1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7015 By Mr. THOMPSON of Louisiana: By Mr. MULTER: veterans; to the Committee on Veterans' H. R. 10813. A bill to establish a sound H. R. 10820. A bill for the relief of Alexan­ Affairs. and comprehensive national policy with re­ dra Vasilievna Ghermanoff; to the Cam­ 956. Also, petition of Fred L. Ickes and spect to the fisheries; to create and prescribe mittee on the Judiciary. others of Stark County, Ohio, for a separate the functions of the United States Fisheries H. R. 10821. A bill for· the relief of Ezra pension program for World War I veterans; Commission; to strengthen the fisheries Dweck;_to the Committee on the Judiciary. to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. segment of the national economy; and for - By _ Mr.. _O~NEILL.: ___ _ 957. By Mr. BRAY: Petition of 22 mem­ other purposes; to the Committee on Mer­ H. R. 10822. A bill for the relief of Maria bers of Post No. 172, the American Legion, chant Marine and Fisheries. G. Connolly; to the Committee on the Ju­ Jasonville, Ind., in support of H. R. 7886, a By Mr. McCARTHY: diciary. bill to increase pensions to World War I H. J. Res. 610. Joint resolution to establish By Mr. POWELL: veterans; to the Committee on Veterans' a Joint Committee on Foreign Information H. R. 10823. A bill authorizing the Secre­ Affairs. and Intelligence; to the Committee on Rules. tary of the Navy to receive Zaudie Makuria, 958. By Mr. BUSH: Petition of the depart­ a citizen and subject of Ethiopia, for in­ ment of Pennsylvania executive committee, struction at the United States Naval Acad­ the American Legion, urging enactment of PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS emy at Annapolis; to the Committee on necessary legislation to declare November 11, Armed Services. now known as Veterans Day a national holi­ Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private By Mr. RHODES of Pennsy1vania: day; to the Committee on the Judiciary. bills and resolutions were introduced and H. R. 10824. A bill for the relief of Sonja 959. By Mrs. CHURCH: Petition of the severally referred as follows: Spieker; to the Committee on the Judiciary. City Council of the City of Waukegan, Ill., By Mr. DORN of New York: By Mr. SCHWENGEL: urging that the Congress include in any H . R. 10814. A bill for the relief of Willem H. R . 10825. A bill for the relief of the Federal highway construction legislation the Fransen; to the Committee on the Judiciary. estate of Robert Joseph Welch; to the Com­ requirement that in every highway project By Mr. FINO: mittee on the Judiciary. where Federal funds are used, to make it H. R. 10815. A bill for the relief of Maria By Mr. TEAGUE of California: possible for municipal governments to be Ragusa Chiapetta; to the Committee on the H. R. 10826. A bill for the relief of the reimbursed for all changes to its water and Judiciary. estate of Charles 0. Fairbank; to the Com­ sewer facilities required by such projects; By Mrs. KELLY of New York: mittee on the Judiciary. to the Committee on Public Works. H. R. 10816. A bill for the relief o'f Lillian By Mr. WAINWRIGHT: 960. By Mrs. KEE: Petition of Mrs. Caro­ Ida Brown; to the Committee on the Ju­ H. R. 10827. For the relief of Melvin Grant; lyn Barosky, president, Wood-Venable Auxil­ diciary. to the Committee on the Judiciary. iary 8519, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Kimball, H. R. 10817. A bill for the relief of Dr. H. R. 10828 A bill for the relief of Maitland w. Va., and 9 other members of Wood-Ven­ Thomas B. Meade; to the Committee on the McKinley Joseph; to the Committee on the able Auxiliary 8519, urging immediate en­ Judiciary. Judiciary. actment of a separate and liberal pension By Mr. LANE: program for veterans of World War I and H. R. 10818. A bill for the relief of George their widows and orphans; to the Committee T . Moore and Carl D. Berry; to the Com­ PETITIONS, ETC. on Veterans' Affairs. mittee on the Judiciary. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions 961. Also, petition of John F. Boyd, of By Mr. MAHON: and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk Alderson, W. Va., and 43 other residents of H. R. 10819. A bill to provide for the con­ Monroe and summers Counties, W. Va., urg­ veyance of certain mineral rights to the and referred as follows: ing immediate enactment of a separate and descendants of James H. Haney, Bledsoe, 955. By Mr. BOW: Petition of Mildred Car­ liberal pension program for veterans of World Tex.; to the Committee on Interior and ter and others, of Stark County, Ohio, for a War I and their widows and orphans; to the Insular Affairs. separate pension program for World War I Committee on Veterans' Affairs.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Criticism of TV and Radio Commercials radio to a community. I highly recom­ We are typically American in the business mend that you read it. The full text of - sense, and I firmly believe that our industry Is Unjustified is suffering unnecessary abuse from some Mr. Raind's letter is as follows: of its critics. While criticisms of specific KDRS, abuses by a few stations may be completely EXTENSION OF REMARKS Paragould, Ark., March 31, 1956. valid, the tendency to smear them across OF The Honorable E. c. GATHINGS, the entire industry is unfair to many of us. House of Representatives, I sincerely hope that you will find an HON.E.C.GATHINGS Washington, D. C. opportunity to speak up for the great ma­ DEAR CONGRESSMAN G,\THINGS: The as­ OF ARKANSAS jority of the Nation's radio stations and saults upon radio by Representative CRAIG in defense of the typical small city Arkansas IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HOSMER and others, in my opinion, accent station which builds its entire service arotind Wednesday, April 25, 1956 the negative. It seems to me that radio its people and their needs. needs something of a champion among Con­ If the emphasis remains upon the nega­ Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, a few gressmen who will accent the positive. tive aspects, may I then recommend that days ago I received a letter from Mr. I feel sure that you appreciate the services someone be equally unfair in appraising Ted Rand, general manager of radio which the radio industry has rendered to other aspects of the American scene which station KDRS, Paragould, Ark., regard­ the Nation. Moreover, I am confident that might be loud, noisy, and obnoxious in their you have intimate knowledge of the manner own way: ing recent attacks made against the ra­ in which many Arkansas radio stations re­ Used car dealers illuminate their lots in dio and television industry in the House late themselves to their communities. a manner which is bright, glaring, and dis­ of Representatives. Mr. Rand is an out­ In our community, we do not merely give agreeable to me. standing business and civic leader. lip service to the goals, dreams, problems, Service stations fly masses of distracting The principal complaint against these and purposes of our people. We roll up our pennants and twirling silver devices. They media was that both television and radio sleeves and pitch in. We devote time, talent, display huge day-glo signs. They distort the stations increased the sound volume and energy to the building of our commu­ natural beauty of my town. when commercials were being presented. nity. We try to do our best in support of Magazines cluttered with attention-getters those groups which are creating happiness continually force me to turn to page one­ According to Representative CRAIG Hos­ within our community-from a home-dem­ hundred-and-something for a continuation MER, of California, "these excessively onstration club's bake sale to a citywide cam­ of the article I am reading. loud commercials" applied to networks paign to raise $100,000 for a new industry. Full pages of my ne_wspaper contain noth­ as well as local programs. Mr. HosMER We have time for our churches, Girl ing but advertising. I find this annoying. asked the Chairman of the Federal Scouts, Boy Scouts, Red Cross, cancer, nurs­ Billboards put to shame the loudest radio Communications Commission to look ing home, schools, civic clubs, service clubs, commercial I have ever heard. These bill­ into the matter and advise him of the farm groups, and every other similar organi­ boards obliterate the landscape, and they Commission's findings. zation. We rarely receive any direct remu­ divert my attention from the some..what im­ neration from our work on behalf of these J>Ortant function of operating my auto­ Mr. Rand's letter, giving views and groups, although we do feel that our com­ mobile. observations of an owner and operator munity service policies are directly respon­ I pay to see commercials at my neighbor­ of a radio station, is good reading in­ sible for our overall successful business op­ hood theater. deed. His letter portrays the value of eratic~. Times Square is simply a disgrace. 7016 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR_D -~'HO:US)}) April 25_

Anyone who will ackn9w}eqgecthe ~ futilit:y, Growth of commercia-Z ractto- st.tiUons:-Con. ·We ·Do Not Want Vigilante·s- of these observations may then wond~r witll.. . Commercial .:. _1_·_,_ ~e why radio and television are ~uch, prime Y.ear: , , stations targets. _, - "EXTENSION _OF REMARKS After all, radio an .. ~~!t::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- .·~i~ ' OF great compensating factors: a -cliitl for the-· 1-9.45_ ---- ~ ------:..------· 9i7'C. aelection of various stations and a switch 1946 ______: ___ ..___ ;::_..: _ _.._~ 1, 009 HON:. CLARE. E. HOFFMAN for turning the entire receiver off. ~· 1947 ___ ~-~- ----:.-~------~-~------1,346 OF MICHIGAN May I urge you to caution critics of. the, 1948------1, 835: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES broadcasting industry to temper their abs.er_.. 1949 ______2., 3:4(} Wednesday, April 2 5, 19.56 vations: with an appraisal of: the services· per• 1950------~-- · ------2,611 formed for the Nation, and to properly·relate. .- 19521951______: _____ ~-~--~------~-~-----· ______: _____ ;.. ___ 22,. 915'782 · Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr.' radio and television to the age in which they 1953 ______2,99~ Speaker, the throwing of sulfuric acid live. 1954 ______3,094· into the face and eyes of Victor Riesel, Frankly, I am proud to be part of an in­ 1955 ______:___ .:,_;... ____ ;.. . 3, 244· dustry which is vitally important in the. who- has--e-:x:posed many a labor Facketeer,­ everyday lives of the Nation's people. Be­ Source: Years 1922-1926 from Federal rec- was not _an isoiateq ac);. It _was ch~r- · cause· we. are, we should not be shielded from ords; 1927 onward from Federal.Communica­ acteristic of tbe nietfioChicago Capone crime syndicate, they both radio anct television as a matter of general importanc~ of this industry: ' have frequently, ·without· punl.shment, course and apparently do not appreciate · Year 1955 made go€>d their boast that those who ex­ fully that the station or network that Sale of time by broadcasters_ $1, ooo, 000, '<:iOo posed them would be.silenced. • is making such program available to Talent costs______200, 000, 000 Many a gangster, turned informant; them is performing a distinct and out­ Electricity, batteries to oper- · has been executed.by the gang. The re-, standing public service. Numerous view~ - ate 176,900,000 radi-0 and TV receivers _____ ., ______750,000,000 cent attempt to silence Riesel obviously ers and listeners over theii: television 12,500,000 radio receivers, re- came from the same source. - · and Nor~ radio receiving sets do not stop to tail value------~--- _485,000,000 , have- police .officers been exempt think that these progr_ams are offered tq 7,500,000 television receivers, from the de~rees of the gangsters. Wel1' them gratis; that if- they do not like one . retail value______1, 215, ooo;·ooo do ( recali" that, when· a legislative com-: particular station they have .but to tur~ 250,000,000 phonograp-h rec- " mi ttee held hearings . in Chicago in an the- knob. · So many are prone to be un"". - cird.s- ..:-~-----~:__: ______310,000,00(j attell1pt to. ascertain from whence came appreciative and ungrateful for the Radiq repa:i~s and _sup­ the pr~ssure back of the paroling of the . · plies, 95,000,000 replace- entertainment and educational value of ment tubes______237,000,000 four . Capone gangsters, two testifying the programs which cqme in~o om: Pa:rts, accessories------·-- 4~5.000,00.0 t>olice officers were threatened with phys-. homes, and ..critJ.cize the ~time consumed. Labor------~------850,~00,00Q ical violence. Not long thereafter, one, in advertising the product or firm or Capbtin Drury, when on hiS' way to fur-- company that makes the program pos- _ Total------5, 472, ooo, ooo nish another committee with informa­ sible. Without advertising there would _ This data1 covers both the ~ radio ~Snd ~ ·tion about the gang, was cooly and de- liberately slain. be no radio and TV industry; the public television industry. . Others, .sometimes offic.ers charged couid not have and receive the enterta.ln­ . The fbllowing table clearly· illustrates with enforcement of the law, sometimes ing, news, and edu_cational programs that the phenomenal · growth of the radio reporters or n~wspaper pu~lishers or edi- are a part of the daily lives of the manufacturing .industry. tors, have met a ~imila:r fate. American people. ·' · · · ' '. Radio receivers-Selected data,,., 1922-55 Time and time again.. hwelegisl.ative I am of the opinion that those . who comm1ttees, state investigatory bodies, criticize commercial advertising are in Homes called to the attention of the public this Sets pro- Retail. · with Tota.1 sets reality in the great minority, and that Yea~ ·- a.uced value in use lawlessriesswhfch apparently has known such is not the attitude of the maJority - radio sets no limits. - If · we c'ontimie to · permit of our populace. . . gangsters to ignore the ·1aw, to beat and 1922__~-- 100, 000 $5, 000,000 2~0.000 400,000 The radio industry has consistently 1923 _____ . 550, 000' 30, 000,000 1, 000,000 1, 100,000 to=-km not only their 0wn associates who grown bigger and stronger ·from year ta 1924 _____ 1, 500;000 100, 000, 000 2; 500,000 3, 000, 000 inform ·against them,. but innocent in­ 1925 ____ 2,000, 000 165', 000, 000 3, 500,000 4, 000-,000 year~ I set forth a table showing the 1926 _____ 1, 750, 000 200, 000, 000 5, 000,,000 5, 700,000 dividuals whose only fault is that they growth of commercial radio stations: - 1927__ __~ 1, 350,000 168, 000, 000 . 6, 500,000 7,000,006 speak or publish 'the truth abo:ut crime-:­ 1928 _____ 3, 281,000 400,000,000 7, 500,000 8; 500,000 if men like' Victor Riese1 are to be mur­ Growth of commercial radio stations 1929 _____ 4,428,000 600, 000, 000 9,000,000 10, 500,000 1930 _____ Commercial 3, 827, 800 300, 000, 000 12,048, 762 13,000,000 derously assaulted.:__how long will· it be l93L ___ 3,420,000 225, 000, 000 14,000,000 15, 000,000 before men like Pegler, Clark Mollen.,;; Year: stations 1932__ ___ 3,000,000 140, 000, 000 16, 809, 562 18, 000,000 1933 _____ hofl', and others who publish or speak the 1922------~------~ - ~ --~------30 3, 806,000 180, 500, 000 20, 402, 369 22, 000,000 1934 _____ 4, 084, 000 214, 500, 000 2,J., 456, 000 26, 000,000 truth about these gangsters will be like­ 1923------556 1935_____ 6,026, 800 330, 192, 480 22; 869,000 30, 500, ()()() 1924------·--·------530 1936 _____ 8, 248, 000 450, 000, 000 24, 600,000 33, 000,000 wise permanent1y -injured or removed 1925------571 1937 _____ 8, 064, 780 450,-000, 000 26, 666, 500 37,600,000 rrom the' sce?).e? . . ' 1926______521} •1938-·--- .6,000,000 210, 000, 000 28, 000, 000- 40, 800, 000 1927 ______.______681 1939 _____ 10, 500, 000 354, 000, 000 28, 700, 000 45, 300, ()()() - If those charged with the enforcement 1940 _____ 11.800,000 ~50. 000, 000 29, 200,000 51,000, OOQ of the law fail in their duty because of 1928------~------677 i94L __ _ 13, 000, 000' 460, 000, 000 29, 700,000 56, 000,000 lack of public support-if that situation 1929 ______:______~------606 11142__ ___ 4, 400, 000' 154, 000, 000 30, 800,000 59, 340,000 1943_____ 32, 000, 000- 58,000,000 worsens, w·m not otherwise law-abiding 1930------618 ,1944 _____ ------~--- - 193.1 ______:_ ____ ,______612 ------·------33, 000,000 57,000, 000 ~itizens attempt tp retaliate by lawless 1945 _____ 500,00,Q 20', 000, 000 34, 000,000 so, ooo; OOQ 1932------~-----~- - 604 1946 _____ 14, 000,-000 700, ooo. 000 35,000,000 60,000,000 punitive acts? Will not a situation de­ 193'3_. .:._.:. _____ :______,______598 1947 _____ 17,000,000. 800, 000, 000 37,000~000 66,000,000 velop similar to that·which existed in the 1948 _____ 16, 000,000 700,-000, 000 40,000,000 74,000,000 West when outraged citizens acting in 1934------593 1949 ___ :_ 10,000~000 500, 000, 000 42,000,000 81,000,000 ' 1935------~------~------623 1950 _____ 14, 600,000 721, 000, 000 45,000,000 90,000;00() defense of their -rights organized and 1936 ______:_ __ ;_~_;_ __ _: ___ :.~------616 .195i__ ___ 13,000, 000 605, 000, 000 45,1)50;000 100, 000, 000 1937______:______. ____ 646 ·1952 _____ without legal procedure hung or shot 1938 ___ :______:______689 10, ooo, ooo- 500, 000, 000 46,000,000 114; 500, 000 1953 _____ 13, 400.ooo 536, 000, 000 48,000;000 120, 500, 000 those-who over-long wiiltully-disregarded .' 1939..:______722 1954 _____ 11,200,000 470, 000, 000 50,000,000 121, 000, 000 all law? Drifting into such-a situation 1940 ______:______765 !955____ ~ 12, 500,000 850, 400, 000 52,000,000 135, 000, 000 ., "-I .. fs'untbinkable: The cowar-diy assault'on 19.4!:.._-..:~-:.~-~:.-:.-:....:~---~..:-..:..:..:.__ 897 • Source: Broadcastino Tel'ecasting-Broadcasting Year:-. Victor Riesel-a courageous fearless 1942------~----- 925 book,-195&. · - · - -· ~ wrlter-should oe anot~er war~Jng· to _ ) 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - - HOUSE .7017 law enforcement officials to fully perform who will be sadly missed by tnose of us Ing o! the Panama Canal. For appointment their sworn duty. . who· knew lier and valued her friend­ as Chief Engineer of the Isthmian Canal One remedy for the threat to our free .. ship. Commission, the combination of his abil1ty and extraordinary background of experience dom is to elect to law-enforcing o:tµces ~ My deep feeling of sympathy goes out made him a "natural." only those who, regardless ef th_reats of to her two daughters and other relatives Assuming charge in the Canal Zone on physical violence or political execution, in their great loss. July 25, 1905, at a time when chaos and have the will, the ability, the courage, the hysteria incident to yellow fever was .coupled determination to see that all laws are en.. with the resignation of its previous Chief forced without fear or favor. · Engineer, by the adoption of wise . policies, That remedy has worked in Berrien Anniversary of the Birth of John F. S~vens promptly brought matters under control. One of the outstanding instances County, in the Fourth Congressional Stevens, Chief ·Engineer of the Panama District of Michigan, where two prose­ of his broad outlook was his sympathetic Canal · and timely support of the health and sani­ cutors, Joe Killian and · Jack Spelman, tation plan that had been proposed by with the assistance of Sheriff Kubath Colonel Gorgas-adequate health arid sani­ and fearless judges, ·have successfully. EXTENSION OF REMARKS tation being an· absolute prer.equisite · for demonstrated that the unlawful activi­ OF construct~:qg the canal. ties of gangsters will not be tolerated and - Considering. the problem of constructing that the civil rights of citizens will be HON. FREDERICK G. PAYNE the Panama Canal from every significal_lt viewpoint, functional as well as economic protected. OF MAINE and engineering, Stevens strongly recom­ What we need is not more civil rights IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES mended to President Theodore Roosevelt legislation, but a better enforcement of Wednesda'J{, April 25, 1956 what -is known as -the lake and lock type what we have. canal as offering the. best solution, and vig­ Mr. PAYNE. Mr. President, this year orously opposed the so-called sea-level marks the 50th anniversary ·of the de­ proposal. . . cision of the Congress and the President When this celebrated issue as to the choice Tribute to t~e Mem~ry ·of ·the Ho~orable . in 1906 to approve the lake-lock plan of type was before the Natiqn in 1906, he for building the Panama Canal. Today was the gre.atest &ingle influence in bringing Vera Buchanan, Late a Representative about the decision of the Congress and the is the .103d a.nniversary Qf the birth at President· for the high-level lake and loek From Pennsylvania West Gar.diner, Maine, of John F. plan. This contribution, which has been Stevens, who was the chief engineer of justified by more -than 40 years' successful EXTENSION OF ~~MAnKS the Panama Canal. I ask· unanimous· operation, establishes him in history as the OF consent· that a statement and a . poem basic archttect · qf the Panama Canal. He on Mr. Stevens may be printed in the was rewarded by the President with the first HON. BREN'( ~PENCE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. appointment to the combined positions. of oF KENTUCKY There being no objectio.n, the state_. Chairman and Chief Engineer of the Isth­ mian Canal Commission ( 190'i-) . - - IN THE HOUSE: OF. REPRE$~TA'J:1VES ment and poem. were ordered to be Having organized the forces for construc­ i;>rinted in the RECORD, as follows: tion, acquired the· necessary equipment, de­ Wednesday, April 25, 1956 . STATEM~NT BY SENATOR PAYNE signed the key :reatures of the waterway, Mr. SPENCE. Mr. Speaker, it is with The state of Maine has produced many launched the project and brought it to a deep sorrow that I rise to add my small leaders. on the national scene but few have point where its success -was a -certainty, tribute to the memory of my-friend and ~ttained the stature of John F. Stevens, who Stevens resigned in April 1907 and returned colleague, the Honorable Vera Buchanan, y.ras born at We~t Gardiner, Maine, on April to railroad work. The Panama Canal was completed by others under the Stevens plans. late a Representative from the 30th Dis- ~5, 1853. trict of Pennsylvania. I know that this In a- career packed. V.:ith ha·rd _w9rk and, Though sepru:ated from the project his in.: adventure he built a record of constructive terest never ceased. At 'times of criSes dur­ feeling is shared by all of us her~, for achievement· that stands as an inspiration ~ng the remaining y~ars of construction, lle her courageous spirit, her patience and to the youth of our land. always gave his support in the best interest understanding were an inspiration to all ~ After graduating from the State Normai of the project. In later years, he wrote· who knew her. School at Farmington, Maine:and an attempt extensively of his Isthmian experiences • . Mrs. Buchanan was elected to the 82d at teaching,. Ste.vens decided upon an engi­ Special reference is made to his collabora­ Congress on July 24, 1951, to succeed her iieering career. In 1874, at the age of 21, tion with Col. William L. Sibert, a member husband, the late Frank · Buchanan. ~nd without technical engineering training, of the Isthmian Canal Commission in charge Like her husband, she worked hard for he went to Minneapolis where his uncle, of Atlantic construction, in a book entitled ~esse Stevens, was an engineer. -There he ;'The Construction of the Panama Canal," the people of her district, and they re• began as an assistant engineer-a rodman- published in New York by D. Appleton & Co. turned her to the 83d ancf 84tli congress. for the city. · in 1915. This volume ·is probably the best­ After havirig previously served · on the Attracted by greater opportunities that engineering historical treatise produced by Committee on Merchant Marine and would be afforded on the railroads, then at the construction era. . Fisheries and the Committee on Public peak construction, he went tq Texas in 1876, Just after the declaration of war by th~ Works, she was elected to the Commit- and secured employment as a railway sec­ United States in 1917, Mr. Stevens went tO: tee on Banking and Currency in the 84th tion hand. Rising step by step, he worked see President Wils.on and requested ari activ~ as rodman, instrument man, surveyor, and assignme.nt in the war. The President ex­ Congress. As you know, the Banking location and co.nstruction engineer-all of pressed his interest, as Russia was then an and Currency Committee deals with which served as a great school of experien()e. ally and badly in need of a competent rail­ housing matters. We are constantly Attracting the attention of the great rail­ road man, in connection with its war trans­ concerned with the statistics of housing, road empire builder. James J. Hill, he was portation pro'Qlems. Appointed as Minister and their effect on the Nation's economy. sent by the latter to locate a route for the Plenipotentiary and head of the United. Being a successful homemaker herself, Great Northern Railway over the Rocky St{!.tes Railway Mission to Russia in 1917, he Mrs. Buchanan brought to the commit- Mountains. This led to his dramatic discov­ Undertook the difficult tasks involved in op­ tee a special insight in housing matters, ery on December 11, 1889, of Marias Pass in erating its railr9ad system. Later, from 1919 a. rid a warm understanding of the prob- Montana, through which the railroad was to 1923, he was president of the Inter-Allied constructed. Technical Board supervising the Siberian lems and needs of homemakers and the This notable achievement is commemo­ railways. importance of the home in American rated by a bronze statue of the engineer.­ In these positions he observed the start family life. . - explorer near the track at Summit, Mont., and early years of the Communist Revolu­ A severe case of pneumonia overtook showing Stevens as he appeared at the time tion. Accurately foreseeing the vast scope of Mrs. Buchanan last year when she had - -of· his discovery. Replicas of this stat"® that work conspiracy, he was among the devoted her energies to the poinfof-ex- are in the Maine State Library and in the first to alert responsible leaders of the United States to its dangers. h t . · t 0 f h in d fi00 d national . headquarters in New York of th~ aus ion in.sup~or ous g an. - American Society of Civil Engineering, of ; It is thus historically fitting that in 1956, control leg1slat1on for .her constituents• . which society ·he later became national which marks the 50th anntve:r:sary of the de­ Her death on N~>Ve~ber 26_depr~ved _ ~he president. cision in 1906 by the Congress and the Prest.. people of her district of a devoted and In the course of his rise in the railroad­ tj.ent for the lake-lock plan for building the courageous r.epresentative.. -The--HGuse -wei'k, ·stevens was· well -prepared tor a · still Panama Canal, that the Honorable Maurice, has lost a sinc€re and capable Member greater assignment in taking over the build- H. Thatcher, of ·Kentucky, formerly Civil CII-441 7018 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOPSE April 25_ Governor of the C;mal _Zone, and the only slon was completed, and we returned to the American and Soviet veterans of the Second surviving member of the Isthmian C~nal American lines; General Eisenhower said the World War. Commission, serving during peak years of American people wete proud of us for our "The Soviet committee of the p_articlpants canal construction, and later a Member of initiative and devotion to duty. The confi· of the meeting at the Elbe, with a deep feel­ Congress, should write for the occasion of dence and optimism, the spirit of comrade­ ing of gratitude, accepts your kind invita­ Mr. Stevens' birthday an inspiring poem that ship and hospitality all of us had 11 years tion and is ready to send to the United epitomizes the vision and work of this ago, from General Eisenhower to the privates States a group of Soviet participants of 5 to eminent leader for the Panama Canal. in the field, lives on in us as American 7 people · to take part in the meeting of The poem follows: veterans. We'll make the American people April 25th of this year in Washington, D. C. proud of us once again when we shake hands "We trust that the meeting of the Soviet "JOHN 11'. STEVENS: A TRmUTE again with the Soviet Elbe veterans at ou:r and American veterans of the Second World "Amongst all those whose labors cleft the reunion this month in Washington." - War will further mutual understanding be­ land I should like to quote also from a letter tween the people of the United States and To blend, as one, the seas at Panama-­ from Mr. Polowsky addressed to the Soviet the Soviet Union, and other freedom loving There was none greater than John Stevens; Veterans of the Elbe River link-up: peoples who carried on so great a battle and "Last. spring, the Governments of the against a common enemy in the years of the The passing years bear witness. He fore­ United States and the Soviet Union cooper­ Second World War." saw- ated in bringing together the American and It is interesting to note that some 11 years More clearly than the others had foreseen­ Soviet Elbe veterans for an inspiring and ago the armies of the United States and The value of the plan for lock and lake, successful 10th anniversary reunion in of the Soviet Union were fighting a com­ And led Authority-in doubt between Moscow. On May 11, 1955, at a formal meet­ mon cause. The meeting at the Elbe dem­ Diverse designs-the wiser choice to make. ing at which military and civilian represent­ onstrated that the peoples of these two Possessed of genius rare, with skills supreme atives of the United States Government and countries deeply cherish the common goals And ripen'd knowledge gained from ven­ the Soviet Government were present, the of freedom and peace. This should serve tures vasts- Elbe veterans read the following unani­ as a reminder to all of those. in positions of He shaped the moulds to vitalize the Dream mously approved joint declaration: 'We responsibility in all countries that these Which had so long persisted in the past. Soviet and American veterans of the Elbe are the goals of the peoples. We all sin­ His all he gave to serve the Isthmian Task: River link-up of the Allied Armies in 1945, cerely hope that these meetings on a man What more could men demand, or duty gathered together in Moscow on the 10th to man basis at the various levels of our ask?" anniversary of that historic event, affirm that society will continue to deepen the mutual -Maurice H. Thatcher. we have not forgotten the friendly alliance understandings and to strengthen the bonds WASHINGTON, D. C., April 25, 1956. formed during the war years. The link-up of common interest all over the world. of our soldiers at the Elbe will live on in history of mankind as an enduring symbol of friendship, good will and mutual respect between our peoples. Today, as 10 years Eleventh Anniversary of Meeting of ago, we declare our determination to work Results of Annual Questionnaire American and Russian Soldiers on the for friendship between the American and Soviet peoples ~nd · the establishment of a EXTENSION OF REMARKS Elbe River peaceful world. We hope this first reunion will establish a tradition. We hope that on OF future anniversaries of the Elbe River link­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS up, American and Soviet war veterans will HON. JOHN J. RHODES OF exchange friendly greetings· and hold re­ OF ARIZONA unions as friends.' IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.8ENTATIVES HON. CHARLES E. POTTER "We American Veterans of the Elbe River link-up will hold our 11th anniversary re­ Wednesday, April 25, 1956 OF MICHIGAN union in Washington, D. C., on Elbe Day­ Mr. RHODES of Arizona·. Mr. Speak­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES April 25, 1956. We extend to the Soviet Vet­ er, under leave previously· granted I Wednesday, April 1956 erans of the Elbe River link-up a cordial 25, invitation for a group of Soviet World War would like to include in the RECORD the II veterans to visit us at our reunion. We result of my annual questionnaire. Mr. POTTER. Mr. President, I ask About 12,700 of these questionnaires unanimous consent to h~ve printed in are sure that the visit of the Soviet veterans the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a statement to the United States this spring will con­ went out to the persons who are on my tribute to the establishment of the free and mailing Ii.st to receive my semimonthly prepared by me about the 11th anni­ friendly world we all fought for during the versary of the meeting of American and newsletter. In addition, I sent my ques­ years of the Second World War." tionnaire to every newspaper which is Russian soldiers on the Elbe River. And now, may I read the words of ac­ published in Maricopa County and asked There being no objection, the state­ ceptance from the chairman of the Soviet ment was ordered to be printed in the committee of the participants of the meet­ that it be printed in such a manner that RECORD, as follows: ing at the Elbe. He says: it could be cut and mailed to me. I re­ "Permit me, on behalf of the Soviet vet­ ceived many questiQnnaires from this STATEMENT BY SENATOR POTTER erans of the Elbe meeting, to sincerely thank source. A totaf of 1,868 questionnaires _ Today is a significant day for a great many you for the invitation extended to the Soviet were returned to my office; 95 percent of American veterans. It is a day which is-well participants in this unfox:gettable, historic the answers canie from persons residing worth remembrance and thoughtful consid­ meeting to visit the United States of America in Maricopa County, Ariz. I do not eration o! the American people. Today to participate in the meeting of the American marks the 11th anniversary reunion of the Veterans of the Elbe River link-up, which is claim that my poll is a scientific sam­ American Veterans of the Elbe River link-up. being held on April 25, 1956, in Washington, pling of the opinion of voters -in Mari­ I would like to quote no:w from a letter by D. C.; and thank y_ou also for your good copa County. It does reflect, however, Joseph Polowsky, the secretary of the Ameri­ wishes and your efforts toward supporting as broad a cross section of the voters as can Veterans of the Elbe 'River link-up, sent and strengthening the ties between the it was possible for me to obtain. to the fellow veterans of that occasion: "Eleven years ago, at noon on Elbe day Percent 1945, a patrol -of American rifiemen thrust through the no-man's land between the No forward American and Russian lines and Yes No opinion linked up with a patrol of Russian soldiers on the east bank of the Elbe River. On that 1. Do you approve of President EL~enhower's foreign policy? ______75 15 10 blood-soaked river bank, we met the Russian 2. Should we continue military aid to friendly foreign nations? ______71 18 11 s-oldiers with high resolve and as friends. All 3. Do you favor amending the Walter-McCarran Act to allow a greater number of immi- of us on both sides swore never to forget grants to enter the United States? ___ ------2-1 64 12 4. Do you favor Secretary Benson's farm program? ______68 15 17 the scene, the day or each oth·er, swore to 5. Should defense spending continue at the present level? ______: ______68 17 15 do what we could to make a freer and more 6. Do you favor a tax reduction prior to the attainment of a balanced budget? ______:ro 75 5 peaceful world for our children, and to meet 7. Do you be~ieve that the Eic;enhower ad.ministration has done a good job in governing the 0 0 89 8 3 again in peace. Tl.Vo days later, when the s. D~ ;g~rla~~rt~:S!~1 ~[a ~~s~clif the terrible storm which caused such great is that we are moving as rapidly as humanly. well on the target. loss of life1and heavy damage in our area. possibie toward the · desirable goal of full It avoids the suggestion that Congress Most unfortunately and most , unhappily and adequate flood protection for this com­ might expressly provide for the exclusion of this lovely community was affiicted with .a munity and other areas in our State against all State laws on the same subject matter. · sorrowful blow almost without prece~ent in. the ravages and cruel affiictions of periodic It clearly removes any possibility of judi­ the history of our State, i:h fact, I doubt floods. And we have 'been also moving with cial conflict of authority in dealing with the that any similar disaster has ever beset all possible dispatch with activities designed Communist danger and without establishing any area in our State as the result of floods to effect stream clearance and stream im- 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE ~021' provement by the removal of rubbish, 'debris, way of life and we wlll not only thus protect And yet from Father Gallos' mouth we and other obstructions and to provide for un­ and secure our liberties but we will be making impeded fl.ow of the river and the other the greatest contribution possible to a better, in the House heard these words sincerely streams involved. more prosperous and happier Amer.tea and offered in prayer: In this work, among other features, we the cause of lasting world peace. Lord of Love, who didst command the must understand two things, first, that it disciples to pray for their enemies and who is a cooperative undertaking which involves didst pr_ay for those who crucified Thee, grant the concurrence and participation of the that we, too, may forgive those who hate local governments, and the State government us and show brotherly love to those who as well as the Federal Government. · One Hundred Thirty-fifth Anniversary of maltreat us. Secondly, we must realize that the major Greek Independence projects in mind are of considerable magni­ In our hearts we all pray that the in· tude and require careful planning and con­ justices· occurring in Cyprus may be struction activities over a period of time EXTENSION OF REMARKS righted, and that the British Govern­ and that they cannot be completed over OF ment and the people of Cyprus may reach night. a mutual understanding with our Lord's The main thing to remember is that we HON. ANTONIO M. FERNANDEZ help, guidance and divine light, that will are making progress, great progress. We are OF NEW MEXICO on the right road, moving in the right direc­ lead to peace and justice for all. tion, and if we continue to cooperate with IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES each other as we have been doing up to this Wednesday, April 25, 1956 point, I venture the prediction that it will not be very long before we will realize our Mr. FERNANDEZ. Mr. Speaker, in Public Policy Aspects of Automation objectives and the people of this community commemoration of the 135th anniver­ will be able tO feel assured that, insofar as sary of Greek independence this year, I anything that can be done to insure them arranged, at the suggestion of Mr. Peter EXTENSION OF R~ARKS protection against terrible floods, it will OF have been done and accomplished by the Chumbris, formerly assistant attorney patience, persistency, ability, and zeal of general of my State of New Mexico, to HON. GEORGE M. RHODES all those to whom responsibility for this have Father George P. Gallos, of the work may be committed. Greek Orthodox Church of the Annun­ OF PENNSYLVANIA Then there is the question also of disaster ciation in Baltimore, invited to offer the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES insurance which will enable people and prayer at the opening session in the Wednesday, April 25, 1956 businessmen generally to be insured against House on Monday, March 26. Father floods and other disasters. To those of us in Gallos offered the following beautiful and Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania. Mr. this area the arguments for this proposal are inspiring prayer: Speaker, several weeks ago it was my unanswerable. Admittedly there are prac­ pleasure to address a Conference on tical difficulties to be worked out concerning God of our Father, to Thee, author of lib­ Automation in Pittsburgh, Pa., cospon­ the program, and the committees of the erty, to Thee we pray. On this occasion of congress are now considering them with the 135th anniversary of Greek independ­ sored by the Pittsburgh Labor Educa­ vigor and careful attention, and I am hope­ ence, we ask Thee, Lord, to bless the Greek tion Council and Labor Education Serv­ ful that we will be able in due course to pro­ people. Keep alive in them the love of lib­ ice, Pennsylvania· State University. My vide a system of insurance that will go a erty for which they bravely fought and sac­ . remarks were directed toward the public long way toward indemnifying our people rificed. Grant that the Greek Nation ever policy aspects of automation. Mr. Bruno against losses from these great disturbances . may be on the side of justice, democracy, and A. Moski, Director of Industrial En­ of nature. freedom. gineering, Y.ale & Towne Manufactur­ · This great organization may feel well Lord God of Hosts, we pray for America, ing Co. presented the management view­ pleased and well satisfied with the response this land of ours, on which Thou hast be­ its membership has made in time of stress stowed so many rich blessings. Make us point while Mr. Nat Goldfinger, econ· and danger. Dedicated as you are to the worthy of our inheritance. Let not Thy . omist from the Department of Re­ welfare, interest and defense of the Nation, wrath descend upon us. Save us from new search, AFL-CIO, presented the labor determined as you are by reason of your ordeals and tribulations, for wars and rumors viewpoint. Delegates from AFL and CIO own past service to protect it, I know that of wars are shaking the equilibrium of the local unions and from lodges of the it is not necessary for me to urge upon you earth and heavy clouds are invading the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen from the continuance of your splendid work. tranquil heavens of peace. the western Pennsylvania area attended By all means, let us continue to build ade­ O Ruler of the Universe, preserve in har­ the conference and participated in the quate protection against floods so vitally mony those who govern us. Make them vig­ discussion which followed the formal needed. ilant an~ keep them from falling into the And by all means, let us continue ~o build spirit of sloth, faintheartedness, lust for presentation of the various viewpoints adequate protection against the dreadful power, and idle talk. Grant them, rather on this important subject. world conspiracy of communism which strength to do Thy will, wisdom to govern Mr. Speaker, this Conference on Auto­ threatens our liberties at this hour. That well, and ma_ke them worthy laborers of Thy mation was an inspirational example of is a particular job for patriotic Americans to kingdom, a kingdom of love, goodness, jus­ democracy in action, citizens meeting to­ see to it that the insidious influences of tice, mercy, and peace. gether to discuss the various aspects of subversive elements is checked. Lord of Love, who didst command the . a mutual problem which is of immediate · And let us see to it also that the cause of disciples to pray for their enemies and who concern to the working people of our the veteran and their dependents of the didst pray for those who crucified Thee, grant country. The conference in Pittsburgh p~ople who have done so much to sustain that we, too, may forgive those who· hate us this country is protected and advanced in and show brotherly love to those who mal­ made an outstanding contribution to­ the legislative bodies of the Nation and in treat us. Enlighten us, through the light of ward the more widespread understanding every other place necessary. Let us make Thy truth, O Lord, and guide us in the paths of the impact which automation· will special efforts to assist our disabled veteran of Thy precepts. Amen. have on our social and economic systems. and his dear ones and, indeed, all the veter­ I congratulate the Labor Extension Serv­ ans with reference to the rights and privi­ Mr. Speaker, the sons and daughters ice of Penn State University and the leges which the Congress has so fittingly of Greece who, like Mr. Chumbris, are Pittsburgh Labor Education Council for extended to them-the GI Bill of Rights­ devoted to the democratic ideals stead­ education, homes, hospitalization and medi­ their outstanding leadership in making fastly followed by the Greek Nation and the conference an outstanding success cal care and pensions which must be assured our own, have contributed to the great­ and provided at standards commensurate _ and hope that this type of meeting may with the higher price levels and the higher ness of America. They, like all other serve as a model of similar discussions cost of living which obtain in the country. Americans who believe in and adhere to in other parts of the United States. In short, let us keep America strong, mili­ those democratic ideals, are saddened to­ The text of my address follows: tarily, economically, socially and, above all, day at the steadfast refusal of the Brit­ spiritually, since spiritual strength, belief ish Government to grant the people of Congressional concern ovE'.r the impact of in our Creator and in the great liberties we automatipn on our citizens, our living habits, Cyprus the right to democratic self­ and our economy has many different aspects. enjoy is the greatest weapon we have in determination, so that they may govern combating the evil enemies that would de­ I would like to discuss some of the more im­ stroy us. Let us stand by our ideals, by the themselves or may join with Greece, portant of them in the brief time allotted me principles of the Constitution and the Na­ their mother country, in a common gov­ for this initial presentation. Others may tion, the rights of the individual, the rights ernment under a common heritage and come into our discussion· as the result of of our people to advance to a more dynamic culture. questions following your buzz sessions. J022 "CONGRESSIONAL :RECORD -- HOUS:E Apri"l 25. I would lik-e to devote my remarks here which conceivably could affect the well-being place otherwise. ·I am of a different opinion. today to these major points in regard to au­ of its citizens, Such response of government It was not until corporate excesses began to tomation: (1) Automation in the Federal _to individual situations may be called public ·.be curbed that any real advancement of the Government; (2)· the broad public -policy as­ !Policy. Sound public policy, like good gov· welfare of the individual citizen took place. pects of automation; (3) the role of the Fed­ ernment, must be tailormade to meet th,e Labor was crushed by monopolistic corporate eral Government in meeting the challenge needs of our people and must always keep power until the depression and the New of automation; and (4) positive steps which foremost as-its objectlve the .promotion of , Deal afforded working people the legal right should be taken now• . human welfare and human values. Material to organize and bargain collectively. It has -progress at the expense of human suffering been over the past 20 years that the real ad­ I. AUTOMATION ' IN ' THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT cannot be defended. This is-the way of the vances 'in our standard of living have taken In our general consideration of automa­ totalitarian dictatorships and has no place in place, and the role played by organized labor tion, we have tended to direct our attention our democracy. in winning a share of the fruits o1 corporate to the application of automation in indus­ These are fundamental statements of fact wealth is a matter of record. trial situations. We have learned· of dra­ which we must be . a.ware of in the D.iscus­ Here is a lesson which was learned 75 matic changes in the production-line uses sion of automation e.s it affects public pol­ ·years ago and which 1s applicable to our of automation, whereby hundreds of workel'.s icy. I am sure that most Americans today present discussion of automation. Govern· have been replaced by a handful, because of accept these time-honored philosophies of ment must not surrender its duty of -protect­ the installation of awe.:.inspiring· machines Government, which were written into our ing and promoting the welfare of all its citi­ and electronically controlled operations. Constitution by the Founding Fathers and zens. especially in times of economic and Less has been heard about the impact of implemented by practice over the years. - technological upheavals. Economic and automation on various agencies and depart­ In searching for a governmental ·policy to material progress must never again be per­ ments of the Federal Government. A recent effectively deal with the problems raised, by mitted to travel a road paved with the article in the Wall Street Journal reported automation, we have certain insights gained bodies of workers, crushed in the mad scram­ that machines to streamline paper work in -by past experience. Automation has some­ ble for wealth and power. Human dignity the Bureau of Public Debt of the Treasury times been referred to as the second indus­ and the public good must not be subverted Department have reduced tp.e number_of em­ trial revolution. What policies were adopted to personal greed. ployees in that office by two-thirds over the by governments in the past when sudden Our Government has a legitimate right past. 10 yearf?. Records divisions of the Vet­ technological changes appeared? to become involved at the very beginning of erans' Administration and the Social Secu­ Most authorities agree that the first in­ this "Second Industrial Revolution" so that rity Administration are drastically reducing dustrial revolution took place about 200 past abm;es will never again be repeated. their number of employees through the use years ago, while our country was still divided We, as citizens, should demand such public of electronic machinery. The Weather Bu­ into colonies of Great Britain. We all re­ policies as are necessary to insure that the reau now has .a machine which automatically member_reading of the violent uprisings in impact of automation will be intell1gently reproduces the weather maps appearing in England which accompanied the invention directed toward the realization of benefits our d_ally papers. Weather data is fed into and application of labor-saving machinery which will be enjoyed by all our citizens. the machine, and in 8 minutes it performs in mills and factories. Thousands of work­ mathematical computations that would take ID. THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN ers were thrown out of work in the wave of MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF AUTOMATION one man 64 years to complete. socia1 and political upheaval. As a result, The Post Office Department will perhaps human suffering under the rule of an ab­ There can be not doubt that the problem have the greatest use for electronic machin­ solute monarch caused untold misery and of automation is a national issue. By the ery in the years ahead. Already there are deprivation. Economic justification of the .enactment of ~he Employment Act of 1946 · various machines in use which sort mail, and changes, brought about by the first. indus­ _the Congress of the United States gave legal perform other similar mechanical functions. trial revolution, were expressed by the phi­ recognition to the duty of the Federal Gov­ The Wall Street Journal reports that encour­ losophy that government should not inter­ ernment to use its resources to create the aging results have been obtained on tests of fere in any way with the right of business conditions making for maximum employ­ a new machine which can read typewritten and industry to carry out policies, even ment, by fostering and promoting condi­ addresses on letters and sort these letters by though they might be detrimental to the tions which will afford job opportunities for city of destination. public good. all people desirous and capable of working. The Post Office has also installed a new This philosophy dominated the 18th and If the results of automation were to take stamp-vending machine for use in post 19th centuries and extended well into our place suddenly and on a broad scale, mil­ offices. You drop in coins, dial the number present century. Certain reactionary ele­ lions of workers would be thrown out of of stamps you desire, and they are automati­ ments of our business society even today work, competing against each other for cally dispensed. A recorded voice even says still cling to this philosophy, which is evi­ fewer and fewer jobs at lower and lower "thank you" to the stamp purchaser. dent in the lack of social responsibility in pay. Our soCial and economic system would Thus, you see that all of the applications the pursuit of t~eir policies. be in a chaos. Widespread depression and of automation are not confined to the field of In America, during the late 1800's, the mass unemployment poses a dangerous industrial production, but affect workers in introduction of mass-production methods threat to our democratic way of life. It the Federal Government as well. brought about a notable acceleration of the would be disastrous both in terms of human first industrial revolution. This period suffering at home and in terms of 'the op­ II. BROAD PUBLIC POLICY marked the development and growth of giant portunity it would afford to Communist im­ In view of the broad social and economic corporate enterprises of such power as to perialism in its plan for domination of the ramifications of automation, what should be rival our Government itself. "The public free world. The stakes in the ganie are the role of the Federal Government? Or to be damned," was the motto of these indus­ high. Either we adopt public policies to phrase it another way, what are the public trial giants. Their wealth and influence study, anticipate, and channel the course policy considerations in the impact of auto­ dominated the election of public officials at of automation to.ward human betterment, mation on our modern civilization? At the the State and National governmental levels. - or like the Frankenstein monster, it may outset I feel that the advent of automation Unbridled power and wealth was a corrupt­ rise up to destroy us. on our modern industrial scene requires us ing influence on the very foundations of I am confident that intelligent and in­ to carefully reexamine our basic philosophy democratic Government. formed American citizens will not permit of government, since the concern over the Resurging public opinion demanded regu­ the potential blessings of automation to _changes automation will bring to our daily lation of these monopolistic giants. Anti­ escape us or be turned against us. We will lives in the years ahead intimately affects trust laws, regulatory laws, and court de­ not permit our Government to stand idly this concept of democratic government. cisions were directed against them, but only _by and await the full impact of automation Our democratic system of government in a portion of their activities were ever brought without preparing ourselves for its effects. America is unique because it places primary under control. Legislation such as the Pub­ We cannot afford the luxury of inaction or concern on ~he individual human being, his lic Utility Holding Act, and the Securities failure to face· up to the realities of auto­ wants, his needs, his welfare. All power of and Exchange Act, passed during the New mation. If the administration temporarily government reposes in the hands of the indi­ Deal years, was a later step to protect the in control of the policies of our Government vidual citizens. Government is successful in _public against further exploitation. fails to take heed of the impending changes terms of its ability to formulate and carry Governmental policy during the period of which automatlon will bring to every phase out policies which fulfill the needs and pro­ the growth of monopolistic corporate enter­ of our lives, I am sure that a new admin­ mote the welfare of the people who delegate prises was generally one of noninterven- istration will be elected in its place which certain powers to their government. Gov­ . tion. When the abuses and power of these will take such action as is deemed necessar~. ernment which ignores the-needs and welfare enterprises grew to such, a point as to IV. POSITIVE STEPS NOW of all the people, in order to pursue courses threaten our form of government, public . What are some of the ways in which public of action beneficial to particular groups of its opinion demanded action: But such action · policy can be effectively directed toward citizens, is violating our fundamental pre­ against entrenched economic interests was systematic preparation :tor the social, eco­ cepts of democratic government. Good gov· at best only a checkrein to further abuse. nomic and technological changes brought ernment ls responsive to the needs of its Some people argue that our material prog­ about by automatJon? people and within its constitutional limita­ ress during the past 75 years and our present First, there must· be a recognition of au­ tions, acts to meet problems or innovations high standard of living could not have taken tomation,. what it is, what it means, what 1956 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD - HOUSE ,7023 we estimate its effects will be, where its so that displaced workers may :find new impact will be :first felt, and other similar employment more readily. Slaughter of Israeli Children fact-finding questions. Meetings such as Fourthly, the impact of automation places this are of tremendous importance because on organized labor the responsibility of EXTENSION OF REMARKS these types of questions are discussed. It meeting the challenge of technological ad­ OF is also important that the word "automa­ vancement. I am proud to pay tribute to tion" and its meanings be made known to the statesmanlike position which the leaders HON. VICTOR L. ANFUSO the great numbers of our people who do not of organized labor have taken in this regard. OF NEW YORK have the opportunity of attending such There will be no machine-smashing riots in meetings and who may not read or hear the second industrial revolution in Amer­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES about automation. There must be wide­ ica, for the new labor-saving machines offer Wednesday, April 25, 1956 spread recognition and understanding of almost unlimited opportunities for human the problem, not in technical terms but in progress if our technical skill and ability are Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, on April the basic understanding of what automa­ molded to the needs and betterment of all 11, 1956, a group of Arabs infiltrated into tion means to individual citizens and how mankind. This does not mean that labor Israel and murdered in cold blood sev­ the future of all of us depends on the can afford to sit back and await the fruits eral children and their teachers while adoption of sound public policy to deal with of abundance created by more efficient labor­ they were in the midst of prayer at the problems which automation creates. saving machinery. Labor must cooperate Habad village. The inhabitants of that Government is motivated into particular with enlightened management in the solu­ village are affiliated with a religious and courses of action by an awareness of its tion of mutual problems so that the mutual citizens, and their ability to make their advantages which automation has in store philanthropic movement whose spiritual opinions known to their appropriate elected for us may be fully realized. Labor must head is Chief Rabbi Menachem Schneer­ representatives who have a role in the for­ be prepared to offer constructive recommen­ son, a resident of my district. mation of public policy. dations in the application of technological I have since received many telegrams One way of making your views known ls to changes to specific situations. Labor must of protest from congregations and vari­ call the attention of your public officials to educate its membership to understand auto­ ous religious organizations in my district. hearings before Joint Committee on the Eco­ mation and mobilize public opinion in the Consequently, I have written a letter to n0mic Report. The hearings are entitled community to a realization of the problems, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles "Automation and Technological Change" and opportunities and the challenge which we contain a wealth of information and statisti­ must all meet in this spirit of cooperation. urging him to take two steps: Condemn cal data submitted by the expert witnesses The horizon is filled with glorious oppor­ those who are responsible for this wan­ who appeared before the committee. A sub­ tunities. A bright new day is dawning, if ton murder and request indemnification sequent report on these hearings gives a con­ only we can grasp its significance and adopt for the families of the victims. cise statement of the basic facts of the prob­ policies to meet the challenge of automation. The following is the text of the letter lem of automation and offers policy recom­ We look forward to shorter workweeks, addressed to the Secretary of State: mendations to meet this problem. more leisure time, greater cultural and APRIL 24, 1956. Secondly, I feel that sound public policy recreational opportunities, travel, and an en­ The Honorable JOHN FOSTER DULLES, required that every possible effort be made Secretary of State, Department of State, to strengthen our economy at its foundations joyment of the good things of life with our families. Washington., D. C. so that temporary setbacks resulting from DEAR MR. SECRETARY: I am writing to you technological change may be compensated Men of good will-'--people in all walks of life, in labor, mangement, and in govern­ in connection with the massacre committed for elsewhere in the national economy. By by Arab murderers who infiltrated into Israel this I mean the enactment of a broad legis­ ment-working together in a spirit of coop­ on April 11, 1956, and slaughtered in cold lative program to place greater purchasing eration and brotherhood can achieve this blood a group of children and their teachers power in the hands of the average citizens. goal of freedom, security, and abundance for at prayer in Habad village. ~is is a most This program would include an increase in which civilization has been struggling for despicable act of atrocity committed against personal income tax exemptions; an increase thousands of years. young and innocent children, who weren't in the minimum wage to $1.25 an hour and even given a chance to defend themselves. an extension of coverage; an increase in The children of this village in Israel are social-security benefits, a reduction of the associated with the religious and philan­ retirement age, and a liberalization of other thropic movement known as Hassidim, which provisions of the law; liberalization of our Congratulations, Mr. Kearns is headed by Chief Rabbi Menachem Schneer­ unemployment compensation system; assist­ son, a citizen of the United States and a resi­ ance to areas of chronic unemployment in dent of my district. the establishment of fac111ties for vocational EXTENSION OF REMARKS I have received r. less than 49 telegrams rehab111tation, education, and retraining of OF from congregations and various religious or­ displaced workers, especially older workers, ganizations in my district, bearing the sig­ and the attraction of new industries; an ex­ natures of the rabbis and presidents of these panded heal th and medical research pro­ HON. HAROLD H. VELDE groups, in protest against the massacre at gram; Federal aid for school and hospital OF ILLINOIS Habad village. These religious leaders im­ construction; full development of our nat­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES plore our Government to take the necessary ural resources, and other similar type pro­ measures to prevent similar outrages in the grams which will have a long-range beneficial Wednesday, April 25, 1956 future and the needless shedding of inno­ effect on our economy while also meeting the cent blood. most pressing economic needs of our people. Mr. VELDE. Mr. Speaker, I am sure Public opini~n is st111 one of the most A dynamic, expanding, full-employment that all good Republicans and good effective means of ~topping such atrocities economy is perhaps the best way in which we Americans rejoice in the victory of our . in a civpized world. I, therefore, urge you, can prepare ourselves for the impact of· auto­ Mr. Secretary, to take the following two mation, and guarantee that hardships to dis­ colleague, CARROLL D. KEARNS, in the steps: · placed workers and their families will be kept Pennsylvania primaries yesterday. First, to express in the strongest possible at a minimum. A healthy, expanding econ­ Pitted against him in the primary was terms our Government's condemnation of omy will be able to absorb displaced workers one of the most formidable Republicans those responsible for this act of murder. as well as providing job opportunities for our of his congressional district. He won, Second, to request indemnification for the young people entering the labor market. bereaved families of the victims. Thirdly, it is the responsibility of enlight­ by unofficial reports, by more than 21,000 I feel certain that if these two steps are ened management to face up to the broad votes. taken it would greatly discourage such in­ social aspects of automation and understand · While I am not a native of Pennsyl­ human and barbarous acts in the future. and accept their full role in the process of vania and know little about the political Sincerely, technological change. Industry must be pre­ VICTOR L. ANFUSO, pared to use part of the wealth and abun­ situation there, it does seem to me that Member of Congress. dance created by more efficient and less this election's results indicate that oµr costly production in the retraining of dis­ colleague, CARROLL KEARNS, is well on his The wording of the telegram from the placed workers so that their skills might be road to a higher-office in the great State religious organizations and congrega­ utilized in other parts of our economy. In­ of Pennsylvania. I believe that he would tions, signec~ by their respective rabbis dustry has the responsibility of carefully make an excellent governor, and an ex­ or presidents, is as follows: planning and scheduling its production, so cellent Senator, should my good friend, BROOKLYN, N. Y., April 23, 1956. that loss of employment and resulting hu­ Congressman VICTOR L. A.NFuso, ED man suffering may be minimized. The in­ Senator MARTIN; retire. Washington, D. C.: stitution of new automation machinery must My wholehearted congratulations and The children slain in cold blood while at be carefully planned so that due considera­ best wishes go to my colleague, CARROLL prayer in Habad Village, Israel, last Wednes­ tion is given to the general state of business KEARNS, for his future successes. day, belong with numerous congregations ' ~ 7024 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD- ---. ~: HOUSE April 25 and schoolS ln America. to the same fa.mtly of A Well-Deserved Award · The Time To Help -Small Business Is Now Habad Lubavitch followers of purely religious and philanthropic Hassidic movement headed by Chief Rabbi Menachem Schneerson, Amer­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS EXTENSION OF REMARKS ican citizen, with headquarters in Brooklyn, N. Y. We are our brothers' keeper grieved OJ' or and heartbroken at cold-blooded murder of young brothers in Holy Land. We demand HON .. CLARE E. HOFFMAN HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER our Government take energetic effective steps or MICWGAN OF NEW YORK to prevent similar mass:acre and assure· in­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF..BENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES demnification of bereaved families. Congregation Bikur Choilim, Rabbi Sho­ Wednesday, April 25, 1956 Wednesday, April 25, 1956 lom Hecht; Congregation Tifereth Is­ rael, Meyer Hasper, President; Congre­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, on April gation Kesser 'J;'orah, Rabbi Weinberg Speaker, for his factual, fearless, and ex­ 24, 1956, I had the pleasure of addressing I. Rosenberg, President; Congregation ceptionally meritorious work, Clark R. the National Association of Tool & Die Beth Aaron Beth Sholom, Rabbi E. Mollenhoff, of the Des Moines Register Manufacturers at its ninth annual dinner Berman; Congregation Chevra Thllim, and Tribune and the Minneapolis Star held at the Hotel Statler in Washington, M. Bernstein, President; Congregation Skwer, Mr. Holtzman, President; Con­ and Tribune, has been given the Ray­ D. C. My address follows: gregation Emunah Sheleimo, Rabbi A. mond Clapper Memorial Award. REMARKS OF HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER, OF NEW Jacobson; Congregation Chevra Ka­ Many of us in Congress have long YORK, AT THE ANNUAL DINNER OF THE NA• dishe, Rabbi A. Katzman; Congrega­ realized that MollenhofI's courage, abil­ TIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TOOL AND DIE MANU• tion Shaar Hashomayim, Rabbi Rosen­ ity, discrimination, and desire to get and FACTURERS baum; New Hebrew School, Rabbi s. report the facts have over the years given Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, ladles, Spiegel, s. Beck, President; Congrega­ the Members of Congress as well as the and gentlemen, it ls nice to be with you tion Oilem Sholeim, M. Widovsky, public the facts not only in connection again even though this is the first time you President; Chevra Mishnayos Anshei with the doings of Wolf Ladejinsky, but have invited me to sing for my dinner. I Wolin, I. Y. Zwieg, President; Congre­ probably should have declined on two gation B'nei Israel, Rabbi Samuel Bas­ that he has been true to what I assume to grounds. First, I have no union card, and, kin, L. Grossman, President; Congre­ be the reporter's objective-ascertaining second, your very fine entertainers would gation Bels Aaron Anshei S!ard, D. and giving to the public an accurate nar­ no doubt refuse to appear on the same pro­ Weissman, President; Congregation rative of the incidents he has been called gram with me properly urging that my talent Machzikei Emes, Rabbi Auerbach; upon to report. fell short of their minimum criteria for en­ Congregation Arugas Haboshem, Grand All too often reporters have forgotten tertainment. Rabbi L. Greenwald, Mr. Rosenberg, what the public has assumed to be their Nevertheless, I am prepared to leave with President; Chevra Liadi, Rabbi Klein; you some of my thoughts. I know that at Congregation Pride of Israel, Rabbi function-a narration of what actually least some of you may disagree with me but Malenick; Congregation Kehal Charei­ was said or happened in connection with controversy ls good for the American soul; dim, Rabbi Mosfowitz, Mr. Friedman, a specific incident. All too frequently, that is, the political soul-particularly in an President; Congregation Balchwer, Ch. reading carefully a news story, one has election year. Meyer, President; Congregation Anshei found himself compelled to reexamine It has been my happy privilege to serve Ujehle, Rabbi I. Meisels, J. M. Zeiden­ · the article, determine if possible where on the House Small Business Committee for feld, President; Chevra Bikur Cholim, the factual statement ended, where the many years. It is one of the few commit­ Rabbi S. Novick, A. G6odman, Presi­ expression of an opinion-an editorial tees of Congress which has been truly non­ dent; Agudas Achim, Rabbi B. Z. Pef­ partisan. I cannot recall a single recommen­ fer, H. Kuznick, President; Congrega­ or commentator's function-began. dation coming from that committee which tion Beth Yitzchok, Rabbi Rabino­ Mollenhoff is not lacking in either the did not have bipartisan support. witz; Congregation J3'nai Yissochor, ability or the courage to express an Therefore you should bear in mind that Rabbi L. Spiro; Congregation Adas opinion, but his writings make it easy anything I say that ls critical ls deliberately Yeshurun, Rabbi Teitz; Congregation for the reader. to separ~te the t:wo when intended to be critical but is just as delib­ Beth Jacob, Mr. Pilchick, President; they are joined in the same story. erately intended not. to be political. Congregation Shearith Israel, N. Land­ Few reporters or writers have done The criticisms that have come from my man, President; Congregation Bnei committee were always made constructively, Issochor·, Rabbi E. Shapiro, M. Mermel­ more to clearly, accurately lay the facts never destructively, and always made with­ stein, President; Congregation Knesset on the record, expose the misuse of out regard to the polltical am.nations of the Israel, Rabbi E. Cohen, Mr. Finkel, health and welfare funds, the dues and appointee against whom directed. President; Congregation Torah Utefila, special assessments paid by union mem­ · I sincerely believe that my Republican col­ Rabbi A. Levine, Mr. Trattner, Presi­ bers, the violence and lawlessness in leagues on our committee will endorse what dent; Congregation Dershowitz, Rabbi which some-fortunately a few-of their I say. M. L. Malik, Samuel Dershowitz, Presi­ officials have engaged. The stories · I will try to relate my remarks directly dent; Congregation Sheveth Achim, which he has written about these activi­ to your interests. Mr. Jagadnik, President; Congregation You will hear more and more as the year Kol Israel, Rabbi Shinaller, L. Yandah, ties have been a warning to sincere union rolls on that small business ls the backbone President: Boyaner Kloiz, Rabbi I. members and leaders, a notice to legis­ of our free-enterprise economy and that big Stern, M. Weitman, President; Pirchei lators of the need for sound, courageous business aided by big business in Govern­ Agudas Israel, M. Lazar, President; action by them. ment ls more and more throttling small busi­ Congregation B'nai Jacob Anshei Sho­ From the following press notice comes · ness. lom, Rabbi Bunim; Congregation Glory the notification of the award: Whlle none of you are small ln the col­ Israel, J. Gilberglat, President; Con­ loquial sense, you are small business in ac­ MOLLENHOFF GETS CLAPPER AWARD cordance with our legal definition. Each of gregation Ahavas Achim Bnai Israel, The Raymond Clapper Memorial Award, you represents a business which ls independ­ L. Kott, Secretary; Young Israel of given annually for exceptionally meritorious ently owned and not dominant in your in­ Willoughby, Rabbi Yachnes, Joe King, work by a newspaper correspondent in Wash­ dustry. That is the new language of the President; Chasidei Belza, Rabbi M. ington, was won last night by Clark R. statute, which defines small business. Feder, M. Weiss, President; Congrega­ Mollenhoff, of the Des Moines Register and The Defense Department had an arbitrary tion Or Itzchok, Rabbi E. Rosenbaum, Tribune and the Minneapolis Star and legal definition that any firm with 500 or J. Kleinbrand, President; Young Israel · Tribune. more employees was big business and any of Brooklyn, B. Solomon, President; Mr. Mollenhoff, 12th winner of the award :tlrm with less than 500 employees was small. Beth Hamerdrash Chasidei Amshenov, established in memory of the late Washing­ The reason !or the change of the definition Rabbi I. Kalish; Adas Yereim, H. Lip­ ton correspondent, received a $500 check and ls important. The Congress found that small shitz, President; Congregation Kehi­ scroll in a ceremony at the closing dinner of business must be protected against the lat Jacob, Rabbi J. Grunwald, H. Lip­ the American Society of Newspaper Editors depredations of big business and of big gov­ shutz, President; Congregation Divrel at the Hotel Statler. ernment and accordingly, enacted into law The judges, five ASNE members, awarded many aids, safeguards, and even preferences JecheZital, Rabbi Supnick; Congrega- · him first prize for his stories concerning tion Netzach Israel, Rabbi M. Horowitz; for small business. Wolf Ladejinsky, former United States agri­ These laws were enacted because the facts National Council of Young Israel, culture attache in Tokyo who figured in a · as developed ln dozens of hearings, sustained Meyer Wiener, President, Elijah Stein, · controversy over Federal security regula­ by volumes of testimony and documentary Chairman of Eretz Israel Committee. tions. evidence demanded them. 1-956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE Similarly, almost a year ago·we elfacted a with less than $250,000 in assets? We are our industrial mobilization program. Pur• law repealing the Defense Department's arbi­ getting closer home to you now. They ar1t chasing was cut short by a. pretended econ· trary definition and making it mandatory. the bulk of your customers. Their pros­ 9my in the Defense _ Department after that the Small Business Act defl.nltion, which perity or lack of it, is directly tied to yours. only a negligible volume of orders had been I enunciated before, be uniformly applied In the first 6 months of 1952 they netted placed. This great failure has caused fears in all Government agencies. profits after taxes of $175 million. Last that in the event of war there will be a repe­ Now, I do not care whether that policy year for the same period they netted only tition of the same difficulties, the same has not been implemented and enforced by $60 million: Did you get the difference of problems, the.same desperate need for com­ the Defense Department because Charlie Wil­ $115 million? I doubt it. plicated weapons, and the same restrictions son is big business or favors big business From 1952 to 1955 these same firms had that hampered output of vita.I weapons in or because his subordinates unbeknown to 40 percent less funds available for reinvest­ the last two emergencies. him have failed . to do so for fear of an­ ment and expansion. That means 40 per­ Is that business that was intended for tagonizing the boss. You and I are not con:. cent less with which to buy your tools and you, now being channeled into big busi­ cerned with the motives, good or bad. We dies. ness? are concerned that the congressional com­ But neither you nor they need investment I do not know. mittees that urged that policy upon him be­ capital. Oh, no. You just call up your But my committee intends to find out fore enactment of the law, were told that banker and tell him what you need-and unless: blocked by the favorite but much the policy was a good one and should be try to get it. abused answer to congressional commit­ the rule. A recent survey shows that 10,000 manu­ tees-the informa tlon is classified. We are more concerned with the simple facturing companies, many of them your There is another aspect of our economy incontrovertible fact that a concededly good customers, will need about $100 million this which is very bad and needs attention. doctrine was not voluntarily effectuated and year to fulfill their contracts. Small businesses complain of the inability the Congress was compelled to and did man­ Big business borrows long-term money at to -obtain steel, steel scrap, aluminum, cop­ date it. The same agency continues to ignore low rates from the insurance companies, per, nickel, lead, newsprint, plate glass, and and fl.out the law. sells bonds to the banks and investment almost every essential material. They point That ls typical of how small business is houses or sells stock to the underwriters out that the historical · allotment pattern being mistreated by the executive depart­ and the public. used by the suppliers discriminates against ment of the Government. What do you and your customers do? the small business firms because they are We get fine speeches from the top echelon If the bankers have not yet told you they unable to obtain greater allotments as their about broadening the base, integrating small will. They will say: orders increase. If they are new users, they business into Government procurement, "The Secretary of the Treasury and the are not able to get supplies at all. As prices both military and civilian, and about requir­ Federal Reserve Board are afraid of inflation. of ba.sic materials rise the small business­ ing the big prime contractors to subcontract They are tightening up on credit. They are man is squeezed by the inability to raise a fair portion of their contracts to small raising reserve requirements so we will have the price of its products or to pass the in­ business. They come into our hearings and less to lend. They are making us buy more creased cost on to its customer. I do not document their slogans and shibboleths with Government bonds for the same reason. pretend to know the answer. I can only say directives and regulations. They are raising the discount rates so we that I am not satisfied with the adminis­ Then we go out into the field only to learn must charge you more interest, so that you tration's answer that in a free economy there that the complaints from small business cannot afford to borrow." is no remedy. have increased both in number and in bit­ Congress set up a Small Business Adminis­ Criticis~ without suggested remedy may terness. tration which should be able to help you but in turn be criticized as ineffective. My sug­ What do we find? don't be too optimistic about that. The Sec­ gested remedies are simple: Except for isolated instances we find the retary of the Treasury and the Secretary of 1. Tax relief to small business that will procurement offices fighting small business Commerce, both big businessmen control the permit it to retain as much of its earnings and making it impossible for them to get Loan Policy Board of that Administration. as it needs for modernization, expansion, and into the program, withholding plans and Believe me the Congress wants the Small working capital. specifications, imposing impossible condi­ Business Administration to succeed in serv­ 2. Appointments to high Government tions, putting obstacles in the way of per­ ing you. positions of men who understand that small formance, demanding changes and extras But the latest figures do not augur too business is the backbone of our economy without compensation, and delaying their well. They show an average of 11,000 in­ and who will devote themselves to executing payments interminably. quiries a month. During the first 2 years our laws in the spirit in which they were Our latest field investigations were made of operation only 395 direct loans had been intended to operate so as to aid, not hinder, during the Easter vacation only a few weeks made. small business. 3. Finally, to the big businessmen in Gov­ ago. In the insecure world in which we live We found that it took 6 to 9 months for today, America must always be alert and ernment who give me a big pain, every time directives tQ reach the personnel in the field they tell you they, too, were small once, you prepared. It is essential in order to maintain should say, "big boy, move over and give me and then too frequently they were promptly a defense potential that we stockpile the ignored by the people charged with enforcing a chance, too." necessary machine tools needed in any war Thank you for listening to me. them. effort. Therefore, let us look at a program Our Defense Department is still spending in which you, the National Tool & Die about $40 billion per year. How much of it Manufacturers, are vitally interested. An are you getting? Not very much. All the industrial mobilization program was develop­ small business throughout the whole coun­ ed after the Korean incident. Under this pro­ Address by Hon. Herbert C. Bonner, of try is only getting 17.6 percent of the prime gram it was intended that the Government North Carolina, Before the Hampton contracts. spend up to $800 million a year for the ac­ I am amused and at the same time terri­ quisition of machine. tbols considered essen­ Roads Maritime Association, Norfolk, fied by Government economists who prate tial to maintain our defense potential. If Va., Thursday, April .19, 1956 . about our prosperity and our stability. this program had been followed America's Our national gross income ls stable 'they bastion of defense now would contain about tell us. Of course, it ls when you add big $2,400,000,000 worth of long-lead-time ma­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS business- income to farmers' income to small chine tools: the large and complex machines OF business income. . The total of the gross ls that require for their own engineering and about the same for 1955 as for 1954. building a period of many months. The HON. PORTER HARDY, JR. . What they do not tell you is that the gross economy aspect Of this policy ls striking. It OF VIRGINIA income of big business is up over a billion was reasoned that instead of actually pro- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES two hundred million dollars and the gross ducing weapons in great volume and taking income of the rest of our economy is down .the chance that these might become obsolete Wednesday, April 25, 1956 by a billion dollars. before they were needed, it would be more They tell you that bankruptcies for the economical to mobilize capability of produc- Mr. HARDY. Mr. Speaker, recently whole country are no more than in the tion equipment, build and keep up-to-date the distinguished chairman of the Mer­ previous years. Of course, they are. Big numerous machines which would be avana- chant Marine and Fisheries Committee business failures J:iave practically disap­ ble for defense tasks when the need arose. ,addressed the 36th annual banquet of peared and those of the rest of our economy Although the administration developed such _the Hampton Roads Maritime Associa­ have nearly doubled. a program, little has happened under it. tion at Norfolk. It was my privilege to They tell you that the number of business congress appropriated $250 million for that present Mr. BONNER to this gathering of firms has remained stabl~ in the last 3 years, $peciflc purpose. Only $29 million has been . ·outstanding business people in my dis· that is, it has not changed. They do not utilized. . tell you that in the prior 3 years our economy Long delays, continual p·rocrastinatlon, and trict ~ . gr~w to the extent of 50,000 new firms a failure to plan ahead have resulted in The Hampton Roads Maritime Asso­ year. What a.bout the manufacturing firms the almost complete failure o! that part of ciation represents the shipping and J026 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 25 maritime interests in the entire Hamp.. The intervening years have seen many ups vastly greater demands upon shipping, at ton Roads area. Although the majority and downs-years of recessions, depressions, no time during that period did American. of its members are residents of my dis .. and prosperity-years of hot and cold wars. shipping rates rise higher than 70 percent. They have seen the high hopes of the early Think of where · we-and probably the trict, its membership includes the lead .. postwar years fade from the great expansion world-would be today if we ·had not come ers of this industry in the Newport News with the new ships of World War I, when out of World War II with~ strong merchant community, represented by my col­ we carried more than 50 percent of our total marine · in operating condition, ready to league, Mr. ROBESON. This association exports and imports, to 1935, when, despite serve in the rehabilitation of the war-torn has been- a moving force in harbor de­ efforts in Congress and in the industry to and weakened countries of Europe and velopment and in the stimulation of the carry out our maritime policy, we found our Asia-and thereby provide a bulwark against movement of overseas commerce merchant fieet 2d in tonnage, 5th in speed, the insidious advances of communism. through the great world port of Hamp­ and 8th in age, among the fleets of the world. Then we had the years of the Korean con­ In 1939, when war broke out again in Europe, fiict, which was supposed to be a United ton Roads. It has been tremendously we were only carrying 22 percent of our for­ Nations war. At that time, even though effective because of the outstanding eign trade. the fleets of friendly nations had been ex­ leadership provided by its able officials. · By a miracle of coincidence, some of the tensively restored through purchases of Mr. BoNNER's address includes much errors of World War I were avoided as the surplus vessels from the United States at valuable information which I believe result of the timely enactment and imple­ bargain-basement prices, it was American would be of interest to the entire mem­ mentation of the Merchant Marine Act of ships that supplied better than 80 percent 1936. This was followed by the tremendous of all ocean transportation to Korea. bership of the House, and for that reason construction program of modern merchant I have asked permission to have it I hate to think of what would have ships during the war, without which the happened to ocean shipping rates if there printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. struggle for democracy would have been lost had not been an American fleet to hold the The address follows: to the Axis powers. After the war we tried to establish a definite and realistic policy line. . ADDRESS BY HON. HERBERT C. BONNER, for returning our shipping to privately op­ In one sense, it seems incredible that CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MA­ erated peacetime commerce. the need for an American-flag merchant RINE AND FISHERIES, UNITED STATES HOUSE Over the years we have made some prog­ marine can still remain a subject for de· OF REPRESENTATIVES, BEFORE THE 36TH AN­ ress-but not enough. And the signs, again, bate. Yet, even today, there are many NUAL BANQUET OF THE HAMPTON ROADS point to the old pattern which must be Americans, including some in high quar­ MARITIME AsSOCIATION, NORFOLK, VA., APRIL avoided at all costs. During the first 6 ters, who fail to realize that a reasonably 19, 1956 months of 1946 the United States merchant powerful American merchant marine is President Black, members of the Hampton fleet carried an average of 67.5 percent of more than an arm of our military defense. Roads Maritime Association, distinguished our exports and imports. In 1949, we car­ Of equal if not greater importance, the guests, nothing could please me more than ried 45 percent, and today we are carrying merchant marine is the protection which to have the privilege to speak to you here in less than 25 percent of our foreign trade. provides against a strong enemy on the eco­ Hampton Roads today in celebration of the The diligent and informed efforts of groups nomic front. It is our guarantee that 36th anniversary of the Hampton Roads such as yours, which have survived the ups American exports will reach their markets Maritime Association. My interest in your and downs of the dramatic-and sometimes speedily and in competition with other pro­ excellent port is twofold. violent--events following the First World ducing countries of the world. And it is As chairman of the Merchant Marine and War, are perhaps more vital right now than our insurance that we will receive the im­ Fisheries Committee in the House of Repre­ ever before. Today your port ranks third ports that are so necessary to maintain our sentatives, I feel deeply concerned about. the on the Atlantic coast, after New York and economy. maritime commerce in and out of all the Baltimore. Exports from Hampton Roads Of 38 critical industrial metals and min­ ports of the United States-and their ade­ have more than doubled, both in tonnage erals vital to our industrial society, the quacy to serve the needs Qf the Nation in and value, Since the foundation of your as­ United States is self-sufficient in only 9. We times of peace and in times of emergency. sociation. More impressively, your imports import by ship two-fifths of our copper, In addition, as a North Carolinian, I view are 8 times the tonnage of 1920, with a value and nearly one-third of our lead and zinc­ with personal feeling the capacity, the more than 13 times greater. You are the all classified as strategic minerals by the health, and the growth of the great harbor leading coal port in the United States, and Munitions Board. We are almost entirely of Hampton Roads which provides a vital commodities of all kinds move through depengent upon foreign sources for tin, Hampton Roads to and from all areas of nickel, and platinum. And, of the 20 alloy­ link between my home State and the other the world. You have modern facilities, ex­ Southeastern States to the markets of the ing elements necessary for steel production, cellent shipbuilding and repair yards, good the United States is deficient in about a ·World. I feel a very close affinity with all you labor relations, and industry of all kinds gentlemen and your port when I thinlc of the dozen. These facts speak for themselves as establishing or expanding plants in the area. to the vital necessity for an American mer­ fact that during 1954, out of more than a This great development of your port has chant marine. quarter of a mililon net tons of unmanu­ coincided with the period when we, as a Less than 2 years ago, the Congress en­ factured tobacco exported from the com­ Nation, have adopted a national maritime bined customs districts of the Atlantic and acted Public Law 664, known as the Cargo policy-a policy which, sometimes strongly- Preference Act. I am sure you are all fa­ Gulf coasts, shipments from the Virginia. ·sometimes feebly-we have sought to make ports totaled over 200,000 net tons, repre­ m111ar with this legislation. It provides that effective in the interests of our economy and at least 50 percent of all the United States senting better than 60 percent of the total. national security. cargoes given away or sold for foreign cur­ I have been thinking back over the years Yet, with business so good and with the rencies must be transported overseas on pri­ since your association was formed, early firm bonds of friendship and alliance with vately owned Unit~d States-flag vessels, if 1n 1920, to organize the efforts of this com­ · the maritime nations of the North Atlantic such vessels are available at fair and rea­ bined community in the development of the Treaty Organization,Js there a national and sonable rates. Prior to the enactment of port and the area, in bold effort to hold and economic necessity for our Government to the permanent 50-50 law, beginning with develop the overseas commerce which sud­ support an American merchant marine? the Marshall plan, there was an annual fight denly grew during and immediately follow­ This Nation had so neglected its mer­ each time a foreign-aid bill came up in Con­ ing World War I. Our great $3 billion war­ chant marine prior to the outbreak of the gress over the inclusion of the cargo pref­ time ship-building effort was still not quite First World War in Europe that our ships erence clause. This happened no less than completed. Private enterprise was beginning were carrying only nine percent of our ex­ 11 times. to wake up to the possibilities of American­ port-import trade. In 1914, while we were This policy has been the salvation of the fiag shipping. And, remembering the costly still a neutral Nation, we found ourselves American merchant marine during these and near tragic consequences of our prewar without ships for even our basic needs. Our postwar years. Foreign-aid programs have blindness to the importance of participat­ foreign trade was paralyzed, and goods and constituted the bulk of our export foreign ing with our own ships in the development materials were piling up on the docks. commerce. These programs have been con­ of foreign commerce-remembering the ab­ During that period, much of the foreign­ ducted on a government-to-government solute necessity for maintaining an effective fiag shipping upon which we had so heavily basis, and are totally lacking in the char­ posture of readiness on our sea frontiers­ relied was withdrawn because of the out­ acteristics of ordinary commercial practices. break of war in Europe. Thus, even before . th-t same year saw the enactment of our Had it not been for this policy of assurance first legislative program for a mercha.nt fleet the heavy movement of munitions, ocean of 50 percent of these cargoes for United shipping rates went up 700 percent. By States-flag vessels, I am certain that much, in the Merchant Marine Act of 1920. In the time this country entered, these rates 1920 Hampton Roads exported nearly 7% if not all, of the freight would have been skyrocketed to 2,000 percent. directed to the shipping of other maritime million tons of goods, worth over $226 mil­ Our experience in World War II was a nations. lion, with imports of 331,000 tons worth well little better. At least the beginning of a In 1955, when the Cargo Preference Act over $10 million. Business was good, and modern American-fiag merchant marine had was less than a year old, charges appeared the population of about 200,000 was expand­ been started under the impetus of_the Mer­ in the press to the effect that the adminls­ \ng. chant Marine Act of · 1936. Despite the tration 's program for selllng farm surpluses 1.956 CONGRESSIONAL RECO~D - HOl!SE .7027 overseas was "running into a bottleneck be­ to American shipping. The implications of the rate of almost 3 million persons per cause of a ship-American provision in the it are devastatingly simple. . year. I have heard estimates that by 1965 faw ... It was alleged that the Department The Chairman of the Federal Maritime it will be one-fifth larger than it was in of Agriculture was having trouble finding Board brought out some interesting but, in 1953-while production will be one-half space on American vessels. some respects, disturbing figures. During again greater-