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Desfali- 06: Alison Desforges EXD - 2 DESFALI- 06: ALISON DESFORGES "Genocidein RwandaApril- May 1994" Vol. 6 No.4 datedMay 1994- HumanRights Watch / Africa Watch Africa 1(0020041 May 1994 Vol.6, No.4 GENOCIDE ~ RW~A APRIL~Y 1994 CONTENTS SYSTEMATIC SLAUGHTER ................................ 2 THE WORST, BUT NOT THE FIRST MASSACRE .................. 3 THE SLAUGHTER BEGINS IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CRASH ....... 3 THÉ WAR ~SUMES .................................... 4 THÉ SELF-PROCLAIMED GOVERNMENT ....................... 4 EXTENDING THE MASSACRES ............................. 4 NE~OFAGE- CLEANING UP THOSE WHO ARE LEFT ............. 5 CENTRAL DIRECTION ................................... 6 ~SISTANCE TO THE MASSACRES .......................... 6 THOSE WHO CAN HALT THE VIOLENCE ...................... 6 ABUSES BY ME RWANDAN PATRIOTIC FRONT ................. 7 THE SUFFERINGS OF THE DISPLACED ....................... 8 RESPONSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY .............. 8 The United Nations ...............................’... 9 The DiplomaticCommunity in Kigali........... ............ 11 Th¢ United-States............................................ 11 France .......................................... 12 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 12 / HumanRights Watch/Afrl~a mmlB: 485 FiflhAvenue, New York,NY 10017-6104Tel: (212) 972-8400 Fax: (212)972-0905 1522K Street,NW, #910,Wnshington» DC 20005-1202Tel: (202)371-6592 Fax: (202) 371-0124 ... ~0020042 Thedeath of presidentJuvhtal Habyadmana of Rwandain.~ suspicious plane crash on April6,1994 was thepretext f« Humextremîsts from tl~ late presidm~t’s entourage’to launeh a campaignof genocideagalast the ~tsi: ho..m~2upabout r~ecn percent of~ populatm ofRwan0a. The«tren~su .Jsom«Hum ere willingto coo~ with wWîOoe~ latin.,n~~ me Juumgcontinues. At least200,000 andTutsi ~rbapsin formingas manya as more 500,000democratic unarmed govemmeut. and ~istingSix civiliansbave been s|aln, Th~ int~’natiol~ co~ty basfai|ed to t~e&ny effective action to stopthe slaughter.. SY~ATIC SLAUGHTER Themassac~s were platmed for monthsin advance.The Pres|dential Guard and otherelements of the ! ". ¯ nîow,?ed~fi¢iea~ty ’,nîe:ahbea~°f.thoeht’~.LP~. ~_m/,it,as..the/ntero/~~ e andthe Impw.omugav~b,. howfo kil, -.ta~ --.-,.,,uv~ wnu ,,tttacx t oge~er, are part of theMouvemerd Républicain Nançonal pourle Dêveloppement.et la Démocratie(MRND), the party of thelire president; the Impuzamugambi, "Those With a SL~glel~rpose," are attat~ed fo theCoalitionpour la Défense de la Rêpublique(CDR), an extremistHum party in alliancewith tba MRND. Created in 1992,the militias received intensified military tralning in late1993 and early1994, as groupsof 300men ai a timewere sent for three weeks to a militarycamp in thenortheastem region of Mutara.In theirattacks on civilians, themilitia are often accompanied by a smaJlnumber of soldiers or national policemen,but the militia bave killed far more people than bave urùformed members of thearmed forces. TheRwandan authorities distributed firearms to militiamembers and other Habyarimana supporters as early as 1992,and gAVe OUt many more in, late 1993 and early 1994. ’rite bishop of tbaimportant Catholic diocese of Nyundocriti~:this distribution of w~ in a pastoralletter at the end of December1993. The militiawho returnedfrom training programs in early1994 brought firearms, including grenades, back with them. A prîvateradio station owned by membersof Habyarinmna’sinner circle, the Radio Tdlévision Libre des MillesCollines, last autunm began a campaignof bate-fiiledpropaganda agalnst the Tutsi generally and members of theopposition to the Habyarimana regime, bo th Tutsiand Hum. At theend of 1993,the broadcasts became more virulentand began targeting individuals who were named as "enemies"or "traitors"who "deserved to die."Among thoseso lal~l~were Lando Ndasingwa Minister of Laborand Social Affalrs, who was o,’x of the~rst killed once themassacres tmgan (alon$ with his mother, his wife and his childrtîa) and Monique Mujawamariya. a human rights ac|ivist,who narrowly escal:md with her life Throughout thoe wtw.ks of slaughterthe Radio des Milles Collines basincited listeners to genocide, encouraging them to "fillthe hall cmpty graves Amongthe owners and dirt, tors of theRadio des Milles Collines are: AlphonseNtirivamunda, son-in-law of JuvénalHabyarimana: Féli¢ienKabuga, a wealthybusinessman whose son is marriedto a daughterof Habyiimana; Jean-BoscoBarayagwiza, head of theCDR; TarcisseRmxzaho, the prefect (governor) of Kigali city; and AndréNtarugera, Minister of PostalServices and Communications. Forsome time, this radio station was run by FerdinandNahimana, who had been in chargeof thenational radiowhen it wasused to promotethe killing of Tutsiin an earliermassacre. Thestate-owned Radio Rwanda bas also played a negativemie in theviolence, broadc~ttsting contradictory messages,sometimes appealing for ~m, but just as oftenencouraging cominued massacres. As recenflyas May 19,if wasordering listeners toextirpate the rebels to the last man and eliminate anyone suspected of opposing the regime,if mayhave adopted a barshertone in orderto replacethe Radio des Milles Collines, whose broadcast rangewas iimited to Kigalifoilowing repeated attacks on itstransmitter by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), largelyTutsi rebel movement. HumanRights Watch/Africa May 1994, Vol 6, No 4 J ».,.. Ct,/,’ ~+«t( 0020043 THE WOI~T, BUT NOT THE F/RST MASSACP.E Theoutrent slaughter diffent in galebutnos otherwise from earlier massacres in Rwanda in October199,3, January-Febmary1991, March 1992 and December 1992-Februaw 1993. The e~lier killings, like those this year, wereorganized by officMsof theHabyarimana govemment or of hispolitical pany, the MRND, and thecloseiy alliedCDR. Lîke those this year, the kill/ngstargeted Tutsi and thoseHutu labeled as opponentsof ~e Habyarimanaregime. These attacirj by thegoverament on its own unarmed citîzens cost about 2,000 lives and were condemnedby bothlocal and: international human rights organizations,J ’rHE SLAUGHTER BEGINS IMMEDIATELY AFrER THE CRASH Withinan hourof theplane crash, the Presidential Guïrd had set up roadbloc~around the capital of Kiga]i and hadbegun liquidating key membersof the moderateopposition Among the early vicums were Prime Mlms r AgatheUwilingiyimm.,a and President of theSu ....~=.....__"L .. ~ " ’ " ’te, ac~ivists,includin~ Charles ShamuHa,. o-,F,uv~~ t::a.,~ ~~yavugoyl, ~-v_,.~,,~_~u~t lgnace am~’pnKuhatana. ~svaruganaa. Patrick Gahizi, Others Fatherwere human Chrysolo~e ri rg Mahame,S.J., and ¯1" AbbéAugustin Ntagara. ThePresidential Guard wm joinedby thepart3, militias, and within a weekthese forces had killed .~ estimated20,000 people in Kigaliand its immediateenvirons. The internationalcommunity responded bY evacuatingforeign nationals, the flrst step in itswithdrawal from the crisis. Perhaps encouraged by this retre~, theleaders of thegenocide extend~ its scope outside the capital fo theeast and the southwest. Beginning on Aç,~J 15,when most foreigners haddeparted, authorities distributed large quantifies offirearms, inc luding automatic ~:~~~~ semi-automaticrifles and pistols, fo m/litiaand o~ersupponers of Habyarimana. ~, » Manypeople were killed in theirhomes, but others were slain in hospitalsand churches, places usua]ly re¢ogn/zedas sanctuar/es. Among the worst such incidents were the following: ¯ Kibungo.2800 people gathered in a churchc, enterwere slaughter~ in a four- hourperiod by thelnterahamwe using grenades, machine gars, machetes and R4 r~kets.Approximately forty people survived. Cyahindar - ~ Tutsiwho had takenrefuge in a churchwere attacked by militiawho lefi only about 200 to live. ¯ Kibeho- 4000people killed in a church. ¯ Mibiriziparish - 2000 slaln. ¯ Shangiparish - 4000killed. " Rukaraparish - 500slaughtered in the church. " Kigaliand Butare - hundrech of patientsand staff were killed in hospitals. " Butareorphanage - twenty-one children, selected solely because they wëre Tutsi, wereslain as wellas thirteenRwandan Red Crossvolunteers who triedto protectthem. " Gikongoro- eighty-eight pupils were slaughtered as their school. Thousandsof survivorsin Kigalisought safety in theAmahom stadium, the Hotel des Milles Collines, the SainteFamille Church and other locations. The Rwandan army bas bombarded these sites from time to time,killing HumanRights Watch Arms Project, Arming Rwunda: TaUa’n& Peace and Wa&in&War: Human Ri&hts $ince the October1990 Invasion (February, 1992); Th¢ International Commission of Investigationon Human Rights Violationsin ~a $inceOctober 1, 1990.Final Report (March 1993); Africa Watch, Beyond the Rhetoric: Continuin&Human Rights Abuses in l~anda(June, 1993). May 1994,Vol. 6, No. 4 sixry,oe Amahoro ’stadium onApril 19, and eighteen others al the Sainte Fan~lle K00200,$<Church on May 1. Ail of these host~-~are survivint under inhumane conditions, often with no food or water for days st a tin.e.Troops of the UnitedNalionl Assistance Mission inRwanda (UNAMIR) guard those st the stadium and the hotel and; try to visit theother sites occasionally. Shonlyafier the massacres ofcivilians had begun, the wm" between the Rwandan army and the rebel RwandanPatriotic From (RPF) resumed, ending a cesse-tire ineffecl since August 1993. Since early Aprii, two kindsof violence --lhe slaughter oflhe defenseless bygovemment p~militias orthe Presid~t~ Guard, and rite batilebetween the two armies. --have gone on simultaneously, tometimes inthe saine arcs, as in Kigali, but offert in.widely septrated relions. TheIouth and west, where tome of the
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