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The Personality of Apollinaire

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The Personality of Apollinaire THE PERSONALITY OF APOLLINAIRE AS REVEALED IN HIS POETRY 1896-1912 by ALEXANDER WILLIAM BROWN B.A. University of British Columbia, Canada, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of French We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 198 9 (c) Alexander William Brown, 1989 9f In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) ii ABSTRACT This thesis provides an overview of Apollinaire's personality by reference to his poetry only. The time span is restricted to the productive years 1896 to 1912. Apollinaire's poetic output after 1912 was quite extensive, its inclusion in the analysis would have resulted in an over-long thesis. Recent research as well as standard material which was found in scattered information has been combined in this analysis. The thesis is made up of an Introduction which sets forth the methodology of the analysis and discusses the content. The first chapter is a biography covering the entire life of the poet. It provides background information which cannot be obtained by merely reading the poetry. This chapter has been divided into sections corresponding to major changes in his life which had a special effect on the poetry Apollinaire wrote. The bulk of the thesis (Chapters 2 to 9) is an analysis of the poems which the poet was inspired to write during the selected period. The date or at least the year that Apollinaire was first inspired to write a given poem was an important factor when the aspects of personality were being sought in the process of analysis, consequently the poems have been arranged in date order as an aid to determination of any changes that would affect his personality and relationships. iii Many facets of the poet's personality were uncovered. These have been summarised,in the final chapter entitled "Conclusion", into four main divisions: 1. Philosophical attitudes 2. Personality as such 3. Outward way of life 4. Literary and artistic characteristics. The process of summarization includes references back to the poems which generated the listed observations. The thesis has ranked the following as major personality factors. Self-centred- ness; the bipolar psychosis formerly known as the manic-depres• sive state; the fact that his inspiration worked best when he attempted to exorcise his misery by writing poetry; the dependence on ancient myth and the past as sources of inspiration; the personification of abstract concepts and use of historical figures as actors in his poetry. Subordinate facets include: willingness to experiment with new forms of poetry; the dabbling in the Occult; the preoccupation with death; the extraordinary eye for detail; the fascination with the inventions of the modern world; the attraction of the elements and the universe as sources of imagery; the infinite capacity for mystification; the use of earlier works to flesh out current production; and the ability to produce a humorous line even when in the depths of despair. iv Inter-personal relationships were identified: Steadfast friendships; a strong sexuality that was often repressed; a latent cruelty often controlled. Several items not connected directly to personality were a bye-product of the research: for example a 1902 edition of Baedeker's guide provided information on rail travel in Germany. A number of paintings were researched: the early paintings in Cologne museums, the Black Virgin of Czestochowa icon, Repin's painting of the Zaporozhne Cossacks replying tothe Sultan of Turkey's overtures, Ford Madox Brown's famous painting, "The last of England", Picasso's blue and pink period works. An engraving of Woodstock Palace helped in the analysis of the poem "Palais". The sport of Ballooning which uses the windrose, provided an explanation for the phrase "Rose des vents". A botan• ical investigation of the Autumn Crocus threw additional light on the "filles de leurs filles" mystery. The "Rose sans epines" proved to be the hellebore or Christmas rose. The examination of individual poems has provided information about Apollinaire's character and a small contribution to the exegesis of the poems has resulted also. V CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ' 1 Chapter I. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON APOLLINAIRE ..12 Childhood and adolescence The early years in Paris Germany, the Rhineland and Annie Playden Entry into the world of Arts and Letters New Directions The years of happiness and stress Literary experimentation during 1912-1914 Apollinaire on active service The final years II. APOLLINAIRE'S ADOLESCENT POETRY 1896-1899 51 III. THE TURN OF THE CENTURY POEMS 1899-1901 55 IV. THE EARLY YEARS IN PARIS 1899-1901 69 V. GERMANY, THE RHINELAND AND ANNIE PLAYDEN 1901-1902.... .74 VI. ENTRY INTO THE WORLD OF ARTS AND LETTERS 1.1902-1903.10 6 VII. ENTRY INTO THE WORLD OF ARTS AND LETTERS 11.1904-1907.126 VIII. THE YEARS OF HAPPINESS AND STRESS I. 1908-1909 146 IX. THE. YEARS OF HAPPINESS AND STRESS II. 1909-1912 178 CONCLUSION ' 209 BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 INDEX OF POEMS ANALYSED (Arranged alphabetically) 278 INDEX OF POEMS ANALYSED (Arranged by date of composition) 282 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a special debt of gratitude to Professor Dominique Baudouin of the University of British Columbia, who read the entire manuscript, for his illuminating suggestions and constant encouragement. I am also indebted to Professor Claude Bouygues for his assistance and to Professor Ruth White of the same University for encouraging me to study French in the first place. I wish to express my gratitude to the Library Staff particularly the people in the Circulation, Inter-Library Loan and Special Collections departments of the U.B.C library system. Other acknowledgements go to Ted Powell for his painstaking contribution in converting the data from my word processor into print; to four French scholars for their invaluable books and articles: Michel Decaudin, Philippe Renaud, Madame Marie-Jeanne Durry and Marcel Adema. Finally I would like to express my love and admiration to my wife Phyllis whose patience has at last borne fruit. 1989 A.W.B. 1 INTRODUCTION This thesis is an attempt to present a full portrait of Apollinaire's personality by a study of the poems from his adolescence until the end of 1912. The 1912 cut-off has been chosen for three reasons; firstly because most of the aspects of Apollinaire's personality had shown up in his poetry by that date; secondly, Apollinaire, himself, chose a 1912 division between the Alcools and Ca11i grammes collections of his poetry; and thirdly, because a discussion of the very large number of poems from 1913 onwards, (seventy-five poems to Louise de Coligny-Chatillon alone!) and their varied nature would result in a thesis at least double the length of the present one. The presentation is made up of two parts, the first part (Chapter 1) is a relatively brief biography in which poems will be cited only in the interest of maintaining the flow of narrative. The biography will extend beyond the first thirty-two years up to the poet's untimely death in 1918 at the age of thirty-eight. The second part (Chapters 2-9 and Conclusion) will consist of an analysis of the poems, paying particular 2 attention to aspects of Apollinaire's personality that may be discovered in those poems. In addition, an extensive bibliography, covering works con• sulted during the preparation of this thesis, has been provided. The sheer number of Apollinaire's poems creates a daunting task for any would-be analyst; hence a few minor poems composed prior to 1912 have been be left out of this analysis in the interests of economy. In view of the fact that the present analysis is confined to Apollinaire's poetry, only occasional references to his fiction can be made. The novella T,e poete assassin^ and its sequel Lfi. cas du brigadier masque c'est-a-dire le poete ressuscite, whose long title opposes its very brevity, belong to the category of fictional biography; such works will only' be mentioned to rein• force observations made in regard to the poetical works or to supplement the biography, without disturbing the flow of narrative. The length of the divisions in each of the two parts will vary, and the correlation between the poetry chapters and the biography sections will not always be established, owing to the demands of the material presented. There is a difficulty in correlation in that a biography is normally concerned with the appearance of a work before the reading public while the discussion of the. poetry, in this thesis at least, is more concerned with the moment of inspiration. On the other hand the corresponding biographical section may be quite short. Apollinaire's poetic output is divisible into eight broad 3 time frames: the period from 1886 to 1898 distinguished by- assorted juvenilia; the period from 1899 to 1901, which shows symbolist influences; the Rhenish period from 1901 to 1902, when Annie Playden and Apollinaire were in the Rhineland in the service of Mme De Milhau; the lean period of 1903 to 1907, geographically divisible into the "Paris-London" and "Montmartre" time frames when production tended to dwindle, though there was much variety in whatever was committed to paper; the pivotal year of 1908 when the poet realised the connection between new influences in painting and sculpture and the art of poetry, then the poems of the "Auteuil" period, 1909 to 19121 which reflect the stormy life of the poet during these three years.
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