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Also by Tom Cooper in the Africa@War series: CONTENTS Great Lakes Holocaust: The First Congo War, 1966–1997 (Volume 13) Great Lakes Con agration: The Second Congo War, 1998–2003 (Volume 14) Abbreviations 2 Libyan Air Wars Part 1 1973-85 (with Albert Grandolini & Arnaud Delalande) (Volume 1 Geopolitical Prelude 3 19). Co-published in 2015 by: 2 Military Backgrounds 7 Helion & Company Limited 3 Military Balance and Planning 25 26 Willow Road Solihull West Midlands 4 Invasion 33 B91 1UE England 5 Switching Alliances 46 Tel. 0121 705 3393 Fax 0121 711 4075 email: [email protected] 6 The Rout 52 website: www.helion.co.uk Epilogue 56 and 30° South Publishers (Pty) Ltd. Bibliography 62 16 Ivy Road Pinetown 3610 Acknowledgments 64 South Africa email: [email protected] website: www.30degreessouth.co.za Text © Tom Cooper 2014 Colour profi les © Tom Cooper 2014 Maps © Mark Lepko & Tamara Zeller 2014 Photographs © as individually credited Designed & typeset by Farr out Publications, Wokingham, Berkshire Cover design by Paul Hewitt, Battlefi eld Design (www.battlefi eld-design.co.uk) Printed for Helion & Co by Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, Dorset and for 30° South Publishers by Pinetown Printers, Durban, South Africa ISBN 978-1-909982-38-3 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, manipulated in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any mechanical, electronic form or by any other means, without the prior written authority of the publishers, except for short extracts in media reviews. Any person who engages in any unauthorized activity in relation to this publication shall be liable to criminal prosecution and claims for civil and criminal damages. Front cover: Pilots of 1st Fighter Intercept Squadron IEAF posing in front of an F-86F. Standing from left: Bezabih Petros, Alemayehu Gondere, Taweke Assefa, Ashagre Mekonnen, Neguisse Zergaw, Habtewold Gebrewold, Asemare Getahun, and Techane Mesfi n (CO 1st Squadron). Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic Kneeling from left: unidentifi ed and Goitom designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major Asfeha. (EtAF via S.N.) sources of reference, as of the time of described events. AFRICA@WAR VOLUME 18: WINGS OVER OGADEN: AIR WARFARE BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALIA, 1977–1978 Abbreviations AAA Anti-aircraft artillery IAP International airport AA-2 Atoll ASCC code for R-3S or R-13, Soviet air-to-air IDF Israeli Defence Force missile IEA Imperial Ethiopian Aviation AB Air base IEAF Imperial Ethiopian Air Force AdA Armée de l’Air (French Air Force) IEAA Imperial Ethiopian Army Aviation AK Automat Kalashnikova; general designation IFF Identification friend or foe for a class of Russian or former Eastern Bloc IFV Infantry fighting vehicle manufactured 7.62mm assault rifles IR Infra-red, electromagnetic radiation heat sensor An Antonov (the design bureau led by Oleg Il Ilyushin (the design bureau led by Sergey Antonov) Vladimirovich Ilyushin, also known as OKB- APC Armoured personnel carrier 39) ASCC Air Standardisation Co-ordinating Committee IIAF Imperial Iranian Air Force (US, British, Australian and New Zealand IRIAF Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force committee for standardisation of designations of KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti foreign aircraft) (Committee for State Security. Soviet National Brig Gen Brigadier General (military commissioned Security Agency, 1954–1991) officer rank) KIA Killed in action CAP Combat air patrol km Kilometre Capt Captain (military commissioned officer rank) Lt Lieutenant (military commissioned officer rank) CAS Close air support Lt Col Lieutenant Colonel (military commissioned CAdS Corpo Aeronautico della Somalia (Somali officer rank) Aeronautical Corps) 1st Lt First Lieutenant (military commissioned officer CBU Cluster bomb unit rank) CCS Ciidanka Cirka Soomaliaayed (Somali Air 2nd Lt Second Lieutenant (lowest military Force) commissioned officer rank) C-in-C Commander-in-Chief MAAG Military Aid and Assistance Group CO Commanding Officer Maj Major (military commissioned officer rank) COIN Counterinsurgency Maj Gen Major General (military commissioned officer Col Colonel (military commissioned officer rank) rank) Col Gen Colonel General (top military commissioned MANPAD(S) Man-portable air defence system(s) – light officer rank) surface-to-air missile system that can be carried CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union and deployed in combat by a single soldier DAAFAR Defesa Anti-Aérea y Fuerza Aérea MBT Main Battle Tank Revolucionaria (Cuban Air Defence Force & Mi Mil (Soviet/Russian helicopter designer and Air Force; often shortened to ‘FAR’ in every-day manufacturer) conversation) MIA Missing in action DoD Department of Defence (USA) MiG Mikoyan i Gurevich (the design bureau led EAL Ethiopian Airlines by Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan and Mikhail EE English Electric Iosifovich Gurevich, also known as OKB-155 ELA Eritrean Liberation Army or MMZ ‘Zenit’) ELF Eritrean Liberation Front MoD Ministry of Defence ELINT Electronic intelligence MRL Multiple rocket launcher EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Forces NCO Non-commissioned officer EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic OAU Organisation of African Unity Front PDRYAF People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen Air EtAF Ethiopian Air Force Force (air force of former South Yemen) Flt Off Flight Officer (military commissioned officer PLO Palestinian Liberation Organisation rank) PMAC Provisional Military Administrative Committee Flt Lt Flight Lieutenant (military commissioned (120-member committee of Ethiopian officers, officer rank, equal to Captain) better known as the ‘Derg’ or ‘Dergue’) FS Fighter squadron PoW Prisoner of War GCI Ground controlled interception R-3S Soviet-made air-to-air missile (see AA-2) Gen General (military commissioned officer rank) RA Regia Aeronautica (Royal Italian Air Force) GP General-purpose (bomb) RAF Royal Air Force HE High explosive RHAW Radar homing and warning system HQ Headquarters RWR Radar Warning Receiver IAI Israeli Aircraft Industries (since 2006 Israeli SA-2 Guideline ASCC code for S-75 Dvina, Soviet SAM system Aerospace Industries) SA-3 Goa ASCC code for S-125 Neva, Soviet SAM 2 CHAPTER 1: GEOPOLITICAL PRELUDE system UN United Nations SA-7 Grail ASCC code for 9K32 Strela-2, Soviet UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees MANPAD UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency SA-13 ASCC code for Strela-10, Soviet SAM system USAAF United States Army Air Force (until 1947) SAAB Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget (Swedish aircraft USAF United States Air Force (since 1947) manufacturer) US$ United States Dollar SAC Somali Aeronautical Corps USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics SALF Somali-Abo Liberation Front V-TA Komandovaniye voyenno-transportnoy aviatsii SAM Surface-to-air missile (Soviet Military Transport Aviation) SMSC Supreme Military Strategic Committee V-VS Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily (Soviet Air Force) SNA Somali National Army WIA Wounded in action SNDF Somali National Defence Force WSLF Western Somali Liberation Front Sqn Squadron WWI First World War Sqn Ldr Squadron Leader (military commissioned WWII Second World War officer rank, equal to major) CHAPTER 1 GEOPOLITICAL PRELUDE In the late 1970s, as the Cold War between the US-led North to which the Somali invasion of Ogaden ignited a major war that Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and communist states of initially brought the Somalis close to attaining their strategic goal Central and Eastern Europe grouped within the Soviet dominated but eventually turned into a battle of attrition that Somalia could Warsaw Pact was heading for its next high point, rumours about not sustain. Indeed, with extensive support from Cuba and the an intensive conventional war between Ethiopia and Somalia Soviet Union, the Ethiopians not only averted catastrophe but also began spreading through the circles of various military intelligence turned the tables on the aggressor. Even more time lapsed before agencies and academies around the world. The word was that it transpired that in opinion of many Ethiopians, their country Somalia (usually described as a Soviet ‘client state’ until that time) was saved by its small, but well-equipped, organised, and trained had invaded Ethiopia (formerly a major US ally in Africa) in order air force, and a small number of Northrop F-5E Tiger II fighter- to realise its national aim of annexation of the area called ‘Ogaden’. bombers almost in the same manner the RAF saved the United The two nations then swapped their alliances to the superpowers in Kingdom during the Battle of Britain, in 1940. the middle of the resulting war, with Ethiopia joining the Soviet bloc A result of years of often troublesome research, put together and Somalia turning West. Both sides intensively deployed Soviet- with help and information from very different sources, this book built fighter-bombers of Mikoyan i Gurevich (MiG) design. Cuban is probably the first to cover in great depth the emergence of the advisers became involved on the Ethiopian side, followed by the Ethiopian and Somali air forces, and the air war over Ogaden against Soviets and even ‘Israeli mercenaries’ that flew for the Ethiopian Air the backdrop of ground warfare. Unfortunately, it is still likely to Force (EtAF). A ‘Soviet General’ then launched a daring heliborne contain some errors and omissions. Sadly, official
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