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Final Technical Report Final technical report Project OPP1164143 – Characterization of faecal material behaviour during drying Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Lead Institution: Pollution Research Group – University of KwaZulu-Natal Partner institutions: Swansea University, Cranfield University Principal investigator: Dr. Santiago Septien Stringel Program officer: Dr. Carl Hensemen Project OPP1164143 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank and express their gratitude to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for their funding and support, and to have believed in the project, in particular to Dr. Carl Hensemen, Holly Ashinhurst and Dr. Doulaye Kone. The author would like to thank the partners from the project for their valuable participation and input, in particular Elinor Winrow and Dr. Ian Mabbett from Swansea University, and Dr.Tosin Somorin and Dr. Kolios Athenasios who were affiliated to Cranfield University on the time of the project. The author would like to thank to all the research fellows and students from the Pollution Research Group, at the University of KwaZulu, whose involvement and hard work in the laboratory were essential to obtain reliable and valuable data. Special thanks to Dr. Samuel Getahun, Eva Mary, Danica Naidoo, Merissa Ntunka, Bintou Diakite, Ambre Beuf, Pierre Ginisty, Valentine Manfroni, Daniel Peguero, Tanaka Chatema and Tracey Mupinga, without forgetting to the numerous undergraduate chemical engineering students who brought a brick to the wall during their laboratory projects and vacancy work. The author would like to thank the administrative, laboratory and workshop staff from the Pollution Research Group, who allowed to run the project in the best possible conditions. Special thanks to Kerry LeePhilp, Merlien Reddy, Kenneth Jack, Edie Mbolekwa and Thabiso Zikalala. To finish, the author would like to thank the heads from the Pollution Research Group, namely Pr. Chris Buckley and Susan Mercer, for their continual support and insightful advice, as well as the eThekwini municipality to have granted access to the municipal on-site sanitation infrastructure to get the feedstock for this study, in particular Teddy Gounden and Lungi Zuma. 1 Project OPP1164143 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 1 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Lists of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... 10 Overview of the project ........................................................................................................................ 11 Landscape study .................................................................................................................................... 14 Drying process ................................................................................................................................... 14 Thermodynamics aspects ............................................................................................................. 14 Types of moisture ......................................................................................................................... 15 Drying mechanisms ....................................................................................................................... 16 Drying kinetics ............................................................................................................................... 16 Factors affecting drying ................................................................................................................ 17 Drying technologies .......................................................................................................................... 18 Peculiarities of faecal sludge drying .................................................................................................. 20 Reasons for drying ........................................................................................................................ 20 Moisture in sludge ........................................................................................................................ 21 Physical changes of faecal sludge during drying ........................................................................... 22 Technologies for faecal sludge and faeces drying ........................................................................ 23 Technological gaps ............................................................................................................................ 26 Thermal degradation of the dry-bone during drying .................................................................... 26 Odour emission ............................................................................................................................. 26 Crust formation ............................................................................................................................. 26 Change of consistency .................................................................................................................. 26 Stickiness ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Evolution of the physical properties of faecal matter during drying ............................................ 27 Identification of the types of moisture ......................................................................................... 27 Pasteurization performance of the process.................................................................................. 27 References ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Experimental work ................................................................................................................................ 32 Feedstock .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Kinetics .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Experimental procedure ............................................................................................................... 33 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 36 2 Project OPP1164143 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 37 Heat of drying ................................................................................................................................... 38 Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 38 Experimental procedure ............................................................................................................... 38 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 38 Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 39 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 40 Drying emissions ............................................................................................................................... 41 Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Experimental procedure ............................................................................................................... 41 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 42 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 43 Thermal degradation ........................................................................................................................ 44 Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 44 Experimental procedure ............................................................................................................... 44 Results
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