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Home , Acinos, Acrotome, Ballota, Basilicum, Calamintha grandiflora, Coleus barbatus

NEWSLETTER

LAMIALES Issue number 3 October 1994

Lamiales researchers. If you are not already on the directory, published CONTENTS THE IMPORTANCE in the 2nd edition of the Newsletter OF PERICARP (Nov. 1993), and would like to be Editorial 1 STRUCTURE IN THE included, please send details of CLASSIFICATION your address and research interests The importance of 1 OF LABIATES pericarp structure in the to the editors, including an e-mail address if you have one. classification of Labiates Olof Ryding A round table discussion on Labi- Dept. of Systematic Botany, esculentus 3 atae is to be held on the 27th Sep- Uppsala University, Uppsala, A minor tuber crop in dire tember 1995, during the 8th OPTI- Sweden need of rescue from extinction MA meeting, 25th Sept. - 1st Octo- ber 1995, to be held in Sevilla, Characters of types, Some useful indigenous 5 Spain. A provisional programme morphology, presence of Labiates from Ethiopia includes M. Mafei (Torino, Italy): endosperm and shape of the Chemical of Labiatae; corolla, are known to be particu- Essential Oils of Labiate 6 N. Falciani & E. Nardi (Firenze, larly useful in the study of a phy- from Italy): Systematic revision of logeny, and play a most impor- sect. Stachys in Italy; T. tant role in a recent classifica- The role of Labiatae 11 Upson & S.L. Jury (Reading, UK): tions of the labiates at subfamil- in the vegetable resources Moroccan ; R.M. Harley ial, tribal and subtribal levels. of the USSR (Kew, UK): A new approach to the classification of the Lamiales: Wagner (1914) studied the peri- Flora of vol. 17: 12 consequences for the Mediter- carp of many labiates in trans- - Solanaceae ranean Flora. Information on the verse section, but his well illus- OPTIMA meeting can be obtained trated work seems to have been from Dr Mejias, Dept. de Biología forgotten during a long period. EDITORIAL Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Other major contributions have Biología, Avda. Reina Mercedes, been provided by Wojciechows- R. M. Harley & A. Paton s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain, FAX 34 ka (1966), Hedge (1970) and Herbarium, Royal Botanic (9)5 4557059. Ryding (1992a, 1993b, c, d). The Gardens, Kew, Richmond, studies provide several examples The Instituto de Quimica (UNAM, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK of pericarp characters that are Mexico City) have agreed to spon- very useful in classification at Welcome to the third Lamiales sor the next Lamiales Conference in different taxonomic levels. Newsletter. We still require more late 1996. The details have not yet articles for inclusion in the next been finalised, we hope to be able A typical example of the peri- Newsletter. We do rely on your to elaborate on plans in the next carp structure in is support with articles to keep the edition. Meanwhile any institution shown in figure 1. In the exocarp Newsletter going. We can also print willing to co-sponsor the event (nutlet epidermis), there are any requests for living research should contact Mr Baldomero often cells which produce material or advertise any meetings Esquivel, Instituto de Quimica, mucilage when becoming wet. relevant to Lamiales research. The Cicuito Exterior, Ciudad Universi- The layers just below the exo- editors can be contacted by e-mail taria, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico carp are usually thin and/or soft using the following addresses: D.F., Mexico. If possible, copies of (mesocarp s.str.), and further [email protected] or correspondence should be sent to down, there is usually a layer of [email protected]. We are Dr T.P.Ramamoorthy, 412 Heart- vertically arranged bone cells constantly updating directory of wood Dr., Austin, TX 78745, USA. and/or layers of stone cells. The ➣

1 inner epidermis of the pericarp is which several have become wide- did not consider any anatomical trinucula (which were not included from Verbenaceae by Cantino et usually thin. The coat of the seed spread as weeds. In the largest characters of the pericarp. If in Cantino’s analysis) have been al. (1992). I am sure that the new PLECTRANTHUS is usually thin. , , the variation in added, some pericarp characters found to have a very different type data will be very useful in studies ESCULENTUS N.E.BR. pericarp structure was found to will provide additional support of pericarp which contains large of the phylogeny, and contribute Hedge (1970), who studied many A MINOR TUBER be well correlated to Sebald’s to in Cantino’s phyloge- sclariform cells (Ryding 1993d). to further improvements of the of , found that they CROP IN DIRE NEED infrageneric classification netic tree. However, in a few The three latter genera are proba- classification of the labiates. have a similar basic structure but OF RESCUE FROM (Sebald,1980). The distribution cases, there are conflicts between bly extraneous to Pogoste- show obvious differences in EXTINCTION. of pericarp characters and some pericarp characters and Cantino monoideae and their systematic thickness of the pericarp, pro- other morphological characters et al.’s (1992) classification. position is uncertain. Thus, the Literature Cited portions of the individual layers P.M. Kyesmu suggests that African Leucas are subfamily Pogostemonoideae had and colour. The most distinctive The largest subfamily, CANTINO, P.D. 1992. Evidence for a U.A.P.S., Dept. of , more closely related to the perhaps better be abandoned or polyphyletic origin of Labiatae. species in general facies proved , which forms a very Wye College, Wye, Ashford, African and given a new circumscription. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: in general to have the most dis- distinct group and constitutes a Kent, TN25 5AH, UK than to the Asiatic Leucas (Ryd- 361–379. tinctive pericarp. well corroborated in Canti- ing 1993c). The above-mentioned Ocimeae is a rather distinctive no’s phylogenetic tree, gets addi- CANTINO, P.D., HARLEY, R.M. AND The tropical genus , to examples show how pericarp tribe under the subfamily Just as it is likely that many tropi- tional support by the presence of WAGSTAFF, S.J. 1992. Genera of which the painted nettle characters can be useful in classi- Nepetoideae. It has a tropical dis- cal grasses were at one time myxocarpy (Ryding 1992b). The Labiatae, status and classification. belongs, differs from the related fication at generic and lower lev- tribution and is characterized by In: R. Harley and T. Reynolds. grown for their grains, so it is phenomenon has only been found Plectranthus by having the sta- els. Several pericarp characters, having the lying on the Advances in Labiate Science. Royal likely that a number of African in Nepetoideae, and within the mens united, but as this differ- particularly the ones of the scle- lower lip of the corolla. The two Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 511–522. tubers were formerly cultivated subfamily, about 70% of the ence is not quite consistent, renchyma (bone cells or stone predominantly African subtribes, more than now and have come to species are mucilaginous. Absence HEDGE, I.C. 1970. Observations on Coleus has been reduced to a cells), have been found to be Plectranthinae and Ociminae, are be displaced by more successful of myxocarpy in this subfamily the mucilage of Salvia . Notes . Ryding (1992a) found rather conservative, to be consis- traditionally considered to differ ones. The native crops that sus- can generally be regarded as a Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 30: that most species with united tent within genera and to vary in size and shape of the lower lip 79–95. tained local populations and secondary derived condition. of the corolla, but these differ- early civilisation for centuries are stamens also have crystals in the only at higher taxonomic levels. RYDING, O. 1992a. Pericarp struc- ences are apparently inconsistent. mesocarp. The correlation of Such characters apparently pro- In five articles, Wojciechowska ture and phylogeny within Lami- neglected and unexplored. A However, Ryding (1992a) found characters suggests that the vide very important evidence, studied the nutlet shape and peri- aceae subfamily Nepetoideae tribe social stigma leading to prefer- species with united stamens useful in the classification at sub- carp characters in European labi- that there are consistent differ- Ocimeae. Nordic J. Bot. 12 (3): ence for exotic crops has probably represent a separate , tribe and subtribe levels. ates. In her largest work (1966), ences in pericarp characters. 273–298. emerged. This has threatened the line of evolution, and a cladistic she divided the family into six , a genus known by its existence of native crops which Cantino et al. (1992) divided the RYDING, O. 1992b. The distribution analysis might well support the informal groups based on pericarp berry-like and edible fruiting are now being considered as family into eight subfamilies, and evolution of myxocarpy in resurrection of Coleus as a characters. Her division agrees calyx, had to be moved from Plec- ‘endangered species’ (Miège, essentially on the basis of a Lamiaceae. In: R. Harley and T. genus. Solenostemon and several strikingly well with Cantino et al.’s tranthinae to Ociminae. The wide- 1988). Many tuber crops so cladistic analysis presented by Reynolds (eds.). Advances in Labi- other related genera may have (1992) subfamilial classification: ly disjunct genus Rabdosiella was threatened, are known to be of Cantino (1992). Among many ate Science. Royal Botanic Gar- to be included in this genus. group A includes the subfamily found to be very polymorphic in dens, Kew. pp. 85–96. local origin and there are long other characters, Cantino (1992) ; B includes Aju- pericarp characters. Later it was established traditions about their Leucas, Leonotis and Acrotome included fruit types, shape of RYDING, O. 1993c. Pericarp struc- goideae and most Teucrioideae proved to be polyphyletic, and the cultivation, storage, processing are three closely related genera mericarps, shape and size of ture of Leucas and related genera. (the two subfamilies are placed in two species were moved to Plec- and preservation. Some of these from the Old World tropics, of mericarp scar and structures, but Nordic J. Bot. 13: 637–646. different subgroups); D includes tranthus and , respectively crops have significantly con- RYDING, O. 1993d. Pericarp struc- most Nepetoideae; E and F (Ryding 1993a). According to tributed to rural diets and have ture and phylogeny of the subfami- include the . However, Ryding (1993a, b), the two latter become well adapted to different genera are not as closely related ly Pogostemonoideae (Lamiaceae). her group C, which includes vari- Nordic J. Bot. 13 (5) (accepted). environmental conditions. Plec- ous divergent pericarp types, is as previously thought, and Isodon tranthus esculentus N.E.Br. (syn. SEBALD, O. (1980). Die Gattung Leu- apparently polyphyletic. had better be excluded from the Coleus dazo A. Chev.& Perrot) is cas R. Brown (Labiatae) in Afrika Plectranthinae, and it might form one such domesticated tuber In Cantino’s (1992) cladogram, und auf der Arabischen Halbinsel. a separate subtribe together with crop (Agboola, 1979). the subfamily Pogostemonoideae the also East Asiatic Skapanthus Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A 341. forms a weakly supported clade. and Hanceola. WAGNER, S. 1914. contribution á Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. This subfamily, which includes l’étude anatomique du fruit des was initially cultivated through about six tropical to temperate Further results from pericarp labiées. Thèse, Université de selection of wild populations in Asiatic genera, has been found to studies will appear in publication Paris, Paris. the Upper Niger valley of the be very polymorphic in pericarp in the near future, and it is my WOJCIECHOWSKA, B. 1966. Mor- Hausaland and in the Central characters (Ryding 1993c). The aim to have this structure investi- phology and anatomy of fruits and African Republic. The Central Layer of Bone Cells Mesocarp S. Str. Exocarp genera and Anisome- gated in at least one representa- seeds in the family Labiatae with African area is considered the les are rather different, and the tive of as many labiate genera as particular respects to medicinal primary centre (Porteres, 1962; Figure 1. Pericarp of in transverse section. three related genera, Leucoscep- possible, including the ones species (in Polish). Monogr. Botan. Harlan et al., 1976). The species Illustration taken from Wagner (1914). trum, and Ros- which have been transferred 21: 1–244. has been reported to occur from ➣

2 3 Equatorial , micropropagation and HARLAN, J.R. DE WET, J.M.J. AND southwards to Angola, microtuberisation of STENLER, A.B.L. (1976). Origins of SOME USEFUL INDIGENOUS LABIATES the eastern Transvaal, Plectranthus esculen- African domestication. Mou- FROM ETHIOPIA Swaziland and Coastal tus. The research aims ton publishers. The Hague. Paris. Natal in dry wooded at developing enabling KYESMU, P.M. AND AKUESHI, C.O. Sebsebe Demissew and Nigist Asfaw areas (Fox and in vitro technologies (1989). Effects of relative humidity The National Herbarium, Science Faculty, Addis Abeba University, Young, 1982). Its cul- necessary for:- variation on crude protein, crude P.O. Box 3434, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia tivation for edible fibre, fats and ash contents of tubers has been a) The survival and Coleus potato (Plectranthus escu- reported (Dalziel, conservation of the lentus. N.E.Br.) under storage. Eating and drinking habits TOSIGN/TESNI: Abyssinian 1937; Purseglove, plant. Nigerian Journal of Botany 2: 1-7. would have been dull exercises had it not been for aromatic The genus is mainly a 1987; Peters et al, b) The multiplication MIÈGE, J. (1988). The decline in 1992; Rivera Nuñez of promising genetic and protection of traditional crop which enhance the desir- temperate taxon and is uncom- and Obén de Castro, materials (disease-free) production in West Africa. Gene- able flavour and aroma of our mon in the African tropics. There 1992). The plant is for breeding trials. va-Afrique. 26(2): 117-124. food and drink. The common are, however, two species, T. referred to as ‘kaffir- diseases such as cold, diarrhoea, schimperi Ronniger and T. serru- potato’ in English and In vitro cultures of Plectranthus esculentus c) The assessment of MORTON, J. (1962). Cytotaxonomic etc. would have made life miser- latus Hochst. ex Benth. which are studies on West African Labiatae. ‘Rizga’ in the Hausa isoenzymes and ran- able for many, had it not been endemic to the Ethiopian high- J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 58: 231-283. language (Dalziel, dom amplified DNA for the use of in folk medi- lands growing on edges of roads, 1937). Its cultivation has been 155.00 iron, 15.50-64.75 magne- polymorphisms for distinguish- PETERS, C.R. O’BRIEN, E.M. AND cine. People with various cul- in open grassland, on bare rocks reported in Northern Nigeria, sium, 0.5-1.0 copper and 1.00-3.00 ing clones. Findings from such DRUMMOND, R.B. (1992). Edible tures in different parts of the and on slopes, between 2200- mostly around Adamawa, manganese (Gila, 1984). studies should suggest further wild plants of Sub-Saharan Africa. world, in one way or another use 4000 m. altitude. Bauchi, Niger, Kaduna, Plateau, lines of research. It is hoped Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, aromatic plants to season their A critical chemotaxonomic sur- Both species are perennial and Taraba states (Gila, 1984). that this will help halt the Richmond, Surrey, U.K. food, to perfume their body and vey of Plectranthus is much herbs, woody at the base and 5- The taxonomic circumscription decline in, and encourage pro- to treat ailments. Aromatic needed to reveal the potential PORTÉRES, R. (1962). Berceaux 40 cm high. The is of P. esculentus has been docu- tection of, a traditional crop in plants used as herbs or spices or of the plants. The biochemical agricoles primaires sur le continent commonly crowded into globose mented by Morton (1962), Fox danger of extinction. The poten- African. Journal of African Histo- in and/or aroma when added to constituents could be of poten- and oblong heads with pink and Young (1982) and Codd tial of P. esculentus for agricul- ry. 3(2): 195-210. food or other objects. Most of tial medicinal significance or corollas. T. schimperi has ovate (1985). tural use seems great. the chemicals responsible for other uses. The isolation and PURSEGLOVE, J.W. (1987). Tropi- to elliptic with entire mar- these distinctive tastes, smells identification of a compound cal crops. . Longman gins. It is comparatively wide- Information on pathology, utili- and medicinal properties are Coleonol or Forskolin from Scientific & Technical, Brunt spread in central, eastern and sation, preservation, nutritional complex mixtures of compounds Plectranthus barbatus (syn. Mill. U.K. northern Ethiopia. It is locally value and other biochemical con- known as essential oils. ) confirms the RICHARDSON, P.M. (1992). The known as Tosign. T. serrulatus stituents of P. esculentus is References scanty. This lack of information medicinal potential of the chemistry of Labiatae: An Intro- The Labiatae is one of the few has obovate to oblanceolate prompted a preliminary investi- plants. Coleonol is a potent AGBOOLA, S.A. (1979). An agricul- duction and an Overview. In plant families with various aro- -laminas with weakly crenate gation on some of the tuber’s stimulant and pharmacological tural atlas of Nigeria. Oxford Uni- Harley, R.M. and Reynolds, T. matic plants that provide some of margins and is restricted to biochemical constituents. The studies suggest it has potential versity press, London: 53-71. (1992). Advances in Labiate Sci- the essential ingredients of life northern Ethiopia. It is locally for the treatment of hyperten- ence. The Royal Botanic Gardens mentioned above. Almost all of known as Tesni or Thasne. outcome suggests that the plant CODD, L.E. (1985). Plectranthus in sion, glaucoma, asthma and cer- Kew, Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: the members of this family have has a great potential to amelio- Leistner, O.A., ed. Flora of South- The fresh or dried leaves of tain cancers (Valdes et al 1987). 291-298. fragrant herbage. The most com- rate current and predicted food ern Africa 28,4: 137-172. both species are used locally as shortages and to augment exist- RIVERA NUÑEZ, D. AND OBÓNDE mon herbs like , , A critical chemotaxonomic inves- DALZIEL, J.M. (1937). The useful condiments in the preparation ing food varieties. CASTRO, C. (1992). Palaeoethnob- , , sage and mint are tigation of the tropical Plectran- plants of West tropical Africa. The of chilli powder, stew, bread otany and archeobotany of the native to the northern and east- thus species will undoubtedly Crown Agents for the colonies. and tea. In traditional medicine, Biochemical analyses of freshly Labiatae in and the near ern edges of the Mediterranean reveal significant chemical sub- Mill-bank, Westminster, London. the boiled leaves are drunk to harvested tubers on dry weight East. In Harley, R.M. and sea. In Ethiopia, the family is stances not yet reported. It is also treat coughs, headaches, stom- basis indicated crude protein as FOX, F.W. AND YOUNG, M.E.N. Reynolds, T. (1992). Advances in represented by over 20 genera. probable that the plants could ach-ache and gonorrhea. The 7.71%, crude fibre 5.99%, fat (1982). Edible wild plants of Labiate Science. The Royal Botan- The native Mediterranean aro- have anti-bacterial/anti-fungal pharmacological action of 0.27%, total ash content 4.48% Southern Africa botanically identi- ic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Sur- matic plants, mentioned above properties (Richardson, 1992). thyme is due mainly to the phe- and carbohydrate 29.32% fied and described. Delta books, rey, U.K.: 437-454. are also cultivated in Ethiopia for Such a study may also help nolic component thymol, which (Kyesmu and Akueshi, 1989). Johannesburg. their culinary properties. There resolve some of the taxonomic VALDES, L.J., MISLANKAR, S.G. is a major component in the Mineral content of the tubers are also indigenous species which confusion within the genus. GILA, M.A. (1984). Morphogenetic AND PAUL, A.G. (1987). Coleus essential oil. (mg. per 100g. tuber weight) variation in ‘Rizga’- Plectranthus barbatus (syn.C. forskolii) (Lami- have various local uses. Some of range from 8.00-21.75 sodium, The author together with Dr. esculentus N.E.Br. M.Sc. thesis, aceae) and the potential new drug these, belonging to the genus The genus is represent- 55.00-90.00 calcium, 1225.00- S.H. Mantell of Wye College, Department of Botany, University forskolin (coleonol). Economic Thymus and Ocimum (Labiatae) ed by nine indigenous species. 15,000.00 potassium, 100.00- are currently researching of Jos, Jos. Nigeria. Botany. 41(4): 474-483. are mentioned here. Two of the species, O. forskolei ➣

4 5 and O. lamiifolium which are important locally for their Genus Total Endemic No. taxa Endemic Main compound: species (%) ref. no ESSENTIAL OILS OF LABIATAE FROM no. of sp. in in Turkey sp. studied flavour, aroma and medicinal TURKEY – RECENT RESULTS taxa in Turkey studied by us for properties are discussed here. Turkey by us for ess. oil K. H. C. Baser, ess. oil AJUBAN – Ocimum forskolei Anadolu University, Medicinal Plants Research Centre (TBAM) 72isomenthone: suaveolens (51)3 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey Benth. pulegone: suaveolens (48-75)* This is an erect perennial , thymol: alpinus (30)* woody at the base or branched Turkey is regarded as an impor- References 16 8 1 germacrene D: nigra (9-36)* or 25-50 cm. tant gene-centre for the Labiatae. 1) K. H. C. BASER, , Essential Oils high. The leaves are ovate to The family is represented in of Turkish Labiatae, Poster pre- 12 4 2 isopinocamphone: grandiflora (53)4 lanceolate. It has an inflores- Turkey by 45 genera, 546 species sented at Advances in Labiatae piperitone oxide: spp. glandulosa (44)5 cence with many clusters of flow- and a total of 731 taxa. The rate Science on International Sympo- ers that have whitish to pinkish of endemism in the family is sium, 2-5 April 1991, Royal Botan- piperitone oxide II: nepeta ssp. glandulosa (25-58)* corollas. It commonly grows 44.2%. ic Gardens, Kew, U. K. Coridothymus 11carvacrol: capitatus (69-78)6 along road sides, disturbed and 2) K. H. C. BASER, , Essential Oils Labiatae occurring in Turkey have 621 1pulegone: niveum (56)7 overgrazed areas between sea been investigated for essential oils of Anatolian Labiatae: A profile, level up to 2500 m. altitude from since 1946. Until 1970, there were Acta Horticulturae (in press) Dorystoechas 111 11,8 - co-cineole: hastata (9-21)8 northern to southern Ethiopia. It only 8 papers. In 1970s 16 more 3) G. TÜMEN, The Volatile Con- Lavandula 331camphor: stoechas (33)*, stoechas spp. cariensis (53)* is locally known as Ajuban, Aba studies appeared. 38 papers were stituents of Acinos suaveolens fenchone: stoechas ssp. stoechas (40), stoechas ssp. Timara and Techomere. The observed in 1980s. However, in the (Sibh. et Smith) G. Don fil. Grow- cariensis (48)* fresh and dried leaves, , first three years of 1990s, 56 papers ing in Turkey. J. Essent. Oil fruits and tender stems are used have so far been published. Recent Res.3(3): 191-192 (1991). 24 9 1 1 germacrene D: parviflorum ssp. oligodon (11)* to flavour “wot” (a thick, usually upsurge in the number of papers on 4) K. H. C. BASER, , T. ÖZEK, Com- 33carvacrol: officinalis ssp. inodora (15), ssp. highly spiced stew), sauces, Labiatae essential oils is due to the position of the Essential Oil of officinalis (46)9 soups and coffee. They are also fact that our group has in recent Planta citral: officinalis (35)9 used against malaria, headaches years been engaged in an intensive Medica, S9 (4) 390 (1993). sabinene: officinalis ssp. altissima (13)9 and diarrhoea. study of the Turkish Labiatae.1,2 Lit- 5) N. KIRIMER, T. ÖZEK, M. The major component of the oil erature survey and the results of KÜRKÇÜOGLU, K. H. C. BASER, , 12 7 carvone: longifolia ssp. longifolia (54-64)*, is methyl chavicol, although vari- our ongoing research into essential Composition of the Essential Oil longifolia ssp. typhoides (50)*, spicata (c) (38-74)10 of Calamintha nepeta subsp. glan- able mixtures of essential oils oil composition of the Labiatae taxa linalool: citrata (c) (34-38)* dulosa J. Essent. Oil Res.: 4 (2) could be obtained from different of Turkey revealed that only about menthyl acetate: longifolia (39)* 189-190(1992). and chemotypes. a quarter of the Labiatae of Turkey menthol: piperita (c) (36-37)* 6) T. ÖZEK, F.DEMIRCI. G. TÜMEN, have been subjected to any degree pulegone: pulegium (23-78)* of scientific analysis. K. H. C. BASER, , Composition of DAMAKESSEH – O. lamiifoli- the Essensial Oil of Coridothymus 22 6 5 caryophyllene: myrtifolia (43)11 In this short review, I shall sum- um Hochst. ex Benth. capitatus (L.) Reichb. fil, 10th piperitone oxide: congesta (45)12 marize the results of our research This is a common subshrub or Symposium on Plant Drugs, 20-23 13 into essential oils of some impor- pulegone: fruticosa ssp. barbata (81) , fruticosa ssp. shrub up to 3 m. tall. The plant May 1993, Ïzmir, Turkey. brachycalyx (57)14, fruticosa ssp. serpyllifolia (33)15 tant genera of the Turkish Labi- has a long, lax inflorescence with 7) K. H. C. BASER, , S. SARIKARDA- atae in terms of major compo- Nepeta 38 14 7 2 1,8-cineole: italica (35-47)* white, pink or lilac corollas. It SOGLU, G. TÜMEN, The Essential nents of the oils. In the course of α α αβ commonly grows on clearings Oil of Cyclotrichium niveum 4a , 7 , 7 -nepetalactone: caesarea (91-95)*, the ongoing work on the essential racemosa 32-91)16 linalool: italica (19-63)* and edges of forests and bush- (Boiss.) Manden et Scheng., J. oils of Anatolian Labiatae in our Essent. Oil Res., (in press) land between 1200-2900 m. alti- Ocimum 11linalool: (18-44)17 laboratories, 140 taxa have been tude in many parts of Ethiopia. It 8) K. H. C. BASER, , N. ÖZTÜRK, investigated, constituting 72% of Composition of the Essential Oil 31 15 9 carvacrol: majorana (32-78)18,19, minutiflorum is locally known as Damakesseh. 19,20 21 the total number of taxa (195) of Dorystoechas hastata, A Mono- (42-82) , onites (55-80) , syriacum var. bevanii 22 23 O. lamiifolium is one of the com- studied in Turkey. During our typic Endemic from Turkey, J. (42-79) , vulgare ssp. hirtum (3778) monly used medicinal plants. The studies, scardica was dis- Essent. Oil Res. 4 (4): 369-374 caryophyllene: vulgare ssp.vulgare (20-23)24, fresh leaves are squeezed and the covered to grow in Turkey-in- vulgare ssp. gracile (18)24 9) G. TÜMEN, E. SEZIK, K. H. C. p-cymene: vulgare ssp. vulgare (28)* juice sniffed to treat colds and Europe. , a ASER B , , Composition of the Essen- ∝ 25 coughs and used as eye rinse to central American species, was tial Oils of Melissa officinalis sub- -terpinene: sipyleum (23-24) treat eye infections. The crushed found to have been introduced species of Turkey, 24th Internation- linalool: onites (51-92)* leaves are put in the nostrils to and partially naturalized in al Symposium on Essential Oils, terpinen-4-ol: vulgare ssp. viride (17)24 stop nose bleeding. Aydin province. 21-24 July 1993, Berlin, Germany. ➣

6 7 Genus Total Endemic No. taxa Endemic Main compound: species (%) ref. no Genus Total Endemic No. taxa Endemic Main compound: species (%) ref. no no. of sp. in in Turkey sp. studied no. of sp. in in Turkey sp. studied taxa in Turkey studied by us for taxa in Turkey studied by us for Turkey by us for ess. oil Turkey by us for ess. oil ess. oil ess. oil

Rosmarinus 111,8-cineole: officinalis (28-54)* 421carvacrol: spicata var. intricata (60-71)36, spicata var. spicata (61-77)36 Salvia 92 44 8 1 1,8-cineole: cryptantha (16-37)*, fruticosa (40-62)10 α -pinene: tomentosa (29-63)* Thymus 57 20 32 16 α-pinene: cilicicus (17)37 α+β-pinene: candidissima (18)* α-terpineol + α-terpenyl acetate: praecox ssp. β -pinene: wiedemannii (30)* skorpilii (25)38 β-thujone: pomifera (51)26 α-terpenyl acetate: longicaulis ssp. longicaulis (82)39 camphor: tomentosa (16-36)* 40 carvacrol: verticillata ssp. amasiaca (20) borneol: cariensis (13) , leucostomus var. argillaceus (24)38 linalyl acetate: sclarea (7-70)27 38 sabinyl acetate: pisidica (16)* carvacrol: eigii (65) , kotschyanus var. eriophorus (28)38, kotschyanus var. glabrescens (57-70)38, 14 4 7 2 carvacrol: thymbra (30-47)*, spicigera (26-55)*, leucostomus var. leucostomus (22)38, longicaulis montana (53-63)*, cilicica (38)28, cuneifolia (26- ssp. chaubardii var. chaubardii (42)38, longicaulis 69)29, parnassica ssp. sipylea (43)30 ssp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus (32)41, sibthorpii thymol: cuneifolia (41-68)*, hortensis (34)*, (39-40)38 spicigera (32-35) caryophyllene oxide: haussknechtii (12)38 p-cymene: spicigera (34)* citral: sipyleus ssp. sipyleus var. sipyleus (39-63)38 Sideritis 48 31 29 19 1,8-cineole: arguta (23)31 sipylea (17)31 geraniol: longicaulis ssp. longicaulis (69)39, tracicus α-pinene: dichotoma (19)32, libanotica ssp. kurdica var. longidens (16-47)* 33 31 (42) , pisidica (30) , linalool: haussknechtii (20)40, sipyleus ssp. sipyleus ssp. kurdica (42)33, pisidica (30)31 var. sipyleus (22)38 β 31 -pinene: congesta (34-35) , germanicopolitana linalyl acetate: argaeus (45-66)38 (17)*, hispida (20)*, trojana (17)31, libanotica ssp. 38 libanotica (29-40)33, scardica †(22)31, stricta (33)31, p-cymene: pectinatus var. pectinatus (33) , striatus syriaca ssp. nusariensis (39)31 var. interruptus (15)38 borneol: lycia (18)31 thymol: atticus (38)38, bornmuelleri (45)42, comptus carvacrol: galatica (14)31, lanata (18)31 (35)38, leucostomus var. argillaceus (15-35)38,43, 44 carvone: libanotica ssp. microchlamys (10)33 longicaulis ssp. chaubardii var. alternatus (70) , 44 31 31 longicaulis ssp. chaubardii var. chaubardii (45-65) , caryophyllene: condensata (20) , hispida (11) , 39 33 longicaulis ssp. longicaulis (53) , longicaulis libanotica ssp. violascens (11) , bilgerana (10)* 38, 41 ∝ ssp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus (27-57) , 31 -elemene: montana ssp. montana (23) , tmolea pectinatus var. pectinatus (35)45, praecox ssp. (20)31 skorpilii var. laniger (18-41)38, pulvinatus 31 germacrene D: montana ssp. montana (28) (32)*, roegneri (54)38,46, sipyleus ssp. rosulans (36- myrcene: athoa (39)34, germanicopolitana ssp. 68)38, vulgaris (c) (36)38, zygoides var. lycaonicus germanicopolitana ssp. germanicopolitana (37-48)35, (45)38 germanicopolitana ssp. viridis (16-49)35, perfoliata 31 31 (18-43) , sipylea (18-49) Zizphora 66pulegone: clinopodioides (22)47,48, taurica ssp. sabinene montana ssp. montana (44)31 cleonioides (78)48, taurica ssp. taurica (65)48, tenuior (86-87)48,49 Stachys 103 33 3 carvacrol: cretica ssp. anatolica (33)* thymol: persica (31)48,50 ➣ germacrene D: byzantina (28-41)*, thirkei (46)*

Teucrium 39 8 8 1 α-pinene: polium (14)* (c) cultivated β-pinene: polium (22)* * unpublished results caryophyllene: chamaedrys ssp. sispirense (15)*, † new record for Turkey lamiifolium ssp. lamiifolium (34)*, orientale (19)*, scordium ssp. scordioides (33)* germacrene D: chamaedrys ssp. chamaedrys (27- 28)*, lamiifolium ssp. lamiifolium (33)*, orientale (18)*, polium (17)*

8 9 10) M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, T. ÖZEK, S. 20) K. H. C. BASER, , G. TÜMEN, E. ureja parnassica Heldr. and Sart. ex 40) K. H. C. BASER, , T.ÖZEK, N. 50) K. H. C. BASER, , G. TÜMEN, E. the Lamiaceae is in vol. 6 (fam. H. BEIS, M. KARA, K. H. C. BASER, , SEZIK, The Essential Oil of Orig- Boiss. subsp. sipylea P.H.Davis, KIRIMER, G. TÜMEN, Essential Oils SEZIK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, T.ÖZEK, Hippuridaceae - Lobeliaceae). Pilot Scale Production of some anum minutiflorum O. Schwarz et Flav. Fragr. J. 7(1): 43-46 (1992). of Thymus cariensis and Thymus The Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils of Turkey, 1st Symp. P.H.Davis, J. Essent. Oil Res. 3(6): haussknechtii, Two Endemic Species growing in An example of one of the entries 31) N. KIRIMER, G. TÜMEN, T. on Forest Secondary Products, 345-346 (l99l). Species in Turkey, J. Essent. Oil Turkey. Poster presented at in the new reference book is as ÖZEK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, K. H. C. 14-16 June 1988, Ankara, Turkey. Res., 4(6) 659-661 (1992). Advances in Labiatae Science: An follows:- 21) M. ÖGÜTVEREN, F. Z. BASER, , Composition of the Essen- International Symposium, 2-5 April 11) T. ÖZEK, N. KIRIMER, K. H. C. ERDEMGIL, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, T. tial oil of some Sideritis Species 41) K. H. C. BASER, , G. TÜMEN, T. Genus L. - 1991, Royal Botanic Gardens, BASER, , Composition of the Essen- ÖZEK, K. H. C. BASER, , Composi- growing in Turkey, 10th Sympo- ÖZEK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, Composi- (zmeegolovnik) - dragonhead, 39- Kew, U.K. tial Oil of Micromeria myrtifolia tion of the Essential oil of Orig- sium on Plant Drugs, 20-23 May tion of the Essential oil of Thymus 31. (the first figure is the number Boiss. et Hohen, J. Essent. Oil Res. anum onites, Turkish 8th National 1993, Ïzmir, Turkey. longicaulis C.Presl. var. subiso- of species in the flora of the for- 4(1): 79-80 (1992). Symposium on Chemistry and phyllus (Borbas) Jalas From 32) N. KIRIMER, K. H. C. BASER, , mer USSR, the second figure is Chemical Engineering, Marmara Turkey, J. Essent. Oil Res., 4 (3) 12) N. KIRIMER, T. ÖZEK, K. H. C. G. TÜMEN, E.SEZIK, Characteriza- the number of species described University, Publication No: 5l8, 311-312 (1992). BASER, , Composition of the Essen- tion of the Essential Oil of Sideritis in the new reference work). 5(2): 119-124 (1992). THE ROLE OF THE tial Oil of Micromeria congesta, J. dichotoma, J. Essent. Oil Res., 4(6) 42) K. H. C. BASER, , T.ÖZEK, N. LABIATAE IN THE 6. D. moldavica L. - (Zmee- Essent. Oil Res., 3(6): 387-393 22) G. TÜMEN, K. H. C. BASER, , 641-642 (1992). KIRIMER, H. MALYER, The Essen- VEGETABLE (1991). The Essential oil of Origanum syr- tial Oil of Thymus bornmuelleri golovnik moldavskiy) - molda- 33) G. TÜMEN, N. KIRIMER, K. H. C. RESOURCES OF vian dragonhead Annual, about 13) N. KIRIMER, G. TÜMEN, T. iacum L. var. bevani (Holmes) Velen, J. Essent. Oil Res., (in BASER, , The Essential Oil of Five press). THE USSR 10-15 cm height. - European ÖZEK, K. H. C. BASER, , The Essen- Ietswaart, J. Essent. Oil Res. 5(3): Subspecies of Sideritis libanotica Russia, Caucasus, Western tial Oil of , 315-316 (1993). 43) K. H. C. BASER, , N. KIRIMER, Occurring in Turkey, 24th Interna- A. L. Budantsev, A. L. Shavarda, Siberia, Far Eastern Russia & (L.) Druce subsp. barbata (Boiss. et 23) K. H. C. BASER, T. ÖZEK, M. T.ÖZEK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, G. , tional Symposium on Essential Oils, L. I. Medvedeva and Middle . Kotschy.) P. H. Davis of Turkish KÜRKÇÜOGLU, G. TÜMEN, The TÜMEN, The Essential Oil of Thy- 21-24 July 1993, Berlin, Germany. N. A. Medvedeva Origin, J. Essent. Oil Res., 5(1): Essential Oil of Origanum vulgare mus leucostomus var. argillaceus, On steep slopes, near habitation, 34) T.ÖZEK, K. H. C. BASER, , G. Komarov Botanical Institute, 79-80 (1993). subsp. hirtum of Turkish Origin, J. J. Essent. Oil Res. 4(4): 421-422 in kitchen-gardens and in parks. TÜMEN, The Essential Oil of Sideri- St. Petersburg, Russia 14) N. KIRIMER, The Essential Oil of Essent. Oil Res., (in press). (1992). tis athoa Papaoikolaou et Kokkini, Chemical composition: essential Micromeria fruticosa, (L.) Druce ssp. 44) K. H. C. BASER, , M. KOYUNCU, 24) E.SEZIK, G. TÜMEN, N. KIR- J. Essent. Oil Res., (in press). oil including linalool, linalyl brachycalyx P. H. Davis, J. Essent. IMER, T. ÖZEK, K. H. C. BASER, , Composition of the Essential oil of 35) N. KIRIMER, T.ÖZEK, H TAN- Vegetable resources of the acetate, neral, geranial, geraniol, Oil Res., 4(5): 521-522 (1992). Essential Oil Composition of of Two Varieties Thymus longi- RIVERDI, F. KOCA, A. KAYA, K. H. USSR: flowering plants; their geranyl acetate. 15) N. KIRIMER, T. ÖZEK, K. H. C. Four Origanum vulgare sub- caulis C. Pres. subsp. chaubardii C. BASER, , Composition of the (Roiss. et Heldr. ex Reichb. fil.) chemical composition, utilisa- BASER, , M. HARMANDAR, The species of Anatolian Origin, 7. Above ground parts - essential Essential Oils of Sideritis germani- tion in 8 volumes, has recently Essential Oil of Micromeria fruti- Essent. Oil Res. 5(4): Jalas, J. Essent. Oil Res., (in press) oils, 9% including citral 20-50%, copolitana Romm., J. Essent. Oil been published. This is the first cosa (L.) Druce subsp. serpyllifolia 425-431(1993). 45) K. H. C. BASER, N. KIRIMER, Res. 4(5): 533-534 (1992). , geraniol 20-50%, nerol 7%, cit- (Bieb.) P. H. Davis, J. Essent. Oil T.ÖZEK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, The reference book of its kind pub- 25) K. H. C. BASER, , G. TÜMEN, T. ronellol 4%, thymol, limonene, 36) G. TÜMEN, N. ERMIN, T. lished on the Russian flora. It Res. 5(2): 199-200 (1993). ÖZEK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, Composi- Essential Oil of Thymus pectinatus geranyl acetate 43%, α-pinene, ÖZEK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, K. H. C. Fisch. et Mey. var. pectinatus, J. gives information on the chemi- 16) K. H. C. BASER, , T. ÖZEK, A. tion of the Essential Oil of Orig- linalool. Tanning agents: BASER, , Composition of the Essen- Essent. Oil Res. 4(5): 523-524 cal composition and useful AKGÜL, G. TÜMEN, Composition of anum sipyleum of Turkey Origin, Coumarins. Flavonoids: mol- the Essential Oil of Nepeta race- J. Essent. Oil Res. 4(2): 139-142 tial oil of the two varieties of (1992). properties of 7133 species Thymbra spicata L., 10th Sympo- davozid. Stems: essential oil, mosa Lam., J. Essent. Oil Res. 5 (1992). 46) K. H. C. BASER, , T.ÖZEK, M. attributed to 161 families. The sium on Plant Drugs, 20-23 May 29%. Leaves and flowers: essen- (2): 215-217 (l993). KÜRKÇÜOGLU, G. TÜMEN, Charac- families are arranged according 26) K. H. C. BASER, , T. ÖZEK, N. tial oil, 9%, including geraniol 9- 1993, Ïzmir, Turkey. terization of the Essential Oil of Thy- to the A. L. Takhtajan system of 17) T. ÖZEK, S. H. BEIS, B. KIRIMER, G. TÜMEN, The Essential 21%, geranyl acetate, 7%, citral, 37) G. TÜMEN, M. KOYUNCU, N. mus sibthorpii Bentham, J. Essent. Magnoliophyta (1987). Genera DEMIRÇAKMAK, K. H. C. BASER, , Oil of Salvia pomifera L., J. Essent. 5%. Vitamins: C. : KIRIMER, K. H. C. BASER, Compo- Oil Res. 4 (3): 303-304 (1992). and species are arranged in Composition of the Essential oil of Oil Res. 5(3): 347-348 (1993). , essential oil, 2%, including citral, Ocimum basilicum L. Grown in sition of the Essential oil of Thy- 47) K. H. C. BASER, E. SEZIK, G. alphabetical . Descriptions α 27) S. AY, Composition of the , geranyl acetate, -pinene, Turkey, 10th Symposium on Plant mus cilicus Boiss. et Bal., J. Essent. TÜMEN, Composition of the Essen- of plants follow a set order - Essential Oil of MSc. limonene, linalool, geraniol, Drugs, 20-23 May l993, Ïzmir, Oil Res. (in press). tial oil of Ziziphora clinopodiodes name of the species, Latin fol- Thesis, Anadolu University, Eskise- nerol, citronellol. Turkey. Lam., J. Essent. Oil Res. 3:(4): lowed by the Russian vernacu- hir, Turkey, 1992. 38) G. TÜMEN, N. KIRIMER, 237-239 (1991). lar; description of the species; Useful properties. Above-ground 18) K. H. C. BASER, , N. KIRIMER, T.ÖZEK, M. KÜRKÇÜOGLU, K. H. 28) G. TÜMEN, K. H. C. BASER, , N. habitat and distribution; infor- part: In Mongolian medicine for G. TÜMEN, Composition of the C. BASER, , The composition of 48) K. H. C. BASER, , M. KIRIMER, The Essential Oil of Sat- Essential oil of Origanum majo- Thymus Essential Oils, 10th Sym- KÜRKÇÜOGLU, T.ÖZEK, G. mation on chemical composition diseases of liver and stomach. In ureja cilicica P.H.Davis, J. Essent. rana Turkey, L. Essential Oil Res. posium on Plant Drugs, 20-23 May TÜMEN, E. SEZIK, The Volatile and useful properties. The latter popular medicine: infusion as Oil Res. 5(5): 547-548 (1993) 5(5): 577-579 (l993). 1993, Ïzmir, Turkey. Constituents of Ziziphora Species information has been compiled anti-inflammatory, astringent, 29) G. TÜMEN, The Volatile Con- growing in Turkey, Doga-Tr. J. of from literature. The families spasmolytic, sedative, wound- 19) K. H. C. BASER, , T. ÖZEK, G. 39) K. H. C. BASER, , T.ÖZEK, N. KIR- stituents of Satureja cuneifolia, J. TÜMEN, E. SEZIK, Composition of IMER, G. TÜMEN, The Occurrence of Pharmacy, 7-16 (1992). covered by the text have been healing, for syncopes, functional Essent. Oil Res. 3(5): 365-366 the Essential oil of Turkish Orig- Three Chemotypes of Thymus 49) E. SEZIK, G. TÜMEN, K. H. C. rather poorly studied. The only disorder of gastro-intestinal tract, (1991). anum species with Commercial cariensis C.Presl. subsp longicaulis in BASER, , Ziziphora tenuior L A new exceptions to this are the Api- women’s diseases; compress - Importance, J. Essent. Oil Res., (5) 30) G. TÜMEN, E. SEZIK, K. H. C. the Same Population, J. Essent. Oil Source of Pulegone, Flav. Fragr. J., aceae, Asteraceae and the rheumatism, common cold. In 577-579 (l993). BASER, , The Essential Oils of Sat- Res., 5 (3) 291-295 (1993). 6 (1)101-103 (1991). Lamiaceae. The treatment of Zabaikalie medicine it is used for ➣

10 11 nephritis, gastro-enteritis and a cephalum, Mentha, Nepeta and botany within China and with gargle for stomatitis. In clinical Ziziphora all have essential oils. nearly all the type material not tests it has been shown that a and have easily available to Chinese decoction shows good results in iridoids. Salvia has quinones. botanists, and a vast amount of curing children’s pyelonephritis. has flavonoids. work done by Chinese botanists Stachys and Thymus have phe- since the establishment of the In experimental tests it has nolic acids and flavonoids. Peoples Republic, largely based been found that a tincture on material available only with- improves muscle tone and In all, 160 species of Lamiaceae in mainland China. increases the amplitude of are used in both scientific and non-scientific medicine. 10 intestine contraction in vitro, it It was inevitable under these species are used in homeopathy, dilates mesentery vessels and circumstances that species have 43 species are used in traditional increases the circulation rate. been misinterpreted and / or medicine and 140 species are An extract manifests an described needlessly and a used in popular medicine. antibacterial activity. It is used prime aim of the project is to nutritionally in salads and as a Plant Resources of the USSR bring the two bodies of exper- spice. Its essential oils manifest (Vol 6) is available from the tise together and to sort out antiprotist activity. It is also Department of Plant Resources of such problems. The initial man- used in the perfume and cos- the Komarov Botanical Institute, uscript for each family is pro- metic industries and for flavour- St Petersburg and costs $30. duced in English by the Chi- ing foods (citral). Leaves and nese authors. This is then flowers are used in the canning revised extensively by an industry, as relish for food. appointed collaborator, after Seeds are used as an astringent, which it is reviewed by other for their sedative qualities or as botanists with expertise on the a cure for meteorization. The VOL. 17: floras of neighbouring regions plant is also used as a repellent, VERBENACEAE - and by other workers with spe- attractor of honey bees and as SOLANACEAE cialist knowledge, finally going an ornamental. back to China for final published 1st August 1994 The new work reveals that approval. A particular point flavonoids have been discovered has been made of verifying all M.G. Gilbert literature citations. Camera- in 306 species within the family. Missouri Botanical Garden Of these essential oils have been ready copy is produced by Mis- based at the Botany Dept., souri Botanical Garden and discovered in 188 species; phe- Natural History Museum, nol-carbonal acids in 107 printing organised by Science Cromwell Rd. London Press, Beijing, who are the joint species; alkanoids in 103 species; SW7 5BD UK tanning agents in 96 species; publishers, responsible for dis- coumarins in 89 species; iridoids tributing the work within Asia. The Flora of China is scheduled The first part of the Flora, vol- in 88 species; diterpenoids in 67 to cover the vascular plants of species; steroids in 66 species; ume 17, includes the three fam- China, including Taiwan and ilies Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae triterpenoids in 60 species, Hongkong, over 28,000 species saponins in 58 species; quinones and Solanaceae, nearly 1100 in 25 volumes. It is based pri- species, over 800 of them labi- in 53 species (the genus Salvia marily on the monumental only); cardenolides (cardiac gly- ates. It will be available Flora Reipublicae Popularis through the Missouri Botanical cosides) in 9 species; phy- Sinicae but will be far from a toecdysones in 4 species. Garden, Department 11-Scien- simple translation as all tific Publications, P.O. Box 299, The above mentioned flavonoids accounts will be the product of St. Louis, MO 63166-0299. occur in both under- and above- extensive collaboration between ground parts of the plants, Chinese and “Western” Orders can be faxed to [1] 314 although quinones have been botanists. Previously most work 577 9594 or emailed to discovered in under-ground on Chinese plants fell into two [email protected]. They accept parts only. The largest genera distinct groups: work by Ameri- VISA and Mastercard. The within the family are character- can, European and Japanese price is tentatively set at $75 ized by having a certain class of botanists, largely before the and standing orders for the compounds present. Draco- development of taxonomic entire work will be available.

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