CEU eTD Collection A Departmentto the thesis submitted ofEnvironmental Sciencesand Policyof Central European University in part fulfilment ofthe Protected areas and tourism development: Case oftheDilijan National Park, Degree ofMaster ofScience Anahit AGHABABYAN Anahit July, 2009 Budapest 1 CEU eTD Collection and Policy, CentralEuropeanUniversity. and Policy, from available the HeadofDepartmenttake placeis ofEnvironmental Sciences andexploitationwhich may under disclosures on theconditions Further information Budapest. National Park, Armenia. Aghababyan, A.2009. For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred to as: (3) ofanysuchagreement.conditions which the willtermsUniversity, prescribe of the written and permissionwithout the agreementthe contrary,and to may notbemade forusebythirdparties available subject European University, to any The prior theCentral vestedin is thesis this ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described (2) in may notbemadeof theAuthor. without writing) thepermission (in process)ofcopiesmade any accordancewith suchinstructions in (by copies Further pagemust This obtained from form the Librarian. part ofanysuchcopies made. may Details Library. be European University theCentral in by theAuthorandlodged Copyright of extracts,may or madein be given onlyinaccordancewith full, instructions in either text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) (1) Notes on copyright and the ownership ofintellectual property rights: Protected areasandtourism development:Case ofthe Master of Science thesis, Central European University, Science thesis, Master of 2 CEU eTD Collection institute oflearning. institute orother oranyotheruniversity ofthis orqualification foranotherdegree application thesishas been submitted this to in the work of referred insupportof No portion an Author’s declaration 3 Anahit AGHABABYAN Anahit CEU eTD Collection development: NationalPark,Armenia CaseoftheDilijan Protectedareasandtourism for thedegreeofMasterScience andentitled: AGHABABYAN Anahit THESIS OF ABSTRACT Keywords: support. ofawarenessandlackfinancial low level infrastructure, insufficient suchas issues impeded being byvarious Itsprogressis Armenia notsustainable. is The major thattourism oftheresearchis developmentprotected areasof result in recommendations anddevelops recreation, tourism forthesustainable development. totourism threats and thepark,identifies in activities tourism and recreation tourism by evaluating problemspark outlines andits potential National Dilijan casestudy environmental The of was in field. supportedbyinterviewingauthorities information of required data,thecollection lackofexisting Because ofconsiderable theoutcomedevelopment considering oftheanalysis. parks, and tosuggestrecommendations of national tourism potential forits anddiscuss toanalyze field, inthis thekeyissues areas ofArmenia, todiscover The major toexamineof theresearchis tourism protected goal in currentsituation tourism sustainable development inArmenia. andobservetheinformation to collect areasandsuggest ontourism in protected areas arebecoming more andmore thecountry.Thisresearchattempts in popular developmentprotected areasofArmenia typesoftourism in protected as different in with tourism issuesconcerned various anddiscusses analyzes The thesis Armenia, protected areas, biodiversity, , tourism National Dilijan Armenia, protected areas,biodiversity, CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY CENTRAL submitted by: Month andYearofsubmission: July,2009. 4 CEU eTD Collection Policy for their support. fortheir Policy thanks tothestaffofDepartmentMy special ofEnvironmentalSciences and comments andsuggestions. tothankEszter Timar, Instructorforhelpful like myI would also Academic Writing my regarding thesis. guidelines andhelpful supervision the overall toexpressmyI would like tomy gratitude supervisorProf.RubenMnatsakanianfor Acknowledgements 5 CEU eTD Collection hpe .Aayi ftuimi h iia Padrcmedtos...... 44 ...... NPandrecommendations Chapter V.Analysis theDilijan oftourism in 34 ...... Park National theDilijan Chapter IV.Tourism in 20 ...... Park National Chapter III.Casestudy:Dilijan 12 ofArmenia...... protectedareas in Chapter II.Tourism 1 ...... protectedareas in Chapter I.Tourism 11 Introduction...... ofContents Table eomnain ...... 47 ...... recommendations NP 5.3. Currentissuesof the Dilijan and tourism development and 46 NP...... theDilijan in totourism 5.2. Threats and recreation 44 Park.... National oftheDilijan oftourism activities 5.1. Evaluation and recreation 41 itineraries...... 4.4. Development NP oftheDilijan oftourism and on theterritory 40 NP...... oftheDilijan activities 4.3. Tourism and recreation Park...... 38 National oftheDilijan characteristics 4.2. Tourism and Recreation 34 ...... tourism development monuments and cultural ofnatural andsuggestionsforthe 4.1. Currentcondition 31 ...... 3.8. Usageofareas 26 ...... Park National oftheDilijan 3.7. Zoning 26 ...... 3.6. Hydrology 24 ...... 3.5. Fauna 23 ...... 3.4. Flora 22 andclimate...... 3.3. Location 21 ...... park 3.2. Statuschangefrom national state reserveto 20 ...... framework andlegal ofestablishment 3.1. History 17 2.3. Ecotourism Armenia...... in 15 ...... Armenia stateoftourism in andvisitors 2.2. Thecurrent 12 ...... ofArmenia 2.1. Protectedareas 9 1.5. Theimpacts protectedareas...... oftourism in protected areas.Ecotourism:1.4. Tourism in basicconceptsanddefinitions...... 7 5 tourism...... 1.3. Developmentofinternational trends 4 number1.2. Trends, areas...... andextent ofprotected 1 1.1. Development oftheIUCNcategories system for protectedareas...... 6 CEU eTD Collection Appendix 3:Management Tool...... 59 EffectivenessTracking ChoosingArmenia Appendix Tourists byMarket2: MainReasons forHoliday Area 56 ofArmenian areas...... protected Appendix 1. Thelist 55 ofInterviewees...... List 51 ...... Reference List ...... 58 ...... 7 CEU eTD Collection al .Poiie oe fteDljnN...... 29 NP...... Dilijan zonedofthe 6.Prohibited Table 28 NP...... 5.ReservezonesoftheDilijan Table 17 PercentagesofTourists...... 4.CountryofResidence–Highest Table 15 ...... ofArmenia. 3.Tourism dynamics oftheRepublic Table 14 system...... protected area 2.Overview of thenational Table ...... 5 number andextentofprotectedareas. 1.Global Table Tables List of 8 CEU eTD Collection iue1.Mi orsi etntosadrue fteDljnN...... 43 NP...... androutesoftheDilijan destinations 15.Maintouristic Figure 39 ... Monuments NP. oftheDilijan Historical-Architectural 14.Archaeological, Figure 37 ...... Matosavank 13. Figure 37 ...... JukhtakMonastery 12. Figure 35 GoshavankMonastery...... 11. Figure 35 ...... Haghartsin 10. Figure 33 wood collection...... 9.Fuel Figure 33 8.Logging...... Figure 32 7.Grazing...... Figure 32 ...... and recreation. 6.Tourism Figure 29 5RedwoodinYew Grove...... Figure 27 ...... NP. Dilijan Zones ofthe 4Territorial-Functional Figure 18 3MapofArmeniaFigure ensembles with andmonasteries...... main architectural ofArmenia...... 13 Republic 2.Protectedareasofthe Figure 6 forecasts...... 2020 Vision Tourism 1.WTO's Figure Figures List of 9 CEU eTD Collection WWF WTO WFTGA SNCO NSSRA NP NGO MoNP METT IUCN GRoA List of Abbreviations World Wildlife Fund Wildlife World Tourism organisation World GuideAssociations ofTourist Federation World State non-commercial ofArmenia Service oftheRepublic Statistical National park national non-governmental organisation Ministry ofNatureProtection Management Tool EffectivenessTracking ofNature Union fortheConservation International Government ofArmenia ofRepublic organization 10 CEU eTD Collection tourism and touristic activities (2003). activities tourism and touristic ofthecurrent lawon government fortourism and insufficiency bodyresponsible offersandservices.Themaintouristic aretheabsence ofaproper reasons NP). withthe current Park (Dilijan However, arenotsatisfied veryoftenvisitors National onthecaseofDilijan thisresearch isofferedin religious, and cultural, country or6%-ifthesurfaceofLakeSevanexcluded. monuments,parks, andnatural areas, national ofthe andcovers10% of theterritory Thesystem statereserves,conservation species. includes and threatened toprotectecosystems, areaswas in1958 protected established habitats specially Thepresent system of forkingsandthenobility. protected toserveashuntingareas Armeniaprotected areasin goesbacktoIII-IIcenturyBC when extensive areaswere of Thehistory conservation. forbiodiversity oneofthekeystrategies areas is EstablishmentArmenia flora. almostofprotected ahalfoftheCaucasian includes 5%oftheCaucasusarea, Occupyingonly biodiversity. high has asignificantly Introduction x x aims: pursuedthe following The thesis To present development trends of international tourism and the impacts of To present development trends of protected areas in the world and their tourism tourism protected areas in categorization according toIUCN according categorization A significant potential for tourism, namely geological, biological, historical, for tourism, potential biological, namelyA significant geological, hotspotsand biodiversity theheartofoneworld Armenia locatedin is 11 CEU eTD Collection the assessment form (METT). of Management Tool EffectivenessTracking Semi andscientists. wereinterviews organizations, structured made of onthebasis NP, representativesofenvironmental oftheDilijan administration non-governmental were made oftheMinistry ofNatureProtection, withrepresentatives the protectedareasofArmenia.of tourism issuesin Interviews and its current situation assessment were Theinterviews conductedtoexamine reportsandguidelines. the reports,managementmaterials, namely laws, books,articles, plans, andaction andunpublished ofpublished reviewincludedanalysis interviews. Theliterature Methodology used for the thesis involved a literature review review and conducting aliterature Methodology usedforthethesisinvolved x x x To elaborate recommendations for tourism development in the Dilijan NP on To discuss, analyze and evaluate tourism activities in protected areas of To describe the Armenian system of protected areas and the current state of the basisofmade analyses. and recreation and issues of sustainable tourism tourism development ofsustainable andissues and recreation totourism NP threats Armeniathe Dilijan as acasestudyidentifying using tourism 12 CEU eTD Collection protected areas.Based onmanagement objectives, sixcategoriesofprotectedareas the discussionson in management participants nowtheylater, areactive only of people were thepast Even more, informedlocal if in aboutgovernments’ decisions 2008). management, of part required a (Dudley whileresources is inothers prohibited it is some 2008).In approaches(Dudley protectedareas limiting usage of natural buttoless parks where areallowed andconservation ishighlighted visitors national areallowedextremely where toenterand specialists protected territories only management of A variety intheterm approachesisinvolved “protected area”:from 1996). oneofthesafestmeansareas is (Spellberg ofhabitatprotection protected establishment oflegally 2008).The (Dudley alive threatened species the onlyhopefor keepingthe they are very often and conservation biodiversity protectedareasarecrucialconservation strategies, for and international national forhuman 1992).Beingthecornerstonesofall unique value needs(Spellberg have and resources been priceless natural the centuries Over 2008). (Dudley sinceMay 2007 values” cultural ecosystem and withservices associated nature effective means, or other toachieve the long-term through legal conservation of dedicatedand space,recognized, managed, geographical defined clearly is “a ConservationUnion(IUCN)aprotectedare oftheWorld According tothedefinition 1.1. Development oftheIUCN categories system for protected areas protectedareas Chapter I.Tourismin 1 CEU eTD Collection was nocommon terminology inthe20 termsDifferent were usedforthedescription ofprotectedareasworldwide andthere framework 2008). ofthecategories”(Dudley toguideimproved application objectives andapproaches,IUCN categorizationcannotbea“straitjacket” but“a in size,location,managementdiffer thatprotectedareas consideration into for theConservationUnion of Nature). byIUCN(International Taking are identified (Dudley 2008). by management defined categories ten preliminary objectives were projected ofaworking groupreport(IUCN1978),threegroups(A,B,As a result C)with1974). nomenclature forsuch standardsand areas” (Elliott suitable and develop aside; forwhich protected purposes various areas areset the “define Parks Conferenceto monuments.reserves andnatural IUCN was In1972 on called by Second World scientific a simpleparks, system national which used of classification: publication UN ListofProtectedcalled Areas wasversion createdin1966.Itbecame aregular Commission now onProtectedAreas(Dudley 2008).The the World (WCPA) second IUCN’s CommissionParks andProtected Areas(CNPPA) onNational that is called parks andEquivalentReserveswas ofNational producedin1962by List World 1999). Preservation (Holdgate Protection andWildlife Hemispherewere byWestern Conventionon ) wilderness developed park; nationalreserve;nature monument;namelynational four types, and strict Nineyearslater, forhuntingandcollecting. withreserve; andreserve prohibition faunaandflora park; strictnaturereserve; ofprotectedareas:national categories London set in (1933) up four and Flora Conference fortheProtectionofFauna th century. As a first attempt century.As a first theInternational 2 CEU eTD Collection landscape/seascape) Protected (i.e., V Landscape/seascape conservationandrecreation area) IV Conservation management throughactive Habitat/species management (i.e., Naturalmonument)features (i.e., III Conservationofnatural park) II Ecosystem National (i.e., conservation andprotection area andIb)Wilderness Ia) Strictnaturereserve I Strictprotection protectedareasaremanaged mainly for: According totheGuidelines, categories. byIUCN inthesame published year(IUCN1994) aswell six as Guidelines Assemblyof protectedareawasGeneral setoutin meeting. Thedefinition VI-X 1990).Thenewsystemcategories (Eidsvik was 1994atIUCN approvedin proposed anew system 1978leaving only aroundtheI-Vcategoriesproposedin V Protected landscape reserve IV Nature conservation monument/nationallandmark III Natural park II National reserve I Scientific Group A In 1984anew attempt was toupdatethecategories made by CNPPA which : management area VIII Multiple-use reserve VII Anthropological VI Resourcereserve Group B : 3 site (natural) Heritage X World reserve IX Biosphere Group C : CEU eTD Collection Nations List ofProtected Areas(Chape Nations List (McNeely totheUnited totwiceofIndia 1992).According thearea equivalent statusatthat timeprotection andcovered5%oftheearth’sland which is legal 10% oftheplanet’slandsurface.However, 6,900main only protectedareashad 1.2. Trends, number and extentofprotected areas andapplythemost management suitable should identify system and name it. undercategoryII”.Governmentsit hastobemanaged totheguidelines according park doesnotmean government anareaanational that orwants tocall, hascalled, objectives. (2008)notesthat“thefacta their Dudley in parks differ national asthemajority categories term which canbeusedindifferent of park” “National tothemanagementareas relate exceptionthe objectives Theonly is ofcategories. protected areas.Thenames acomposition ofprotected ofparticular standardize ManagedVI Sustainable useofnaturalresources(i.e., resourceprotectedarea). 2003) (Table 1). 2003) (Table km) oftheSouthAmerica tothearea which continent(Chape isequivalent sq protected areascover11.5%oftheearth’s surface(17.1million land terrestrial sqkm.combined SouthAsia areaofChina, andSoutheastAsiaor18.8million Only to the surface which isequivalent 12,65% oftheplanet’sland areas covering Thorsell (1992) listed more listed than30,000protected areasworldwide covering (1992) Thorsell IUCN system was to categories mainly introduced of protectedareas et al. 4 2003),thereare102,102protected et al. CEU eTD Collection and reporting (Eagles and reporting of tourism for measurement, definition It isimportant touseastandardized statistics 1.3. Development trends ofinternational tourism Total No Category VI V IV III II Ib Ia Source: Chape Table 1.Global number and extent of protected areas. international tourism. The growth of sustainable tourism tourism. tourism Thegrowthand ecotourism ofsustainable international can bea growth withSocial andenvironmental of therapid concernsare increasing other purposes.” business,and usual environment fornotmoreleisure, thanoneconsecutiveyearfor outsidetheir places toandstaying in travelling ofpersons tourism as “theactivities Category 34,036 102,102 4,123 6,555 27,641 19,833 3,881 1,302 4,731 et al. No. of sites (2003) et al. 33.4 100.00 4.0 6.4 27.1 19.4 3.8 1.3 4.6 Proportion oftotal protected areas 2002). The World Tourism Organization (WTO) defines Tourism (WTO) Organization 2002).TheWorld (%) no. 5 18,763,407 3,569,820 4,377,091 1,056,008 3,022,515 275,432 4,413,142 1,015,512 1,033,888 Area Covered (km²) 100.00 19.0 23.3 5.6 16.1 1.5 23.6 5.4 5.5 Proportion of protected total area (%) CEU eTD Collection international visits are projected to reach 1.6 bln by the year 2020 (Figure 1). areprojectedby theyear2020(Figure toreach1.6bln visits international Tourism Organization, ofWorld 2009). AccordingtotheTourism 2020 vision was 2006(UNWTO 2007 it 7% higher thanin 2007,andin (16 mln)thanin higher wasThe number isgrowing worldwide: it 924mln, in2008 oftourists which is2% activity (Eagles ofcomfortecotourism experiencing the is alevel which theydesiretohavewhile observed. Thedifferencebetween “soft”adventureand“hard”or andecotourism is being growth activities in“soft” growing aswell. Inaddition, thegrowth oftourism activetourism is the numberin interested With ofpeople Source: Tourism World Organization (2009) Figure 1.WTO's Tourism 2020 Vision forecasts. (Eagles and environmentalproblems and areattractedtoareaswith reputation agood tendency accordingtowhich more with andmore social avoiddestinations tourists response tosuchconcerns.Protectedareascantakeadvantageofthenew et al. 2002). et al. 2002). 6 CEU eTD Collection Fennel (1999) andHoney (1999): Fennel by astheonesidentified aresimilar Veryoftenthese principles main principles. ofecotourism ownand its their definitions Manyauthorshavetriedtogive people”. thatconservesto naturalareas theenvironment andimproves oflocal thewell-being travel Ecotourism Society, ecotourism “responsible is According totheInternational expanded theconceptofecotourism (Boo 1991). terms, suchasadventuretourism,tourism naturetourism,and others cultural 1987(Filion in Ceballos-Lascurian theseareas”wasmanifestations byH. introduced (bothpastandpresent)foundin cultural as anyexisting aswell and animals, wildplants the sceneryandits uncontaminated areaswithobjectiveadmiring, andenjoying ofstudying, thespecific undisturbedor The term torelatively ecotourism as“traveling defined tobeecotourism. areasareconsidered inprotected taking place activities tourist Ingeneral, ofecotourism principles. and its indefinitions variety the fastest worldwidegrowing isaconsiderable industry 1994). There (Chalker Ecotourism is themost turn growing tourism sectorwithin its high-speed which isin 1.4. Tourism in protected areas. Ecotourism: basicconceptsand definitions et al. 1994,Espinoza2009).Anumber ofrelated 7 CEU eTD Collection ecotourism” to “absolute ecotourism” was also outlined byShores: ecotourism”ecotourism” was to“absolute alsooutlined soundtourism”. ofecotourism Arangefrom is ecologically definition “relative proper byShores ofecotourism (1992):“The is given The simplest definition ecotourism (Merg 1999). called support anactivity tomeet them. of can all difficult aspossible Meeting asmany oftheseprinciples ofwhat understanding is ecotourism dogiveaclear is, though it These points Culture Ethics/responsibility Low impact/non-consumptive Education andstudy Enjoyment andappreciation benefits people/long-term Benefits local toconservation Contributes Adventure nature Interest in (1999) byFennel environmentally sound -- relative ecotourism, orevery componentrelative environmentally sound -- and net effectofthe ortourism “The overall experience canbe Main principles ofecotourism Main principles 8 Respects local culture Respects local Minimizes impacts environmentalBuilds awareness empowermentpeople forlocal and benefits Provides financial conservation for benefits financial Provides direct destinations Involves traveltonatural by Honey(1999) CEU eTD Collection tourism in protected areas can be in support of conservation of natural, cultural and cultural natural, supportofconservation of tourism protected areascanbe in in andentrance feesandtaxes,By producingfundsthrough service well-managed gain economic from gain benefits tourism (Eagles aretwo tomeetterritory mainthe amount conditions outofthelocal to thatleaks An increaseofthenumber ofproductsandservicesthedecrease of andquality natural landscape, wildlife and cultural heritage, canproducebenefitsnamely:heritage, andcultural wildlife natural landscape, habitat, primarilyTourism topreserve development areas,established inprotected own gainits benefit. A protected areacanalso benefits. aregettingtheir tourists values. So, and natural cultural itshistorical, understandandappreciate well as togetacquaintedwiththearea,as areasis protected visiting The aim of thetourists 1.5. Theimpacts oftourism in protected areas is. areproducedbytourism the moreit benefits positive sustainable Hence,themore andsustainable”. “tourism thatisbothnature-based and recreation ofecotourism to conceptualdefinition (1997) reducedthebasic etal Lindberg x x x Enhancing quality of life of all concerned (Eagles Protecting natural and cultural heritage, Enhancing economic opportunities, absolute ecotourism”.absolute sub-component thetourism in web canbeenvironmentally sound-- 9 et al. 2002). et al. 2002). CEU eTD Collection by protected area agencies may negatively affect local people, forexample, maypeople, by protected areaagencies affectlocal by negatively seasons.Tourism management thebusytouristic employed during only developed are people Very oftentourism protected areashasaseasonal character,andlocal in maytypes oflandusage. people Otherwise, trytofindmore local beneficial there. Eagles live somuch cannothavethefundsto canincrease people and propertyvalue thatlocal ownership Foreign arepossible. costsandtaxes people increased forlocal brings, thattourism goodsandservices demandwith increased Together forfacilities, and environmental. costs oftourism: economic, socio-cultural managed.protected areasarenotwell Eagles andfunds,tourism Alongside benefits development effects alsohasnegative if (Eagles ofawholenation oflife the quality enhancing for (IUCN 1999),butalsoasatool oflife” standardsandquality living their communities asa“tooltohelp 1999). Moreover,theyareviewed notonly toimprove communities (IUCN asimproved communication, andhealthcare training education, from supported byprofits tourism turnsuchneedsoflocal can supportin Protected areas, the “engines of sustainable development”Protected areas,the“enginesofsustainable (Eagles also beneficial. al. income. Eagles suchimportant byproviding maintaining resources can assistin (CategoryV)andtourism protectedareas lived-in resources, especially architectural and of important archeological historic, Protectedareasarefull heritage. historical (2002) suggest reestablishing main cultural traditions andeventswhich canbe traditions main cultural (2002) suggestreestablishing et al. (2002) suggest minimizing leak of tourism (2002)suggestminimizingoftourism leak expenditures. 10 et al. (2002) outline threetypesof the (2002)outline et al. 2002). et al. 2002), et CEU eTD Collection elements may from experiencerisks environmental tourism (Eagles maythe most conscioustourists causesome environmentally impacts. Thefollowing “Zero impact” tourism does notexist. Eventhebest protectedareamanagers and impacts. tonegative canalsolead affluence oftourists tourism; moreover, between adramatic thepovertyofhostsand difference in involved arenot claim that negativeeffectscantakeplacewhenlocalresidents benefits, sustainable tourism beplannedandimplemented.benefits, sustainable strategies should To minimize effectsontheenvironment negative beforetheyoccurandtomaximize resources (Eagles onuseofnatural prohibition x x x x x x Wildlife Air Water Vegetation Soils Ecosystems 11 et al. 2002).Eagles et al. et al. (2002) 2002): CEU eTD Collection appropriate air space, andseparatenaturalobjects air that haveenvironmental,appropriate surface and undergroundwaters andore)the land (including areas ofterrestrial bygivenlaw natureareasas“designated protected specially Areas” (2006)defines ofArmenia 1oftheLaw ProtectedNature Article of theRepublic on“Specially land useandnotharmoniousboundaries. with natural protected areas,which matching were usually and with boundaries administrative demarcation of the“arbitrary” outlines oftheboundaries debarred. Price(2000)also category ofprotectedareaswas formalresources wasand theuseofnatural not sanctuaries tothe ofthenatural belonging (Price2000).The hills andlow foothills in inmiddlemountainprotection regime especially havebeenestablished landscapes, noreserveswith strict ofpriority, As aresultoftheabovementioned principle been modified human extent. by toagreat activities differfrom lowlands which features”(Price2000),theseareasalso have and genetic indicators Asconcernsand functional endemic offaunaandflora. “structural species ecosystems andsubalpine mainly alpine which byalargeamount aredescribed of mountain foruniquehigh ecosystems”“priority (Price2000).Theseareaswere as othermountain offormer regions was SovietUnion, basedonthetheoryof themountainousThe establishment ofprotectedareasin areasofArmenia, aswell 2.1. Protected areas ofArmenia ofArmenia in protectedareas Tourism Chapter II. 12 CEU eTD Collection Source: Plants Genetic Resources in Central Asia andCaucasus. Armenia (2003) Figure 2.Protected areas of the Republic of Armenia. forthem”. established regime ofprotectionis value, andaspecial aesthetic tourist, recreational, historical, cultural, healthcare, educational, scientific, 13 CEU eTD Collection modification and precise classification of boundaries (fundedfrom ofboundaries the statebudget classification modification andprecise notaccurateasthereview, areasis However, area coveredbyprotected theprecise Natural monuments donothaveamanagement mechanism yet (MoNP 2008a). objects). and19biological 16 natural-historical 38hydrological, hydrogeological, monuments ofnatural The list consistsof230monuments 48 (109geological, Monuments Natural Reservations Sate National Parks State Reserves Source: MoNP (2008b) Table 2.Overview of the national protected areasystem. though thenumber 2). ofstatesanctuaries/reserves was 22in2003(Figure reserves, twoparks, and25state sanctuariesorreserves(Appendix national 1) system The existing protectedareasofArmenia threestate of specially includes monuments). andnatural parks, statesanctuaries, national category (statereserves, andby and local) national byimportance (international, protected areasarequalified 4oftheLaw ProtectedNatureAreas(2006), toArticle According on Specially PA category/type Quantity 264 25 2 3 unknown the surface of 125200 isthe which of 181108, out 35229. 075 89506.47 Surface area, hectares 14 Corresponding IUCN category IV Ia III II authorities. managed byvarious currently, andcanbe management units Have no Protection ofRA Ministry ofNature AgricultureRA of Ministry of Protection and Ministry ofNature Protection ofRA Ministry ofNature Management authority CEU eTD Collection past years,theshare of Armenia’s 0.08% the European tourism in isonly industry growth inArmenia’s tourism Although, therehasbeen asignificant inthe industry Data source: NSSRA (2008) Tourism dynamics 3. of Table the Republic ofArmenia. 3). worldwidethousand) becauseofeconomic (Table crisis growth was intourists notedfor2008(558thousand)compared to2007(510 average growth oftourism starting from 2001 hasbeen20-25%.However, 9.4% only ofArmenia (2008),the Service oftheRepublic Statistical totheNational According 2.2. Thecurrent stateoftourism in Armenia andvisitors 2). (Table and aestheticvalues) historico-cultural object(natural ofuniquescientific, managementmonument andnatural fitsIUCNcategoryIII intervention), partly IV (protectedareasmanaged through orspeciesconservation mainly forhabitat mainly forecosystem statesanctuaryfitsIUCNcategory andrecreation), protection IUCNpark fits categoryII((protectedareasmanaged mainly for science), national managed IUCN categoryIa(strictnaturereserves Nevertheless, statereservefits donotaccuratelymatchThe Armenian protectedarea categories IUCN categories. monuments.new naturalparksand established from tobe completed2005) is upto2012(MoNP 2008a). Theseworks willinclude Arriving Tourists Number of 262, 959 2004 318, 563 2005 15 382, 240 2006 510, 622 2007 558, 443 2008 CEU eTD Collection churches (83.6%) (MCG 2007). and (87.2%)andvisiting suchassightseeing mostlyinterests bytravel ArmeniaUnited States,themajority andmotivated invisiting (86.1%)areinterested As itwas bymarket revealed Armenian researchon American community inthe have Armenian 4). ancestry(Table September 2006–August2007,themajorityArmenia oftourists(62.2%)visiting Survey (Reynolds2007)conductedin oftheArmenianVisitor results International tothe According is Armenian heritage. profile important ofthevisitor characteristic ArmeniaThe majority arefrom visiting oftourists Russia andCIScountries.An methodology 95/97/EC:compliance andEU withDirective UNWTO Armenia Law on Tourism (2003),theterm isin and Tourism Activities “tourist” market and0.04%intheworldmarket (GRoA2007).Determined of bytheRepublic activity in the place (country)ofdestination.” intheplace activity andwhoof destination receivesnoremuneration forhis/hermain labor (country) theplace in activity main notpaidlabor purposeofwhose travelis (country)foramaximumanother place term the of oneyearwith intervals no from permanent (country)to his/her ofresidence traveling place “a citizen 16 CEU eTD Collection into account the fact that tourists visiting Armenia attracted byhistorical aremainly accountthefactthattouristsvisiting into Armenia by12.4%of tourists(Appendix2).Taking stated asareasonfor visiting Adventuretourism/ecotourism asatouristdestination. was it reasons forselecting inthe Armenian position tourism market and occupiesthefourthplaceamong new concept inArmenia, ecotourism being arelatively has astrong Despite its inArmenia2.3. Ecotourism Total Countries All Other Europe Western Other Other SIS United States Kingdom United Republic Syrian Arab Federation Russian Lebanon Japan Greece Germany France Canada Source: Reynolds (2007) ofTourists. Highest CountryofResidence – 4. Percentages Table Country Interviewed Number of Tourists 7627 2660 2143 Total 433 231 235 347 145 592 222 270 88 37 40 65 64 55 Percentage Interviewed Tourists 100.0 34.9 28.1 5.7 3.0 3.1 4.5 1.9 7.8 2.9 3.5 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 All of 17 Tourists with Interviewed Number of Armenian Ancestry 2188 1470 4746 Total 101 136 186 177 144 67 36 59 63 33 10 37 38 1 Tourists with Percentage Interviewed Armenian Ancestry 100.0 of All of 46.1 31.0 0.0 2.1 1.4 2.9 3.9 0.8 3.7 1.2 3.0 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.8 Percentage Interviewed Residence Armenian Ancestry of Each of 23.3 29.0 57.9 53.6 24.8 29.9 26.6 53.3 82.3 68.6 71.6 89.2 15.4 57.8 69.1 62.2 with 2.5 CEU eTD Collection Source: Tourist Information Center (2009) Figure 3MapArmenia of with main architectural ensembles andmonastery complexes. development anddivided. arenotspecified typesoftourism ofvarious and theways oftheir thepeculiarities (2003). Inaddition, the“Law Activities” in on Tourism not defined and Tourist are tourism priorities monuments andcultural historical canbefoundonsmall 3).However,areas (Figure andadventuretourism,scientific Armenia aplacewhere numerous is natural, ecotourism, tourism agrotourism, protectedareas, products, suchastourism in life theworld tourism Considering market’s demand tonatureandwild rising forclose become amore demanded typeoftourism, aswellas ethnotourism and agrotourism. monuments,and cultural ecotourism Armenia in which alreadypopular will is 18 CEU eTD Collection and historical sightseeing. and historical recreation acenterfornatureexploration, be future thatwill (GRoA 2007)inthenear ismarkedattractions (GRoA2007).Dilijan as“Armenia’s northerntourism hub” tourist andcultural accordance with development historical, further ofnatural, market”further developmentArmenia, ofthis“niche aplacefor in thereis visiting fortourists reasons Although adventuretourism/ecotourism is oneof the significant 19 CEU eTD Collection small-sized republic where the natural phytocoenoses are preserved in their genuine wherephytocoenoses small-sized thenatural are preserved intheir republic inour cornerisleft herspeechinMadrid(1981):“No statein 1981). Gabrielyan types ofnaturalvegetation havebeentransformed toeconomic use(Gabrielyan all Since theestablishment ofthestatereservesandsanctuaries, areaswith nearly (Armenian SSRof Ministers DecreeNo.P-341). Council 1937 (MoNP 2006) which was transformed statereservein1958 totheDilijan was in aforestproductionentity Based ontheseForestEnterprises, established DepartmentCommittee, ofNational area. havebeenformed surrounding inDilijan andKuybishev Resort Dilijan ForestEnterprises,subordinatedtothehealth 3.1. History ofestablishment andlegalframework situated here. times, dynastywere summer ofArshakunikings lands andhunting residence 106km NPinAghstevvalley northeast ofYerevan.Inancient 1666. Dilijan islocated wasDilijan Jean Chardonin firstmentioned thetravelnotesofFrenchtraveler in Museum Thename Geological of Dilijan. isin of andtherest Petersburg, themuseumsthe 1870s.Themajority arein in ofthefindings ofMoscow, Saint excavations out Bronze andtheEarly carried IronAges) according toarcheological of1000(Late theendof2000BC – thebeginning heresince have beenliving Though theexact isunknown, dateoftheestablishment ofDilijan human beings Chapter III.Casestudy: National Park Dilijan 20 CEU eTD Collection Dilijan National Park was National 1980s. However, Dilijan conceived intheearly growing concern pers.comm.), (Baloyan, Fayvush,Danielyan interviewees the ofcreating theidea Fayfush,Tamanyan pers.comm.). onpaper(Danielyan, reserve only Accordingto state reservecouldnothave regimeDilijan from itwas astate the beginning, 3.2. Status changefrom state reserve tonationalpark pers.comm.). peaks,mountain etc.)(Baloyan (watersheds, slopes, rivers, peculiarities square of8228hawas accountnaturallandscape addedtakinginto extended from zone with28000 to36600ha(MoNPbuffer the 2006). Inaddition, were was boundaries Once Dilijan Park (2002),theoriginal decreedaNational The areaofthereservewas expanded the1980s(Grigoryan2000). in1973and existing regime. usage ofthelandforeconomic with purposeshasalways the beenincontradiction areas were account.Hence,wide nottakeninto thereserveandagricultural within communities pers.comm.) andfive such asexistence (Baloyan,Faivush ofDilijan 2006) was themain fortheestablishment reason ofthereserve.However, factors baccata The needtoprotectthemezophile oakandbeechforests, speciesas relict USSR. byscalein is thebiggest statereserve.AccordingYew tohim, theDilijan natural found in Grove situatedhere woodlands, numerous treesandshrubsarestill argued thatvirgin orchardsoffruit (1978) Grigoryan state andprotectedfrom influence.” virgin man's orindirect direct (berryyew), from andCaucasianrhododendron dating (MoNPthe third era 21 Taxus CEU eTD Collection more 1978; MP than70sm 1990;Grigoryan on thenorthern slopes(Gabrielyan minimum amount inwinter(about 12%).Snow is from depth varies 5 to50sm and August. Themaximum (35%ofannualnorm) inspring andthe amount is ofrainfall meters above sealeveltheaveragetemperature -10-13°inJanuaryand13-15° is absolute maximum temperature of37 warm NP 1990).TheclimateoftheDilijan is relatively and humidwith(Gabrielyan valley Aghstev river situated in (1070)is Thelowest pointofthepark level). mountain with pointofmountain range thehighest Bovakar(3016m above sea ofmountainousLocated inthenortheast Armenia, NP issurroundedbya Dilijan 3.3. Location andclimate pers.comm): The main reasons ofthestatuschangecanbesummarized (Baloyan, asfollows State 2002. Reserveonlyin Park onthebasisofDilijan National oftheDilijan the creation in resulted ofbiodiversity andloss over forestdegradation . no difference from common forestry as it was 5. under the supervision of health resort during Soviet period 4. existence of 8 communities on the territory of the reserve (Dilijan and 3. 7 high-voltage lines through the whole territory of the reserve 2. main highway through the state reserve connecting central parts of 1. Armenia “Hayantar” villages) sothereservestatuscouldnotwork andGeorgia, to thenorthernparts o C andabsoluteminimum of 26 22 o C. At 2000 CEU eTD Collection population use only 3 of them and avoids collection of others.Hence,these only3of them use and avoidscollection population species andsubspecies, 176 ofwhich Local there are480fungi areedible. now pers.comm.).(Faifush has notbeendonetill toManagement According plan, However, plants. ofthemainresources aninventory natural and 41edible medicinal 54 includes park also theRedbookofArmenia. in ofthenational registered Flora NP Management ofthem (2006). Five are endemics plan ofArmenia and27are tothedata of theDilijan ofthepark,according ontheterritory 977 speciesgrowing with plants 1200speciesofvascular oftheParkanditsbufferzoneincludes Flora layers remained from 1990). native types(Gabrielyan ofhornbeam Nowadays versions therearedifferent forestwith andgrass shrub theParkwhereplaces in hornbeam reforestationwas done byplanting trees. , andnuts.There are also ash,limefruits wild andothertrees,aswell as Thereare arecoveredbybeechforests. slopes are coveredbyoaksandnorthern of thestatereservein1958(Baloyanpers.comm.). Southernslopes ofmid-altitudes fortheestablishment forestswas thereason Protection ofoakand precisely (45%), beech (24%), andhornbeam (9.5%) ortheirmixture 1978). (Grigoryan NP typeoftheDilijan with vegetation aprevailing predominanceForest is ofoak 3.4. Flora have goodfertility. the forestzoneand in prevail brownmountain-grassland. Mountain-grassland soils NP oftwoDilijan is mainly cover inthe types:mountain-forest2006). Soil and 23 CEU eTD Collection dappled deer (Gabrielyan 1990). deer(Gabrielyan dappled were tothe1985 accountinginformation,According there 250boarsand380 areas ofthereserve. Aghartsin gorge,breed andevenoccupiedneighboring deerwere 1969.Boarsgotacclimated importedboars and130dappled in In woodlands. deer,60wild to theDilijan boaranddappled wild Concerning aboriginal From hoofed roeis deerandroe.The boar,dappled therearewild intheRedBookofArmenia.seven areregistered of themammals From of49species leopard. present list ofthePark, intheterritory catarementionedbadger, wild aswellas rareappearanceof (1990), byGabrielyan mammalsThe faunaofpredatory was Brown comparatively big. ,, , ofthebufferzone. park andadding oftheNational extension oftheterritory 49 speciesofmammals. innumbers Thedifference bythe canbeexplained 147speciesofbirdsand ofamphibians,following: 19speciesofreptiles, 5species Nowadays numbers,to theManagement according NP are the Planofthe Dilijan ofmammals and45species ofbirds 107species 1990). reptiles, (Gabrielyan ofamphibians, 16speciesof 4species The faunaofthestatereserveincluded 3.5. Fauna conditions. ecological theworld marked, arehighin becausetheyaregrowingprices especially in resources” (Fayvushpers.comm.)“powerfulnatural thoughthe arenotcollected 24 CEU eTD Collection the endof19 fauna were inthe70s.Among noticeable thefaunarepresentativesdisappearedat inthe butalso intheflora the70s.So,bigchangesnotonly Caucasian reservein were broughtherefrom species andnow groups of3-5.Caucasiandeer also in number 70sto80species.Theywere groups of10-20 in ofroedecreasedin reserve’s faunawas .Thenumber ofthespecieswas almost twenty. The ofthe Inthe70sbiggestrepresentative inhabitants. the housesofDilijan mentioned mammals.now one canseehuge hornsofthedeeronwalls in Till oftheabove haveledtothedestruction andregulations conservation rules and absenceofsimple southern partsoftheforests.Hunting,deforestation years agotherewere boarsandmountainous herdsofCaucasiandeer,wild goatsin reservewasThe faunaofDilijan more inthepast.Nomore diverse thanhundred park. ofthenational rivers the ofmountainous isfoundin ofthepurity rivers, (Salmo anindicator truttafario), Trout of thereserve.Thenumber ofspeciesdecreasedbecauseriverpollution. theRedBookof in USSR therivers found in A raretypeofotterregistered could be Red BookofUSSR. the (Gypaetusbarbatus)werein andbeardedvulture registered eagle The golden spreading. oneoftheareasgoldeneagle is reserve. TheAghstev rivervalley ofthe informationof 1985,therewere grouseontheterritory 80-90 Caucasian toaccounting grouse. According theCaucasian tomentionlike It isnecessary birds th centurywere andothers(Grigoryan 1978). aurochs,bigdeer,bison 25 CEU eTD Collection Tavoush region administration, and other stakeholders (Baloyan pers.comm.). andotherstakeholders(Baloyan Tavoush regionadministration, accountrecommendationsReduction Project”, takinginto NP of theDilijan SNCO, implemented intheframework of“NaturalResourcesManagement andPoverty foresters,cartographers hydrologists, zoologists, working groupsofbotanists, surveysofthe NP Project”. oftheDilijan is basedonfiled Thepresentzoning in theframework of“Natural ResourcesManagement andPoverty Reduction NPzones oftheDilijan was donein2005-2006 oftheterritorial-functional Definition Park DilijanNational of the 3.7. Zoning oftheAregunimountain range(MoNP northern slopes 2006). the andsituatedon origin (Lake Pure)withsurface of2hectares.Ithasalandslide a oneisParzLich biggest 1978).The reserve”(Grigoryan mentioned the“Dilijan in natrium, iron,magnesium and otherelements. More thantenbigandsmalllakes are oftheParktherearemany inhydro-carbonate, On theterritory rich mineralsprings Themain armsfull-flowing. oftheAghstev areBldanandGetik. summer,destroying thebanks.Inspringandearly the snow during thawing theyare of mountains with aretypical andsprings fastflow these rivers All springs. flowfed byagreatnumber andsmall rivers artery ofthePark”where large of all of121km The AghstevRiverwith “themain alength (MoNP water 2006)iscalled 3.6. Hydrology 26 CEU eTD Collection Source: MoNP 2006 ZonesoftheDilijanFigure 4Territorial-Functional NP. 27 CEU eTD Collection depressed (Galstyan pers.comm.).depressed (Galstyan 2000).Yew is (Grigoryan condition grove hasbeenseverelydegradedandits the ageofyew isabout230-260m trees is400-500yearsandanaverageheight Yew Relic 5)consistsofamixtureGrove (Figure ofyew (60-90%) andbeechtrees; ofNatural Woodland Woodlands Haghartsin Beech Woodlands Grove Yew Reserve zones Source: Adoptedfrom MP (2006) Table 5.Reserve zones of the Dilijan NP. 5). ofthepark(Table 7% of thetotalarea hectares oronly NPconsists withof2287 total area offourreserves The reservezoneoftheDilijan a 4). andeconomic zones),recreational areas(Figure and prohibited zones: protected(reserve 3territorial-functional into divided The areaoftheParkis pine woodlands conservationnatural of woodlands conservationbeech of woodlands preservation ofoak (Taxus relict species ofyew conservationunique of reserve Main objectivethe of Baccata ) 28 1192 15 1.8 455 15.8 615 19 (ha) Area 2287 25.7 (km) boundary the of Total length 100 97 98 95 (%) forested Area CEU eTD Collection Florovo Balka Hydrological Dilijan Prohibited zones Source: Adoptedfrom MP (2006) oftheDilijan Prohibited zoned 6. NP.Table 6). subzones(Table oftwopark andconsists prohibited ofthe 3%of the totalareas zonecoversanareaof935hectaresoronly Prohibited (photo by author). in YewFigure 5Redwood Grove city and its environment drinking water Dilijanof the main springs of preservation ofone environment springs and their preservationmineral of Main objective 29 8 11.4 km 383 11.7 km 552 (ha) Area 935 (km) boundary the of Total length 98 95 (%) forested Area CEU eTD Collection totally inappropriate (Danielyan, Galstyan, Fayvush, Tamanyan Galstyan, Fayvush, pers.comm.) (Danielyan, inappropriate and totally current zoningofthe NP Dilijan park. Hence,the has been proved tobe national Economic 78%of zonehasanareaof26359ha,whichthe totalareaof is 4): ofthepark(Figure of thetotalarea ofsevensubzones withRecreation zoneconsists area of4194hectaresor12% total 7. The total area of the Aghstev-Getikarea of recreationzone is only28 The total ha and 7. area oftheGosh-Aghavnavank recreationThe total zoneis85 ha and 6. area oftheHaghartsin recreationzone The total is 422 ha and includes 5. The total area of the Gosh recreation zone is 82 ha and includes the 4. of Thetotalarea the Dilijan recreation zone is 3191 ha with 114 km of 3. total The total area of the Bldan recreation zone on lying the right and left banks of 2. The total area of the -Fioletovo recreation zone lying on the right 1. bank oftheAghstevRiver. of the southeastern part Haghartsin community the includes andthe right Aghavnavank community riverbed. from Gosh community valley River Getik to the the adjacentincludes oftheHaghartsinriver. middle andupperzonesoftheriverbed hosts GoshavankMonastery centuries). (12-13th andGoshLake andadjacent ofGoshvillage areas.Thearea intersection city. partsofDilijan onsouthern zone islying oftheboundary.This length aresituatedhere. churches of12-13centuries zone.JoukhtakVank (Monastery),Strecreation Astvatsatsin andStGrigor 1.6km roadadjacent 59ha.Thereis asphalt tothis is long the BldanRiver to thezone. railway are adjacent reserve.Asphaltroadand Natural Pine” of “Woodlands 327 is ha. ThiszoneborderswithAghstev River of the banks and left 30 CEU eTD Collection not so high in the Dilijan NP (MoNP theDilijan 6). not sohighin 2008a) (Figure However,activities. incomparison with areasrecreationthreatsare otherprotected with exception recreational ofParzLake istheonly ofdealing neighborhood was mentioned pers.comm.). (Baloyan,Galyan byinterviewees inthe Restingplace NP oftheDilijan ontheterritory activities of recreation The unstructuredcharacter woodresources, andfuel collection. exposed tourism tothefollowing usageofplant threats: and recreation,grazing, NP parks. Dilijan unprotected fromismostly treats andpressuresarenational haymaking. most fuelwoodcollection, The use,logging, land illegal and recreation, tourism landuseandconstruction, grazing, areas arethefollowing: water pollution, Management) showed (Ervin2003) thatthemain pressuresandthreatstoprotected RAPPAM ofProtectedAreaMethodology (RapidAssessment andPrioritization ofthemanagementThe results effectivenessassessment (MoNP 2008a) usingthe 3.8. Usageofareas fenced. which arenotstill boundaries established NPhas necessaryasDilijan and of theprotectedareais welland fencing identified the extensionimproved with ofthereserve zoning demarcationzone. In addition, anecessityforan is area. There -7%ofthetotal verysmallproportion occupies by them as “weak”evaluated andneeds to bereconsidered, asthereserve zone 31 CEU eTD Collection consumption fuel wood,mainly of waste, 10m by onehouseholdis usedasfuelwoodby AccordingtoMP,locals. being though timber still is beingobserved, is logging NP SNCODue tocontroloftheDilijan adropinillegal Source: MoNP 2008a Grazing. Figure 7. (Figure7). influence damaging NP is notasheavyinotherprotectedareasbutithasits in theDilijan park (MoNP 2006).Thepressureofgrazing ofthenational pass throughtheterritory pers.comm.).areas, aspastures(Faivush, tothepastures Moreover, roadsleading forested including totheusageofitsterritory, park leads ofthenational territory Lack ofthecommunity pasturesandunawareness ongrazingthe ofthelimitation Source: MoNP 2008a Tourism and recreation. Figure 6. 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 0 8 Khosrov Khosrov 0 8

Shikahogh Shikahogh

Erebuni Erebuni

Dilijan Dilijan

Sevan Sevan

Gorovan Gorovan Tourism Tourism and recreation

Gilan Gilan

Khor Virap Grazing 32

Planetree Planetree

Sev Lich Sev Lich

Vordan Vordan

Akhnabat Akhnabat 3 –30m

Juniper 3 . Dilijan PRESSURE THREAT PRESSURE THREAT CEU eTD Collection Source: MoNP 2008a Fuel woodFigure 9.collection. NP comparison theDilijan in withprotected areas. in other significant 9)is (Figure wood pressure onprotectedareas,fuel collection asaserious Not beingconsidered Source: MoNP 2008a Logging. Figure 8. NPpressure fortheDilijan incomparison with8). areas(Figure otherprotected ofwaste.NP However,SNCO thecollection isaserious iscoordinating logging 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 0 8 Khosrov Khosrov 0 8

Shikahogh Shikahogh

Erebuni Erebuni

Dilijan Dilijan

Sevan Sevan

Gorovan Gorovan Fuel wood collection wood Fuel Gil an Gilan

Khor Virap Khor Virap Logging 33

Planetree Planetree

Sev Lich Sev Lich

Vordan Vordan

Akhnabat Akhnabat

Juniper Juniper PRESSURE THREAT PRESSURE THREAT CEU eTD Collection international standards. international museum next tothemonument arefarbehind 1971.Existing facilities foundedin also asmall renovatedin1955-1968and1978(MoNP 2006). Thereis significantly Monastery. themonastery Surroundedbyforestcoveredhills, was to routesleading intourist it forincluding tourism isconvenient as itsposition monument Thenatural isrequired. isimportant tothelake for the roadleading clean.To accommodate areais surrounding number reconstructionof big oftourists, 1.5km easyand Gosh Lakeislocated accesstoitis south-west oftheGoshvillage, Armenia andamongst themajorpark. areasinthenational tourist places forthewholeHaghartsin Monasterysightseeing isoneofthepopular Togetherwith Goshavank,the by landslides. isdegraded reconstruction asit needs clean. Theroad areais reconstruction nowandthesurrounding theprocessof isin wellit preserved, 10)is Monastery (Figure The Haghartsin totheHaghartsinmonastery. routesleading intourist it can allow including monument Thenatural importantlandslides. ofthelake is fortourism as theposition needsprotection from toit clean,thoughtheroadleading areais and surrounding located9km town, easy Parz Lake(ParzLich)is north-east ofDilijan accesstoitis the tourism development 4.1. Current conditionofnatural andcultural monuments andsuggestions for in theDilijanNationalPark Tourism Chapter IV. 34 CEU eTD Collection (photo byauhor). Figure 11.Goshavank Monastery (photo byauhor). Haghartsin MonasteryFigure 10. 35 CEU eTD Collection considered as an exceptional historical and cultural monument. andcultural historical considered asanexceptional isnot oftourism sites, thoughit the list in is included The Chapel not required. is restoration and ingoodcondition Chapes ofHaghartsinis Sourb (Saint)Sargis harmony ofthemonument environment. with surrounding routesissuggestedbecauseofthe tourist and cultural the Churchinhistorical of Inclusion havefallen. some stonesoftheroofandsteeple decoratedandpolished ageand only ofits spite preserved in well relatively is monastery necessaryasit is oftheSourb(Saint)AstvatsatsinBasic restoration AnapatChurchofAghavnavank monasteries. ofGoshavankandHaghartsin visiting include Bothmonuments routesthat activities. tourist protection in develop canbeincluded of theareasandto situation necessarytostudy the geological itis landslides, ofthe conditions thenatural the road.Inordertoreveal along there arenosigns some day.Some toJukhtak destroyed,and Vank partsoftheroadleading are fully zonethatmaymonuments landslide threatenthebuildings inanactive arelocated area.Both ofthesurrounding deforestation byintensive site hasbeenaltered view of theMatosavank other.Thebeautiful oppositeeach banks oftheriverBldan, Jukhtak Vank (Twin Monastery)andMatosavank situatedonthe (Figures12-13)are monuments and cultural architectural ofArmenia.and beautiful oneofthemostPark. Itisalso important within theNational fortourists sites popular oneofthemost 11)is Together withHaghartsin,GoshavankMonastery (Figure 36 CEU eTD Collection Figure 13.Matosavank (photo byauhor). Figure 12.Jukhtak Monastery (photo byauhor). 37 CEU eTD Collection park with only 1 % located in its bufferzone. its park with 1%locatedin only majority ofthemonuments (MoNP ofthe ontheterritory national 2006) aresituated ages ofStone Ageearly uptoourcentury (60-50B.C to 20 century) (Map 13).The monuments naturalmonuments,and cultural 14),including (Figure establishedin bufferzone contain NPandits 257 unmovable oftheDilijan The territory historical NP. resources oftheDilijan recreational woodlandsof Khachardzan,ParzandGosh lakesareamong exclusive tourism and warm sun. Yew Grove ofAghavnavank,Beech woodlands of Haghartsin, oak the a number aswellairand asthefreshforest springs, ofmineral like services Always NP beingattractedbyholiday-makers, Dilijan cansuggest naturalmedicinal DilijanNationalPark 4.2. Tourism ofthe and Recreationcharacteristics remotenessbecause oftheir from clean the villages. and theareais routesasthey agoodcondition tourist are in in can alsobeincluded Natural monuments caves, Furrowed like stonesandKarablitner stoneplates tourism and cultural routes asanexample facility. ofmedievalengineering historical in canbeincluded it destroyed.Afterrenovation ispartially asit required tours.ReconstructionoftheAghavnavank Bridge is archaeological in inclusion Theresearchandexcavation ofthemonument facilities. its production support will Aghavnavank smelting complex medieval importance and presents has scientific The accesstoAghavnavanksmelting complex easy. and AghavnavankBridgeis 38 CEU eTD Collection Source: MoNP 2006 Archaeological, Historical-ArchitecturalFigure 14. Monuments oftheDilijan NP. 39 CEU eTD Collection presentation, first aid and other skills, nine Dilijan inhabitants wereinhabitants nine Dilijan as certified skills, and other aid first presentation, courses on communication,and practical pers.comm.). theoretical passing After guidesin2008(Davtyan ofthe tourist andcertification the training of organizers USAID-fundedCompetitive Armenian Sector Private Project (CAPS) were the However, NP (AGG)with andArmenian Dilijan ofthe Guild support activities. Guides staff oftheDilijan inanytourism NP and is notinvolved administrationor recreation the knowledge, andskills experience Because oftheabsenceprofessional Dilijan NP ofthe 4.3. Tourism and recreationactivities cemeteries mausoleums War memorialsto theheroesof the Second World monumentsspring cross stones individual stones() groups ofcross chapels monastery complexes churches complexesmetallurgical bridges castles houses ethnographical places village ofoldcity residues cave dwellings ofstoneage sites archeological monumentsnatural 40 48 2 2 4 26 23 17 4 4 1 4 13 2 51 8 9 3 2 CEU eTD Collection national park but are not done yet (Figure 15): park butarenotdoneyet(Figure national by theAdministration of routesareproposedandoutlined the tourist The following exist. interestonesdoesnot specific generaland oftourism into activities Clear dividing itineraries 4.4. Development oftourism on theterritory oftheDilijan NP and tourism (WFTGA). GuideAssociations Tourist of Federation accordingtothestandards ofthe guides tourist World professional itineraries with the description of the starting point, tourist rout, flora andfauna. rout,flora tourist point, ofthestarting withdescription the itineraries walking eight An Environmental in2006includes published Tourism guide-book o o o o o o o o o Dilijan Dilijan district: areas situated higher than Jukhtak Vank, towards Arevahovit - source of the Haghartsin river tributary; Shamakhyan district : Dilijan – Karmir Qar – Haghartsin monastery; Village Khachardzan – Akhqilisa ( vank); Akhnabad Vank Monastery - Yew Park; Gosh village – Gosh lake Dilijan area - higher Tahgta district towards Ttu Jur; Dilijan- Jukhtak Vank – Matosavank; Dilijan Dilijan - Parz Lich – Gosh village. (Anagyuneh); 41 CEU eTD Collection watching (bird watching), archeological, ethnographicandothertours. watching watching), archeological, (bird suchaswildlife researchtours tourism caninvolve ornarrow professional Specific 42 CEU eTD Collection developed on the territory of the national park: ofthenational theterritory developed on meadow forms 2006).Thefollowing observation(MoNP flora ofecotourism can be photography,andalpine watching, landscape bird observation, tours suchaswildlife development its NP Ecotourism phaseandconsistsofthematicthe Dilijan isin in Source: MoNP 2006 Main touristicFigure 15. destinations oftheDilijanand routes NP. o o o o o o Walking, horse Walking, riding and biking tours to the areas rich in diversity of natural Cultural and historical study tours; Specific wildlife observation tours focused on ecological itineraries; Adventurous and cognitive tourism. Scientific research tours to the reserve areas; Flora and fauna study tours to observe the endemic and rare flora and fauna landscapes; species in the Park and its buffer zones; theParkandits species in 43 CEU eTD Collection Motel, Composers House and Mountainous year- Armenia houses) offering holiday Onlyafew Resort,economic Getap (Dilijan on seasonandlocation/hotel. units rest areArmenians. Thenumber staying oftourists for more thanonedaydepends 504.369 Armenian the Dram areforeigners, 10%ofthe visitors as of07.05.09). Only spends4000–15000AMDwas thattheaveragetourist per day(1Euro= calculated NP is August.It theDilijan in thatthemostInterviews period revealed activetouristic survey (Davtyan,Baloyanpers.comm.). marketingInsufficient methods were observedandmentioned ofthe also asaresult bytheheadsofthosewere asmain organizations factors. outlined obstructing ofthepopulation situation andpoorsocial ofinfrastructure imperfect level activities, ofthetouristic seasonality oftheprovided services, prices Low andhigh quality environmental taxes knowledgethough theydohavesignificant oftaxlegislation. ofpaymentdo nothaveaclearidea mechanisms andlanduse/lease of Park” SNCO National asthey donotcooperatewiththe“Dilijan these organizations Park” SNCO. ofthesurveyshowed thatthemajority Theresults National clearly of andthe“Dilijan conducted tobepresentedtheMinistryofNatureprotection park was ofthenational ontheterritory with activities tourism and recreation dealing organizations In June–Octoberoftheyear2005,monitoring of25relevant DilijanNationalPark. ofthe tourism and recreationactivities 5.1. Evaluationof recommendations Analysisand Chapter V. theDilijanNP oftourismin 44 CEU eTD Collection proper managementproper pers.comm)nature (Galyan, of of aspreservation andutilization case in of pers.comm.). only possible development ecotourism, is its Concerning justPark) andwill notgofurtherthan being Sevan National projects (Galyan However, thereareconcernsthatmany projectswasbe forgotten(asit will with the development. ecotourism ofserviceswillsupport good. Increasedquality and sufficient Armenia’secotourism resources for have been evaluated byApresyan as between morethan 10000bedswhich compliancestandards. with arein international growndevelopmentthe growth with and oftourism. Thereare about 70 hotels with between structuresandstatedthat hotel construction thestateandprivate has 2007). Apresyan(pers.comm.) ofthecooperation emphasized theefficiency market intheglobal as a tourism (GRoA strong position destination have a does not Armenia’s resources, and cultural tourism product historical natural, rich its Despite watercourses. intothe ofrubbish improved topreventthediscarding Second,waste soil. removalthe vegetationand from zoneshastobe the touristic causingdamage totherandom ofthevehicles to absentanditleads parking area is parking anumber impacts. special charactercausing First, ofnegative unregulated Park havean National byUSAID. theDilijan organized in Tourism and recreation courses servicesastheyhavepassedtraining owners quality ofwhich provide alsoanetworkofB&BPark. Thereis National services the oftheDilijan territory interviewees pointedouttheseasonalcharacteroftourism onthe All activities pers.comm.) (Davtyan,Alikhanyan period. tourist havewhole-year themainround services demand, onlyduring others areactive 45 CEU eTD Collection interviews with administration of the Dilijan NP: withinterviews oftheDilijan administration threats totourism and recreationhave duringthe been outlined following The 5.2. Threats totourism and recreation intheDilijan NP exploitation. aproperway can resources in be morenatural thandamaging profitable 3. Landslides – 242 Landslides smalland medium landslides with a total area of 2850.7 3. ha Unplannedconstruction– Not all tourism and recreational infrastructure is 2. Environmental - pollution There is no waste removal mechanism 1. on terrestrial leads to degradation of the cultural and historical monuments. and historical ofthecultural todegradation leads movement unregulated of cattletothepasturesintensifyproblem, which monuments suchzones. in Grazing, logging, (15.6%)areregistered the territoryofnationalpark(MoNP on 2006). 40 registered are beauty. park havetheirimpact on ofthenational landscape inthevicinity facilities Abandonedharmonious and landscapes. withsurrounding semi constructed of diseases. may(covering withsoil) preventenvironmental contamination and explosion park. Asimple system thenational areasof of garbage collection and aquatic 46 CEU eTD Collection plan by enlarging the reserve zone, as it occupies a very small part of the total area. avery small ofthetotal thereservezone,asitoccupies part byenlarging plan themanagement within around. Itissuggested thatzoningshouldbereconsidered thoughtheparkisnot fenced andclearboundaries area haswellestablished implemented fundingandhuman Zoningofthe because ofinsufficient capacities. The management was cannotbefully planfor2007-2011 approvedin2006,butit Management plan, design and boundaries ofthe protected area research,monitoring andecotourism forwildlife development.insufficient and monitoring,as ecotourism aswell management. Staff numbers arealso research biodiversity in anecessityforstafftraining is there Inaddition, building. developmentnecessity forthefurther ofcapacity a still butthereis have increased, communities.of local park, staffcapacities Sincetheestablishmentofnational withmanagement. butitneedsstrengthening involvement policy, alanduse Thereis the furtherimprovement oftheresearch,monitoring, conservation,and well documented. and Butthereisanecessityfor established NP Dilijan is officially Regulations DIlijan ofthe NP, staff numbers and lawenforcement by staff Tool (Stolton Tool ManagementAssessment EffectivenessTracking form (Appendix 3) oftheWWF’s forwhich questionsfrom doneonthebasisofinterviews issues is the ofthecurrent improvement Identification for theoverall situation. oftheexisting development, givesrecommendationsand elimination andsuggestsactionsfortheir chapterdealswith NP issuesoftheDilijan This present management astourism recommendations 5.3. Current issuesoftheDilijan NP and tourism development and et al. 2007) were used. 47 CEU eTD Collection the new management plan. processof theplanning in stakeholdersshouldbeinvolved relevant all In addition, beimplemented. should suggestedthatfencinganddemarcation activities It isalso 48 CEU eTD Collection some tourist routes and itineraries have already been built. So, there is a necessity So,thereis beenbuilt. have already some routes anditineraries tourist suchtourism, though in NP tourism.of the Dilijan isnotinvolved Theadministration forthedevelopment ofmild impact NP type of possibilities the Dilijan has endless be acomplementary sourceofincome themore because fortheprotectedarea,all doesnotexist.Ecotourism jobs However, fortourists forlocals. theinfrastructure can of tothecreation andsupport tourism lead will tourists development. inturn This NP Establishment ofthestate reserveshouldattract oftheDilijan onbasis maximizingtogether while benefits. tominimize tourism inorder strategies sustainable effectsontheenvironment development bedevelopment inprotectedareasshould andimplementation of andthemainimpacts andnegative purposeofthetourism canbepositive As itwas notourism mentionedwithout ChapterI(1.5),thereis impacts. in These Tourism development Russiacanbesuggested. used in limited. Asarecommendation developmentofNature(Letopis’prirodi) ofChronicles programs arevery andconservation monitoring, research,large-scale Biodiversity tothemanagementcontribute NP. oftheDilijan management. mechanism Hence, an appropriate andfeescan can beestablished buttheydonothelpprotectedarea someIn addition, feesarecollected canbearecommendationfinancing ofthebudget. and international fortheincrease management butevenforbasic fornew notonly initiatives needs.State insufficient NP, which thecurrentbudgetofDilijan is been compiled. Thereasonis As itwasresources hasnot mentioned ChapterIII,aninventory ofthenatural in Resource inventory, research and management 49 CEU eTD Collection the DNP, bedisseminated. rareandRedBookplantsanimals should of heritage materials onthenaturalandcultural multilingual tourism events. Visual and international national in materials, andparticipation of advertising dissemination marketing oftarget components: strategywithgroups, thefollowing identification park has to elaboratea national both investments attraction,the andtourist andfootpathsshouldtaketheform materials. of bookletsandvisual wildlife For monuments,and cultural informationabout natural available landscape, all include a standardizedinformationthrough information system can besuggested. It will park. InterpretiveCommunicationthe national Method (ICM) which allows obtaining necessaryforthepromotion is of tourism onthe heritage and recreation territory of ofitsnaturalandcultural discovery and the biodiversity of to theunderstanding and implementation organization ofthestudy The and observationtoursdedicated and thepark. ecotourism,especially which between thenserveasalink tourism will organizations types of tourism, forvarious responsible for theestablishment ofastateinstitution 50 CEU eTD Collection http://www.ecoturismolatino.com/eng/ecotravellers/alternative/alternative.htm Ecotourism.Espinoza, A.R. Defining URL: Management (RAPPAM) Methodology Ervin, J.2003. Morges: IUCN. H.B. (Ed).1974. Elliott, IUCN/CNPPA. Areas. Based oftheCNPPA ontheWork Task ForceonClassification Eidsvik, H.1990. Guidelines forPlanning andManagement Eagles, P.,McCool, S.,Haynes,C. 2002. Categories. Dudley, N.(Ed).2008. Cambridge, UKandUNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 2003 United Nations List ofProtected Areas Chape, S.,S. P.Fox Blyth,L.Fish, (compilers) (2003). and M.Spalding option? Chalker, R.1994.Ecotourism: aminister’s view. In Fund Wildlife World Boo, E. 1991. consulted [consulted 10June2009] consulted [consulted ed. E.Cater andG.Lowman. Chichester:JohnWiley. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Gland, Ecotourism: Thepotentials andpitfalls WWF: Rapid AssessmentWWF: andPrioritization ofProtectedArea A FrameworkforClassifying Terrestrial andMarine Protected Guidelines forApplying Protected AreaManagement Second Conference World onNational Parks, Proceedings. Reference List . WWF: Gland, Switzerland Gland, . WWF: . WCPA. 51 Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: . IUCN, Switzerland and Gland, Ecotourism: Asustainable . Vol.1. Washington, D.C.: . Vol.1.Washington, , CEU eTD Collection Law of Armenia ProtectedNatureAreas.2006 of theRepublic onSpecially ofArmeniaLaw 2003 Activities. of theRepublic onTourism and Tourist No: APFSOS/WP/24 Paper Derived From Outlook To2010.Working Forests InTheAsia-PacificRegion: K.,FurzeB.,StaffLindberg M., BlackR.1997.Ecotourism and OtherServices and Cambridge: IUCN. IUCN/WCMC. 1994. IUCN/WCMC. D.C.:IslandPress. Washington Honey, M. (1999). Holdgate, M.1999. Caucasus A.2000.Armenia.Grigoryan, In Grigoryan, G.1978. Grigoryan, paper Government ofArmenia ofRepublic (GRoA).2007. E. 1990. Gabrielyan, Fennell, D.A.(1999). Fennell, (IUCN) ConservationUnion BankandTheWorld D.C.: TheWorld sustainable development, ecotourism in J.P. andJacqement, F.L.,Foley, A.J.Filion, 1994.Theeconomics ofglobal . :USAID/CAPS , ed.M.F.Oxford: Price. IUCN Protected areaeconomics and policy Linking conservation and Ecotourism andSustainable Development:OwnsParadise? Who The GreenWeb. Dilijani argelotsy Guidelines forProtected AreaManagementCategories. Dilijanski zapovednik Ecotourism: AnIntroduction ed. M.Munasingle and J.McNeely, 235-252.Washington, Cooperation in theEuropeanmountains 2: the [Dilijan reserve].Yerevan: Hayastan [Dilijan London: Earthscan. 52 [Dilijan reserve].Yerevan: Hayastan [Dilijan . New York: Routledge. Tourism development.Concept Gland CEU eTD Collection URL: National Statistical Service of the Republic ofArmeniaService oftheRepublic ( Statistical National GEF/UNDP. on theCBD ofworkonprotectedareas.Applicationprogramme forfunding ______2008b. Assessment ofProtectedAreas in Armenia using RAPPAM WWF’s Methodology ______2008a. Management plan2007-2011. ArmeniaMinistry ofNatureProtection, (MoNP). 2006. 10 June2009] http://www.untamedpath.com/Ecotourism/defining.html Merg, Ecotourism. M.1999.Defining URL: Project. American Diaspora community Group(MCG).Menlo 2007. Consulting Madrid. Development ofNational Parks and ProtectedAreas forTourism. 1992. H.Ceballos-Lascuráin. McNeely, and J.A.,J. Thorsell, not? URL: itecotourism? Andwhen is it is When withShores, J.N. Definitions: 2003.Dealing USAID/CAPS2007: Reportofresults. Survey SeptemberReynolds, J.2007.Armenianvisitor 2006–august international Oxford:IUCN Price, M.F.(Ed).2000. http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=248 http://www.geocities.com/shores_system/ecot/definitions.html Cooperation in theEuropeanmountains 2:theCaucasus . Yerevan: Competitive Armenian Sector Private Tourism marketresearchontheArmenian- 53 [consulted 10June2009] Dilijan National Park [consulted10June2009] NSSRA Supporting countryaction Management Effectiveness Guidelines: ). 2008Yearbook. WTO/UNEP/IUCN, [consulted . . . CEU eTD Collection http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/menu.html Tourism 2009.Tourism Organization. 2020 Vision World Switzerland. J.(Ed.)1992. Thorsell, Tool (METT):Reporting progressatprotectedareasites Stolton, S.,Hockings, M., DudleyN.2007. 2009] ______1996. Hill. guidelines fordetermining priorities fornatureconservation B.1992. Spellberg, Evaluation andassessmentforconservation ecological Conservation biology World HeritageWorld TwentyYearsLater. 54 . Harlow:Longman GroupLtd. The ManagementEffectiveness Tracking . WB/WWF . URL: . London:Chapman & IUCN,Gland, [consulted 10June CEU eTD Collection Republic ofArmeniaRepublic Head ofDepartment Development, ofTourism and Regional Ministry ofEconomy of Coordinator,AarhuscentreinDilijan President, Armenian Ecotourism Association Park National Director, Dilijan Armenia Head ofConservation,WWF ofArmeniaRepublic Academy researcher, InstituteofBotanyNational ofScience of Senior scientific ofArmeniaRepublic Academy InstituteofBotanyNational researcher, ofScience of scientific Leading ofArmenia ofRepublic Ministry ofNatureProtection Resources” Project“Poverty Reduction andUseNatural Implementation Unit, ofArmeniaRepublic of Ministry ofNatureProtection ProtectionDivision, andWater Head ofBiodiversity . Mekhak 9. Apresyan Ararat 8. Alikhanyan Zhanna Galyan 7. Ashot 6. Davtyan Siranush Galstyan 5. Dr. Kamilla Tamanyan, 4. Ph.D. Dr. George Fayvush, 3. D.Sc. Samvel Baloyan, Ph.D., 2. Professor Tatyana Danielyan 1. List ofInterviewees 55 CEU eTD Collection N 0 2 9 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Juniper JermukH Her-her Hazelnut Hankavan Gyulagarak Gorovan Gilan Getik Erebuni Dilijan Boghaqar Banx Arz & Meg Aragats Akhnabat Appendix 1.The listofArmenian protected areas* brvain Full Name Abbreviation “Juniper open Woodlands ofSevan”State“Juniper Sanctuary open Woodlands “Jermuk Hydrological” State Sanctuary “Jermuk” State Sanctuary “Ijevan” State Sanctuary “Her-her State Sanctuary openWoodlands” "Arjatkhleni’ Hazelnut” State Sanctuary “Hankavan Hydrological” State Sanctuary “Gyulagarak Pine” State Sanctuary “Gorovan Sands”State Sanctuary “Goris” State Sanctuary “Gilan” StateSanctuary “Getik” State Sanctuary ”Gandzakar upper Aghdan” State Sanctuary “Erebuni” State Reserve Park National “Dilijan” “Boghaqar” State Sanctuary “PineBanx” State Sanctuary of “Arzakan andMeghradzor” State Sanctuary “Aragats Alpine” State Sanctuary “Akhnabat Yew Grove” State Sanctuary Source: MoNP. 2008a 56 CEU eTD Collection *except national for monuments 0 3 9 2 8 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 Yeghegis Vordan Shikahogh Sevan Lich Sev Rose-bay Planetree Margaovit Khosrov Khor Virap “Yeghegis” State Sanctuary ”Ararat Vordan Karmir” State Sanctuary “Shikahogh” StateReserve “Sev Lich” State Sanctuary “Caucasian Rose-bay” State Sanctuary “Plane Grove” State Sanctuary “Margaovit” State Sanctuary “Khosrov Forest” State Reserve “Khor Virap” State Sanctuary 57 Other heritage Armenian Tourism Adventure Ecotourism/ Tours Interest Special Pilgrimage Attractions /Cultural Historical Nature for Holiday Travel Holiday for Reason Appendix 2: Main Reasons for Holiday Tourists Choosing Armenia by Market Area by ChoosingArmenia Market forHoliday Tourists Reasons Appendix 2:Main 9.0 45.0 5.6 20.2 6.3 14.3 5.3 14.3 9.0 6.3 20.2 5.6 45.0 25. 0.0 3.8 5.0 3.8 5.6 6.4 35.0 67. 65. 6 9 4 USA

25.0 5.6 10.6 8.2 21.4 21.4 36.8 8.2 25.0 20.0 10.6 29.8 27.1 25.0 5.6 14.7 8.8 25.0 16.7 11.1 72.9 38.2 50.0 41.7 62.7 77.9 84.0 66.7 65.0 73.7 50.0 39.0 39.4 66.7 55.0 45.0 Canada CEU eTD Collection 66.7 5.6 17.0 15.1 21.4 15.8 20.0 3.3 12.8 12.8 17.0 19.1 15.1 13.3 3.3 21.4 5.6 15.8 20.0 5.6 Japan 60.6 4.3 5.0 26.3 7.1 15.1 3.2 Russia 78.0 8.8 21.4 21.4 10.5 8.8 Georgia

78.6 Other CIS Source: Reynolds (2007) Reynolds Source: 68.4 Greece 65.0 0.0

0 Italy 58 66.7 6.7 6.7 1.5 14.9 3.3 UK 68.1 4.3 1.1 France 72.1 7.4 2.9 Germany 70.7 5.3 6.7 50.0 50.0 5.9 16.7 6.7 17.6 1.3 Other Western 50.0 8.3 27.8 8.3 0 0 Lebanon 11.1 11.1 8.8 10.6 8.8 11.1 66.7 64.7 0 0 Iran (%) 14.1 69.4 4.7 All Other Countries 18.6 12.4 59.3 68.6 6.8 8.8 9.4 Total Average enforce protected enforce site) the managing for responsibility those with (i.e. Can staff enforcement Law 3. Planning hunting)? (e.g. activities use and land control to place in regulations appropriate Are regulations area Protected 2. Context similar)? or covenant a by covered is reserves private case of status (or in the legal area have Does theprotected status Legal 1. Issue remain deficiencies some but andregulations area legislation protected toenforce capacity/resources acceptable have staff The management basis for anexcellent and provide areaexist protected the in use andactivities land inappropriate controlling for Regulations gazetted/covenanted areahasbeenformally protected The skills, no patrol budget, lack of institutional support) institutional of lack budget, no patrol skills, of lack (e.g. andregulations arealegislation protected enforce to capacity/resources staff in deficiencies major are There andregulations arealegislation protected toenforce capacity/resources noeffective have staff The weaknesses some are there but or gaps areaexist protected the in use andactivities land controlling for Regulations weaknesses these aremajor but areaexist protected the in use andactivities land controlling for regulations Some area protected the in use andactivities land controlling for noregulations are There covenant) status or legal national have yet donot areas,which conserved law such ascommunity or local/traditional such asRamsar, conventions, underinternational designated sites (includes incomplete process still the is but gazetted/covenanted being process the of in areais protected The begun process the has yet but not gazetted/covenanted be areashould protected the that agreement is There gazetted/covenanted not areais protected The Criteria

CEU eTD Collection Appendix 3: Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool Tracking Effectiveness Appendix 3:Management Source: Stolton Assessment Form. 59 2 3 3 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 box per question box one only Tick Score: et al. 2007 Comment/Explanation Next steps Next known and boundary Is the demarcation boundary area Protected 6. Planning concern? conservation key of water catchments processes and ecological habitats, species, protect and shape to size right area the protected Is the design area Protected 5. Planning agreed objectives? to according undertaken Is management objectives area Protected 4. Input enough? well area rules Issue residents/neighbouring land users land residents/neighbouring known not bylocal is but authority management known by the areais protected the of boundary The etc patterns disturbance natural scale, a catchment at processes flows andgroundwater such assurface ecological and maintains conservation; and habitat species for appropriate is it objectives; of achievement helps areadesign Protected these objectives meet to managed and is areahasagreedobjectives protected The andregulations arealegislation protected toenforce capacity/resources excellent have staff The users land residents/neighbouring local or authority management known not bythe areais protected the of boundary The processes) ecological scale larger to respect with (e.g. beimproved could but objectives, of achievement constraining significantly not is areadesign Protected management) catchment appropriate of orintroduction corridors wildlife ownersland for adjacent with agreements (e.g. taken being are actions mitigating some but difficult is objectives major of achievement that mean areadesign protected in Inadequacies difficult very areais protected the of objectives major the achieving mean areadesign protected in Inadequacies these objectives to according managed partially only is but areahasagreedobjectives, protected The these objectives to according managed not is but areahasagreedobjectives, protected The area protected the beenagreedfor have objectives No firm Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 60 1 3 3 3 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next Planning/Outputs implemented being it andis workplan aregular Is there plan work Regular 8. process Planning 7c. process Planning 7b. process Planning 7a. Planning points: Additional Planning implemented? being it and is plan management Is there a plan Management 7. Process demarcated? Issue A regular work plan exists and all activities are implemented activities and all exists workplan A regular planning into incorporated areroutinely research andevaluation monitoring, of results The plan management the of and updating review periodic andprocess for schedule an established is There plan management the toinfluence stakeholders key for opportunity process adequate allows planning The implemented being and is exists plan A management demarcated users appropriately andis land residents/neighbouring andlocal authority management known by the areais protected the of boundary The A regular work plan exists and many activities are implemented activities and many exists workplan A regular implemented are activities the of few but exists workplan A regular exists workplan No regular problems or other constraints funding becauseof implemented partially being only is it but exists plan A management implemented being not is but orhasbeenprepared prepared being is plan A management area protected the for plan no management is There demarcated appropriately not users butis land residents/neighbouring andlocal authority management the known by both areais protected the of boundary The Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 61 3 +1 +1 +1 3 3 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next Is active resource Is active management Resource 12. Process work? and research survey orientated management- of programme Is there a Research 11. Process/Outcome area? protected the use in access/resource control to place Are systems in systems Protection 10. Input area? the manage to enough information Do youhave inventory Resource 9. Issue being implemented being are values processes and cultural ecological species, habitats, critical of management active for requirements the of few Very needs management to relevant which is and researchwork, survey of programme integrated a comprehensive, is There access/resource use controlling in effective wholly or are largely systems Protection making anddecision planning areas of all supportto sufficient areais protected the of values processes and cultural ecological species, habitats, critical onthe Information Active resource management is not being undertaken being not is resourcemanagement Active areamanagement protected towards theneedsof directed not is it workbut andresearch survey considerable is There areamanagement protected towards theneedsof directed not is it workbut andresearch survey of amount a small is There area protected the in place research worktaking or no survey is There access/resource use controlling in effective are moderately systems Protection access/resource use controlling in effective partially are only systems Protection access/resource use controlling in effective not or are exist do not etc) permits (patrols, systems Protection making anddecision planning areas of key most for sufficient areais protected the of values processes and cultural ecological species, habitats, critical onthe Information making anddecision planning supportto sufficient not areais protected the of values processes and cultural ecological species, habitats, critical onthe Information area protected the of values and cultural species habitats, critical onthe available ornoinformation little is There Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 62 1 3 3 3 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next budget sufficient? budget current Is the budget Current 15. Inputs/Process objectives? management to fulfil trained adequately staff Are training Staff 14. Inputs area? protected the manage to employed people enough there Are numbers Staff 13. Process undertaken? being management Issue manage to capacity the to needs and presentsaserious constraint management basic for inadequate is budget available The area protected the of needs management the with are aligned andskills training Staff area protected the needs of management the for areadequate numbers Staff implemented fully or substantially are being values processes cultural and, ecological species, habitats, critical of management active for Requirements There is no budget for management of the protected area protected the of management for no budget is There management of objectives the achieve fully to improved befurther could but are adequate, andskills training Staff area protected the needs the of to relative are low andskills training Staff areamanagement protected needed for skills the lack Staff activities management critical for level optimum arebelow numbers Staff activities management critical for areinadequate numbers Staff nostaff are There addressed issuesbeing key are not some but implemented being are values processes cultural and, ecological species, habitats, critical of management active for requirements the of Many Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 63 1 3 3 3 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next equipment of Maintenance 19. Input needs? management for sufficient Is equipment Equipment 18. Process needs? management critical meet to managed budget Is the budget of Management 17. Inputs secure? budget Is the budget of Security 16. Inputs Issue There is little or no maintenance of equipment and facilities equipment of orno maintenance little is There and facilities equipment adequate are There needs management and meets excellent is management Budget needs management areaandits protected the for a securebudget is There area protected the needs of management full the and meets sufficient is budget available The constrain management constrain gaps some that still but and facilities, equipment are There needs management most for inadequate these are but and facilities equipment some are There needs management for and facilities ornoequipment little are There beimproved could but adequate is management Budget effectiveness poor andconstrains is management Budget year) financial in budget of release late (e.g. effectiveness undermines poor andsignificantly very is management Budget funding on outside reliant are and initiatives innovations many areabut protected the of operation regular for budget securecore a reasonably is There funding outside without adequately function not areacould protected and the securebudget little very is There funding variable orhighly on outside reliant wholly is management areaand protected the for no securebudget is There management effective achieve fully to improved befurther could but acceptable is budget available The Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 64 0 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next conservation habitat for water planning Land and 21a: Land andwater planning points: Additional Planning objectives? of achievement the aid areaand protected the recognise water useplanning Does landand andwater use land for Planning 21. Process and needs? objectives the to linked programme education aplanned Is there awareness and Education 20. Process maintained? adequately Is equipment Issue habitats. relevant sustain to etc) levels pollution air water flow, of timing and quality volume, (e.g. conditions environmental adequate for provision areaincorporates protected the containing or landscape catchment the in andmanagement Planning area protected the needs of term long the account into takes fully andwater useplanning land Adjacent awareness programme and education implemented andfully an appropriate is There maintained are well and facilities Equipment account the long term needs of the protected area protected the needs of term long the account into takes partially andwater useplanning land Adjacent area the detrimental are not activities but area, protected the needs of term long the account into does takes not andwater useplanning land Adjacent area the of survival the to are detrimental area andactivities/policies protected the needs the of account into does take not andwater useplanning land Adjacent beimproved needs and could meets partly only it but andawareness an education programme is There programme andawareness andadhoceducation a limited is There andawareness no education programme is There and facilities equipment of maintenance basic is There and facilities equipment of adhocmaintenance some is There Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 65 +1 3 3 3 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next decisions? management to input have area protected the using regularly or resident peoples traditional and Do indigenous people Indigenous 23. Process water users? and land adjacent with operation co- Is there neighbours commercial and State 22. conservation &species services ecosystem for water planning Land and 21c: connectivity for water planning Land and 21b: Issue involvement could beimproved could involvement their but management to relating decisions relevant some to contribute directly peoples and traditional Indigenous onmanagement operation co- andwater users,andsubstantial land or corporate official andneighbouring between managers contact regular is There habitats etc.)" savannah maintain to management fire species, particular sustain to flow freshwater of andtiming quality volume, (e.g. scale an ecosystem at concern of species particular of needs the needsand/or adresses ecosystem-specific "Planning migration). animal allow sea,or to and the sites spawning between freshwater travel to fish migratory allow to area(e.g. protected the outside passagehabitats key to wildlife for areaprovides protected the linking corridors of Management management in role no direct but management to discussions relating into input some have peoples and traditional Indigenous area protected the of management the to relating decisions into noinput have peoples and traditional Indigenous co-operation some only andwater users,but land corporate or official andneighbouring between managers contact is There ornocooperation andwater usersbutlittle land corporate or official andneighbouring between managers contact is There andwater users land or corporate official andneighbouring between managers no contact is There Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 66 2 3 +1 +1 1 0 2 1 0 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next economic benefits economic area providing protected Is the benefit Economic 25. communities on Impact 24c. communities on Impact 24b. communities on Impact 24 a. people communities/indigenous Local points Additional Process decisions? management to input have area protected the or near resident communities Do local communities Local 24. Process Issue There is some flow of economic benefits to local communities local to benefits economic of flow some is There area protected the support actively people indigenous and/or Local implemented are being arearesources, protected conserving while welfare, enhancecommunity to Programmes areamanagers andprotected stakeholders people, indigenous and/or local between andtrust open communication is There co-management e.g. management, to relating decisions relevant all in participate directly communities Local management co- e.g. management, to relating decisions relevant all in participate directly peoples and traditional Indigenous realise these are being developed these arebeing realise to andplans are recognised benefits economic Potential communities local to benefits economic any areadoesnotdeliver protected The be improved could involvement their but management to relating decisions relevant some to contribute directly communities Local management in role no direct but management to discussions relating into input some have communities Local area protected the of management the to relating decisions into noinput have communities Local Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 67 2 +1 +1 +1 3 3 1 0 2 1 0 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next protected area protected to contribute operators tour Do commercial operators tourism Commercial 28. Outputs adequate? Are visitor facilities 27. Visitor facilities Planning/Process performance? against monitored activities management Are evaluation and Monitoring 26. Outcomes services? environmental for payment employment, income, e.g. communities, local to Issue protected area values protected andmaintain experiences visitor toenhance operators andtourism between managers co-operation limited is There visitation of levels current for areexcellent and services facilities Visitor management adaptive andused in implemented well is exists, system andevaluation A goodmonitoring area protected the with associated activities from communities local to benefits economic of flow a major is There this is largely confined to administrative or regulatory matters orregulatory administrative to confined largely is this but operators andtourism between managers contact is There area protected the using operators and tourism between managers ornocontact little is There beimproved could but visitation of levels current for areadequate and services facilities Visitor visitation of levels current for areinappropriate and services facilities Visitor need anidentified despite and services facilities novisitor are There management into back feed do not results but system andevaluation monitoring an agreedandimplemented is There results of collection noregular and/or strategy no overall but andevaluation, adhocmonitoring some is There area protected the in andevaluation no monitoring is There Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 68 2 3 3 3 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next values of Condition 30b: values of Condition 30a: values of Condition Points: Additional Outcomes designated? when it was first to as compared area protected the of values important the of condition is What the values of Condition 30. Inputs/Process management? area protected help do they applied, are or fines) fees fees If (i.e. entry Fees 29. Process management? Issue address threats to biodiversity, ecological and cultural values and cultural ecological biodiversity, to address threats to implemented are being programmes management Specific monitoring and/or basedis onresearch values of condition the assessmentThe of intact are predominantly values and cultural ecological Biodiversity, environs areaandits protected the to contribution asubstantial andmake Fees are collected areavalues protected andmaintain experiences, visitor toenhance operators andtourism between managers good co-operation is There significantly impacted significantly been not have values important most the but degraded partially are being values and cultural ecological biodiversity, Some degraded severely are being values or cultural ecological biodiversity, Some degraded severely being are values or cultural ecological biodiversity, important Many environs areaandits protected the to contribution some and make Fees are collected, environs its area or protected the to nocontribution make but Fees are collected, collected not are they applied, are theoretically fees Although Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 69 +1 +1 3 3 3 2 1 0 2 1 0 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next TOTAL SCORE values of Condition 30c: Issue values are a routine part of park management park of part are aroutine values and cultural ecological biodiversity, key maintain to Activities Criteria

CEU eTD Collection 70 +1 box per question box one only Tick Score: Comment/Explanation Next steps Next