Josiane Kunzler

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Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO Centro de Ciências Humanas e Sociais – CCH Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins – MAST/MCT Programa de Pós Graduação em Museologia e Patrimônio – PPG-PMUS Doutorado em Museologia e Patrimônio OO FFÓÓSSSSIILL NNOO MMUUSSEEUU Análise da legitimação do patrimônio nas exposições museológicas Josiane Kunzler UNIRIO / MAST - RJ, Março de 2018 O FÓSSIL NO MUSEU ANÁLISE DA LEGITIMAÇÃO DO PATRIMÔNIO NAS EXPOSIÇÕES MUSEOLÓGICAS por Josiane Kunzler, Aluna do Curso de Doutorado em Museologia e Patrimônio Linha 02 – Museologia, Patrimônio e Desenvolvimento Sustentável Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Museologia e Patrimônio. Orientadora: Professora Doutora Deusana Maria da Costa Machado UNIRIO/MAST - RJ, Março de 2018 ii FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO OO FFÓÓSSSSIILL NNOO MMUUSSEEUU Análise da legitimação do patrimônio nas exposições museológicas Tese de Doutorado submetida ao corpo docente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Museologia e Patrimônio, do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO e Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins – MAST/MCT, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutora em Museologia e Patrimônio. Aprovada por Profa. Dra. ______________________________________________ DEUSANA MARIA DA COSTA MACHADO Profa. Dra. ______________________________________________ ALINE ROCHA DE SOUZA FERREIRA DE CASTRO Prof. Dr. ______________________________________________ MARCUS GRANATO Profa. Dra. ______________________________________________ VÂNIA DOLORES ESTEVAM DE OLIVEIRA Prof. Dr. ______________________________________________ ANTÔNIO CARLOS SEQUEIRA FERNANDES Rio de Janeiro, março de 2018 iii K95 Kunzler, Josiane O fóssil no Museu: análise da legitimação do patrimônio nas exposições museológicas / Josiane Kunzler. -- Rio de Janeiro, 2018. xvi., 318f. : il Orientadora: Deusana Maria da Costa Machado. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Museologia e Patrimônio, 2018. 1. Museu. 2. Museologia. 3. Patrimônio paleontológico. 4. Fósseis. 5. Exposições. I. Machado, Deusana Maria da Costa, orient. II. Título. iv À minha família, de sangue e de coração. Ao Alfredo, co-autor de mais essa fase da minha vida. v AGRADECIMENTOS A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior pela concessão de bolsa de doutorado pelo Programa de Demanda Social (DS) e de bolsa de doutorado sanduíche pelo Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior (PDSE – edital 19/2016, processo 88881.134646/2016-01). À Profa. Dra. Deusana Maria da Costa Machado, minha orientadora, pela confiança, dedicação, apoio e suporte logístico no Rio de Janeiro. Aos professores do PPG-PMUS, pelos momentos de aprendizado e, principalmente, ao Prof. Dr. Marcus Granato e às Profas. Dras. Teresa Scheiner e Aline Rocha de Souza Ferreira de Castro, pelas contribuições ao longo desses quatro anos e, mais especificamente, pela participação nas bancas de qualificação e/ou defesa final. À Profa. Dra. Marta Catarino Lourenço pela orientação do período de PDSE em Lisboa, no Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (MUHNAC). À Profa. Dra. Vânia Dolores Estevam de Oliveira, minha “guru” na Museologia, pelos conselhos, dicas de leitura, parcerias e cuidado fraterno. Ao Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes pelas sugestões nas bancas de qualificação e de defesa. Aos colegas do PPG-PMUS, pelas trocas de conhecimentos sobre um campo de pesquisa duplamente novo em que eu me inseri. Em especial, aos Ms. Adelmo Braga da Silva, Mariana Gonzalvez Leandro Novaes e Ethel Rosemberg Handfas. À Ms. Mariana Galera Soler, pelas discussões e reflexões sobre exposições de museus de História Natural em terras portuguesas. Aos pesquisadores, técnicos e gestores das instituições analisadas e visitadas que me receberam com atenção. Aos amigos que ganhei no Departamento de Mineralogia e Geologia do MUHNAC, especialmente à Ms. Liliana Póvoas, que me acolheu e facilitou a compreensão do contexto político, social e histórico de Portugal que influencia tão diretamente na realidade dos museus do país; além de ter proporcionado visitas aos Monumentos Naturais portugueses relacionados aos registros icnofossilíferos. Aos pesquisadores e professores Galopim de Carvalho, Dr. José Brilha e, em especial, Dra. Maria Helena Henriques, pelas entrevistas concedidas e pelo acolhimento em Coimbra, inclusive apoio logístico. Ao Alfredo Mergulhão, pelo auxílio intenso na revisão do texto e no suporte logístico nas visitas técnicas, mas sobretudo pela confiança, compreensão e apoio ao longo desses quatro anos. Aos diversos amigos que possibilitaram a minha estadia no Rio de Janeiro nesse período de doutorado. A toda equipe da Fundação Araporã, que embora não possa ver Araraquara nesse trabalho, permitiu que as experiências no Museu de Arqueologia e Paleontologia de Araraquara fossem essenciais para o amadurecimento das questões relacionadas aos museus e ao patrimônio aqui colocadas. vi Um fotógrafo-artista me disse uma vez: veja que pingo de sol no couro de um lagarto é para nós mais importante do que o sol inteiro no corpo do mar. Falou mais: que a importância de uma coisa não se mede com fita métrica nem com balanças nem com barômetros etc. Que a importância de uma coisa há que ser medida pelo encantamento que a coisa produza em nós. Assim um passarinho nas mãos de uma criança é mais importante para ela do que a Cordilheira dos Andes. Que um osso é mais importante para o cachorro do que uma pedra de diamante. E um dente de macaco da era terciária é mais importante para os arqueólogos do que a Torre Eiffel (Veja que só um dente de macaco!). Que uma boneca de trapos que abre e fecha os olhinhos azuis nas mãos de uma criança é mais importante para ela do que o Empire State Building. Que o cu de uma formiga é mais importante para o poeta do que uma Usina Nuclear. Sem precisar medir o ânus da formiga. Que o canto das águas e das rãs nas pedras é mais importante para os músicos do que os ruídos dos motores da Fórmula! Há um desagero em mim de aceitar essas medidas. Porém não sei se isso é um defeito do olho ou da razão. Se é defeito da alma ou do corpo. Se fizerem algum exame mental em mim por tais julgamentos, vão encontrar que eu gosto mais de conversar sobre restos de comida com as moscas do que com homens doutos. (MANOEL DE BARROS 2006 – Sobre Importâncias) vii RESUMO KUNZLER, Josiane. O Fóssil no Museu: análise da legitimação do patrimônio nas exposições museológicas Orientadora: Deusana Maria da Costa Machado. UNIRIO/MAST. 2018. Tese. A Tese analisou como os fósseis podem ser caracterizados como patrimônio em exposições museológicas. Embora exista uma “névoa” polissêmica envolvendo os fósseis de diferentes formas ao longo do tempo e do espaço, acredita-se que nas exposições há a legitimação do discurso de “patrimônio paleontológico” associado ao papel do museu como instância privilegiada de formação e divulgação do patrimônio de caráter científico. Parte-se da premissa da existência, como consequência, de eliminação sucessiva das ambiguidades responsáveis pelo potencial de ressonância dos fósseis em exposição. Para tanto, a exposição foi adotada como “objeto concebido” ou “artefato museológico por excelência” e optou-se por quatro estudos de caso, dois no Brasil e dois em Portugal, respectivamente: Museu Nacional do Rio Janeiro, Museu dos Dinossauros, Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade Lisboa e o Museu da Lourinhã. O estudo adaptou uma abordagem metodológica voltada à identificação de “detalhes diabólicos”, revelando significados atribuídos aos fósseis por meio da associação desses objetos a outros recursos (textos, legendas/etiquetas, modelos, ilustrações, dioramas, interativos) e da manipulação deles no espaço. Foi possível apontar indicadores de significados nas exposições e verificar que independentemente da abrangência do museu e da sua localização, a redução da polissemia do fóssil nas exposições é inerente ao processo de concepção, mas a inserção desse objeto em arranjos expositivos espaciais é ainda mais significativa na determinação de um discurso. Como esperado, isso se mostrou relacionado à presença de vozes autorizadas interligadas ao processo de musealização dos fósseis e o museu como espaço de produção e legitimação de patrimônios. Considera-se essencial a inclusão de novas vozes e novas perspectivas de patrimônio na concepção de exposições, mas, sobretudo a visão de que seleções e manipulações podem ser conscientemente elaboradas em prol de uma menor onipotência do discurso de “patrimônio paleontológico”. Palavras-chave: Museu. Museologia. Patrimônio. Fósseis. Exposições. viii ABSTRACT KUNZLER, Josiane. Fossil in the Museum: analysis of the legitimation of heritage in museological exhibitions Orientadora: Deusana Maria da Costa Machado. UNIRIO/MAST. 2018. Tese. This thesis analyzes how fossils can be characterized as heritage in museum exhibitions. Although there is a polysemic "fog" that involves fossils by different forms along time and space, it is believed that in the exhibitions there is the legitimation of the discourse of "paleontological heritage" that is associated with the museum's role as a privileged instance of formation and disclosure of the scientific heritage. As consequence another premise is a successive elimination of the ambiguities responsible for the resonance potential of the fossils on exhibitions. For that, the exhibition was adopted
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  • CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans

    CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans

    FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.
  • Phylum: Mollusca Conus Platyceras

    Phylum: Mollusca Conus Platyceras

    Phylum: Mollusca Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Common Name or members: snails, nudibranchs, sea hares and garden slugs Habitat: All habitats: marine, freshwater, terrestrial Periods of Existence: Cambrian to Recent Description: Most Gastropod shells, especially from the Paleozoic, are preserved as internal molds (steinkerns), external molds, or casts. The typical Gastropod shell is “trochospiral” or a spiraled cone shape with a solid spire running through the center, and a aperture or opening. One complete turn of the coil is called a whorl. Gastopod shells contain only a single spiraled chamber – the animal’s body coils up and fills the entire interior of the shell. Conus Cypraea Platyceras Fossils to ID 2016 - Set B.doc 1 of 8 12/4/2015 12:54:00 PM Turritella Worthenia Fossils to ID 2016 - Set B.doc 2 of 8 12/4/2015 12:54:00 PM Phylum: Echinodermata Description: ‘Spiny skinned’ (Greek) marine animals with 5 point radial (pentaradial) symmetry as adults. Echinoderms have an endoskeleton of calcite plates (ossicles), each of which is a single stereom crystal; a water vascular system used for gas exchange, feeding, sensory reception and locomotion; and ambulacral grooves with cilia and hydraulically driven tube feet to manipulate captured food down the grooves to the mouth. Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea Common Name or members: sea stars, starfish Habitat: Marine Periods of Existence: Ordovician to Recent Description: Sea stars are radially symmetrical, with arms radiating out from the body center. Most species have five arms, however sun stars can have as many as 40 arms or more! Most sea stars are small usually measuring 12-24 cm across, but there are some species that can be very small or very large.