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Protection of Forest Ecosystems and the Ways of Increasing Their Efficiency in Dilijan National Park

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Protection of Forest Ecosystems and the Ways of Increasing Their Efficiency in Dilijan National Park UDC: 630x 4(479.25) (479.29) PROTECTION OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND THE WAYS OF INCREASING THEIR EFFICIENCY IN DILIJAN NATIONAL PARK Gh. Barakat State Agrarian University of Armenia Keywords: forest resources, protection of forest ecosystems, communities, usage of forest resources, public awareness hen first human beings appeared on the earth, earth and its accessible resources including Wforests were more than their needs. Man inhabited the forests from time immemorial and he depended on forest to obtain, food, clothes and to get a shelter in all stages of his life. The important feature of forest resources is their ability to regenerate. But with the continuous increase of The important feature population and the extremely unsustainable exploitation of natural resources earth cannot be of forest resources is their unlimited granter any more. The overuse has resulted in the degradation of natural systems and ability to regenerate. loss of components of biodiversity. Whereas yearly 16 million hectares of natural forests are But with the continuous destroyed, this led to the loss of more than 10% of species around the world in 2020 (The National increase of population Study of Biodiversity in Syria 1998). and the extremely Thus issues relating to deterioration of natural resources, necessity of protection of biological unsustainable exploitation ecosystems and the ways of increasing their efficiency aimed at ensuring sustainable use. Forestry of natural resources earth ecosystems are of crucial importance as we enter the new century. cannot be unlimited granter In this article we will study such an example of protected forest ecosystem as “Dilijan” National any more Park (NP) is. The current state of NP protection system and its expected improvements would be highlighted. Thus this study will concentrate on the following two issues: 1) Analysis of the current status of protection of forest ecosystems, having in mind the new management plan (2007-2011) of the NP, 2) Studying the relationship between the communities and the protection of forest ecosystems: the main problems of this relationship and how it is possible to solve these problems and increase the efficiency of forest ecosystems protection. The NP Establishment and Its Protection Objects. “Dilijan” National Park is situated in the Small Caucasus, in the northeast of mountainousArmenia. It extends across the slopes of Pambak, Areguni, Miapor, Ijevan and Halab mountains at altitudes ranging from 1070m to 2900m. It is well- known for its forest landscapes, medicinal mineral water springs, natural and historical- architectural monuments (Reserves of the USSR Caucasus Reserves 1990). NP was established as a state reserve in 1958 according to Decree N: 341 of the Board of Ministers ofArmenian SSR. The main reason to establish the reserve was the recognition of the need to protect the mezophile oak and beech forests, such relict species asTaxus baccata (yew) and Caucasian rhododendron dating from the tertiary era (Khanjyan 2004). According to the Decree N: 920 of the Government of Republic of Armenia (RA), dated May 11, 2002, Dilijan state reserve was transformed to “Dilijan” National Park state non-commercial organization. It is under the direct auspice of the Ministry of Nature Protection since 1999. The change of the status of Dilijan Reserve to Dilijan National Park was conditioned by several objective reasons: · Inevitability of commercial activity in the area, · The presence of numerous settlements including Dilijan with its mineral water resorts, · Yerevan-Ijevan railway line passing through its whole territory and others, which had 10 already created zoning typical for national parks (Khanjyan 2004). Natural Conditions of Dilijan NP. The climate in NP is relatively warm and humid. The average temperature does not exceed 24o C; the period of non-severe cold varies from 200 to 210 days. In most of years there is snow. The average annual precipitation varies from low-land mountainous to high-altitude zone: 537-850-860 mm. Large fluctuations of absolute heights, different steepness of slopes and very fragmented relief in the relatively small territory of the NP have given rise to an exclusive diversity of natural conditions in addition to a number of large and small canyons that cross across formulating specific microclimates in each of them (“Dilijan” NP Management Plan 2007). There are two main types of soil cover in the NP: forest brown soils and carbonate-humus soils. It is worth to mention that the territory of NP is rich in surface waters; the main artery of the park is the River Aghstev, with the length of 121 km. The park is also famous for its magnificent small lakes; the biggest among them is Parz Lake with 2ha surface. The other popular lake of the park is Goshalitch Tzrka – 1.53 ha – and other lakes. The NP territory is notable for its mineral springs, and the Bldan spring has economic significance for its famous “Dilijan” bottled water (“Dilijan” NP Management Plan, 2007). The Biological Diversity in the NP. The flora of the National Park is rich (see Table 1). According to the data published by N. Khanjyan in 1999 (Khanjyan 1999) the flora of the NP includes 902 species of vascular plants belonging to the following floristic families: Lycopodium (1 species), Horse-tails (1), Ferns (12), Gymnosperms (7), and Angiosperms (881). About 40 rare species of plants and 29 species of the flora are registered in the Red Data Book ofArmenia and 4 in the Red Data Book of the former USSR. According to the management plan of the NP (2007-2011) the flora in the territories of the National Park and its buffer zone includes 1200 species of vascular plants, of which 977 species grow in the territory of the National Park: 51species of them are tree species, 47 species of bushes, 696-perennial herbages, 176 annual and biannual plants, and 7 parasites. 5 of the mentioned species are endemics for Armenia. 27 species of the National Park flora are registered in the Red book of Armenia, 54 species of the NP flora are medicinal plants. Besides, 480 fungi species and subspecies have been found in the territory of NP and its buffer Dominant species zone, 176 of which are edible (“Dilijan” NP Management Plan 2007). and forest ecosystems depend on vertical zoning; thus southern slopes of mid-altitudes are mainly Table 1. The Flora of Dilijan National Park covered by Georgian oaks, Dendroflora whilst the opposite Flora of Dilijan NP Vascular Red Data of Endemic northern slopes according to References Plants Armenia species Trees Bushes Herbs are covered by eastern Khanjyan 1999 902 43 46 812 29 - beech forests Management Plan 977 51 47 872 27 5 The fauna of the National Park is also rich. The non-vertebrates are so various: 69 species of Mollus and 1431 species of Arthropods have been found in the National Park. NP is presented by about 800 insect species (Khanjyan 2004). Vertebrates are also numerous, fish species have been found in the rivers flowing through the territory of Dilijan National Park, 5 of them are endemic fish species. 5 species of amphibians and 19 species of reptiles have been found in the territory of the park and its buffer zone. Birds are also abundant and are represented by 147 species, in addition to 49 species of mammals, 7 of the mentioned species are registered in the Red Book ofArmenia. The Current State of Forest Ecosystems. The prevailing vegetation type of Dilijan National Park is forest ecosystems. The area of the Park covers 28059.8 hectares, where forest lands occupy 26719.3 hectares or 95.2% of the total area. Non-forest lands cover 1340.7 hectares or 4.8%. Forest cover itself is 24679.1 hectares or 87.9% of the total area, non-forested lands – 2034.5 hectares or 7.3%. The dominating species are broad-leaved species like: beech (Fagus orientalis ) with the area of 7396 hectares (30%), oak (Quercus iberica and Quercus macranthera ) of seed origin covers 12391.7 hectares (50.2%). The woodlands ofCarpinus caucasica of seed origin occupy 2571.5 hectares (10.4% of forested area). CoppiceCarpinus woodlands cover 615.3 hectares (2.5%), and the woodlands of the remaining tree species altogether comprise 6.9% of the forested area. In addition to this many wild fruits, nuts and berries are growing in NP (see Table2). Woodlands are presented with prevalence of oak, beech, hornbeam or with combinations with different groupings. Dominant species and forest ecosystems depend on vertical zoning; thus southern slopes of mid-altitudes are mainly covered by Georgian oaks, whilst the opposite northern slopes are covered by eastern beech forests.Q.macranthera occurs on the higher elevations – 1500m above see level. Hornbeam is found in almost all types of forests. Besides, eastern hornbeam is found as a rule in lower forest zones (up to 1500m) in under forest canopy, and 11 Caucasian hornbeam – at elevations up to 2000m. The existence of conifer forests is typical for NP forest ecosystems, Pine (Pinus sosnovskyi ) can be found with dense woodlands in some places, typically on the slopes of Areguni and Pambak mountain ranges, especially in the serpentine of Dilijan Pass. It is also spread on slopes adjacent to and in the territory of Dilijan town. The small well-conserved yew forest located in the basin of the River Polad was designated as a reservation in 1958. The second smaller yew forest has been located on the upper stream of the River Aghstev in the gorge of Frolova Balka of the Pambak Mountains. Rare juniper woodlands are spread in the Getik valley, and also on northern arid slopes of the Ijevan mountain range. Table 2. Distribution of Forested Area according to the Altitude, Decline of the Slope and Forest Species Characteristics Class Area (hectares) % of Total Area Fagus orientalis 7396 30 Quercus iberica, Q.macrantira 12391.7 50.2 Forest Species Carpinus caucasica 2571.5 10.4 Remaining species – 9.4 900-1200 – About 5 1201-1500 5306 21.5 Altitude 1501-1700 5799.6 23.5 1701-2000 11130.3 45.1 Above 2001 1209.3 4.9 21-300 –50 Decline 0 Up to 20 – 34.9 of the Slope Above 310 – 15.1 The main objective The Classification of Protection Forest Ecosystems in the NP according to Functional is the preservation Zoning in Management Plan.
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