Sandra Soler Campo Juan Jurado Universidad de Barcelona “: a reference in the life and musical works of the Spanish composer José ArtsEduca 26, mayo 2020 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 26, mayo 2020 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 ArtsEduca 26, mayo 2020 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 26, mayo 2020 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 Soler Casabón”

Guillaume Apollinaire: Una referencia en la vida y obra musical del compositor español José Soler Casabón

ArtsEduca 26 / 228 historia RECIBIDO: 01/06/2020 ACEPTADO: 08/10/2020

resumen El presente artículo recoge la biografía de José Soler Casabón, compositor de origen aragonés que vi- vió y desarrolló su carrera artística durante las primeras décadas del pasado siglo XX entre Barcelona y París. De las diferentes obras del autor, se describirá el Ballet L’homme sans yeux sans nez et sans oreilles (HOSYNO) el cual se basó en el poema Le musician de Saint Merry de poeta francés Guillaume Apollinai- re y cuyos decorados se encargaron a . Por diversos motivos como fueron el contexto bélico y el cambio de dirección del teatro de ópera de París, el ballet nunca llegó a estrenarse.

palaBRAS claVE Apollinaire, ballet, Barcelona, compositor, José Soler Casabón, París, Apollinaire.

abstract

This article summarizes the biography of José Soler Casabón, an Aragonese composer who lived and developed his artistic career during the first decades of the 20th century between Barcelona and Paris. From the different works of the author, the Ballet L’homme sans yeux sans nez et sans oreilles (HOSYNO) will be described. This ballet was based on the poem Le musician de Saint Merry written by the french poet Guillaume Apollinaire and its sets were commissioned to Pablo Picasso. For various reasons, such as the war context and the change of the director of the opera house in Paris, the ballet was never performed

keywords Apollinaire, ballet, Barcelona, composer, José Soler Casabón, Paris, Apollinaire.

ArtsEduca 26 / 229 Guillaume Apollinaire: a reference in the life and musical works of the Spanish composer José Soler Casabón Sandra Soler Campo Juan Jurado Universidad de Barcelona

INTRODUCTION José Soler Casabón lived most of his life in José Soler Casabón was born on August 31, Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, where he 1884, in Mequinenza (Zaragoza, Spain), and studied music. By the age of 15 he had com- died on March 3, 1964, in Paris, in absolu- posed pieces of music for violin and piano, two te misery. Soler Casabón was an outstanding sonatas and five melodies to accompany Ca- musician and composer of the twentieth cen- talan poems. In addition to the piano, José So- tury. He was the son of Tomás Soler Ibarz, a ler Casabón mastered classical guitar and was merchant from Mequinenza and Inocencia Ca- an excellent violinist. He had close friendships sabón Marín from Samper de Calanda (Zara- with other well-known residents of Barcelona. goza, Spain), a teacher who taught in the local One of these was Pablo Gargallo, a sculptor school in Mequinenza, from 1869 to 1901 and and painter born in 1881 in Maella (Zarago- later in Barcelona from 1901 to 1905. za). Another artist who lived in Barcelona at the same time as Soler Casabón and who greatly Picture 1 admired him was the great French poet Pierre Reverdy who said that “Soler was one of the Soler Casabon’s house (Mequinenza) most intelligent and brightest persons he had known, the only person you could talk to man to man, face to face” (Soupault, 1983). His mother, Inocencia Casabón, most likely wanted to move to Barcelona to accompany her son as supported him in his musical stu- dies. Thus, on November 5, 1901 she reques- ted a transfer to teach in a school in Barcelona. She succeeded in gaining permission and was able to stop teaching in Mequinenza and move

ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 to Barcelona on November 26, 1901. At that time, Jose Soler Casabón was already 17 years old. During the first decades of the twentieth century, Paris was becoming an internationally

ArtsEduca 28 / 230 Picture ofJosé Soler Casabón Picture 2 appeared intheParisian musical scene is expectedfromthismusician whohasjust too much talents.Nonetheless, his remarkable by musician, demonstrated to bearevelation Pierre Reverdy“Soler isconsidered that stated an articleinwhich published thatsamemonth formed, a pianopiecefromSolerCasabónwasper tation ofOeuvredeSoldatdanslaTranchée On June16,1917,attheApollinairepresen- 1915. which helaterreviewedandorchestratedin that year, hecomposedL’Hiver surlesChamps, Pablo Gargallo’shome.AndinNovemberof lived in where he Barcelona, returned to bón Soler Casa- several poeticessays. In 1914, From 1912until 1920, SolerCasabón wrote he collaboratedindifferentcabaretorchestras. ring thisperiod,ashehadfinancialproblems, rred toplaytheguitarwithhisfriends.Also,du- violinist heprefe Although hewasanexcellent Paris onvariousoccasions.(Top, 2004). Casabón visitedPablo Picasso in hisstudioin Paris in1953 during aradiointerviewin which hementioned in Barcelonabetween1899and1900, bably one of the compositionshecomposed translated from Catalan to French. Itwas pro Francesc SitjàiPinedawhich he (1880-1940), by poem a based on for baritoneandpiano, In 1904,SolerCasabóncomposedMadrigal Soler CasabónduringhisfirsttriptoParis. friend, Pablo Gargallo,resided in thestudio of his Aragonese 1903, rens Artigas.InOctober verdy, Pablo Picasso, JoanMiróandJosepLlo Pierretime suchasGuillaumeApollinaire, Re lationships withvarious artists andwritersofhis established friendly, yetsometimesdifficultre ris, hegotintouchwithavant-garde artistsand In PaCabezón andJohannSebastianBach. - masters inmusic history such asAntoniode fugues, followingtheguidelinesofgreat studied and composedsonatas, motets and During thisParisian period,SolerCasabón nasse. rix, intheParisianof Montpar neighborhood rue Vercingétowhere hemovedtonumber3, the Frenchto moveto sabón decided capital two years after settling in Barcelona, SolerCa- musicians, converged there.For thisreason, large number of artists,be it painters,sculptors, cultural andartisticcity.renowned That iswhya 1 París. Soler Casabóninterview byJeanBouret.Estudio27RTF, July28,1953, journal Soliloque. TheNorth-South 1 . During 1913 and 1914, Soler and 1914, . During1913 SANDRA SOLERCAMPO JUAN JURADO ”. ------,

ArtsEduca 26, mayo 2020 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 Historia GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE: A REFERENCE IN THE LIFE AND MUSICAL WORKS OF THE SPANISH COMPOSER JOSÉ SOLER CASABÓN

LE MUSICIEN DE SAINT MERRY In 1917 Apollinaire decided to create a ballet based on his poem Le Musicien de Saint Merry, which had appeared in his work .

Le musicien de Saint-Merry J’ai enfin le droit de saluer des êtres que je ne connais pas Ils passent devant moi et s’accumulent au loin Tandis que tout ce que j’en vois m’est inconnu Et leur espoir n’est pas moins fort que le mien Je ne chante pas ce monde ni les autres astres Je chante toutes les possibilités de moi-même hors de ce monde et des astres Je chante la joie d’errer et le plaisir d’en mourir Le 21 du mois de mai 1913 Passeur des morts et les mordonnantes mériennes65 Des millions de mouches éventaient une splendeur Quand un homme sans yeux sans nez et sans oreilles66 Quittant le Sébasto entra dans la rue Aubry-le-Boucher Jeune l’homme était brun et ce couleur de fraise sur les joues Homme Ah! Ariane Il jouait de la flûte et la musique dirigeait ses pas67 Il s’arrêta au coin de la rue Saint-Martin Jouant l’air que je chante et que j’ai inventé Les femmes qui passaient s’arrêtaient près de lui Il en venait de toutes parts Lorsque tout à coup les cloches de Saint-Merry se mirent à sonner Le musicien cessa de jouer et but à la fontaine Qui se trouve au coin de la rue Simon-Le-Franc Puis Saint-Merry se tut L’inconnu reprit son air de flûte Et revenant sur ses pas marcha jusqu’à la rue de la Verrerie Où il entra suivi par la troupe des femmes Qui sortaient des maisons Qui venaient par les rues traversières les yeux fous Les mains tendues vers le mélodieux ravisseur Il s’en allait indifférent jouant son air Il s’en allait terriblement Puis ailleurs À quelle heure un train partira-t-il pour Paris À ce moment Les pigeons des Moluques fientaient des noix muscades En même temps Mission catholique de Bôma qu’as-tu fait du sculpteur Ailleurs Elle traverse un pont qui relie Bonn à Beuel et disparaît à travers Pützchen

ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 Au même instant Une jeune fille amoureuse du maire

ArtsEduca 28 / 232 SANDRA SOLER CAMPO JUAN JURADO

Dans un autre quartier Rivalise donc poète avec les étiquettes des parfumeurs En somme ô rieurs vous n’avez pas tiré grand-chose des hommes Et à peine avez-vous extrait un peu de graisse de leur misère Mais nous qui mourons de vivre loin l’un de l’autre Tendons nos bras et sur ces rails roule un long train de marchandises Tu pleurais assise près de moi au fond d’un fiacre Et maintenant Tu me ressembles tu me ressembles malheureusement Nous nous ressemblions comme dans l’architecture du siècle dernier Ces hautes cheminées pareilles à des tours Nous allons plus haut maintenant et ne touchons plus le sol Et tandis que le monde vivait et variait Le cortège des femmes long comme un jour sans pain Suivait dans la rue de la Verrerie l’heureux musicien Cortèges ô cortèges C’est quand jadis le roi s’en allait à Vincennes Quand les ambassadeurs arrivaient à Paris Quand le maigre Suger se hâtait vers la Seine Quand l’émeute mourait autour de Saint-Merry Cortèges ô cortèges Les femmes débordaient tant leur nombre était grand Dans toutes les rues avoisinantes Et se hâtaient raides comme balle Afin de suivre le musicien Ah ! Ariane et toi Pâquette et toi Amine Et toi Mia et toi Simone et toi Mavise Et toi Colette et toi la belle Geneviève Elles ont passé tremblantes et vaines Et leurs pas légers et prestes se mouvaient selon la cadence De la musique pastorale qui guidait Leurs oreilles avides L’inconnu s’arrêta un moment devant une maison à vendre Maison abandonnée Aux vitres brisées C’est un logis du seizième siècle La cour sert de remise à des voitures de livraisons C’est là qu’entra le musicien Sa musique qui s’éloignait devint langoureuse Les femmes le suivirent dans la maison abandonnée Et toutes y entrèrent confondues en bande Toutes toutes y entrèrent sans regarder derrière elles Sans regretter ce qu’elles ont laissé Ce qu’elles ont abandonné Sans regretter le jour la vie et la mémoire | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 Il ne resta bientôt plus personne dans la rue de la Verrerie Sinon moi-même et un prêtre de Saint-Merry Nous entrâmes dans la vieille maison

ArtsEduca 28 / 233 Historia GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE: A REFERENCE IN THE LIFE AND MUSICAL WORKS OF THE SPANISH COMPOSER JOSÉ SOLER CASABÓN

Mais nous n’y trouvâmes personne Voici le soir À Saint-Merry c’est l’Angélus qui sonne Cortèges ô cortèges C’est quand jadis le roi revenait de Vincennes Il vint une troupe de casquettiers Il vint des marchands de bananes Il vint des soldats de la garde républicaine Ô nuit Troupeau de regards langoureux des femmes Ô nuit Toi ma douleur et mon attente vaine J’entends mourir le son d’une flûte lointaine

Soler Casabón, who at that time was in Paris, of that time, and Soler Casabón was not an was commissioned by Apollinaire to compose exception. Russian Ballets was a famous ballet the musical part of this huge artistic work. The company created in 1907 by the Russian busi- first version of Le Musicien de Saint-Merry was nessman Sergei Diaghilev, made up of the best named À quelle heure le train partirait-il pour members of the Imperial Ballet of the Mariinsky Paris? It was conceived by Apollinaire based on Theatre of St. Petersburg and directed by the his poem, the music was composed by Alber- great choreographer Marius Petipa. In 1909, to Savinio, the sets were created by Francis Pi- the company began touring internationally and cabia and the dances were choreographed by in 1911 became completely independent from Marius de Zayas. But in the end, the project did the Imperial Ballets. The first residence of the not take place because of the start of the Great company was at the Théâtre Mogador in Paris War. It would be Soler Casabón who took over and then it traveled to Monte Carlo, Paris and the project in 1917, slightly modified and rena- London. The company caused a sensation in med by Apollinaire L’Home sans yeux, sans nez Western Europe thanks to the great vitality of et sans oreilles. In 1916, the reappearance of the Russian school compared to the ballet per- Apollinaire’s figure symbolized the renewal of formed in France at that time. intellectual activities. Authors like Raoul Dufy, Pierre Reverdy or André Breton returned to ga- The poem Le Musicien de Saint-Merry is about ther with the master, as Apollinaire was known. a flutist without face, who travels through an Poets who represented the “young literature” of ancient Parisian neighborhood and whose life that period hoped to get Apollinaire’s patro- is juxtaposed to a realistic picture of daily life. nage. Breton observed that poems composed It is in Soler Casabón’s ballet adaptation where by Apollinaire at the battlefront still possessed the audience finds for the first time L’homme the same passion as his earlier works. “In Calli- sans yeux sans nez et sans oreilles (HOSYNO), grammes, the worst realities of the time were si- a strangely disfigured man surrounded by an destepped, the most legitimate worries ignored, extremely somber environment. Subsequently, all in favor of playfulness. […] Apollinaire had during the 1918 season while at the Théâtre reacted to the appalling war with a desire to du Châtelet in Paris, the work was entitled Le plunge back into childhood. […] I believe that Musicien de Saint-Merry. The premiere seemed in this person, his poetry had been unable to a success: ballet decorations created by the fa- rise to the task. In my opinion, it was stricken by mous and distinguished Pablo Picasso, poetry inadequacy. This is no doubt what made me so written by the outstanding French poet Apolli- attentive to a message of an entirely different naire and music created by the Spanish com- order.” (Aragon, 1920) poser Soler Casabón. ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 There is no doubt that ballets were the fashion Calligrammes not only represented a decisive shows of the first decades of the twentieth cen- step towards the poet’s career, but also meant tury. Aspiring to compose music for a ballet the introduction of a topic that would later be- was also the ultimate challenge for composers came relevant in Western art and literature,

ArtsEduca 28 / 234 SANDRA SOLER CAMPO JUAN JURADO and for reasons no one could have foreseen. In November of 1917, Soler Casabón finished L’homme sans yeux, sans nez et sans oreilles, the score of the ballet, a version for two pianos, which closely linked history and modern sensi- that Apollinaire had commissioned him to do. bility, was adopted by writers and artists as an existential symbol of the twentieth century. Still Unfortunately Apollinaire died on November 9, today, the drama of life and death continues 1918 due that year’s outbreak of the Spanish to produce intense emotions for readers and flu. The origin of this extremely virulent and le- spectators. thal virus known as the Spanish flu is now al- most certainly determined to have originated In March 1917, the journal SIC (1916-1919), in a military camp of the United States Army in which was edited by the poet and sculptor Pie- 1918 in China. The virus is said to have tra- rre Albert–Birot, saw the birth of a rival journal, veled first with the ships of American soldiers Nord-Sud, one which was more open to Futu- joining the Western Front, only to affect Spain rism and edited by the poet Pierre Reverdy. The during a second phase of the outbreak. Soler first issue of Nord-Sud opened with an edito- Casabón was greatly discouraged and decided rial by Reverdy, “Not too long ago young poets to return to Barcelona where he wrote in French wanted to find Verlaine and rescue him from I put this music to a folder. (Top, 2004:11) Apo- obscurity. Is it surprising that we have found llinaire’s death, the consequences of the war, the right moment right to rally around Guillau- and the different director changes at the Opera me Apollinaire.” (Nord-Sud, 1917) Basically, in Paris, were all obstacles which delayed the the authors who collaborated in most of the premiere of Soler’s latest work. As a result of Nord-Sud issues were Guillaume Apollinaire, the war, several concert halls had closed their Max Jacob, Pierre Reverdy, Paul Dermée, Roch doors and music took refuge in unusual places. Grey, Léonard Pieux, and Vicente Huidobro. Regardless of the movement to which they be- In 1918, Soler Casabón composed Crepus- longed, these and other authors emphasized cles, three pieces for piano, inspired by the su- through their writings the atmosphere in which rroundings of Barcelona, near the Costa Street they lived in the French capital during those in Barcelona, where the famous sculptor Pablo dark years. Gargallo lived. However in 1924, Gargallo moved definitively to Paris. On May 18, 1917, the ballet Parade, compo- sed for the most famous ballet entrepreneur Soler Casabón returned to Mequinenza, where Sergei Diaghilev, premiered at the Théâtre du he undertook a land reform project and lived Châtelet in Paris. Picasso designed the ballet there until 1938. He tried to grow two crops sets, Léonide Massine staged the choreogra- per year of some products, and rationalized the phy and Erik Satie composed the music. Soler birth of goats. Nonetheless, he also played the Casabón probably attended the premiere. In violin and gave music lessons. From 1932 to the program, Apollinaire celebrated the “… 1939, the second poetic stage of Soler Casa- alliance of painting and dance with music, a bón took place. In 1932, the film Le Picador sign of the advent of a more complete art…” directed by Lucien Jaquelux, was released in which he welcomed with a new term: surrea- France with music composed by Soler Casa- lism (Top, 2004). bón. One of the songs, Le Vitoz is a French adaptation of the famous Spanish song El Vito. In June of 1917, Soler Casabón composed a Other pieces, such as La Zambomba and Le version of the ballet for two pianos and fina- Chant de Picador with lyrics written by H. D’As- lized it five months later. In a letter, written in tier, and Viva Vicente, with lyrics and music French, he confesses to Picasso, “I have writ- composed by Soler Casabón, were also part ten this music from beginning to end with great of the film. enthusiasm. I can assure you that it is almost impossible to find anything wrong; everything is It was Cocteau – whom Apollinaire called the funny, since I have created it not only with the “intriguing chameleon” -- who ousted Soler’s heart and the head, but with all my body, and music. Pierre Reverdy refers to this in Le Voleur in certain passages, with all my passion”2 (Top, de Talan, a novel published in 1917. Cocteau,

2004:18). who did not like the avant-gardes, including | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709

2 José Soler’s letter written to Picasso, 1917. Picasso Museum. París.

ArtsEduca 28 / 235 Historia GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE: A REFERENCE IN THE LIFE AND MUSICAL WORKS OF THE SPANISH COMPOSER JOSÉ SOLER CASABÓN

Varese nor Soler Casabón, would slip into the Poulenc (Poulenc, 1954). The musician thus the role played by Apollinaire. For the French poet finds in the poetry the ideal language material Pierre Reverdy, the avant-garde musician was source, themes, style and form, thus the opera Soler Casabón, and not Satie, considering him Les mamelles de Tirésias agglutinates all that is a man of the last century, esoteric and unori- lively and joyful to him. Poulenc exposes, “Per- ginal. haps it is the work that I prefer, the rarest work. Maybe I could rewrite the Stabat, however, Les In 1920, André Breton, Philippe Soupalt, Paul Mamelles, I couldn’t do” (Poulenc, 1956). Eluard and Louis Aragon organized poetic ma- tinées called the Vendredis de Littérature. Musi- In 1934, a renewed enthusiasm inspired Soler cians like Satie and the well-known Groupe des Casabón who orchestrated the Prelude and the Sis3 were invited to the first of these sessions. first painting for L’homme sans yeux, sans nez Pierre Reverdy wanted some of Soler Casa- et sans oreilles (HOSYNO). The manuscript of bon’s compositions to be performed, although the musical composition consisted of 22 pages once again luck did not accompany the musi- with 32 musical staves. The orchestra of this cian, because the Group of Six boycotted him. first version included: two flutes and one small Consequently, Reverdy refused to participate in flute; two oboes and an English horn; a small the event. clarinet in E flat, two clarinets in B flat and a bass clarinet in B flat; a tenor saxophone in The Group of Six was able to get closer to B flat, a Heckelhorn, four bassoons including Apollinaire’s works and to show interest in the one contrabassoon, four horns in F and four musicality of his poems. They composed music trumpets in C; three paper clipsand a snor- for a great number and diverse collection of kel; a timpani, a snare drum, a bass drum, a his poems, more than any other musicians had triangle, a cymbaland a basque drum; some before. For example, Marcelle Taillefesse, a stamps, a celesta, two harps, a piano and a member of the Group of Six, composed L’Adieu string quintet. du Cavalier based on a text from Guillaume Apollinaire, in memory of Francis Poulenc, for This was indeed a fairly classical orches- both voice and piano. Arthur Honegger, in Au- tra without the addition of exotic instruments gust 1915, composed a melody for the poem or sound effects. Soler Casabón’s modernity Automne from the collection Alcools4, and in does not require the addition of specific sound 1916, he composed two melodies for Clotilde effects. It is all about the music itself. The use and À la Santé. With the exception of Arthur of a Heckelhorn, an instrument whose roots go Honegger and Germaine Albert-Birot, no mu- back to the Musette Bass, is a kind of baritone sician composed music for Apollinaire during oboe whose range is between the English horn his lifetime. After his death, many classical and and the bassoon. It was invented by Wilhelm other composers, attracted by the simple, ex- Heckel and presented to the public in 1904 quisite and singular musicality of Apollinaire’s at the Villa Wahnfried. Another distinguishing poems, wanted to set his poems to music. Apo- characteristic of the composition of this orches- llinaire’s poetry, according to the French poet tra was the use of a saxophone. Debussy and and novelist Louise Aragon, “…is above all a Indy used it, but this instrument won its letters curiosity of the unknowable” (Aragon, 1930). of nobility in the classical orchestra only with Pierre Vellones, who made a systematic use of Apollinare’s play entitled Les mamelles de Ti- it from 1929 onwards. It is not impossible that résias occupies an exceptional place in Francis Vellones’ research may have influenced Soler Poulenc’s production, which was adapted into Casabon. an opera. The masterpiece marks Poulenc’s de- but on the operatic scene, deploying on a large At the start of World War II in September 1939, scale the Apollinarian universe from which he Soler Casabón began to plan his move to Ve- has been nourished since his first steps as a nezuela. On June 1, 1940, he wrote to Picas- composer. “I only had to strictly follow Apolli- so, asking him for 20,000 francs in order to fi- naire’s text to find the musical tone,” explains nance his move to the South American country. ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709

3 “Les Six” is the name given to a group of six French composers who worked in Montparnasse. Their music is often seen as a reaction against both the musical style of Richard Wagner and the impressionist music of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. 4 is a collection of poems by the French author Guillaume Apollinaire. It was published in 1913.

ArtsEduca 28 / 236 SANDRA SOLER CAMPO JUAN JURADO

The letter arrived at the Parisian house of the fact, the division of the scales was not arranged painter where the Germans came upon it. As into tones and semitones but into quartertones a result, Soler Casabón lived part of this early and commas. Soler obviously used special war period under the protection of the German signs for these notations. Already in 1864, in artist and engraver, Albert Mentzel, also known Moscow, a two-manual piano tuned in quar- as Flocon. tertones had been invented and the Russian composer Skriabine prepared the advent of On December 23, 1939 in Toulouse, Soler Ca- micro-intervals. However, only Obouhov and sabón had 34 copies of his collection of poems Wyschnegradski, greatly influenced by Skriabi- Fonds Perdu printed at his own expense. Thirty ne, continued along this path. Soler Casabón copies were printed on straw paper and he had rushed towards the avant-garde by using this them numbered from 1 to 30, while the other system. He was in contact with Ivan Wyschne- four were printed on canvas paper. The collec- gradski through his writings, which were publi- tion was dedicated to Professor Camille Soûla, shed in 1923 in La Revue Musicale. Examina- Honorary Professor of Occupational Physio- tion of Soler’s style reveals that he was also logy at the Conservatoire National des Arts et well aware of Schönberg’s approaches in the Métiers de Paris. In early May of the following serial domain and familiar with Debussy and year, Soler Casabón sent this collection to va- Stravinsky’s works. rious friends, including to his great friend Pie- rre Reverdy, to which he dedicated the second In 1945 Picasso received Soler Casabón. In a poem. Souhait is one of the poems included in letter directed later to Picasso, he indicated that Fonds Perdu dedicated to music. Written ori- the visit with the painter had beena real gift. ginally in French, both the French and English Soler Casabón did not give up in his attempts versions are below. to represent his ballet. Thus, in 1945 he per- formed a concert, probably from the pianistic version, under the sponsorship of Roger Désor- Souhait mière, who was at that time one of the executi- Je suis comme un oiseaux ves of the Opera in Paris. Désormière discove- Qui aurait perdu son chant red that, in spite of the time that had elapsed, Soler’s music had preserved all of its freshness Je suis un musicien and timeliness. Once the audition was over, he Perdu dans le lointain suggested to the composer that “… a work by Apollinaire with Picasso and your music will be De sons insoupçonnés. an event...” Désormière thus recommended Je veux que mes paroles that the composer meet with Picasso to prepa- re the orchestration and division of the scenes, Deviennent des paraboles and he would do whatever was necessary to D’une langue n’existant ensure its representation at the Opera in Paris. Soler Casabón, under the influence of previous Et veux que de mes pas conversations with Apollinaire, set to work on A la démarche chimérique the conception of the show. The realization of this staging took place in the year 1945, and Un chant énigmatique it is at this time when the title HOSYNO is re- S’élève a la gréve placed by that of Le Musicien de Saint-Merry. However, once again luck evaded Soler as Désormière had to leave the position he oc- WARTIME YEARS cupied at the Paris Opera in 1945. Although During the wartime years of 1940-1945, the the reputation of this group formed by Apolli- trace of the musician is lost. He lived as he naire, Picasso, Désormière and Serge Lifar was could, radicalized his music, breaking with the undoubtably high, the fate of this project was aesthetic movements of the early twentieth cen- once again impossible to predict. tury and addressing the most radical moder- nism. His stylistic orientation goes through the Soler worked hard to design this show and en- exploration of a system that he called système sure that the project would come to fruition. | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 commatic approaching a style more similar to Throughout 1945, Soler Casbón worked on Schönbert, Debussy or Stravinski. He structured imagining the staging and recalling the conver- and used his musical language intensively. In sations he had had with Apollinaire. On the final

ArtsEduca 28 / 237 Historia GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE: A REFERENCE IN THE LIFE AND MUSICAL WORKS OF THE SPANISH COMPOSER JOSÉ SOLER CASABÓN

draft, the title HOSYNO has been crossed out to. The sarrusophone, invented by Gautrot to to make way for the definitive title Le Musicien compete with the saxophone, was named after de Saint-Merry. The 95-page musical manus- the chief of harmony Sarrus, who had concei- cript is written on 36 staves of music paper with ved the idea of this instrument. The final ma- a dry stamp indicating its origin: Flammarion, nuscript was registered with SACEM under the 22, rue de Vaugirard. This second orchestra- number 650069 and for which the preliminary tion consisted of: two flutes and one small flute; observations were more developed. two oboes, one English hornand a small clari- net in E flat; two clarinets in B flat and a bass In any case, Soler Casabón did ¨not give up clarinet in B flat; one alto saxophone in E flat, and on November 11, 1948, coinciding with three bassoons and one contrabassoon which the Concerts du jeudi, he performed L’homme on page 50 was replaced by a double bass sa- sanys yeux, sans nez et sans oreilles (HOSY- rrusophone; four horns in F, a small trumpet in NO), at the Paris Washington study. This con- D, three trumpets in C, two paper clips and one cert was broadcast to the Paris region from the bass paper clip; a snorkel, a timpani, a snare Paris-Inter radio station. The success he achie- drumand a bass drum; a triangle cymbal bass ved from the performance encouraged him to drum, and a basque drum; a few stamps and a continue on with his fight to present this work in celesta; two harps, a piano and a string quintet a theatre, especially as it would be the best tri- with possibly a five string double bass. bute that could be rendered to his friend Apo- llinaire. In 1949, Soler Casabón orchestrated The analysis of this second more complex or- Diurnes, a manuscript entitled, A Printemps. He chestration reveals that Soler thought about the gave it to Pierrette Gargallo, with the following arrangements as if they were to hypothetically dedication, “Pour Pierrette Gargallo (Petite Pió perform the concert at the Paris Opera. The Pió) ces cris d’âme-in comb. J. Soler Casabón tempos are generally slower and more lega- Paris Février 1950.”

Picture 3 Fragment of the score Diurne ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709

ArtsEduca 28 / 238 SANDRA SOLER CAMPO JUAN JURADO

From 1949 until 1950, Soler Casabón resided tained a strong sense of personal pride. After in Paris, the city of artists, at 7, rue d’Arsonval. being hit by a car, his physical condition greatly On July 28, 1953, he was invited to participate worsened as he could hardly speak or write. In in a radio program, directed by the art critic 1961, he signed a petition for assistance due and writer Jean Bouret. After extending the me- to economic hardship at the Town Hall of Paris rits of Soler Casabón, Bouret announced the in Montparnasse. His health continued to de- possible premiere of Le Musicien de Saint-Me- cline and after a fainting spell, he was admitted rry at the Paris Opera. The retransmission en- to the Hospice of Villejuif. The artist Louis Joly, ded with a performance of the three pieces of visited him frequently, and noticed that he was Crépuscules by the prestigious French pianist barely eating. On March 9, 1964, at 10:15 René Herbin. During the broadcast Soler Ca- a.m., José Soler Casabón died. sabón was asked if he was Aragonese. Soler pointed out, with a perceptible emotionality, His neighbors on rue Arsonval, unaware of the that he was from Mequinenza, where the Segre value of some of his belongings, began to des- river joins the Ebro river. troy them. Thanks to the timely intervention of Joly and his wife, the composer Suzanne Joly, it was possible to save some documents and sco- res, three phonograph discs (the only existing FINAL YEARS recordings of the voice of Soler Casabón) and, During the first months of 1955, Soler approa- most importantly, the score of the orchestra and ched Philippe Erlanger, director of the Associa- the manuscripts of Le musicien de Saint-Merry, tion Française d’Action Artistique, to request his which, with an admirable calligraphy, had been assistance to convince Maurice Lehman, direc- written Soler Casabón. tor of the Theaters Lyriques Nationaux, to allow Soler to represent the ballet at the Paris Opera. On April 1, 1955, the Reading Committee of the Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux CONCLUSIONS informed Soler that a favorable decision had Mequinenza, the town where he was born, re- been reached. This renewed opportunity en- discovered the figure of José Soler Casabón couraged Soler Casabón to write Picasso once in 2009, on the occasion of the 125th anni- again, recalling the good reception he had versary of his birth. For this reason, a concert had on stage with the ballet at the time of Dé- of his recovered scores was held and recei- somiere. Soler asked him to create the set de- ved with great enthusiasm by the locals. One sign with the aim to realize Apollinaire’s wishes, of the pieces performed at the evento was the but unfortunately Picasso did not answer his re- 1917 version of Le musicien de Saint Merry, quest and consequently the scenography was with two pianos. This was the very first time the not made. work had been interpreted in Spain. It should be remembered that this had been one of So- In the same letter, written to Picasso in French, ler Casabón’s greatest projects and which he Soler Casabón, explained to the man whom composed during his time in the French capital. he considered his friend, “I find myself as one Others included in the concert were L’hiver sur who dies of thirst before a crystalline source, I les champs, the absolute premiere of a piece do not do pathos or literature, everything I say he composed during the First World War while is true and sincere (...) You have become a kind living in Barcelona, as well as Nocturne and of magician that only by announcing his name, Crépuscles, also composed when he was living the roads open, so it is natural that he comes with the Gargallo family. in search of your courage...” The great work that Soler Casabón had been waiting to see Today, the figure of José Soler Casabón conti- represented for 38 years, was once again put nues to resonate in large part due to the work aside. On June 30, 1960, Pablo Picasso sent a of Jordi Estruga, a historian from Barcelona postcard to Soler Casabón with a drawing and whose parents were born in Mequinenza. He the word MANJA (eat) which he signed at a has closely researched the life and work of the later date, October 26, 1960. He sent it to the musician for the past 15 years. There have musician to help him obtain economic resour- been several events and celebrations that have ces from the sale of the drawing. been carried out in memory of Soler Casabón | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709 and his figure and legacy. Concerts have been Soler Casabón lived his last days in extreme carried out mainly in his hometown as well as poverty, and despite the hardships, he main- other locations where Soler’s work has aroused

ArtsEduca 28 / 239 Historia GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE: A REFERENCE IN THE LIFE AND MUSICAL WORKS OF THE SPANISH COMPOSER JOSÉ SOLER CASABÓN

the interest of his fellow citizens. In 2015, in REFERENCES the city of Lleida, Jordi Estruga gave a lecture entitled, José Soler Casabón, a musician in the Aragon, L. (1920). Calligrammes, in L’Esprit Parisian avant-garde, which was followed by a Nouveau n.1, October, pp. 106. piano concert during which two pieces from Soler Casabón’s L’hiver sur les champs and Aragon, L. (1970). Préface, signed in Guillau- Crépuscles were performed. me Apollinaire, Les Onze mille verges, edi- tion de 1930, reedited by Régine Deforges, The renowned French musicologist Damien L’Or du temps, pp. 14-15. Top has also shown a great interest in Soler Casabón and as a result several of his compo- Apollinaire, G. (1918). Calligrammes. Poèmes sitions have been performed in different con- de la paix et de guerre 1913-1916. Mercu- certs in France and Belgium. Top is also the re de France: París. author of an extensive study about the musician which was published in a collection dedicated Banzet, M. Trois jours avec… recorded pro- to Apollinaire. This renowned personality belie- gram on 6 and 7 March, broadcast on 7 ves that Le musicien de Saint-Merry occupies a and 8 April, 1958, Paris, INA; quoted in D. place in the list of mythical works to be rescued. Waleckx, “Les mamelles de Tirésias, pierre Moreover, he concludes that the magnitude of angulaire de la producction dramatique de the work of this Aragonese musician, who said Francis Poulenc”, in Josiane Mas Editions. in one of his letters to Picasso “the essential Centenaire Georges Auric-Francis Poulenc, never ages in art, and is therefore eternal” must Montpellier, Centre d’étude du XXe siècle be preserved (Université Paul Valery), 2001, pp. 173. On the other hand, although Gerhard and Interview with Soler Casabón by Jean Bouret. Casabón had very different personalities, there Studio 27 RTF, 28 juliol 1953, Paris. are two things they had in common: they lived for a few years in the Catalan capital, Barcelo- Letter written by José Soler Casabón to Picasso na, and because of the war, they were profusely (1917). Picasso Museum. Paris. forgotten. Being able to escape the war was the key to Gerhard’s worldwide recognition. Poulenc, F. Mes melodies et leurs poètes, Con- Not so lucky was Soler, who died in misery and ference, 36/12/ (12th December, 1947), failed to see his ballet premiered. Therefore, p. 508. Reedited in Fr. Poulenc, J’écris ce recovering his life and preserving his works is of qui me chante, texts and interviews edited by the utmost importance not only for the Spanish Nicolas Southon, Paris, Fayard (2011) pp. heritage and for the history of music in gene- 476-477. ral, but it is an opportunity to dignify the figure of a great composer of whom there is hardly Poulenc, F. (1954). Entretiens avec Claude anything written. Rostand. Paris, Julliard, pp. 145. Top, D. (2004). A la recherche du ballet perdu Le musicien de Saint Merry. Que Vlo-Ve?. Reverdy, P. (1917). Nord - Sud Revue Littérai- re Núm. 1, Paris. (Réprint, Ed. J.-M- Place, 1980). Reverdy, P. (1917). Nord - Sud Revue Littéraire Núm 4-5, 31, Paris. (Réprint, Ed. J.-M- Pla- ce, 1980). Soupault, P. (1963). Profils perdus. Paris, Mer- cure de France. ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 | ISSN:2254-0709 | pp. 228-240 ArtsEduca 28, enero 2021 | http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/Artseduca.2020.28.16 ISSN:2254-0709

ArtsEduca 28 / 240