REPORT ON PRIMARY EDUCATION FOR BOYS AND GIRLS IN THE United Provinces of Agra and Oudh WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UNECONOMICAL & SUPERFLUOUS SCHOOLS BY R. S. WEIR, M.A., B.SC, I.E.S., Assistant Director of Public Instruction, United Provinces. ALLAHABAD : SOPHBINTENDBJIT, PBINTINQ AND STATIONEBT, UNITED PBOVTSCBB 1 S » 4 CONTENTS Paget Analysis of Chapters .. .. .. - v-vi CHAPIEB I.—Introduction .. 1-4 II.—The Maps and the Statements 5 III.—Suparfluoua and Uneconomical Schools 6-19 IV.—Training o£ Teachers 20-24 V.—School Buildings 23-31 VI.—Campulsory Primary Education for Boys 32-41 Vn.—Fees 42-46 VIII.—Closure of Schools 47-49 • IX.—Girls' Schools .. 50-54 55-61 X.—Schools for special classes 62-65 XI.—^Miscellaneous 66-71 XII.—^Sammary of recommendations APPENDICES APPENDIX "A "—TABLES I.—Statamant showing number of in3titutions teaching up to pri• mary and preparatory standard (with enrolment) main• tained or aided by district boards on 31st October, 1933, (including schools for Mushms and depressed classes) 2A II.—Statement showing number of primary and preparatory schools for boys, maintained or aided by district boards on Slst October, 1933, (including schools tor Muslims and depressed classes) arranged according to enrolment 3A III.—Statement showing number of primary schools for boys, maintained or aided by district boards on Slst October, 1933 (including schools for Muslims and depressed classes) with details of enrolment in class IV 4A IV.—^Statement showing number of primary and preparatory schools for boys, maintained or aided by district boards, on Slst October, 1933 (including schools for Muslims and depressed classes) according to the number of teachers . 5A v.—Statement showing particulars of vernacular middle schools for boys, maintained, aided or unaided by district boards on Slst October, 1933 6A-7A VI.—^Statement showing particulars of vernacular schools for girls, maintained or aided by district boards on 3lst October, 1933 8A-9A VII.—Statements showing particulars of Islamia schools, maktabs and elementary pathshalas in districts on Slst October, 1933 IOA VIII.—^Statement showing particulars of schools for depressed classes in districts on Slst October, 19S3.. llA IX.—Statement showing facilities for the training of tetwhers of district board vernacular schools for boys in 1933-34 12A-13* ( iv ) Pages TABLE X.—^Statemeat showing particulars of buildings in which the boys' vernacular middle schools and their hostels are held . HA. „ XI.—StatamBat showing particulars of buildings in which ordinary primary schools for boys are held ... .. 15A. „ XII.—3tat3m9nt showing particulars of buildings in which ordinary preparatory schools for boys are held .. .. 16A. „ XIII.—^Statement showing particulars of buildings in which Islamia primary and preparatory schools for boys are held .. 17A. „ XIV".—Statamant showing particulars of buildings in which depress• ed class schools are held .. 18A. „ XV.—Statement showing particulars of buildings in which girls' vernacular schools are held .. .. .. 19A- „ XVI.—Statement showing number of new school buildings erected by district boards during the last ten years and expenditure incurred by them on annual repairs of their school buildings 20A-21A^ „ XVIX.—Statement showing the ultimate cost of the schemes of com• pulsory primary education for boys in Municipal areas in the United Provinces .. .. .. 22A „ XVIII.—Statement showing the ultimate cost of the schemes of com• pulsory primary education for boys in selected areas of 24 districts in the United Provinces . .. 23A. „ XIX.—Statement showing rates of fees charged in the district board vernacular schools for boys in 1933-34 .. .. 24A. „ XX.—Statement showing distribution of Government grant on a population basis .. .. .. 25A „ XXI.—Statement showing number of teachers in district board ver• nacular schools^for boys and girls according to age .. 26A APPENDIX " B "—MAPS 1. Map showing vernacular schools in a part of Handia, district Allahabad .. 29A 2. Ditto • ditto Doaba, district BalUa . 30A 3. Ditto ditto Bharthana, district Etawah.. 31A 4. Ditto ditto Mawana, district Meerut .. 32A 5. Map showing schools in a part of Bareilly City .. .. .. 33A APPENDIX " C " lost of schools recommended for closure in each district showing savings accru• ing thereby to each board .. .. .. .. 37A-104A APPENDIX " D " 1. aaaeral Latter no. V.E.6/XXVII—36(3), dated the 13th April, 1933, issued by the Director of PubUc Instruction, United Provinces, containing instructions to Sub-Doputy Inspectors of Schools for the preparation of mips showing distribution of schools in district board areas .. 107A-111A 2. Reportoncompulsoryprimary education for boys in Allahabad District .. 112A-117A ANALYSIS OF CHAPTERS CHAPTER I—INTRODUCTION Baigat figares for varaaoular education prior to par cent. cut. Necessity for out. AUermtiva proposiU by boirda. Government views on small and uneconomical schools. R if jreji^e to Allahabad sureay. Reference in the Hartog report and in the Kichlu report toth^niedfor ooaeentrition. Survey work in Madras Presidency. Champion report. Action in the Punjab. CaAPTER II—THE MAPS AND THE STATEMENTS Th^ niips—Orders for preparation. Value to a board. Suggestions for permanency, renewal and improvement. Sti'einints—Statistics collected. Tables showing the state of schools, staff, buildings, •compulsion, female education, etc. ca^prsa in—SCTPERFLUOUS AND UNECONOMICAL SCHOOLS Sajerduous schools. Numbers of institutions versus AREA and POPULATION. Hircsg figures in this coaaexlon. Common view that one mile is a reasonable distance. R^f jr3 lias to Acts aa:l District Board Educational rules. Over-crowding. Instances from District Board aroas: Allahabad, Ballia, Etawah, Meerut. Instances from Surajpur and Li'iirpur c jrnoulsory areas. Instanoas from Municipalities. Reasons for enforcing reduc- tio.i ia numbers of sohools. Suggest new rules for future opening of fresh schools. UNECONOMICAL SCHOOLS Waat cj.-i3tltut33 literacy. Reference in Harrop and Hartog reports. Census proof. Failure to achieve literacy in our schools. Wastage and Stagnation. School history of sample schools. Inflated enrolment in infant class; causes. Inefficiency of single t)i-!'.i3r a;hJols. Plea for special eases of single-ccacher schools. Mr. Kichlu's proposals to abolish the small school. Effect of the per cent, cut on numbers of schools and staff. Pi'oof of the efficiency of big schools serving a wide area. Other causes of inefficiency. D.Ssreace between eeonomy and retrenchment. Remedies against waste. Fees. Admis• sion oace per year. Two teacher schools. Two mile walk. CurtaUment of enrolment. D >-THai f or a guarantee of stay in school till the end of class II as a minimum. Conditions in Malta. Compulsory attaadanoa in place of compulsory education. Aided schools. CHAPTER IV—TRAINING OF TEACHERS Number of teachers : trained and untrained. Wastage. Training institutions. Failure of district boards to train their staff. Central training schools. Suggestions for more of these. Need for stipends. Obligation laid on district boards to train staff. Need for separate provision for training of teachers. Suggest 2 per cent, provision. Need for clear orders on admission to training classes. CHAPTER V—SCHOOL BUILDINGS Details of school buildings. Schools without a budding. Failure of district boards to keep pace with enrolment. New buildings. Failure to provide for maintenance. Inability of boards to find funds for new buildings. Inequalities in Government grants to district boards. Proposal to distribute Rs.3 lakhs recurring to deserving boards for erecting build• ings. Low figures for repairs. Need for a rule compelling provision of money for repairs. Shortage of hostels. Need for supervision of new budding schemes. Inadequate equip• ment ; suggested obligatory provision. ( vi ) CHA.PTEK VI—COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION History in Miinicipalitios and in District Boards. Expenditure. Reports on working: of compulsion. Action on those reports. Poor results of compulsion : Bareilly, Moradabad,. Lucknow, Sitapur, .Allahabad, Agra. Reasons tor poor results. Suggestions for improve• ment. Need for extensive revision. New post in Director of Public Instruction's office- to look after compulsion. CHAPTER VII—FEES Government resolutions on fees. District Board educational rules on fees. Experi• ments with free primary education. Proof that fees do not keep boys from school. Sug• gestions that all boards shall charge fees. Fes scale. Exemptions. Increases in income. Use of this additional income. CHAPTER VIII—CLOSURE OF SCHOOLS Resume of tour. Method of scrutiny adopted. Numbers of schools to be closed. Savings : Method of retrenching teachers. Suggestions for utilization of savings. Need for expenditure on vernacular middle education. V CHAPTER IX—GIRLS' SCHOOLS Figures: Comparison of expenditure on girls and on boys. Enrolment. Low effioioncy and high cost. Causes of waste. Uneducated teachers. Bad school buildir^. Ci-elueation proposed as a ramady. Figures. Opportunities in country schools. Need for training women. Spjcial rjooramendations prior to introduction of compulsion for girls. CSAPTER X—SCHOOLS FOR SPECIAL CLASSES DEPRESSED CLASS EDUCATION Expanditure. Enrolment. Fall in enrolment in those schools. Views of Hartog report and Wetherill committee. Possibility of abolition. Need for caution. Low efficiency of diprassed class schools. Resammendations for future action in this connexion. Need for provision for training depressed class teachers. ISLAMIA SCHOOLS