DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of in Vitroantioxidant Potential of Eugenol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of in Vitroantioxidant Potential of Eugenol Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Evaluation of in vitroAntioxidant potential of Eugenol Nikhat Parween*, Amber Jabeen, Birendra Prasad Microbial & Molecular Genetics Lab., Department of Botany, Patna University, Patna-800005, India *Department of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna-800005, India Abstract Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a major volatile polyphenol of clove essential oil and several medicinal plants like- Ocimum sanctum, Origanium vulgare, Zingiber officinale and many more. The polyphenols present in various plant resources act as antioxidant to curb the degradations brought about by free radicals to certain extent. They are frequently used in drug formulation due to its wide range of therapeutic properties that helps in maintenance of overall good health, provides protection and cure diseases. Therefore, we intend to evaluate the in vitro free radical scavenging activity of eugenol by determining its superoxide scavenging activity (SRSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and reducing power assay. Eugenol (50μM) showed almost 2.35 folds, 5.1 folds and 3.6 folds increase in superoxide scavenging ability, iron reducing ability, reducing power as compared to standard alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The graph was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and t-test using Graphpad Prism 8.2.0. Strong antioxidative property of eugenol confers reduction of oxidative stress which in turn helps in maintaining good health because oxidative stress is the hallmark of many diseases. So, this makes eugenol convenient source of natural antioxidant in pharmaceutical preparation. Keywords: Eugenol, antioxidant, free radical, oxidative stress. I. INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress is the hallmark of many diseases and it results due to imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defenses in our body which results in cellular damages. Free radicals are oxygen containing molecules having odd number of electrons. Due to odd number of electrons, it is highly reactive and its accumulation damage biomolecules and causes oxidative stress condition [1]. Antioxidant neutralizes or makes free radicals less reactive by donating its electrons. It is natural, man-made (exogenous) and enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) or non-enzymatic (glutathione, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherols) which balances the oxidative status of an organisms by scavenging free radicals and prevents cells from detrimental damages caused by oxidation. It has been suggested that polyphenols exhibiting strong antioxidant activity can break a vicious cycle in progression of the diseases [2,3]. The polyphenol and flavonoid molecules present in various plant resources act as antioxidant to curb the degradations brought about by free radicals to certain extent. They are frequently used in drug formulation due to its wide range of therapeutic properties that helps in maintenance of overall good health, provides protection and cure diseases [4,5]. Strong antioxidative property of polyphenols confers reduction of oxidative stress that helps in maintaining good health. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is one such interesting polyphenol which has opened broad range of research. The presence of phenolic group confers strong antioxidant activity (Fig. 1) [6]. It is present in most medicinal plants and possesses remarkable spectrum of pharmacological activities like antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobials, anticancer, central and neuro protective action and anesthetic effects (Fig. 2). Therefore, we designed to evaluate their antioxidant activity in vitro, by determining superoxide scavenging activity (SRSA), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, reducing power assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, as these biochemical assays are reliable methods to assess the total antioxidant power of any compound. Volume IX Issue XI NOVEMBER 2020 Page No : 353 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Figure 1. Structure of eugenol Figure 2.Antioxidant potential of Eugenol II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 2.1. Preparation of eugenol doses: Eugenol and other reagents and chemicals were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Eugenol, concentrations of 1µM, 10µM and 50µM in methanol were made. 2.2. Measurement of in vitro Antioxidant activity: Superoxide radical and Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity: The superoxide radical scavenging activity (SRSA) of eugenol was assessed by Pyragallol Autoxidation Method [7]. Reaction system was started by adding 4.5ml of 50mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH, 8.2, pre heated to 25°C in a water bath for 20mins), 0.5 ml of 2 mmol/L pyragallol and 0.1ml of the sample. Reaction was carried out at 25°C in a water bath for 5mins and reaction was stopped by adding 1ml of 8mol/L HCl solution. Finally, absorbance was measured at 325 nm of reaction mixture. The ability of eugenol to scavenge hydrogen peroxide was assessed by the method of Binti Zaaba et al., 2016 [8]. H2O2 (40mM) was prepared in phosphate buffer and different concentration of eugenol Volume IX Issue XI NOVEMBER 2020 Page No : 354 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 was added to 0.6ml of H2O2 solution and final volume was made to 3ml. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 230nm. The SRSA and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (%) for eugenol was calculated as follows: Ab−As Inhibition Rate (%) = *100 Ab Where; Ab= Absorbance values of the blank control As= Absorbance values of the sample Reducing Power and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) Assay: Fe3+ reducing power of eugenol was determined by R-power assay. Sample was mixed with PBS (0.2M, pH 6.6), 1% potassium ferricyanide solution and vortexed for 5mins. Reaction mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20mins and then 10% TCA was added and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10mins. Supernatant was collected and finally mixed with distilled water and 1% ferric chloride. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 700nm against blank. Ascorbic acid was used as reference standard. For FRAP assay, reaction solution was freshly prepared by mixing 10ml of 300mM acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 1ml of 10mM TPTZ in 40mM HCl and 1ml of 20mM ferric chloride. The solution was pre-warmed at 37°C and then sample was added in 9:1 ratio. After 4mins incubation at 37°C absorbance was recorded at 593nm. Ascorbic acid was used as positive control. FRAP value of sample (μM)= Change in O.D of sample from 0 to 4 mins × FRAP value of standard (1000 μM) Change in O.D of sample from 0 to 4 mins III. RESULTS 3.1 Antioxidant activity of eugenol under in vitro condition: Increased free radical production results in oxidative stress which in turn causes detrimental damages of biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and excessive production of it results in oxidative stress condition. Natural antioxidants and polyphenols inhibit or limit the production of free radicals. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compound is mainly due to their redox properties, due to which they act as hydrogen donators, singlet oxygen quenchers and reducing agents [9]. Therefore, we analyzed the free radical scavenging activity of eugenol in vitro by superoxide scavenging activity (SRSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and reducing power assay. These biochemical assays are reliable methods to assess the total antioxidant power of any compound. These various antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluenes (BHT) and α-tocopherol. SRSA and FRAP assay: Superoxide is a potent inducer of oxidative stress. It causes biological toxicity by inactivating iron sulphur cluster containing enzymes, thereby generating free iron in the cell which ultimately generates highly reactive hydroxyl radical. The superoxide radical scavenging activity (SRSA) of eugenol was assessed by Pyragallol Autoxidation Method [7]. and the radical scavenging ability of eugenol was expressed in terms of percentage of superoxides scavenged. Eugenol showed maximum superoxide scavenging activity (52.34±1.25%) at higher concentration (50µM) in comparison to lower concentration of 1µM (28.89±2.17%) followed by 10µM (38.55±1.09%), respectively (***p<0.001, ANOVA, Table-1). Percentage superoxide scavenging activity was maximum at higher dose of eugenol. 50μM of eugenol showed almost 2.35 folds increase in scavenging ability as compared to standard alpha-tocopherol having 22.18±3.2% superoxide scavenging activity (Fig. 3A). While, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay measures the reducing ability of any compound to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. This method depends upon reduction of ferric tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ) complex to ferrous tripyridyltriazine at low pH. Reducing ability describes the electron donating ability of compound, which confers its antioxidant ability. Results demonstrated that eugenol at higher dose exhibited strong iron reducing ability as compared to lower dose. Eugenol showed almost 5.1 folds increase in reducing ability as compared to standard Volume IX Issue XI NOVEMBER 2020 Page No : 355 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 ascorbic acid (***p<0.001, ANOVA, Fig.3B). Increased absorbance at 593nm signified correlation between eugenol dose and it’s FRAP values. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging and reducing power assay: Oxidative stress results in an increase cellular concentration of reactive oxygen
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Decomposition Kinetics of Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide in Municipal Wastewaters
    Disinfection Forum No 10, October 2015 The Decomposition Kinetics of Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide in Municipal Wastewaters INTRODUCTION Efficient control of microbial populations in municipal wastewater using peracetic acid (PAA) requires an understanding of the PAA decomposition kinetics. This knowledge is critical to ensure the proper dosing of PAA needed to achieve an adequate concentration within the contact time of the disinfection chamber. In addition, the impact of PAA on the environment, post-discharge into the receiving water body, also is dependent upon the longevity of the PAA in the environment, before decomposing to acetic acid, oxygen and water. As a result, the decomposition kinetics of PAA may have a significant impact on aquatic and environmental toxicity. PAA is not manufactured as a pure compound. The solution exists as an equilibrium mixture of PAA, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water: ↔ + + Acetic Acid Hydrogen Peroxide Peracetic Acid Water PeroxyChem’s VigorOx® WWT II Wastewater Disinfection Technology contains 15% peracetic acid by weight and 23% hydrogen peroxide as delivered. Although hydrogen peroxide is present in the formulation, peracetic acid is considered to be the active component for disinfection1 in wastewater. There have been several published studies investigating the decomposition kinetics of PAA in different water matrices, including municipal wastewater2-7. Yuan7 states that PAA may be consumed in the following three competitive reactions: 1. Spontaneous decomposition 2 CH3CO3H à 2 CH3CO2H + O2 Eq (1) 2. Hydrolysis CH3CO3H + H2O à CH3CO2H + H2O2 Eq (2) 3. Transition metal catalyzed decomposition + CH3CO3H + M à CH3CO2H + O2 + other products Eq (3) At neutral pH’s, both peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide can be rapidly consumed by these reactions7 (hydrogen peroxide will decompose to water and oxygen via 2H2O2 à 2H2O + O2).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6—Clove Oil (Eugenol)
    Chapter 6—Clove Oil (Eugenol) OH CH3 O Eugenol Chapter 6: Clove oil 6-2 6 Table of Contents — Clove Oil (Eugenol) 6.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 6-4 6.2 CLOVE OIL AND EUGENOL TOXICITY TO HUMANS AND LEVELS OF CONCERN ................ 6-6 6.2.1 HEALTH EFFECTS ...................................................................................................................................... 6-7 6.2.1.A Acute Effects—Sensitization ........................................................................................................... 6-7 6.2.1.B Acute Effects—Skin, Eyes and Respiratory System ........................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.C Acute Effects—Systemic Poisoning ................................................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.D Effects in Human Cells .................................................................................................................... 6-8 6.2.1.E Levels of Concern for Humans ........................................................................................................ 6-8 6.2.2 PESTICIDE ILLNESS REPORTS .................................................................................................................... 6-9 6.3 EUGENOL TOXICITY TO ANIMALS AND PLANTS AND LEVELS OF CONCERN .................... 6-10 6.3.1 MAMMALS .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Discovery of a Eugenol Oxidase From
    University of Groningen Discovery of a eugenol oxidase from Rhodococcus sp strain RHA1 Jin, J.F.; Mazon, H.; van den Heuvel, R.H.H.; Janssen, D.B.; Fraaije, M.W. Published in: Febs Journal DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05767.x IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2007 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Jin, J. F., Mazon, H., van den Heuvel, R. H. H., Janssen, D. B., & Fraaije, M. W. (2007). Discovery of a eugenol oxidase from Rhodococcus sp strain RHA1. Febs Journal, 274(9), 2311 - 2321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05767.x Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 23-09-2021 Discovery of a eugenol oxidase from Rhodococcus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Managing the Transition Using Essential Oils Vs
    MENOPAUSE: UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE TRANSITION USING ESSENTIAL OILS VS. TRADITIONAL ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE by Melissa A. Clanton A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma of Aromatherapy 401 Australasian College of Health Sciences Instructors: Dorene Petersen, Erica Petersen, E. Joy Bowles, Marcangelo Puccio, Janet Bennion, Judika Illes, and Julie Gatti TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures............................................................................ iv Acknowledgments........................................................................................ v Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 – Female Reproduction 1a – The Female Reproductive System............................................. 4 1b - The Female Hormones.............................................................. 9 1c – The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy....................................... 12 Chapter 2 – Physiology of Menopause 2a – What is Menopause? .............................................................. 16 2b - Physiological Changes of Menopause ..................................... 20 2c – Symptoms of Menopause ....................................................... 23 Chapter 3 – Allopathic Approaches To Menopausal Symptoms 3a –Diagnosis and Common Medical Treatments........................... 27 3b – Side Effects and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy ...... 32 3c – Retail Cost of Common Hormone Replacement
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol
    molecules Article The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol, and Terpineol on Escherichia coli Biofilm Control as Assessed by Culture-Dependent and -Independent Methods Magdalena A. Olszewska 1,* , Astrid G˛edas 1 and Manuel Simões 2,* 1 Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszy´nski1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 LEPABE–Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.O.); [email protected] (M.S.); Tel.: +48-89-5233729 (M.A.O.); +351-22508-1654 (M.S.); Fax: +351-22508-1449 (M.S.) Received: 14 May 2020; Accepted: 5 June 2020; Published: 6 June 2020 Abstract: Bacterial biofilms contribute to problems with preserving food hygiene, jeopardizing any conventional intervention method used by the food industry. Hence, the approach of using essential oil (EO) compounds effective in biofilm control has considerable merit and deserves in-depth research. In this study, the effect of selected EO compounds (eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, citronellol, and terpineol) was assessed on Escherichia coli biofilm control by plate count, resazurin assay, and Syto® 9/PI (-/propidium iodide) staining coupled with flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The selected EO compounds effectively inhibited the growth of planktonic E. coli at low concentrations of 3–5 mM, revealing a high antimicrobial activity. EO compounds markedly interfered with biofilms too, with trans-cinnamaldehyde causing the most prominent effects. Its antibiofilm activity was manifested by a high reduction of cell metabolic activity (>60%) and almost complete reduction in biofilm cell culturability.
    [Show full text]
  • Algorithmic Analysis of Chemical Dynamics of the Autoignition of NH3–H2O2/Air Mixtures
    energies Article Algorithmic Analysis of Chemical Dynamics of the Autoignition of NH3–H2O2/Air Mixtures Ahmed T. Khalil 1,2, Dimitris M. Manias 3, Efstathios-Al. Tingas 4, Dimitrios C. Kyritsis 1,2,* and Dimitris A. Goussis 1,2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; [email protected] (A.T.K.); [email protected] (D.A.G.) 2 Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE 3 Department of Mechanics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 157 73 Athens, Greece; [email protected] 4 Perth College, University of the Highlands and Islands, (UHI), Perth PH1 2NX, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 September 2019; Accepted: 7 October 2019; Published: 21 November 2019 Abstract: The dynamics of a homogeneous adiabatic autoignition of an ammonia/air mixture at constant volume was studied, using the algorithmic tools of Computational Singular Perturbation. Since ammonia combustion is characterized by both unrealistically long ignition delays and elevated NOx emissions, the time frame of action of the modes that are responsible for ignition was analyzed by calculating the developing time scales throughout the process and by studying their possible relation to NOx emissions. The reactions that support or oppose the explosive time scale were identified, along with the variables that are related the most to the dynamics that drive the system to an explosion.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction of Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Implications For
    UC Irvine Faculty Publications Title Interaction of ozone and hydrogen peroxide in water: Implications for analysis of H 2 O 2 in air Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j7454z7 Journal Geophysical Research Letters, 9(3) ISSN 00948276 Authors Zika, R. G Saltzman, E. S Publication Date 1982-03-01 DOI 10.1029/GL009i003p00231 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California GEOPHYSICLARESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 3, PAGES231-234 , MARCH1982 INTERACTION OF OZONE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN WATER: IMPLICATIONSFORANALYSIS oFH20 2 IN AIR R.G. Zika and E.S. Saltzman Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 331#9 Abstract. We have attempted to measure gaseous Analytical Methods H202 in air usingan aqueoustrapping method. With continuousbubbling, H 20 2 levels in the traps reacheda a. Hydrogen Peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide in aqueous plateau, indicating that a state of dynamic equilibrium solution was measured using a modified fluorescence involving H202 destrbction was established. We decay technique [Perschke and Broda, 1976; Zika and attribute this behavior to the interaction of ozone and its Zelmer, 1982]. The method involved the addition of a decompositionproducts (OH, O[) withH 20 2 inacld:•ous known amot•at of scopoletin (6-methyl-7-hydroxyl-i,2- solution. This hypothesis was investigated by replacing benzopyrone)to a pH 7.0 phosphatebuffered. sample. the air stream with a mixture of N2, 02 and 0 3. The The sample was prepared bY diluting an aliquot of the results Of this experiment show that H O was both reaction solution to 20 mls with low contaminant producedand destroyedin the traps.
    [Show full text]
  • The Synthesis of Vanillin
    The synthesis of vanillin - learning about aspects of sustainable chemistry by comparing different syntheses La síntesis de la vainilla - aprendiendo sobre aspectos de química sostenible mediante la comparación de diferentes síntesis NICOLE GARNER1, ANTJE SIOL2 , INGO EILKS1 1 Institute for Science Education, University of Bremen, 2 Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Germany, [email protected] Abstract • Prevention This paper discusses one way of integrating the aspects of sustainable chemistry into • Atom Economy secondary and undergraduate chemistry education. Two different synthesis reactions • Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses for vanillin are presented, which both use isoeugenol as the starting reagent. Whereas • Designing Safer Chemicals the first synthesis is performed using conventional chemistry techniques, second • Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries approach employs strategies inspired by sustainable chemistry. The discussion • Design for Energy Efficiency covers how comparison of these two experiments can aid in learning about selected • Use of Renewable Feedstocks sustainable chemistry principles. • Reduce Derivatives Key words: education for sustainable development, chemistry education, green • Catalysis chemistry, vanillin • Design for Degradation • Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention Resumen • Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention Este artículo analiza una manera de integrar los aspectos de la química sostenible en la escuela secundaria y en bachillerato.
    [Show full text]
  • Electroanalysis May Be Used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20317 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0631-2 To cite this version: Giraud, William and Mirabel, Marie and Comtat, Maurice Electroanalysis may be used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production. (2014) Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, 172 (4). 1953-1963. ISSN 0273-2289 Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] Electroanalysis may be used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production William Giraud & Marie Mirabel & Maurice Comtat Abstract This study shows that electroanalysis may be used in vanillin biotechnological production. As a matter of fact, vanillin and some molecules implicated in the process like eugenol, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid may be oxidized on electrodes made of different materials (gold, platinum, glassy carbon). By a judicious choice of the electrochemical method and the experimental conditions the current intensity is directly proportional to the molecule concentrations in a range suitable for the biotechnological process. So, it is possible to imagine some analytical strategies to control some steps in the vanillin biotechnological production: by sampling in the batch reactor during the process, it is possible to determine out of line the concentration of vanillin, eugenol, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid with a gold rotating disk electrode, and low concentration of vanillin with addition of hydrazine at an amalgamated electrode.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Flavour Additives in Tobacco Products to Develop A
    Research paper Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052961 on 11 February 2017. Downloaded from Identification of flavour additives in tobacco products to develop a flavour library Erna JZ Krüsemann, Wouter F Visser, Johannes WJM Cremers, Jeroen LA Pennings, Reinskje Talhout ► Additional material is ABStract flavoured tobacco products over unflavoured 2 published online only. To view Objectives This study combines chemical analysis products. Furthermore, Kreslake and colleagues please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ and flavour descriptions of flavour additives used in analysed data from tobacco industry documents, tobaccocontrol- 2016- 052961). tobacco products, and provides a starting point to build which show that tobacco companies use strat- an extensive library of flavour components, useful for egies to manipulate sensory characteristics of National Institute for Public product surveillance. cigarettes, for instance the menthol content, to Health and the Environment Methods Headspace gas chromatography-mass facilitate smoking initiation.3 According to them, (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to compare 22 this strategy has been most successful in attracting commercially available tobacco products (cigarettes youth and young adult smokers. Correspondence to and roll-your-own) expected to have a characterising Overall, tobacco products with a characterising Professor Reinskje Talhout, flavour and 6 commercially available products not flavour stimulate young people to initiate smoking National Institute for Public expected to have a characterising flavour with 5 and therefore contribute to an increased use of Health and the Environment reference products (natural tobacco leaves and research 1 4 (RIVM), Antonie van tobacco products. Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA cigarettes containing no flavour additives).
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Based Thermosetting Copolymers of Eugenol and Tung Oil Harris Handoko Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Bio-based thermosetting copolymers of eugenol and tung oil Harris Handoko Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Mechanics of Materials Commons, and the Polymer Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Handoko, Harris, "Bio-based thermosetting copolymers of eugenol and tung oil" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13757. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13757 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bio-based thermosetting copolymers of eugenol and tung oil by Harris Handoko A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Material Science and Engineering Program of Study Committee: Samy Madbouly, Co-Major Professor Lawrence Genalo, Co-Major Professor Xiaoli Tan David Grewell Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Harris Handoko, 2014. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………...... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………..… vi ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..... vii CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Peroxide Cas #7722-84-1
    HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CAS #7722-84-1 Division of Toxicology ToxFAQsTM April 2002 This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about hydrogen peroxicde. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. HIGHLIGHTS: Hydrogen peroxide is a manufactured chemical, although small amounts of hydrogen peroxide gas may occur naturally in the air. Low exposure may occur from use at home; higher exposures may occur from industrial use. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide can cause irritation of the eyes, throat, respiratory airway, and skin. Drinking concentrated liquid can cause mild to severe gastrointestinal effects. This substance has been found in at least 18 of the 1,585 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What is hydrogen peroxide? ‘ If released to soil, hydrogen peroxide will be broken down Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless liquid at room temperature by reacting with other compounds. with a bitter taste. Small amounts of gaseous hydrogen peroxide occur naturally in the air. Hydrogen peroxide is ‘ Hydrogen peroxide does not accumulate in the food chain. unstable, decomposing readily to oxygen and water with release of heat. Although nonflammable, it is a powerful How might I be exposed to hydrogen peroxide? oxidizing agent that can cause spontaneous combustion when it comes in contact with organic material.
    [Show full text]