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J.P. Mills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1926/27 Tour Diary, Reports, Photographs

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J.P. Mills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1926/27 Tour Diary, Reports, Photographs J.P. Mills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1926/27 Tour Diary, Reports, Photographs Annotated and Commented Edition Wolfgang Mey Foreword Geraldine Hobson 2009 J.P. Mills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1926/27 Annotated and Commented Edition Wolfgang Mey Foreword Geraldine Hobson 1. J.P. Mills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Introduction Acknowledgements Technical Remarks 2. The Chittagong Hill Tracts 3. J.P. Mills’ Mission to the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3.1. The Mills Collection 3.2. The Texts 3.3. The Tour Diary 3.4. The Reports 3.5. History of the Family of the Bohmong 3.6. The List of Relationship Terms and Word List 3.7. The Photographic Collection 3.8. The Ethnographic Collection 4. The Ethnographic Analysis 4.1. The Indonesian Layer 4.2. The Bengali-British Layer 5. Proposals 6. The Mills Report and the Administrative Status of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Notes 7. The Texts A Comparative Table of Contents 7.1. The Tour Diary 7.1.1. The Itinerary 7.2. The Oxford Manuscript: Part I The London Manuscript Part I Introductory The Primitive Foundations of the Chieftainship in The Chittagong Hill Tracts History of the Jhum Tax Abwabs The History of the Chiefs The Bohmong The Chakma Chief The Mong Raja Summary 7.3. The Oxford Manuscript: Part II The London Manuscript Part II Proposals Regarding the Chiefs 2 Collection of the Jhum Tax Chiefs’ Courts The Chakma Chief’s Court The Bohmong’s Court The Mong Raja’s Court Duties to be Substituted Examples of Specific Duties London Appendix Agriculture Cattle-Breeding Education Excise Game Preservation Compulsory Labour Communications Game Preservation Compulsory Labour Communications Concentration Prospecting Licenses Etc. Monetary Compensation Dignities Titles Succession and Inheritance Further Recommendations Continuity of Administration Bandarban The Mauza System Records and Diaries Expulsion of Undesirables The Chiefs and Government Departments General Summary Appendices Appendix A: Subtenant’s Lease Appendix B: Suggested Agricultural Experiments Appendix C: Compulsory Labour Appendix D: The Collection of the Jhum Tax 7.4. History of the Family of the Bohmong 7.5. Lists of Relationship Terms/Word List Tippera – Mro Magh Mro - Khyeng Khyeng 8. The Photographic Collection. The Album 8.1. The Photographs (1-101) Chronological Order 8.2. Descriptions and Interpretation of the Photographic Collection 9. The Ethnographic Collection Chronological List of Purchases 10. A Discussion 10.1. J.P. Mills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 10.2. Discourses behind the Texts 10.3. Constructions: Origins, Diffusion and Function 10.4. Consequences 3 10.5. The Government of India Act, 1935 10.6. The Resurgence of the Tribal Genius 11. Glossary 12. References 13. The London Manuscript 13.1. Part I Introductory History of the Jhum Tax Abwabs The History of the Chiefs The Bohmong Chakma Chief The Mong Raja Summary The Mauza System 13.2. Part II Proposals Regarding the Chiefs Collection of the Jhum Tax Chiefs’ Courts The Chakma Chief’s Court The Bohmong’s Court The Mong Raja’s Court Duties to be Substituted Examples of Specific Duties Agriculture Cattle-Breeding Education Excise Game Preservation Compulsory Labour Communications Concentration Prospecting Licenses Etc. Monetary Compensation Dignities Titles Succession and Inheritance Further Recommendations Continuity of Administration Bandarban The Mauza System Records and Diaries Expulsion of Undesirables The Chiefs and Government Departments General Summary 4 13.3. Appendix Appendix A Appendix Appendix Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D 5 6 FOREWORD Philip Mills was born in Stockport, Cheshire in 1890. He was educated at Winchester College and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He entered the Indian Civil Service in 1913 and was posted to Mokokchung in the Naga Hills of Assam in1916 at the age of 26. There he served as Sub-divisional Officer for several years. By 1933 he was serving as Deputy Commissioner at Kohima, the administrative headquarters for the Naga Hills. In 1943 he was appointed Adviser to the Governor for Tribal Areas and States, with overall responsibility for tribal matters throughout North-east India. This included the little known area north of the Brahmaputra then known as the North-east Frontier Agency (now Arunachal Pradesh) and meant that for the first time he could tour in the area and study the people living there; Mishmi, Dafla and Apa Tani. When Independence came in 1947, Mills was aged 57 and in poor health, weakened by frequent bouts of malaria and other tropical diseases. He retired from the ICS, and in 1948 took up an appointment at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, first as Lecturer then as Reader. Ill health due to a failing heart forced his early retirement in 1954 and he died in 1960. He was President of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1951-52 and was awarded their Rivers Memorial Medal in 1942 ‚for anthropological fieldwork among the Nagas of Assam‛. Likewise, he was presented with the Gold Medal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal for ‚contributions to the study of cultural anthropology in India‛. 7 Mokokchung, at an altitude of 1370 m, was four marches from the railhead, so everything had to be brought up in carrrying baskets by porters. The bungalow provided for Mills was simple but entirely adequate for his needs, with a large garden for the cultivation of vegetables and fruit trees for his needs. Meat was obtained from the local village, where he quickly made friends among the Naga, the nearest European couple living 9 miles away. Mills found this existence very much to his liking, and enjoyed gardening and fishing in his spare time. Mills quickly realised that it was through anthropology that he would begin to understand the culture of the people whom he had been appointed to administer. He was definitely not the ‚white overlord‛ type; rather, he believed that anthropology often provided the key to a problem, by working with ‚tribal‛ custom, rather than imposing alien western values on the communities. The headmen or chiefs of the Naga villages were an invaluable help in this respect.‚ No one could despair who, like me, numbers chiefs among his real friends [and they] have time and again proved literally indispensable‛ *OM I:2+. Not only were the chiefs an essential part of administering justic in ‚tribal‛ disputes, they were also instrumental in protecting him from harm on many occasions. Perhaps the most important example was Chingmak, chief of Chingmei, which was a village deep in un- administered territory towards the Burma border. As a young man, Chingmak had travelled many days to Mokokchung in order to meet Mills, who had received him with the honour due to Chingmak’s chiefly status. They had been firm friends ever since. At the time of the Pangsha expedition in 1936, Mills and his small force passed through Chingmei on a mission to rescue child slaves who had been abducted by a truculent headhunting village called Pangsha. Chingmak, a noted headhunter himself, provided an escort of warriors to protect the expedition. Without his help, the expedition might not have been successful in its aims. After the child slaves had been rescued and restored to their families, Chingmak, by now an old man, and Mills bade farewell to each other, knowing they would never see each other again in this life. Both had tears in their eyes‛ *Hobson (ed.) 1995:41+. As a footnote to this story; in 1994 I was asked to give a seminar about my father at the University in Shillong – now the capital of the State of 8 Meghalaya. The room was packed with Naga students and staff. One was from Chingmei, and said ‚J.P. Mills is part of our folklore and is known as a great warrior because of the Pangsha expedition‛ I was amazed that the memory of my father was still green after all those years. Much of Mills’ time was spent on Tour, travelling almost entirely on foot, as there were very few bridle paths. He would walk between villages across the jungle-clad hills, marches averaging between ten and fourteen miles. Typically, he describes ‚a hard march without a hundred yards of level ground. [We] dropped 2000 feet to a stream, and climbed 1500 to Thurigarethen down another 1,500 ft. To the Chimei River which forms the frontier of administered territory and up about 3000 feet to our camp‛ *Hobson (ed.) 1995:8]. Naga villages were always built on ridges for defensive purposes. Having arrived in camp, the day’s work would begin. Litigants would have come in from far and wide with cases to be heard, including from the territory beyond the administered area. The tribesmen trusted and liked him and his knowledge of customary law was at least equal to that of the village elders. Punishments meted out were in accordance with tribal custom, such as a fine of mithan (bos frontalis). Then there was the official Tour Diary to be written, correspondence, brought in by runner, to be dealt with, and always his daily letter to his wife whom he had married in 1930. Professor Christof von Fürer-Haimendorf wrote in Mills’ Obituary: ‚ Mills’ sympathetic and unbureaucratic approach to the Nagas and their problems suited the administration of a loosely controlled frontier region to perfection [....]. He repeatedly had occasion to enter the unadministered tribal area then extending between Assam and Burma, and several of his tours represented the first exploration of territory which was right off the map and had never before been visited by Europeans. Though of gentle and quiet temperament, Mills showed on such occasions great personal courage, indifference to discomfort and a physical toughness which put to shame men many years his junior‛ [Fürer-Haimendorf 1960:960 f.].
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