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Journal of Sino-American Affairs Winter 2020

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Journal of Sino-American Affairs Winter 2020 Type to enter text JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 1 JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 2 AN INDEPENDENT PUBLICATION VOLUME 1| ISSUE 1 |2019-20 JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 3 EDITORIAL BOARD Editors-in-Chief Aaditee Kudrimoti University of California, Berkeley Nikhil Shankar Stanford University Gregory Wong University of Chicago Political Science Marcin Jerzewski National Chengchi University Anna Liu Georgetown University Jefferson Ren Rice University Zhenqi Hu Stanford University Molly McNutt Barnard College Political Culture Jacob Finke Washington University in St. Louis Noah Faison Columbia University Ethan McAndrews Indiana University Bloomington Wendy Xia Georgetown University Political Economy & Business Erika Siao University of California, Berkeley Troy Shen Stanford University Ian Wong University of California, Berkeley Marketing & Production Nancy Wenxin Hu Harvard University Andy Li University of California, Riverside JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 4 LETTER FROM THE EDITORS On behalf of the Journal of Sino-American Affairs Editorial Board, we are honored to present the inaugural issue of the Journal of Sino-American Affairs. Founded as a joint venture between students at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, the Journal of Sino-American Affairs is a student-led, student-run publication dedicated to providing a forum for young leaders to discuss political, economic, and cultural topics relevant to the U.S.-China relationship, and by extension global prosperity and security. Reflecting our mission of connecting emerging players in U.S.-China relations in a forum for engaged scholarship, the Journal’s editorial board is global and interdisciplinary, comprising undergraduate and graduate students from top institutions across the United States. Inviting submissions from a broad-cross section of backgrounds and views, we reached out to dozens of universities nationwide, calling for insightful contributions on the cultural, business, and political aspects of the U.S.-China relationship. We also began engagement on university campuses, partnering with student organizations at Stanford and elsewhere to further thoughtful and essential dialogue on critical issues. From continuing trade tensions to disputes over cybersecurity, events testify daily to the enduring and growing importance of U.S.-China relations. In this issue, we are fortunate to feature contributions on a rich variety of subjects encompassing the Sino-American relationship, from a diversity of viewpoints. We invite you to read on topics ranging from the role of intergovernmental organizations on the U.S.-China trade war to an exploration of the historical structures behind Chinese perceptions of the U.S. and vice versa.We encourage you to learn about the impact of migrant regulations on structural inequality in China, and to examine the mechanisms and consequences of business groups affecting the U.S.-China relationship. We have been honored to work with inspiring faculty and staff in launching this novel publication. We are grateful to the Institute for East Asian Studies at the University of California, Berkeley (IEAS) for their generous support and invaluable guidance. We also extend thanks to students and advisors at the Forum for American- Chinese Exchange at Stanford University (FACES) for their support and insights, and to numerous other leaders from across the country who provided their time and thoughts to helping shape our mission and focus. We sincerely hope you enjoy reading the Journal’s inaugural volume. As an evolving publication, we welcome your thoughts and comments about our work. We also welcome student editors from across the globe to join our publication team, and invite submissions for our next issue. Please don’t hesitate to reach out to us at [email protected] if you are interested in contributing, or if you have any feedback or inquiries. With warm regards, Aaditee Kudrimoti Nikhil Shankar Gregory Wong Editors-in-Chief, Journal of Sino-American Affairs JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 5 THE EDITORS-IN-CHIEF NIKHIL SHANKAR is co-founder and co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Sino- American Affairs. A senior at Stanford University studying economics with a minor in mathematics, he previously served as co-president of the Forum for American- Chinese Exchange at Stanford (FACES). Nikhil is broadly interested in development and health economics, including topics such as the determinants of health over time, linkages between health and other development outcomes, and optimal ways to structure health service delivery in low-resource settings. Throughout his time at Stanford, Nikhil has worked on economics research projects on China and India. He is currently completing an honors thesis in economics, and hopes to pursue a career in academia and policy. AADITEE KUDRIMOTI is co-founder and co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Sino-American Affairs. She is also the founder and co-editor-in-chief of Policy Review at Berkeley, the University of California, Berkeley’s undergraduate public policy journal. She is currently a senior at UC Berkeley studying political science and public policy with a concentration in energy, development, and international relations and is completing a thesis on potential synergies between Western-led development project frameworks and Chinese development finance in Southeast Asia. Over the course of her college career, Aaditee has worked on education and energy policy reform for development. She hopes to pursue a career in academia and public policy and work on governance tools to build the bargaining capacity of LDCs against MNCs, foreign state-owned enterprises, etc. on the subject of FDI and other types of investment. GREGORY WONG is co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Sino-American Affairs. A junior at the University of Chicago majoring in East Asian Languages and Civilization and Sociology, he also produces the UC3P Just China podcast and serves as the Chief of Staff of the Chicago Model United Nations Conference. His research interests focus on the formation of national identity, particularly in stateless regions, and the expression of identity through song. Gregory is currently completing an honors thesis in East Asian Languages and Civilizations, and hopes to pursue a career at the intersection of policy and academia. JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 6 CONTENTS Political Culture: A Letter from the Editors 8 Aaditee Kudrimoti, Jacob Finke, Ethan McAndrews, Noah Faison, & Wendy Xia Discourse, Distrust, and Misunderstanding 9 Nicholas J. Romanow The Resurgence of American Sinophobia 12 Raihan Kabir Political Science: A Letter from the Editors 16 Marcin Jerzewski, Aaditee Kudrimoti, Anna Liu, Zhenqi Hu, & Molly McNutt Rethinking the Myth of a U.S.-China “New Cold War” 17 John Chua In Persistent Pursuit of Assured Retaliation 20 Matthias Sheppard Black Cat’s Claw: The Impact of Migrant Regulations on Structural Inequality in the 27 People’s Republic of China Travis Sanderson Political Economy & Business: A Letter from the Editors 38 Gregory Wong, Nikhil Shankar, Ian Wong, Erika Siao, & Troy Shen Is Southeast Asia Set to Win the U.S.-China Trade War? 39 Sunena Gupta Domestic Politics, Organized Business Interests, and U.S.-China Relations 42 Shenyang Li JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 7 Political Culture: A Letter from the Editors Aaditee Kudrimoti Jacob Finke Noah Faison Ethan McAndrews Wendy Xia University of Washington University Columbia University Indiana University Georgetown University California, Berkeley in St. Louis Bloomington In designing this inaugural edition of the Journal of Sino-American Affairs, we challenged ourselves to design sections that were not only relevant to U.S.-China relations, but also provide our readers with an opportunity to reflect on how their values, morals, and cultural backgrounds shape their understanding of international affairs. Editors for the Political Culture section share the belief that if we as global citizens become more aware of our own and others’ cultural backgrounds, interpersonal dynamics, and values, we not only understand more about ourselves, but by extension we also understand more about our world. We’ve designed our section as a forum for writers to reflect on what we can best describe as the socio-cultural norms, formal, and informal institutions that dictate how American and Chinese societies function, and how they are both the causes and effects of fundamental societal differences between the U.S. and China. We hope that political culture pieces highlight these differences and how they manifest in and dictate Sino-American Affairs. The “call-to-action” in political culture pieces is thus to encourage readers to reflect on how socio-cultural frameworks shape the political and economic affairs that constitute U.S.-China relations. JOURNAL OF SINO-AMERICAN AFFAIRS 8 Discourse, Distrust, and Misunderstanding Nicholas J. Romanow The University of Texas at Austin This past summer I travelled to Kunming, China to and spread positive news about the Communist Party participate in a Mandarin language immersion and China. In any public controversy that touches program, which marked my first time travelling outside China, such as the ongoing online chatter over turmoil North America. in Hong Kong, netizens flood the discourse with pro- Party content. Months after returning to the States, I still struggle to answer the question, “How was China?” After studying “Bad news” only occurs outside of China. Even events for two
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