Reinvent the Toilet Demonstration Insights from Gujarat

UNC Water & Health Conference - 2017

Presenter: Myles Elledge

RTI International is a registered trademark and a trade name of Research Triangle Institute. www.rti.orgwww.abettertoilet.org Partnerships Make It Possible

BMGF Reinvent the Toilet Challenge

Create a waste treatment and toilet system that is …

1. “Off-grid”. Does not require an external source of electricity, water or sewer

2. A waste treatment system treats all pathogens on-site

3. An affordable system operating on no more than 5 cents per person / per day

4. An aspirational waste treatment & toilet system with appeal for developed and developing countries applications On-site Waste Treatment Prototype Site @ CEPT University Summary: Field Prototype Testing @ CEPT

• Batch processing solid and liquid waste, recycling liquid for flush water. Potential to supply treated water for additional purposes

• Solid-liquid separator and macerator processing waste to dried fuel, (currently doing ~1kg / week)

• Aspirational cabin design featuring quality space, lighting, ventilation, ergonomics, safety, privacy and MHM

• User insights on RT [1200 HH survey, 92 FGDs +900 people, over 1000 users] Product Adoption User Findings

• Liquid treatment – Positive views on water-saving features – Interest in water treatment simplicity – Positive views on reuse, varying reaction to specific additional uses of recycled water – Odor, color, clarity drivers for reuse

• Solid Waste Combustion – General comfort/familiarity with burning solid waste – Appreciate potential to generate energy

• MHM – Discrete disposal at-site is highly valued feature – Strong support for incineration as strategy on-site – On-site disposal & water potential driver to toilet use Stakeholder Engagement Leads to Targeted Market Segments

Schools are often places where children, teachers and staff don’t have access to adequate sanitation services. Attendance, participation, as well as the overall health and environment at schools could be addressed through on-site waste treatment that does not require piped sewerage. Opportunity to influence behavior change, improve health and education outcomes.

Shared or community toilets are needed in a vast number of residential communities in the developing world. Space or money may be a constraint to household toilets. Shared facilities are a workable solution for many communities – managed in a cooperative or pay-per-use model. Opportunity to improve well-being, health and education outcomes. . Stakeholder Engagement Leads to Targeted Market Segments

Small and medium sized enterprises often are working in shells of buildings or in warehouse settings in industrial zones without bathrooms. Factories with hundreds of textile, metal working, plastics or other industries, are often found wanting for the provision of safe sanitation for the health and safety of its day-laborers. Opportunity to influence worker safety, influence behavior, improve worker well-being.

Large commercial construction sites often have 100-300 workers on site, many in temporary camps with their families for 1-2 years while the construction is underway. Sanitation is often poor, and has an impact on worker health and productivity, and site cleanliness. Opportunity to improve workplace safety and worker well-being.

Transportation hubs are frequently cited areas of concern for public sanitation. Thousands of passengers or drivers might come in and out of a transport hub to catch a bus or train, exchange cargo, or rest along a journey. Sanitation options are few because infrastructure costs are high, and the options, if present, are often not safe, clean or functional. Opportunity to influence behavior, improve worker well- being. Levering Additional Programs

U.S. Army Natick TOWR (Toilet with On-site Remediation) Contact Contact http://abettertoilet.org/

Myles Elledge [email protected]

RTI International 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 www.rti.org Field testing Transformative Technologies in Tamil Nadu Sonia Grego, Senior Scientist, STeP program RTI International

October 18, 2017

Prepared for the UNC Water and Health Conference The Sanitation Technology Platform (STeP) helps move transformative sanitation technology from prototype to product.

STeP provides a full range of services through a collaboration of global experts and organizations that removes risk and streamlines the path to market, fostering greater success for its partners.

7 Field testing of Reinvent the Toilet technologies

Reinvent the Toilet technologies are maturing

• Test • Learn • Repeat

Field testing: an iterative process Field team in Coimbatore

Antony Raj Sarani Sasidharan Aravind Project B. Tech Env. M. Tech Env. Manager Engineer Engineer RTI Global India RTI Global India RTI Contractor

City: Coimbatore State: Tamil Nadu Prakash Sr. Viswa Barani Milan Basil Engineering Microbiologist M. Tech Env. support PSG IMSR Engineer RTI Global India IIT-M

Key local partner: PSG Institute of Medical Science and Research Partners: Technologies under test

Type: Multi unit Single unit Single unit

• Male toilet block • Female toilet block • Multi-story apartment Site: • 4 stalls • 10 stalls • 20 people Kohler system – Electrochemical disinfection of water for reuse for flushing 19 Overview of CLASS Technology

Closed Loop Advanced Sanitation System

• CLASS Prototypes were built by Kohler in Pune, India Treated • Electrochemical disinfection based on Water Tank Caltech Technology

Design: ▪ Multi-family, blackwater processing unit. ▪ Water re-used for toilet flushing

Key principles ▪ anaerobic settling tank pretreats waste ▪ Electrochemical oxidation converts Settling Electro chloride to produce chlorine, a pathogen Tanks chemical killing disinfectant Reactor CLASS Unit 20 CLASS field testing results

Features of Testing Site: • Location: Serene Senior Living apartment complex • Domestic toilet use • Unit connected externally to 3-5 apartments, ~ 20 users • Sewage connection to system to ensure *no* disruption in water or wastewater services to the residents

Days of operation in 181 closed loop

Volume of waste water 100,000+ treated (L) < 1 E.Coli (cfu/ml)

See M. Elledge presentation on Thursday 2:30 pm room Mountain Laurel University of Toronto Smoldering toilet University of Toronto

Key principle: Squat plate • Designed to serve a single toilet in a household setting • Dewatered solid waste combusted by smoldering: o Oxygen limited thermal process Reactor 48 in o Analogous to a burning (1.2 m) cigarette

Liquid

Field testing of prototypes Dewatering requires: unit • A raised toilet-stall area From Vohra et al, FSM 4 presentation • A toilet block with customized housing structure PSG campus Male toilet block

• Construction workers temporary housing camp • ~ 400 male laborers • age ~20–45 years • From other Indian states, multiple languages are spoken

Users entrance separate Caretakers open at set from engineering area hours Four stalls for users, separate from engineering area

▪ U. Toronto technology system was tested in April- May 2017 ▪ Obtained new, realistic inputs for process design ▪ Revised module to be tested in November 2017 Duke – RTI Duke-RTI

Water Innovation Closet (WiC) WiC: Beta Prototype Design • Accepts urine and feces as a mixture • Solid waste is dried and burned to convert the mass into electricity that powers the system • Liquid waste is disinfected by electrochemical oxidation • Prototype unit operational in Ahmedabad, India: field tests and user studies conducted since September 2015

For testing of beta prototypes in Coimbatore: ▪ A women toilet block built on a private commercial site at VKSM mills VKSM women toilet block

Site: VKSM textile mills, privately owned Number of potential users: 22 females workers living on the premises; planning to hire 80 women (160 men) Resident age and tenure: 18-28 years old, 4 to 5 Years Workers origin: Northern India, mostly Orissa and Bihar Women toilet block: 10 stalls, 10 showers, hand washing and cloth washing Towards standardized testing

Comprehensive analysis of the system outputs, aligned with methods being developed for ISO

ISO 30500 Draft “Non-sewered sanitation systems”

In early stages: standard “Community scale FS treatment units” Stay tuned for commercial products coming soon! MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA STeP uses market insights to answer key questions about target markets and value proposition.

Target Markets

Which market(s) should my technology / product target? • Which customer segments are likely to buy and/or adopt the technology? • Which geographic markets are most promising for scale? • What user context or behavior and macro trends are influencing these segments?

Value Proposition

How do I ensure my product / technology achieves a value proposition? • Who is the customer and who are the stakeholders that influence the customer? • What do they value? • What features should the technology have? • What business models enable adoption and financial sustainability? • What is the value of the technology against competing solutions? MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA

We conduct market intelligence and user studies focused on three product categories.

Single Unit RT (SURT) Multi Unit RT (MURT) Omni Processor (OP) A system that that treats A system that that treats A system that that treats waste waste for a single-unit (< waste for multiple units for an entire community / city 10 users). (10-100 users). (10,000-1 Million users). MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA

The studies tell us critical information about customer segments, purchasing pathways and market size.

We are in the process of synthesizing / consolidating this report. My intention is to cover (a) which sub-segments appear most interesting (b) the high-level qualitative findings that have technology implications.

Stakeholder Perspectives Study

Forthcoming

The Sanitation Technology Platform Please Note: This report is a good faith effort by RTI International to accurately represent information available via secondary and primary sources at the time of the information capture. The report is confidential and proprietary and only for internal uses and not for publication or public disclosure.

Market Insights for the RT, India Stakeholder Perspectives Study, J-OP Market Landscape, India • Based on extensive primary India • Market roadmap for bringing research (e.g. >300 qual. • 2-phased study: high level the J-OP to market in India Interviews in India).a analysis of 4 shared use cases, • Characterizes the policy • Identifies residential customer deep dive into religious sites landscape and factories. segments • Defines a market entry strategy, • Sizes market segments • Phase 2 provides technology including city sequencing insights and compares • • Profiles customer, purchasing stakeholder needs against Estimates market size by use pathways, points of intervention features of the RT. case • • Provides technology insights (e.g. • Defines personas: unicorns, Identifies potential project acceptable range for parameters influencers, and average joes development partners such as footprint, electricity) MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA

Indian Market Insights Study: Bottom up market segmentation revealed 9 distinct segments. MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA

Stakeholder Perspectives Study- Key insights from religious sites define desired technology features.

Despite massive Dissatisfaction with 3rd Concerns over handling Concerns over water fluctuations in terms of party service providers, multiple types of waste scarcity and desire for users, preference for resulting in desire to take (i.e. including waste from water recycling & reuse. permanent infrastructure. ownership of such onsite meal preparation) Limitations to use. activities Portability is desired for temporary gatherings

Sound not an Live flames = Taboos Smell not a big Radiant heat not issue, potential safety around concern except if an issue so long especially in hazard handling using recycled as it was away cities human waste water for bathing from human  ash contact MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA

The J-Omni Processor is a community scale fecal sludge to energy technology.

Inputs: • Dewatered fecal sludge, biosolids, supplemental biomass

Outputs: • Surplus electricity and heat • Pathogen free ash • Ultra-pure water

Value Proposition: • Complete pathogen destruction • Sellable by-products can offset a portion of project costs • Fits within existing FS collection systems • Small footprint, large volumes treated (~500- 1,000 m3/d). MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA

To enable product deployment, STeP assessed the market landscape for the J-OP in India. MARKET INSIGHTS- INDIA

Thank you.

Available from STeP website: www.stepsforsanitation.org

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• Working towards making access faster.

• You can register OR use this log-in for Forthcoming

The Sanitation Technology Platform Please Note: This report is a good faith effort by RTI International to accurately represent information available via secondary and primary sources at the time of the information capture. The report is immediate access: confidential and proprietary and only for internal uses and not for publication or public disclosure.