1.10.3 Protected Areas 16 1.10.4 Community 17 1.10.5 Community Tourism 19 1.10.6 Tourism 20 1.10.7 Natural Resource 21 1.10.8 African (Black) 21 vii 1.10.9 Relationship 21 1.10.10 Participation 22 1.10.11 Development 23 1.10 Structure of the Study 24 1.11 Conclusion 26 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 History of South African Conservation 29 2.2.1 Entrenchment of Homeland Policies And ‘Fortress Conservation’ 31 2.3 Original Purpose of Protected Areas in KwaZulu Natal 32 2.3.1 Poaching 36 2.4 Origin of Community-Conservation Partnerships 38 2.5 Origin of Community-Tourism Partnership 39 2.6 Relationship between Local Communities and Conservation Agencies 42 2.7 Effects of Proclamations on Rural Communities 44 2.8 The Future of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) 45 2.9 Post-Apartheid and Land Reform Programme 46 2.10 Current and Future Challenges in Protected Areas 48 2.11 Protected Areas and Indigenous Rights/Policy Framework 49 2.12 Conclusion 51 CHAPTER 3 MODELS ASSOCIATED WITH RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNITIES AND PROTECTED AREAS AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Tourism Systems and Models 53 3.2.1 Rural Development Model 55 3.2.2 Model Design for Land Restitution in Protected Areas 57 3.2.3 Small Medium Enterprise Development Model for BEE 62 3.2.4 Models of Integrative Tourism Development 65 3.2.5 The Livelihoods Analysis Approach 67 3.2.5.1 The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach 67 3.2.5.1.1 Vulnerability Context 69 viii 3.3 Tourism Policy Framework 73 3.3.1 Policy-Making and Community Response 75 3.4 Conclusion 77 CHAPTER 4 PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nature Reserves of Natal and Zululand 235 Found in the Bainuna Country Between the Base of the Qatar Peninsula and the Trucial Coast
    Nature Reserves of Natal and Zululand 235 found in the Bainuna country between the base of the Qatar peninsula and the Trucial coast. The foregoing account shows that none of the Arabian fauna, with the exception of the Ostrich, has yet become extinct, though all are now menaced by the rapid expansion of motorized hunting parties. But it is feared that the next decade may see the end of its valiant struggle to survive in the deserts of the peninsula. NATURE RESERVES OF NATAL AND ZULULAND (With acknowledgments to the Report of the Xatal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, April, 1950-Mareh, 1051.) Throughout the report the Rhinoceros (Ceratoiherium simum) is referred to as the Square-lipped Rhinoceros and not as the White Rhinoceros. Both terms have been in common use for many years ; the former is the more descriptive and it is hoped that the latter, which is a complete misnomer, may fall into disuse. THE NATAL RESERVES Of the Natal Reserves the Royal Natal National Park, with which Rugged Glen is combined, is famed chiefly for its scenery and its attraction to the geologist and the botanist, while the purpose of the Krantzkloof is to preserve a unique area of natural vegetation. It is only in the Giant's Castle Reserve that the larger wild animals exist in great numbers. Notes on some of them follow. Eland (more than 1,500).—The position is satisfactory, although the eland's wandering propensity causes continuous anxiety. Being exposed to illegal hunting when out of the Reserve, particularly in the south, some attempts have been made to drive the wanderers back and other similar projects are contemplated in the near future.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps
    Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps DRAFT May 2009 South African National Biodiversity Institute Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Contents List of tables .............................................................................................................................. vii List of figures............................................................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8 2 Criteria for identifying threatened ecosystems............................................................... 10 3 Summary of listed ecosystems ........................................................................................ 12 4 Descriptions and individual maps of threatened ecosystems ...................................... 14 4.1 Explanation of descriptions ........................................................................................................ 14 4.2 Listed threatened ecosystems ................................................................................................... 16 4.2.1 Critically Endangered (CR) ................................................................................................................ 16 1. Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd 4) .......................................................................................................................... 16 2. Blesbokspruit Highveld Grassland
    [Show full text]
  • Tariff and Membership Details
    WILD CARD PROGRAMME TARIFF AND MEMBERSHIP DETAILS July 2011 MEMBERSHIP CATEGORIES INDIVIDUAL COUPLE FAMILY (1 PAX) (2 PAX) (MAX 7 PAX) ALL PARKS CLUSTER Access to more than 80 Parks and Reserves around Southern Africa Includes access to all Parks and Reserves, which are included in the R 340 R 560 R 700 SANParks, Msinsi, EKZNWildlife, Cape Nature and Swazi Clusters SANPARKS CLUSTER R 325 R 535 R 640 Access to all 21 of SANParks National Parks in South Africa MSINSI CLUSTER Access to all 6 of Msinsi’s Resorts and Reserves near Durban and Pietermaritzburg R 290 R 475 R 565 EKZNWILDLIFE CLUSTER Access to 24 of KZN Wildlife’s Parks and Reserves in KwaZulu-Natal R 275 R 450 R 535 CAPENATURE CLUSTER Access to 24 of Cape Nature’s Parks and Reserves in the Western Cape R 305 R 505 R 600 MEMBERSHIP CLUSTER SWAZILAND’S BIG GAME PARKS CLUSTER Access to Big Game Parks of Swaziland’s 3 Parks in Swaziland R 270 R 435 R 525 INTERNATIONAL ALL PARKS CLUSTER Access to more than 80 Parks and Reserves around Southern Africa Includes access to all Parks and Reserves, which are included in the R 1,310 R 2,195 R 2,620 SANParks, Msinsi, EKZNWildlife, Cape Nature and Swazi Clusters MEMBERSHIP CATEGORY MEMBERSHIP RULES • Maximum of 1 Person • Any 1 person of any age INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP • Membership is non-transferable, thus person cannot be changed during the course of a membership cycle of 1 year • Maximum of 2 Persons • Can be any two persons • Maximum of 2 Adults, or 1 Adult and 1 Child • COUPLE MEMBERSHIP A Child is anyone under the age of 18 years of age • Membership is non-transferable, thus main cardholder cannot be changed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Business Case for Biodiversity Stewardship
    THE BUSINESS CASE FOR BIODIVERSITY STEWARDSHIP A report produced for the Department of Environmental Affairs Final Draft for Circulation to Working Group 1 March 2015 Suggested citation: SANBI. 2015. The business case for biodiversity stewardship. A report produced for the Department of Environmental Affairs. Developed by Cumming, T., Driver, A., Pillay, P., Martindale, G., Purnell, K., McCann, K. and Maree, K. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. This report was developed by: Tracey Cumming (SANBI), Amanda Driver (SANBI), Pravin Pillay (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife), Greg Martindale (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife), Kerry Purnell (CapeNature), Kevin McCann (Wildlands Conservation Trust) and Kerry Maree (CapeNature) The following individuals and organisations are thanked for their contribution to the development of this report: Data provision and analysis from: Genevieve Pence and Gail Cleaver (CapeNature), Fahiema Daniels (SANBI), Simon Gibb (Pam Golding Properties), Mike Knight (SANParks) and Riaan Nowers (Department of Agriculture: Western Cape) Valuable insight and input: Mark Botha (independent consultant), Stephen Holness (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University), Boyd Escott (EKZN), James Reeler and Angus Burns (WWF‐SA), Rob McKenzie, John Rushton, Colleen Hawthorne and Iain Sinclaire (Pam Golding Properties), Jeff Manuel (SANBI) and Willeen Olivier (DEA) This report was developed with the support and assistance of the national Biodiversity Stewardship Technical Working Group, made up of: Tracey Cumming (SANBI), Shahieda Davids
    [Show full text]
  • Harry Gwala District Municipality: Biodiversity Sector Plan
    Harry Gwala District Municipality [Previously Sisonke District Municipality]: Biodiversity Sector Plan Version: Version 1.0 Date: March 2014 i Biodiversity Sector Plan - Harry Gwala District Municipality 2014 Document Details Authored by: Felicity Elliott & Dr Boyd Escott Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife P.O. Box 13053 Cascades, 3202 Document is available from: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife website, www.kznwildlife.com This guideline should be cited as: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (2014), Harry Gwala Biodiversity Sector Plan, V1.0, Unpublished Report of Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Biodiversity Conservation Planning Division, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, P. O. Box 13053, Cascades, Pietermaritzburg. RECOMMENDED Title Name Signature Date Chairperson: EKZNW , SOCC Chief Executive Officer EKZNW APPROVED Chairperson: KZN Nature Conservation Board - Biodiversity Sector Plan - Harry Gwala District Municipality 2014 Acknowledgements Specialists involved in the development, consulting or review during production of the Harry Gwala District Biodiversity Sector Plan include the following key persons. Name Position Affiliation Mr. Barrie Barnes Senior Community Conservation Officer Mr. Brent Coverdale District Conservation Officer Mr. Pat Lowry District Conservation Officer Mr. Richard Schutte District Conservation Officer Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Dr. Boyd Escott Manager Biodiversity Spatial Planning and Information & GIS Analysis Terrestrial Manager Biodiversity Research Dr. Pete Goodman & Assessment Ms. Debbie Jewitt Biodiversity Research & Assessment (Ecosystem Ecology) Mr. Bheka Nxele/
    [Show full text]
  • INDIAN OCEAN COASTAL BELT BIOME 7 Contributing Authors Simon Bundy1, Alex Whitehead1 8 9 1 SDP Ecological and Environmental Services 10 11 12
    1 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE EXPANSION OF 2 ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 3 4 Draft v3 Specialist Assessment Report for Stakeholder Review 5 6 INDIAN OCEAN COASTAL BELT BIOME 7 Contributing Authors Simon Bundy1, Alex Whitehead1 8 9 1 SDP Ecological and Environmental Services 10 11 12 INDIAN OCEAN COASTAL BELT BIOME SPECIALIST REPORT Page 1 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 2 3 4 5 6 TABLES 4 7 FIGURES 5 8 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 6 9 10 1 SUMMARY 7 11 2 INTRODUCTION 7 12 3 SCOPE OF THIS STRATEGIC ISSUE 8 13 4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 10 14 4.1 STUDY METHODOLOGY 10 15 4.2 DATA SOURCES 10 16 4.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 11 17 4.3.1 Spatial data 11 18 4.3.2 Intrazonal vegetation 12 19 4.3.3 The IOCB and neighbouring Biomes 12 20 4.3.4 Fauna data 12 21 4.3.5 Information deficiencies 12 22 4.4 RELEVANT REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS 12 23 5 IMPACT CHARACTERISATION 14 24 5.1 HABITAT LOSS 14 25 5.2 ALIEN INVASIVE PLANTS 14 26 5.3 FAUNAL DISTURBANCE 14 27 6 CORRIDOR DESCRIPTION 16 28 6.1 VEGETATION AND SPATIAL DEFINITION 16 29 6.2 VEGETATION TYPES OF THE IOCB 23 30 6.2.1 CB 1 – Maputaland Coastal Belt 23 31 6.2.2 CB 2 – Maputaland Wooded Grassland 24 32 6.2.3 CB 3 – KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt 24 33 6.2.4 CB 4 – Pondoland-Ugu Sandstone Coastal Sourveld 25 34 6.2.5 CB 5 – Transkei Coastal Belt 25 35 6.2.6 Azonal, zonal and intra zonal vegetation types
    [Show full text]
  • Principalcollec Tor Additionalc Ollectors Fullnum Ber Family Taxon
    Collecti PrincipalCollec AdditionalC Collectio Collection FullNum Family Taxon CountryName MajorRegion LocalityText QDS onMont tor ollectors nDay Year ber h Burrows, J.E. Burrows, S.M. 7541 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa Mpumalanga Sudwala Caves. Rosehaugh road. 2530BC 10 3 2002 Nicholson, H.B. 1929 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal ST. MICHAELS-ON-SEA; 1 KM. INLAND 3030CD 13 2 1979 ISIPINGO; ISLAND HOTEL; GROUNDS. 3030BB 27 1 1989 Pienaar, B.J. Archer, R.H. 1338 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal LAWN BORDERING MANGROVES Durban; Pinetown- Molweni along 2930DD 17 2 2015 Nxumalo, M. 34 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal Umgeni River. Port Edward; Vuna Valley garden, 3130AA 16 9 2012 Cheek, M.D. 1419 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal Banner's Rest area Izingolwen road. 2931CA 10 5 1991 Ward, C.J. 11199 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal North Coast (lower): La Mercy; Lot 751. 2931CA 10 5 1991 Ward, C.J. 11199 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal North Coast (lower); La Mercy. Lot 751. Sydenham Road, opposite Botanicf 2931CC 2 12 1985 Adamson, H. s.n. Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal Gardens. Theron, G.K. 1655 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa Mpumalanga LOSKOP DAM; FONTEINSONDEREND 2529AD 11 1 1968 Felixton. Ongoye Forest Reserve. Lower 2831DD 8 3 1993 Todd, C. 118 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa KwaZulu-Natal grassy slopes above rock outcrops. Zietsman, P.C. 4087 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaSouth L. Africa Free State Hoopstad. Sandveld Nature Reserve. 2725DB 25 1 2000 Bester, S.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism Kwazulu-Natal
    KwaZulu- natal TourisT Map not for sale STANDERTON Ekujabuleni Clinic Msuthu Vaal Gege Bothashoop Roberts Drift Heyshope Dam MOZAMBIQUE VILLIERS Amersfoort Ebenezer Mission Ponta Do Ouro Vaal PIET RETIEF NDUMO R546 Border Cave GAME Kosi Bay / Farazela (Oldest recorded Kosi Bay remains of RESERVE TEMBE De Kuilen R543 King’s Residence Homo Sapiens) Phongolo ELEPHANT Windveld R23 MPUMALANGA SWAZILAND PARK KOSI BAY NATURE RESERVE Cecil Marks Pass Klip Casino Delangesdrif Wag-’n-bietjie (closed to public) Tembe Nhlange PERDEKOP N J.C.I Clinic Elephant Kwangwanase 11 Mahamba NHLANGANO Lodge Sand Market Cornelia Assegaai Dirkies N R22 COASTAL FOREST Moolman 2 Nsongweni R34 MAPUTALAND MARINE SANCTUARY R103 R543 Phelandaba British R33 Dog Point Memorial Ntombe Berbice Sandspruit SIZELA FOREST Black Rock N Lady of 3 RESERVE Steel’s Drift Allemans Nek Jantjieshoek Pass Sorrow Clinic Rocktail Bay R543 VOLKSRUST Commondale WAKKERSTROOM PONGOLA BUSH Dingane’s ELEPHANT NATURE RESERVE Ntombe Salitje H Grave COASTAL FOREST Wilge Tholulywazi Golela-Lavumisa COAST R34 CHARLESTOWN Onverwacht Hlathikhulu Forest VREDE Luneburg N Lake 2 PHONGOLO Sibaya Laingsnek Laing’s Nek 1881 PONGOLA Mabibi Beach Klip NATURE Roadside Majuba 1881 Groenvlei Paulpietersburg Phongolo PHONGOLO GAME RESERVE Hully Point Luiperfskloof PARK Jozini Phongolo BIVANE DAM Dam MAPUTALAND MARINE RESERVE O’Neil’s Cottage NATURE PAKAMISA Leeukop SEEKOEIVLEI RESERVE Thalu Jozini NATURE The Natal Spa Mhlangeni GAME R66 H Doornkraal ITHALA Tiger Fishing R103 RESERVE Schulashoogte 1881 RESERVE Gobey’s Point INGOGO Adventure GAME RESERVE R34 Mbizo Botha’s Pass Cemetary Bivane Centre Magudu Bothaspass Madaka LOUWSBURG Bothaspas Knight’s Pass R33 R69 Mbazwana N White AMAZULU Lebombo Cliffs Ubombo SODWANA BAY NATIONAL PARK 11 Powkrowsky Mfolozi Memel Bloed Hlobane GAME RESERVE Mantuma Memorial UTRECHT Kambula Mkuze FREE Fort Amiel Buffels Holkrans 1879 R69 Nhlonhlela Ophansi Gate 1879 MKHUZE Ghost Coronation Amakhosi MKUZE FALLS Mountain Lancaster Hill Mkuze MKUZE ST.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Revision of South African Memecylon (Melastomataceae–Olisbeoideae), Including Three New Species
    Phytotaxa 418 (3): 237–257 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.418.3.1 Taxonomic revision of South African Memecylon (Melastomataceae—Olisbeoideae), including three new species ROBERT DOUGLAS STONE1, IMERCIA GRACIOUS MONA2, DAVID STYLES3, JOHN BURROWS4 & SYD RAMDHANI5 1School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; [email protected] 2,5School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; [email protected], [email protected] 327A Regina Road, Umbilo, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] 4Buffelskloof Nature Reserve Herbarium, Lydenburg, South Africa; [email protected] Abstract Earlier works recognised two South African species Memecylon bachmannii and M. natalense within M. sect. Buxifolia, but recent molecular analyses have revealed that M. natalense as previously circumscribed is not monophyletic and includes several geographically outlying populations warranting treatment as distinct taxa. In this revision we recognise five endemic South African species of which M. bachmannii and M. natalense are both maintained but with narrower circumscriptions, and M. kosiense, M. soutpansbergense and M. australissimum are newly described. Memecylon kosiense is localised in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal (Maputaland) and is closely related to M. incisilobum of southern Mozambique. Memecylon soutpansbergense, from Limpopo Province, was previously confused with M. natalense but is clearly distinguished on vegetative characters. Memecylon australissimum occurs in the Eastern Cape (Hluleka and Dwesa-Cwebe nature reserves) and has relatively small leaves like those of M. natalense, but the floral bracteoles are persistent and the fruit is ovoid as in M.
    [Show full text]
  • A Handbook on the Rare, Threatened & Endemic Species of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park
    f A HANDBOOK ON THE RARE, THREATENED & ENDEMIC SPECIES OF THE GREATER ST LUCIA WETLAND PARK A product of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park Rare, Threatened & Endemic Species Project Combrink & Kyle June 2006 St Lucia Office: The Dredger Harbour, Private Bag x05, St Lucia 3936 Tel No. +27 35 590 1633, Fax No. +27 35 590 1602, e-mail [email protected] 2 “Suddenly, as rare things will, it vanished” Robert Browning A photograph taken in 2003 of probably the last known Bonatea lamprophylla, a recently (1976) described terrestrial orchid that was known from three small populations, all within the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park. Nothing was known on the biology or life history of this species, except that it produced spectacular flowers between September and October. This orchid might have to be reclassified in the future as extinct. Suggested citation for this product: Combrink, A.S. and Kyle, R. 2006. A Handbook on the Rare, Threatened & Endemic Species of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park. A product of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park - Rare, Threatened & Endemic Species Project. Unpublished internal report. 191 pp. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................ 6 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 7 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa's Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas
    South Africa’s Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas STATUS REPORT 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS THANKS TO OUR DONORS Government departments: CapeNature; City of Cape Town; Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Acknowledgements Agency; Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife; Free State Department of Tourism, Economic Develop- ment and Environmental Affairs; Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism; Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency; National Department of Environmental Affairs; North West Parks and Tourism Board; and South African National Parks. ACRONYMS 3 Rupert Nature Foundation Partners: Animal Demography Unit; BirdLife International; BirdLife Partnership African Secretariat; BACKGROUND 4 Endangered Wildlife Trust; Overberg Lowlands Conservation Trust; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of Objectives of the IBA Status Report 4 African Ornithology; NCC Environmental Services; South African National Biodiversity Institute; What are IBAs? 5 University of Cape Town; Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa; and World Wide Fund for Aims of the IBA Programme 6 Nature–South Africa. How are IBAs identified? 6 Charmaine Uys is thanked for her valuable contribution to BirdLife South Africa’s IBA Programme Monitoring the state of IBAs 7 while she was the regional conservation manager for Mpumalanga and Free State, including Key Biodiversity Areas 7 collecting data that contributed to this report. Jack MitcHELL Thank you to all the private and provincial nature reserve managers, private landowners, METHODOLOGY 9 ornithologists, birders and bird clubs, ‘Friends of’ groups, regional bird club forums and regional South Africa’s Important Bird and conservation committees who assisted with support, land access, providing information and SOUTH AFRICA’S IBAs 10 Biodiversity Areas Status Report 2015 collecting data.
    [Show full text]
  • Socixl Council Origiml: English
    UNITED NATIONS Distr. GEKERAL E/3436 15 February 1961 SOCIXL COUNCIL ORIGIML: ENGLISH Thirty-first session Agenda item 12 LIST OF NATIONAL PAEKS AND EQUIVAIJEIJT RESERVES Report "by the Secretary-General INTRODUCTION 1. The United Nations accorded recognition to the significance of national parks and equivalent reserves as an aspect of the wise use of natural resources when the Economic and Social Council adopted resolution 713 (XXVIl) at its twenty- seventh session in 19^9,—^ which reads as follows: "The Economic and Social Council, "Noting that national parks and equivalent reserves have heen established in most countries which are Members of the United Nations or the specialzed agencies, and that they contribute to the inspiration, culture and welfare of mankind, "Believing that these national parks are valuable for economic and scientific reasons and also as areas for- the future preservation of fauna and flora and geologic structures in their natural state, \ "1. Requests the Secretary-General to establish in co-operation with UNESCO, FAO, and other interested specialized agencies, a list of national parks and equivalent reserves, with a brief description of each, for consideration by the Council at its twenty-ninth session, together with his recommendations for maintaining ,an(i developing the list on a current basis and for its distribution; 2/ • , - 1/ This proposal originated from a resolution concerning national parks and reserves adopted by the Sixth General Assembly of the International Union for , the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, held at Athens and Delphi, Greece, in 1958, transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
    [Show full text]