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Vascular Plant Species Diversity and Ethnobotany in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

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Vascular Plant Species Diversity and Ethnobotany in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Vascular Plant Species Diversity and Ethnobotany in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Derebe Alemneh Tefera Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia September, 2019 Vascular Plant Species Diversity and Ethnobotany in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Derebe Alemneh Tefera A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biology: Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia September, 2019 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE PROGRAMMES Approval sheet This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Derebe Alemneh Tefera, entitled: “Vascular Plant Species Diversity and Ethnobotany in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia” and submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biology: Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Board: Name Signature Date 1. (Examiner) __________ _______________ 2. (Examiner) __________ _______________ 3. Prof. Zemede Asfaw (Advisor) __________ _______________ 4. Prof. Sebsebe Demissew (Advisor) __________ _______________ _______________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Programme Coordinator ABSTRACT Vascular Plant Species Diversity and Ethnobotany in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Derebe Alemneh Tefera, PhD Dissertation Addis Ababa University, 2019 A study of vascular plant species diversity and ethnobotany was conducted in Yilmana Densa and Quarit districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The purpose of the study was to record, document and analyze vascular plant species and to describe their diversity and interaction with the local people. Five patches of forests were taken and a total of 104 quadrats each measuring 20 m × 20 m were laid down at every 50 m intervals along five transect lines. For herbaceous species a 2 m x 2 m subquadrat were laid down. For ethnobotanical study, a total of 395 (267 males and 128 females) informants were selected from 19 sampled rural Kebeles of two districts (7 from Quarit and 12 from Yilmana Densa).These Kebeles and key informants were selected purposively. The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, observation and market surveys. Two types of data analysis methods were conducted. The first was vegetation data analysis including community analysis, structural analysis, computing important indices and analysis of plant similarity, regeneration and species-area relationship. The second analysis method was ethnobotanical analysis and it included informant consensus, fidelity level, frequency index, cultural significance index, use diversity, direct matrix and preference ranking, descriptive and inferential statistics analyses. Vegetation data were analyzed via hierarchical cluster analysis using R version 3.5.1 software. SPSS version 20 and Microsoft excel spread sheet 2007 were used for the analysis of descriptive and inferential statistics. Following the analysis, 300 species were recorded and reported from the districts. Twenty four species were endemic while 10 species were exotic. Most of the species (249 species) were reserved in the five forest patches. The species of the patches were included in 81 families. Out of which, Asteraceae was represented with highest species (35 species) followed by Fabaceae (29 species). Majority of the species were herbs. Four community types namely Croton macrostachyus - Maytenus gracilipes community, Calpurnia aurea - Osyris quadripartita - Rosa abyssinica - Pterolobium stellatum community, Maesa lanceolata - Dodonea angustifolia - Otostegia integrifolia community and Acacia negrii-Rhus glutinosa- Clutia lanceolata community were identified. Community 1 and 4 had highest number of endemic, medicinal and wild edible species. The total individuals of woody species (DBH > 2.5 cm) were 15087. Dodonea angustifolia was recorded with highest individuals (5682). The total density was also about 3627 ha-1 whereas the total basal area was 29.8 m2 ha-1. Some representative woody species were recorded with 3 distribution patterns namely Inverted ‘J’ shaped, ‘Bell’ shaped and Upward ‘F’. Though most woody species were recorded with low frequencies, Croton macrostachyus was the most frequent species. The total plant diversity (H') of the two districts was 3.765. A total of 491.4 seedlings ha-1, 735.95ha-1 saplings and 2044.3ha-1 mature individuals were recorded from the patches. There was a significant mean percentage difference among these groups (P<0.05). Most species of the patches were reported to be used for environment protection and medicinal purposes. The majority of medicinal plant species of the two districts were claimed for the treatment of human diseases. Fabaceae was the first family in species number among the recorded human medicinal plant families. Sixty one disease types were reported to be treated by medicinal plants. Blood pressure and asthma were the most commonly reported human diseases. Leaves were the primary sources of remedy for diseases. Most remedy was prepared by boiling and it was administered orally. Miscellaneous, central nervous system and digestive system diseases were recorded with highest informant agreements. Dodonea angustifolia, Dovyalis abyssinica, Hagenia abyssinica, Nigella sativa and Urtica simensis were also recorded with highest healing potential for malaria, tapeworm, cough, stomach ulcer respectively. Phytolacca dodecandra had highest frequency value while Verbascum sinaiticum was the most preferred species for treatment of blood pressure. Trigonella foenum-graecum was recorded with highest use value while Carissa spinarum and Croton macrostachyus were also recorded with highest cultural values. There was a significant traditional medicinal plant knowledge difference (p<0.05) among informant groups. A total of 30 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species were also reported to be used to treat 15 reported veterinary diseases. The plant species were under 30 genera and 22 families while most ethnoveterinary diseases belong to dermatological disease category. Leaves were the primary source of remedy and most of it was prepared from freshly harvest parts. Digestive tract diseases were treated by majority of these species. Stephania abyssinica and Cucumis ficifolius showed highest fidelity level value for gastro-intestinal disease category and high healing potential under the respiratory disease category respectively. Phytolacca dodecandra was the most preferred one for the treatment of abdominal bloating. A total of 32 wild edible plant species were also reported in the districts and fruits were the primary source of wild food. The majority of the species were herbs whereas Ficus sur and Mimusops kummel were the most preferred and marketable species. Generally, the two districts with almost similar agroclimatic zones were the sources of vast number of medicinal, wild edible and other useful plant species even if the majority were under several threats. Thus, there should be well designed and immediate conservation activities by giving priority for multipurpose wild, medicinal and other useful plants of the forest patches. Keywords: Conservation, ethnoveterinary medicinal plants, medicinal plants, plant community, regeneration, threats, use diversity, vegetation structure, wild edible plants IV DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father, Alemneh Tefera, my mother Shitaye Abitew, and my elder brother, Meslogn Alemneh who were supportive of my education. May God put their souls in paradise! V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God who provides me health, energy, peace and time, and generally for his help. My deepest thanks would also go to St. Mary, the Mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, who is with me at all aspects of my life since my childhood. I would like to pass heartfelt thanks to my supervisors Prof. Zemede Asfaw and Prof. Sebsebe Demissew for their unreserved guidance, support, suggestions and effective follow up starting from the development of the proposal to the end of this research work. My greater gratitude goes to my lecturers and staff members in the Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Managements who supported and encouraged me in various ways. Assosa University is heartily acknowledged for sponsoring my PhD study. I am indebted to the inhabitants of Yilmana Densa and Quarit districts, particularly the traditional medical practitioners who shared with me their knowledge on medicinal plants, and their generous hospitality throughout my stay in the study areas. The administrators of both districts who guided me through my study areas for clarifying the purpose of the research to their respective community for ensuring peaceful data collection practices should be truly acknowledged. I wish to express my gratitude to the agricultural and health offices‟ staff members who provided the agricultural and health information of the districts respectively. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to the staff members of the national herbarium (ETH), for their cooperation with all aspects of the herbarium work. The national meteorological
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