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The Next Generation of Sanitation & Waste Treatment

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The Next Generation of Sanitation & Waste Treatment Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) technology for sludge and micropollutants treatment Kobe Nagar CEO, 374Water Inc. Lead Engineer Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University GLOBAL SLUDGE PROBLEM COSTS SOCIETY $BB Wastewater Sludge in Wastewater Sludge Industrial Wastewater Developing Countries USA Sludge - USA Current treatment creates secondary pollution “10 million pounds of poop from New York are stranded in a rural Alabama rail yard” “Safe” storage and landfilling are not sustainable It never really goes away – we just move it around… CURRENT TREATMENT METHODS ARE LIMITED Climate Adaptable Technology Limited Treatment and excess use of non- biodegradable products ► Shifting of weather patterns around the world, causing shortages and ► GenX (PFAS), PAHs, pesticides, droughts in some areas and floods in pharmaceuticals, microplastics others. ► Nutrient pollution from land application ► By 2025, two-thirds of the world’s excess nitrogen and phosphorus population may face water shortages. https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity “We can not solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them” - Albert Einstein Could SCWO be the alternative to sludge treatment? SCWO Process + + + >374 °C ~221 Bar Organic Air Clean Lower GHG Energy Waste Water Emissions Sustainable, decentralized & superior on-site treatment This barrel is an The same energy as in 87 kWh 3 gallons of worth of dump! gasoline 6 Giphy.com SUPERCRITICAL WATER SC Water has similar strength as Acetone to dissolve organic compounds Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) Solution SCWO Process + + + + + >374 °C 250 Bar Electricity Organic Waste Air Heat SCWO converts organic waste into clean water, heat, electricity and CO2 in seconds! 8 BREAKTHROUGH TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY Very fast reaction (seconds) - small footprint Complete elimination of pathogens & micro-pollutants Energy-efficient and possibility for off-grid operation at scale No pollution, no odor The industrial-scale pilot unit on Duke campus can treat Can cotreat hazardous the fecal waste of ~1000 people per day industrial wastes (oil, chemical, pharma, etc.) Scalable and offer competitive cost to AD and other methods UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ADDRESSED Fecal slurry & septage A TRUE OMNI PROCESSOR Biosolids disposal Animal waste treatment Cost (ROM) = CapEx + OpEx Hazardous waste treatment Compact $$$ SCWO $$$$ Lime stabilization $$$ Anaerobic Incineration $$$$ $$$ Drying + digestion Polluting Clean 0* $$ Incineration Dumping Anaerobic ponds, $$$ Drying beds Landfilling Land application $$ $* $$ Composting Lagoon, Sprayfield Space Intensive * Not including lawsuits LOWER COST, ENERGY, AND FOOTPRINT Incineration Anaerobic Digestion SCWO Treatment (VSR) CapEx OpEx Plant Footprint Energy consumption Polluting emissions Sustainable 12 WHY SCWO? WHY NOW? Innovation • Mixing tee configuration - avoids fouling and limits corrosion • Integrated energy recovery system – enables the system to run off the grid and generate electricity at a large scale • Safety – using air (vs. pure oxygen) and having the ability to limit temperature and avoid runaway reaction Proven pilot plant • Pilot plant at Duke Campus operational since 2015 – demonstrating successful treatment various feedstocks and micro-pollutants Demand for sustainable solutions • Running off the grid • Flooding resilient • Future proofing regulations for micro-pollutants • Phase-out of Hearth Incinerators by 2025 Our Path to Date ► Operating & ► Running with ►Reliability testing safety procedures slurries prototype A ► Construction ► New reactor ► Commercial ► Commissioning design development 2014 2016 2018-19 2013 2015 2017 ► Reactor design ► Liquids treatment ► Energy recovery ► Electrical & ► Aspen Plus investigations control design modeling ► New slurry pump ► Procurement ► Slurry handling ► Prototype B design 14 A fully functional prototype – 1 ton per day (Nix1) 15 Inside our pilot, the Nix1 16 Inside Prototype A WASTE TYPES & CALORIFIC VALUE Dewatered Waste Primary secondary activated Food Waste sludge sludge sludge (WAS) Dry solids: 20-30% Dry solids: 13% Dry solids: 27% Dry solids: 30% Ash content: ~27% Ash content: 18% Ash content: ~35% Ash content: 6% Calorific value: Calorific value: Calorific value: Calorific value: 16.3 MJ/kg 13.9 MJ/kg 15.7 MJ/kgdry dry dry 16-19 MJ/kgdry We use the energy embedded in the waste to fuel the reaction no need to digest the waste first Typical Biosolids Treatment Performance Analysis Influent Effluent Removal % COD (mg/L) 214,000 70 99.97 Total N (mg/L) 10,875 200 98.2 NH3 (mg/L) 443 17.6 - NO3 (mg/L) 183 15.9 - NO2 (mg/L) 14.9 0.4 - -3 PO4 (mg/L) 4930 67.9 98.6 pH 6.8 7.02 - 19 SLUDGE TREATMENT – TYPICAL RESULTS WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE (WAS) SCWO EFFLUENT Pre-feed processing included diluting the feedstock ppm mg/l to 11.5% solids, macerating and adding co-fuel. To 70 26 reach a 180,000 mgO2/L COD, 11.5% COD Ammonia In Effluent In Effluent concentration – we added 0.05 kg of diesel and 0.44 kg of water to each kg of sludge. After reaching a smooth consistency, the slurry was fed to the SCWO reactor using a high pressure >99% 93.7% 95.6% pump. It was preheated to 200 ºC and reacted at supercritical conditions. VSR Nitrogen Phosphate Removal Removal Calorific value (0-20 kJ/ kg dry) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): high conversion of over 13.4 kJ/kg 99.9%, from 170,000ppm to 70ppm (effluent is clean water and inert minerals; after further filtration results improve even further). Ash content (0-40%) VSR (Volatile Solids Reduction): current technologies can reach a range of 16-40% of VSR. We reached >99% - a 34.8% standard SCWO capability. Ammonia, Nitrogen, Phosphorous: most of the nitrogen is converted to nitrogen gas. Total nitrogen in the effluent is Solids (0-30%) 90 mg/L, phosphate level in the dry mineral output stream is 17.4% ~10% mass as P2O5. 20 pH level in effluent: 6.6 Fate of N and P and S during treatment N Forms SCWO Exhaust • Organic Process Gas <3 ppm NH • Urea v 3 N gas <5 ppmv NOx • Ammonium 2 <3 ppmv SOx • Heterocycles P Forms Solid minerals • Organic Phosphate precipitates • Phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 S Forms MgNH4PO4·6H2O - • HS , COS, organic Sulfates, Hydrates • Mercaptans CaSO4 21 Treatment of Emerging Contaminants Experimental Approach • Spike trace contaminants to during IPA phase and to biosolids Results • Ibuprofen and acetaminophen: spiked 10 mg/L each Effluent: ND at < 1 µg/L Removal > 99.99% • Triclosan: spiked: 100 µg/L Effluent: ND at < 0.1 µg/L Removal > 99.9% • PFOS: spiked: 2-6 mg/L Effluent: 5-30 µg/L Removal 98.6-99.7% • PFOA: spiked: 2-7 mg/L Effluent: 0.1-0.4 µg/L Removal > 99.8% Emerging contaminants are well removed This reduces concerns for water reuse 22 SCWO PFAS (FOREVER CHEMICAL) TREATMENT We spiked a biosolids slurry with high concentrations of PFOS and PFOA before feeding it to the Supercritical Water Oxidation omni- 6.3 mg/l 7.3 mg/l processor Spiked biosolids Spiked biosolids slurry with PFOS slurry with PFOA SCWO EFFLUENT Effluent Analysis 6.000 > 99.7% > 99.9% 1.000 0.167 PFOS PFOA Removal Removal 0.028 0.005 Non-detect Concentration (µg/L) 4 mg/l (<0.2 ppmv) 0.001 Fluorides in liquid effluent, PFBA PFBS PFDA PFHpA PFHxA PFHxS PFNA PFOA PFOS PFPA HF (@vent) showing recovery of F ppb ng/l 0.079 0.000 0.010 0.142 0.069 0.004 0.000 0.120 5.336 0.070 atoms as F- Co-fuels and Other Wastes Co-treated with Biosolids Tested to date in our pilot • Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) • Diesel Typical removal • Waste motor oil, vegetable oil • COD: 99-99.9% • Landfill leachate • Total nitrogen: 50-98% • Food waste • Total phosphorous: 73-99% • Plastics waste (PET, PE) Lessons learned • Successful treatment • Quantified impacts e.g. on emissions • Broadens scope of SCWO application • Enables synergistic opportunities Adding waste cooking Mixing ground food oil to biosolids waste and scraps 24 OUR VISION – DECENTRALIZED ON-SITE TREATMENT Mixed waste streams Raw sludge & Biosolids Hazardous waste • Primary from pits or septic emptying Fecal sludge • Secondary sludge Animal waste (Digested or undigested) Other applications • Industrial WWTP • CAPOs Sludge • Military and Emergency responses Cluster of Buildings Communities on microgrid Example SCWO treatment Nix6 facility in 20 ft. container One 40 ft container treats for 1000-3000 people waste from 6,000 people Energy Minerals Distilled water CO2 (carbonation, capture) Energy Balances Nix1 Nix6 Nix30 Nix200 (prototype) (commercial) (commercial) (commercial) (not optimized for efficiency) 5.1 ton/day 25.5 ton/day 170 ton/day Losses 1 ton/day 20 kW 26 kW 10 kW 12.5 kW 167 kW 300 kWh/day 4000 kWh/day Cost - Distributed Treatment (community to city scale solutions) Power Distilled Total Capacity wet Estimated consumed water treatment metric ton /day Land use CapEx or produced costs (CAPEX (people*) ($/Unit) produced (ga/day) + OPEX) Nix6 One 40’ Consumes 5.1 wet ton/day ISO 700 $2M $144 per ton 10 kW Community container Nix30 Three 40’ Produces 25.5 wet ton/day ISO 3,600 $4.5M $55 per ton 12.5 kW Town Containers Nix200 Produces 170 wet ton/day ~5000 ft2 24,000 $17M $26 per ton 167 kW City Scale 27 IMPLEMENTATION (EXISTING WWTP) Feed Secondary Plant Discharge/ treatment Land Application Clarifier (Primary treatment) Sludge Water Brackish Water (Option for RO) (Dewatering) Filter & 10-15% slurry Dewatering mixed with FOG (option) to SCWO unit Minerals SCWO Distilled (Fertilizer) Water 28 OWASA (CHAPEL HILL) CASE STUDY Not in use / Two Nix 30 units extra capacity X X XX X X X X X X X X X Eliminate
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