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2 5 CENTS CANADA'S NEWSPAPER FOB UKRAINIAN STUDENTS

Another Ukrainian dissident in the West Stephan Semykivsky Svitlychna allowed to leave USSR after numerous complaints Nadya Svitlychna. a well known only case had not attracted much war. and was arrested in 1968 and shown enormous patience and and petitions prepared on her Ukrainian dissident, was allowed to publicity in the west, has also been sentenced to 10 years imprison- understanding in dealing with the behalf by other dissidents. She was leave the Soviet Union 14 October released The Canadian govern- ment during a business trip to the often irrational and paranoid at- not able to find work in her profes- 1978 for Rome, along with her two ment has recently been requested Soviet Union, has also just been titudes ana statements of certain teacher, however, for sons. sion as a to pressure the Soviet Union for the released from imprisonment and, as sectors of the Ukrainian communi- "ideological" reasons. release of Svitlychna has been associated another prisoner, Danylo a holder of a British passport, is ty. Despite their ill health and Svitlychna was questioned Shumuk with the activities of the Ukrainian a 63-year old Ukrainian demanding that he be allowed to Grigorenko's advanced age, both several times in connection with (he political intelligentsia in Kiev since thf early -irisoner who is believed to leave the Soviet Union. have shown great energy and trial dissidents ot other Ukrainian , be close to sixties, when she was involved with death from stomach One can only hope that any dedication in visiting Ukrainian such as Rudenko. cancer a folk choir which brought together Shumuk has several possible new arrivals in the west will communities throughout the world Marynovych, Matusevych and relatives many people active in the cultural in- Canada, and. con- not be overly disillusioned upon and publicizing, before non- Snehirov. and was threatened with a revival of the 1960's in Ukraine. In sidering his state of health, it is meeting Ukrainian emigre com- Ukramian audiences, the struggle new trial for her activities and her 1965 Svitlychna's brother Ivan was possible that he will soon be allow- munities. They may not be as (SVITLYCHNA con- arrested (he is now serving a ed to leave the Soviet Union. Mykola tolerant in dealing with these com- sentence ot seven years imprison- Buduliak-Sharygin, a Ukrainian munities as are Plyushch and tinued on page 2) ment and five years exile) and she who lived in Great Britain after the Grigorenko. both of whom have went to his defence by writing Conference held in Ottawa letters and signing petitions to the authorities. She did the same in 1968 for Viacheslav Chornovil. Multicultural questions Shortly afterwards she was dismiss- ed from her job but continued her activities, and in 1970 pressed for a thorough examination of the left unanswered Andrij Makuch murder (believed to have been The Third Canadian Conference on Multiculturalism, entitled "Mul- However, before he made that planned by the KGB) of her friend, ticulturalism: A Canadian Reality" was held October 27-29 in Ottawa. The statement. Lalonde downplayed the artist Alia Horska. conference is a biennial affair sponsored by the Canadian Consultative greatly the need for such an inclu- When a massive wave of arrests Council on Multiculturalism (CCCM), a government appointed citizens' sion, saying that specific reference began in Ukraine in January 1972, advisory body which recommends priorities in the multicultural to the contributions of Canada's Svitlychna was summoned by the programme. Andrn Makuch, former SUSK president, was in attendance as "original inhabitants' and the "en- KGB every day for questioning, and the official SUSK delegate and has written his impressions of the during communities of distinctive was finally arrested in April 1972 lor conference. This is the first ot two parts. origins and experiences' m the harbouring the manuscript of proposed Constitutional Amend- The Third Canadian Con- by les Anglais to assimilate Danylo Shumuk's memoirs and the ment Bill imply the full realm of ference on Multiculturalism took French, or to relegate them to other samvydav materials. In March a multicultural rights. In other words, place — actually second-class but what ethnic " 1973 she was tried on a charge of Nadya Svitlychna status. The first Lalonde claimed that the direct "anh-Soviel agitation and contacts with the Ukrainian transpired, and its significance, can propaganda." and sentenced to Helsinki Monitoring Group The be measured only by one's fancy. For the staff of the Multicultural four years imprisonment in a Mor- authorities also threatened to take Directorate, it event dovian labor camp. away her son because of her "poor was one more under their belts; for the In the camp. Svitlychna joined influence on his upbringing." For Honourable Minister Responsible several other Ukrainian women several months before her release political prisoners (Nina Strokata- she had been under intense for Multiculturalism, Mr. Norman Cafik. it was another opportunity to Karavanska, Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets. pressure from KGB officials, and - preach the of Stefania Shabatura, and Iryna had been desperately trying to leave gospel mul- ticulturalism the Liberal party; Senyk) in preparing petitions and the Sovie' Union for abroad. a la protests In December 1974, for Nadya Svitlychna has been for many in auendance, it was simply a "freebie" to the nation's example, they presented demands clostiy connected with many of capital; tor others — especially to be granted the status of political those active in Ukrainian dissident among the it prisoners, and refused to perform activity during the last 10-15 years, youth delegates— was an enlightening inspiring ex- compulsory hard labor in connec- and, as an "insider," will doubtlessly and tion with the beginning of Inter- have a very interesting perspective perience. -But, the entire affair national Women's Year (1975). on the events of that period lacked clear direction and concrete resolutions, a particularly distress- Svitlychna was punished by im- Until now, as a rule, very few prisonment in solitary confinement dissidents of non-Russian or non- ing fact in light of the conference's for 2 weeks, and was later refused Jewish origin have been allowed to sub-theme, "Multiculturalism in the permission to see her son. leave the Soviet Union. Soviet Next Five Years" It started by The women in the camp policy on the "export" of dissidents, asking fundamental questions and uncomprimisingly prepared various other protests and however, is unpredictable. One can ended on an petitions for which they were often speculate endlessly on the reasons non-committal tone. punished, and backed up their why certain Senator Peter Bosa, Chairman dissidents have been speaker, Ms. Therese of the Consultative Laroie-Roux non-English, demands with frequent hunger released, but in the Ukrainian case Canadian Coun- references to the non- that cil on Multiculturalism (CCCM). claimed since the French have constituted aspecitic action strikes. precedents have clearly been es- French gained greater control of their own After being released from im- tablished; two dissidents (Plyushch started the conference by pointing in (heir behalf even though it carries resources, they have gained the out the questions to in it for the future. prisonment in May 1976, Svitlychna and Grigorenko) who were well- key keep with no assurances mind the proceedings. ability and desire to deal with delegates tried to gain permission to live in known in the west non- throughout The youth and com- among of fully matters immigration and integra- separated for Kiev. She finally received this per- Ukrainians, have been released, Bosa asked whether people munity leaders were tion. Immigration in appreciated what multiculturalism The of 1968 alternoon sessions, the mission the summer ot 1977, but _and now Nadya Svitlychna, whose the Friday ushered in entailed in terms of assimilation has a new era of former going to discussion for versus integration {and what sort of awareness Quebec of her duties workshops, the latter coming her "integration" was acceptable) and to new citizens. This view together for a plenary session contrasted sharply with (hat of the whether they were clear in their where briefs were presented. These speaker, expectations of a multiculturalism second Mr. Renzo Vieno, briefs were of varying quality and claimed policy (or whether they were simply who that despite a greater displayed so wide a variety of awareness of a "third lorce" in INSIDE looking for psychological and interests that it was difficult to their lot linancial aid). These questions are Quebec, has not improved imagine that they had all been noticeably. They Ukrainian Women's History as relevant today as they were ten to are subject to written under the rubric of "mul- p. 4 assimilative efforts fifteen years ago when the concept by both races, ticulturalism in the next five years" Students and the Media p. 6 have only a one-way participation in of multiculturalism was first being Aboriginal peoples, visible Al their society, and are rapidly Purdy's Poetry p. 8 articulated, yet, they are still un- minorities, established ethnic com- becoming a "third solitude". Ethnic Politics p. iu resolved From such opening notes, munities, and recent immigrant The luncheon on Friday, Oc- basically their Ukrainian Studies Seminars 5 the conference went in all direc- groups all expressed p. tober 27, had an unexpected 19th tions. own concerns, and did not meet on Congress Resolutions p. 7 dessert (federal) The first formal session was a as Marc Lalonde, any common ground. Brjefs on Eastern USSR & Europe p 9 panel dealing with non-English. Minister of Inter-Provincial Aftairs announced thai KGB 5 non-French minorities in Quebec, the government (MULTICULTURALISM an attempt to emphasize the fact was "willing to consider" including the word "multiculturalism'' in the that multiculturalism is relevant in con tinued on page 7 1 that province and not a clever plot text o! the proposed constitution. NO INOWfJ 3 zveasi va«NV3 viaaeiv NOiNOHoa 8 J.33H1S -9» 30 991 iNsanis toeBJOJi n n p:»TV ' J. s a +1 - >

CKBY (WCFU) in the NEXT FIVE STUDENT W ETUDl/HMTj YEARS - outline of the Ukrainian Canadian Student Union (SUSK) position Please address all correspondence (: STUDENT to be presented at the 11246-91 SI. Edmonton, Alberta Canada T5B 4A2 Third World Congress of Free Ukrainians New STUDENT is a national, trilingual and monthly newsaper (or Ukrainiarr- York, November 23-26, 1978 Canadian students, published by the Ukrainian Canadian Students' Union 1. The Ukrainian Canadian Students' Union states its support tor the concept the CKBY (SUSK). (WCFU) as an international coordinating body of Ukrainian organizations outside of the Soviet Union. 2. The Ukrainian Canadian Students' Union urges STUDENT is a torum tor tact and opinion reflecting the interests ol Ukrainian- CKBY (WCFU) to continue and broaden its activity in the tielo Canadian students on various topics — social, cultural, political and religious. of religious, human and national rights in the Soviet Union, 3. The Ukrainian Canadian Students' Union urges the Third CKBY (WCFU) delegates to support the concept oi expressed in STUDENT represent the particular The opinions and thoughts professionalism (budget, financing, operations, lobbying, etc.) within CKBY. while jointly continuing the student movement finds itself, both situation in which the Ukrainian-Canadian practice of voluntary based association among our community organizations. Canadian community and within Canadian society. within the Ukrainian- 4. The Ukrainian Canadian Students' Union recognizes Opinions expressed in individual signed articles are not necessarily those of a) that the World Congress of Free Ukrainians is National umbrella the Ukrainian Canadian Students' Union or of the STUDENT editorial board. composed of organizations of various countries (e.g., the Ukrainian Canadian Committee in Canada, and the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America in the U.S.A.), Letters to the edilor are welcome. We reserve the right to edit materials for and therefore can be no more effective in implementing its goals than its constituent publication. organizations will allow it to be. b) that a healthy world only body can be founded on democratic national umbrella organizations in its STUDENT STAFF constituent countries. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF — Nestor Makuch c) that until the national umbrella organizations in the WCFU are significantly overhauled, particularly in ASSISTANT EDITORS — Jaroslaw Baian, Bohdanna Bashuk, regard to free, universal, secret, and one-person-one-vote elections of their leadership, the World Congress of Roman Wynnyckyj Free Ukrainians will remain largely impotent. d) that SUSK declares its willingness Myroslaw Bodnaruk STAFF THIS ISSUE Los J lib to work toward democratizing Ukrainian community life, and calls Yaio*law Bodnaruk 019a Loszuk upon the delegates to the World Congress of Free Ukrainians to endorse the same viewpoint. Boh dan Ch umiak Olenka Lupul 5. Conditional upon the CKBY Congress' recognition of point four of this position paper, Nadya Omltrigk Andrl] Makuch the Ukrainian Canadian Students' Sonla Hewrysh Oarld Markevych Union calls for the following changes in the CKBY (WCFU) constitution The practice of Hlushok consensus decision-making Ihor Calvin Melnyk should be changed with respect to: 1) Executive Elections, 2) Constitutional Mykhaylo llynlak Roman Oleksif Changes, and Plenary 3) Sessions, such that free, universal, secret and one-person-nne-vote decisions are the Ivan Jawonky - Irka Scharabun Volodymyr Koskovych Vuriy Stebelsky

Svitlychna (continued from page 1)-

of Ukrainian oppositionists and leaders have been far too ready to other human rights activists in the criticize exiled Ukrainian dissidents grant elite by the UCC and the because of the battle (between P's Soviet Union. for their views without examining UCC's representations for over 30 and B's and UCC old guard) and the Yet, despite all of their efforts, their own "hangups" and pre- years behalf of that elite, has ensuing crises, void on a has been this is often still not enough, and judices. They will, in the future, been "responsible", yet created, with a resultant absence of both Plyushch and Grigorenko have to show much more flexibility Are you sure? nevertheless the P's & B's have an authoritative voice. Maybe the _ constantly have to "prove'' and understanding in order tc taken upon themselves to wrest community would be better served themselves before Ukrainian com- prevent these Dear Sir: control from the and by an of dissidents from UCC become absence this "authoritative munities in the west. Others may becoming increasingly alienated In the "Club News" section of the spokesman for a new elite! Not voice" as this approach may be not be as patient as they have been. from the Ukrainian your September-October 1978 so, Strybunetz. outdated in our mass media, urban communities in Many Ukrainian community the West. issue you state (page 9) "The great Nevertheless, Strybunetz has environment. influx of new members is extremely raised a number of interesting h) The P's and B's should be proud encouraging — over two-thirds of questions, which should be clarified to have Andrij Semotiuk considered the mamzers are completely new to for the record. a spokesman for this group but one New Diyaloh the club and fully half of the a) Strybunetz's assessment that the suspects that Andrij is too free and executive immigrants are to Ed- old guard UCC are in competition democratic (western variety) a spirit monton". with the P's-and B's for control of the to be considered a spokesman for Publication Released The form memzers is in all community is erroneous. The P's any elite. probability a misprint for mamzers. and B's cannot hope to match the i) Strybunetz firstly states that - 1920-HX 30- unless you are using the shlemazel obsequious manner in which the Andrij Semotiuk is spokesman ior ,„" , - dialect of Yiddish. In that language old guard UCC have dealt with all the P's and B's and then concludes -- and in Hebrew, from which it is government bodies over the past 30 that Andrij seeks to mobilize the - , borrowed, the word means years. The P's and B's are too rooted community to maintain its responsi- , bastard' politically and socially to compete ble representatives such as the -. . The executive ol the University with the old guard UCC. One does UCC Can Andrij really be a of Alberta Ukrainian Students' : Club not fight a windmill! One allows it to , spokesman for two supposedly ' - would be interested in knowing how run itself to the ground as the UCC warring parties? . (1935-1940 pp.) - — your correspondent arrived at this is allowing itself to do. Strybunetz takes Andrij to task information 6.00 . about our colleagues b) Political assimihtion is much to for advocating acceptance of (which certainly has been unknown be desired, i: it assists in the democratic rules of conduct, by all - to us) and - -na „": what other similarly removal of the Jid guard leaders Ukrainian organ izations. '- . . Box 402 piquant intelligence (s)he might and their — supporters from Strybunetz has been unmasked Station have access to 1937-38 pp. - TP' leadership in all Ukrainian he is an old guard KYK-ivets! Toronto, Ontario Inquisitively yours. Nestor S. - organizations, especially in the Canada The University of Alberta Ukrainian UCC. - M5S 2S9 Students' Club Executive c) pull The P's and B's have never held ^llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll III themselves (Although some people may agree up as spokesmen lor the community The fact is that the that many ol the U of A club P's and members are mamzers, the form B's. have on occasion acted as for memzers in this case was merely a spokesmen their Clubs in matters such misprint for members. Sorry for any as education and confusion — Ed.) immigration. The total membership ot the P's and B's is but a fraction of Canada's total Ukrainian popula- We are read? tion. d) Strybunetz is quite right in saying that the old guard is trying valiantly ? lo hang on to power. Bui then what else does this motley collection do, „- after 30 years of musical chairs and SUBSCRIBE! ". - picture — it you are a paid member ol any taking sessions in front of Ukrainian Students' Club old buildings and new monuments? . (SUSK) in Canada, then you will be receiving STUDENT . e) The P's and B's have never shown regularly. any interest in seeking to gain . — it you are not a member, then . - control of established you stand to miss several Zachariak Roman organizations. Strybunetz confuses issues of STUDENT this year. South Australia the P's and B's with Jerry and his DON'T BE DISAPPOINTED! ACT SUBSCRIBE! troops. (See "Jivin' with NOW! Jerry". SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE STUDENT, June 1978) ONLY $4.00 PER YEAR. MONTHLY PIIBI ir.ATION Blah, f) It is true that the P's and B's Blah, Blah ... initiatives in areas of education and immigration and the opening of an I Yes, found J, Strybunetz's thesis I want STUDENT! Ottawa office have not been well = Please send W.00 in Canadian lunds ("Semotiuk Taken to Task", June received by the old guard UCC. But 1978) as to the struggle between the this has been one of the UCC's Ukrainian Canadian Commitlee weaknesses from its inception. The (herein called UCC) and the UCC, although itself inactive, late in STUDENT Professional and Business Clubs acting and often (herein incompetent, has 11246-91 the P's & B's) to be Street never welcomed initiative. If one fascinating and entertaining, Edmonton, and could sublimiate the UCC's modus Alberta because I am a bit wary of operandi to more useful purposes, CANADA T5B 4A2 sociological explanations for the UCC could accomodate tdeological beliefs- and unconvincing. indeed incorporate Strybunetz initiatives by the POSTAL has rationalized CODE . that P's and B's and others. control of the Ukrainian mi- q) Strybunetz suggests that llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Page 2: STUDENT, November, 1978 ^

A New Constitution for Canada, Part III: The Canadian Federation Coming Apart at the Seams Dave Lupul thethp American Empire.Fmr The Conservative call for the The continuing crisis of federalism in Canada has been a topic constantly in the news since the election ot 'decentralization' of Confederation, clothed in the self- the Parti Quebecois government in November 1976. The situation reflects all of the characteristics of a run-ol- serving rhetoric of freedom and local initiative, has now the-mill soap opera, including a constant series of seemingly endless plot complications and a story line which been given further impetus by the spectre of the Quebec refuses to resolve itself despite the exit and entrance of numerous characters. This article, the last of Dave independence movement enshrined in office in Quebec Lupul's three-part series on the new Constitution, will not attempt to describe the ongoing saga of 'In Search of a City and the precipitous crisis of Turdeau's federalism. It Renewed Canadian Federation', as no one should be subjected to this equivalent ol watching fifteen years of may well be that 'decentralization' is an ideology whose "Search lor Tomorrow" re-runs. Nor will the Quebec question be outlined in detail, as this was already quite time has come, with very powerful interests in support. extensively examined in the October 1977 edition of STUDENT fVot. 10, No. 3.9). Instead, this article will take a rather impressionistic view of the discontent which is evident throughout Canada, directed mainly against the Indeed, it may very well be the ideology of 'decentralization' federal Liberal government which has become so closely identified with those forces which are seeking greater which may sweep the Conservatives to power in the next federal central authority in Canada. Some'reasons as to why nearly all of the provincial premiers are unsatisfied with the election, wherein real federal-provincial negotiations over the existing constitution and desire greater provincial autonomy will also be discussed. division of powers will begin, unfettered by the existing partisan acrimony between Trudeau and the provincial Premiers. A beginning ol the for they would still share the same bank Conservative sweep may also spell the end Another federal-provincial conference on the constitution with Ontario whereby terminate their conjugal relations and pursue the Liberal party as a major political force in Canadian politics, for has come and gone without any real, concrete progress made account, but would separately. But Quebecretained mixed feelings a redistribution of powers to the provinces would make the towards resolving the profound differences between the their own lives from Ontario, negotiations continue federal government an impotent instrument, incapable of provinces and the federal government. The meetings held in about divorcing herself and carrying out traditional Liberal-centralist policies of ac- first to be undertaken with the family lawyer to attempt a reconcilia- Ottawa from October 30 - November 1 , 1978 were the public arrangement. However, at last report, the comodating regional differences in the future. The raison d'etre of forum for most of the new generation oi premiers of the 1970's to tion based on a new further from agreement than ever before. the Liberal party is increasingly disappearing as the new urban express their views on constitutional issues. Only Hatfield of New family appeared to be middle classes of Southern Ontario are joining those of Brunswick and Davis of Ontario had been present at the Victoria western and the Maritimes in voting predominantly had been tentatively Canada conference in June 1971 , at which a Charter Conservative. Only in Quebec does the English-speaking middle agreed upon, only to be subsequently rejected by Premier The Decline and Fall of a Liberal class remain loyal to the Liberals, as a reaction to its fear of Bourassa of Quebec. separatism; a majority of the French-speaking community in In some respects, however, this most recent conference may Canada Quebec has already turned to the Parti Quebecois, as its primary have been a first step in the process of reconstituting the structure focus has become the provincial government. of Canada and therefore the upcoming series of discussions may historical Major opposition to the Conservatives' decentralizing analogy which I have used to illuminate the be the most important since the Confederation meetings of 1864- The and only policies on the federal level will likely gravitate to the party with a caricature of reality . only are these meetings attempting to resolve the evolution of Canada is necessarily a 1867. For not and/or cultural nationalism rather than to superficial analysis of the forces operating against the program of economic critical challenge to Canada's existence in its history — the gives a most the Liberals, who have been permeated by the anti-nationalistic continuation of a united Canada. Nevertheless, it does reflect the Parti Quebecois — they must also resolve the fundamental Canadian people have had toward doctrines of Mackenzie King. Pearson, Mitchell Sharp and have intensified between the various regions of kind of perceptions which the divisions which Trudeau Indeed, one observer has noted that one another since Confederation. It does not. however, explain Canada. Strong premiers, in addition to Premier Levesque, such very important question: why are the central governments in Blakeney of Saskatchewan, Lougheed of Alberta, and Bennett one as ...the continuity the U.S.. West Germany and other federal states becoming of Liberal theory trom King to Trudeau is British Columbia are contesting the existing power of marked by a consistent policy of either stronger vis-a-vis the provinces, whereas in Canada the federal encouraging, or relationships in which the interests of central Canada, especially continually under pressure by the provinces? acquiescing in, the continued integration of Canada into southern Ontario, have dominated. The profound differences government is pruvincesV the dynamic liberal society of the United States. (W. which exist, reflecting the fundamentally diverse economic One common answer has been that the existence of a large Christian and C. Campbell, Political Parties and Ideologies interests of the various regions of Canada, do not allow for much concentration of French-speaking people in Quebec has in Canada, p. 71) optimism about the continuation of Canada as a- united and prevented the identification of the central government with the integrated country. The distinct impression arises that Canada is national purpose, and therefore the federal government has been But the major political battles in the future will be fought on beginning to resemble more and more a family which is coming unable to assert a national policy on many issues. Therefore, the the provincial level; the pattern is already being set in wester, apart at the seams. provinces have become more assertive to protect their distinctive Canada, where divisions within the electorate are becoming more regional "cultures". This explanation is unsatisfactory. In many sharply drawn along the lines of class and ethnicity, where Family ? assertions of regional identities by the provinces have predominantly lower class ethnocultural groups tend to vote Breakup of the Canadian cases, — nothing to do with the issues which they are quarrelling about against the middle and upper class and the established vested economic is evident in the polarization in fact, they are more often rationalizations for ethnocultural groups. This between Conservative/Social Credit parties versus the N.D.P. To carry this analogy further, consider tor a moment the and institutional interests. the institutional interests? They throughout most of western Canada, as well as between the Canada's recent history within the context of familial relations. What are these economic and nature of the Canadian economy in Liberals and the Parti Quebecois in la belle province Let us imagine Canada as a family, a product ot a marriage are reflected in the changing Winnipeg, the arranged by "Mother" Britain between her "son". Ontario, and her the last one hundred years. Montreal and tarriff-profected "daughter-in-law". Quebec. In fact, the two protaganists. Ontario strongholds of the mercantile bourgeoisie and trade within Canada (as and Quebec, began "living together" in 1841, when Britain industries who depended upon east-west Whither are We Drifting? CPR), have been in relative arranged a common law union in which each partner held an exemplified in the construction of the World War. It was these interests which equal position. By the 1860 s this arrangement was not working decline since the First become the more dominant partner provided key support for Macdonald's vision of a strongly satisfactorily, as Ontario had the BNA Act, which had originally been designed transferred their allegiance to To sum up, more say in matters. . centralized Canada and who federal and wanted to promote a highly centralized federation whereby the Quebec decided toset out an Mackenzie King's Liberals following the Conservative Party's Therefore, in 1867, Ontario and government would be the primary instrument of national contract", whereby nationalization ot the Canadian National Railway in 1920. The rise agreement, which we will call a "marriage became distorted in favour ol the Calgary, as the new economic development, would be decided by a federal of Toronto, Vancouver, and more recently, issues of common concern provinces because of the retention of provincial control of natural pertained mainly to of economic power reflected the shift to an economy, government in Ottawa, while matters which strongholds constitutional document. The increasing natural resources within that themselves alone. These rather a collection of regional economies, based on their own concerns would be decided by or the resource sector to the Canadian economy has and relying heavily on importance of federal and provincial jurisdiction were resources under provincial jurisdiction the respective areas of resulted in a shift of power trom the federal government to Britain's investment for their development. These new out in the BNA Act, which received "Mother" American spelled development have provinces in recent years. "relatives" wanted to join in, bourgeois classes associated with resource stamp of approval, Some of Ontario's light of these profound changes, it should be obvious but their interests In the Provinces, so they were included in the less need of a strong centra! government, House namely the Maritime that such Liberal proposals as reforming the Senate into a states and strengthening them all agreed to live in the same "house" under a require control of the provincial interests agreement and they ot Federation which would seek to represent provincial vis-a-vis Ottawa. responses to the common roof. at the federal level are completely inadequate smoothly between Another important and related reason for the strength of the Things may have worked out more or less problems posed by the disintegration of the federal system. The children relative weakness of Ottawa lies in the regional family, had it not been for the arrival of provinces and the are too profound to members of the bya internal conflicts within Canadian federalism between 1870 and specialization of the economy, each sector being dominated the onto the scene. Four new youngsters arrived remedied by the creation ol a body as pitifully impotent as concentrated in Alberta, be Saskatchewan and province. Oil and gas are in 1905, namely Manitoba, British Columbia, particular proposed House of Federation Tinkering with the Senate the as Saskatchewan, lumber in British Columbia, automobile A struggle commenced between Ontario and Quebec potash in in which federal-provincial tensions Alberta. Quebec, and so hope of creating a lorum brought up. manufacturing in Ontario, hydroelectricity m to problems the manner in which the children should be is a hopelessly legalistic solution to associated with in- might be resolved spoiled child, having forth Resource development has been Canadian society British Columbia was basically a which are deeply rooted in the structure of integration between Canada and the United materialistic desires, and had to be promised a railway creasing economic as fundamentally undemocratic extremely and American Moreover, the retention ot a body Manitoba and the as measured by trade, capital flows, and minority to the West Coast before joining Confederation, States as the Senate as a representative ot provincial enterprise. The trend in the rebellious in their early ownership and control of Canadian aphorism that remainder of the West were positively rights brings to mind John A. Macdonald's famous North American economy has resulted in the under the influence of Metis and Indians led by Louis direction of a single minority ought to be protected, and the rich are years, being Washington rather "the rights of the "Father" Ontario was Canadian bourgeoisie looking increasingly to Riel- To counter this disobedience. always fewer in number than the poor." oi the central government s function: make over his western "children" in his own image. thainan Ottawa to perform many redistribution ol powers frorr the federal determined to 'undamental' interest rates to the protection of " values on the west, denying ranging from thi manipulation of _ partially alleviate the fnclion Ontario imposed his institutions and , ne pfOVince s might time we see the 9°™"™™Q ^ 7, to learn French investments in the Third World. At the same but not likely alter the right of French-speaking children in the West their Wee e \ e Q( gover Len., would .... o. in Canada. These actions provinces becoi . work.no toward the dissolution in Roman Catholic schools western methe bbasica s" pattern.at.:rns wh,ch.. L ^™?J!^1™*States to their south and less2L integrated P by "Mother" Quebec, as she felt that they region ot the United =2 lines. In addition, there is a limit to the were deeply resented Canada along north-south to decentralized without violated the terms of the understanding reached in 1867 one another. which Canada can be lurther the provincial extent to contest, it is not surprising that tederal stale As develop Canada as a partnership. In this destroying the nature ol Canada as a single to agree on common principles tor the Quebecretreated into her shell, only reluctantly governments are reluctant argued, 'There are ten premiers and one tederal As a result, that Trudeau has Canadian federation. It is also significant eleven activities of the family, which remained continuation of the (Joe Clark) would change it to participating in' common by the Prime Minister He. to force her provincial governments are now controlled would speak lor Ontario. Twice, the entire family sought six of the is a line, line way to do it. but who dominated by insignificant premiers. Thai the war efforts whereas only one — the relatively to contribute alongside them to an equal extent in Conservatives, party Canada?' ,,, , in 1917 and Island — remains Liberal. The Conservative retain sulticienl against Germany by imposing military Conscription Prince Edward The lederal Liberal party allegedly seeks to of these American-dominated cor- Quebec remained unwilling to sacrifice has adopted the attack lederal level in order 10 be able to redress 1944. Both times, spending economic power on the to her father, against 'big government' and 'excessive regions This everything for her British mother-in-law, and her ties porations the wide regional disparities in wealth between directed against the federal government, party too tenuous to retain much emotional which are invariably appears to be a rather socialistic ideal lor a France, were already increased quite Irankly. Ottawa's taxing and spending levels have they are 10 the attachment. even though such as the Liberals to espouse, committed as of the provincial states An become in recent years than those enterprise Moreover, Following the two world wars, Quebec began to much less prelerence lor private capital over public been advanced by Reginald Whitaker, that her abilities began to assert interesting analysis has one hundred years has demonstrated more self-confident about and she the the evidence ol the last Government Party: Organizing and Financing capital, is hardly wanting more freedom "to do her own author of The private sector, dominated by loreign herself more vigorously, explain this phenomenon; the eu* Liberal of Canada, 1930-1958, to disparit.es. never mind the thing" within the marriage. She wanted to be "maitre chez Party interested in reducing regional by the state (master in her home) and no longer be told what to do continuation of Canada as an independent own of the federal government as the source The identification ol Canada may depend upon how rest of the family. In conclusion, the lutute deterioration is understandable at one level, also and coming of economic are willing to surrender part ol their By this time, the children were growing up in willing the provincial slates role played by Ottawa the post-war their "Father given the primary interests ol maintaining a common into their own. They began to assert rights against provincial independence ol action ,n the world to include the governments more and under the But the failure part posed by the United Stales Are the Ontario, especially as they came more a less innocent trom against the external within the same obiter dicta suggests assert the neighbour to the south, the U.S.A. The people willing to support politicans who influence of their rich reason to argue that the major Canadian of being by the orientation There is strong resources in Ihe public interest under family was increasingly in danger seduced in need to develop Canadian thrust of contemporary capitalist development Canada, which threatened to erase the links have we already become so economically Americans' wealth and power, is towards Canadian control' Or primarily in of natural resources, tor over years the extraction that our lormal absorption into which had tied the family together one hundred the dependent upon the Americans the weakening ot the national state system and Quebec threatened to leave the only a matler ol time? Finally, in 1976, "Mother" regional dependencies of Ihe United States is a agreement balkanization of the country into marriage. She proposed in its place co-habitation STUDENT, November, 1978: Page 3 Forgotten Chapters of Ukrainian history Marusia K. Petryshyn The History of Ukrainian Women: In Search of Our Feminist Heritage pressure position society, even would be able to contribute Suspecting that she was em- the 1940's ana 19t>Us, Ukrainian generation was under the of women in and in a progressive community." For more creatively to contemporary barking on a history of "ladies women's groups published short of either staying in the ghetto involved Ukrainian in particular, movements." auxiliaries", Martha Bohachevsky- books on their organizations. The being accepted or getting women being knowledge role Ukrainian What started as a short hand- Chomiak, professor of history at other books on this topic, for in the larger community and of the impor- book for the W.F.U.W.O. has turned Manhattanville College in example Polonska-Vasylenko's and considered a traitor". She is also women played in the past is tant for self-image. into a major project on the history of Purchase, New York, was surprised Sofia Rusova's works, have pressured by some male colleagues their are Bohachevsky-Chomiak feels that the Ukrainian women's movements. when her research on the history of restricted themselves to depicting who feel that women's studies particularly interesting that "Ukrainians in general and Ukrai- Already Bohachevsky-Chomiak's the Ukrainian women's movement the exceptional women. not and she should get back to more nian women in particular have been work has aroused interest not only in the 19th century and inter-war One of the problems with work". robbed of their history. either in the academic community but also Galicia brought to light a research on the women's question "serious They When asked about the see themselves in terms of idealized among Ukrainian women of all sophisticated feminist analysis and is that one has to go through tons of relevance of her research for the stereotypes or have no historical generations. Her have evidence of a serious economic extraneous material before one feminist movements and Ukrainian image of themselves at all". From provided the beginnings of the thrust in the work of Ukrainian finds pearls of information." women's movements of today, she what she has observed of the history of Ukrainian women s activi- women's organization. "Natalia In her study Bohachevsky- replies that "the major discovery for present day Ukrainian women's ty and in doing so have posed the Kohrynska; Formulator of Chomiak relies on materials such as feminism generally is Natalia organizations, she finds that "they question of whether contemporary Feminism" and "Socialism and women's periodical press, some who in the 19th century not understand contemporary Ukrainian women's organizations Feminism: The First Stages of memoirs, non-women's periodical Kobrynska, do maintained that socialism without feminist strivings and are fearful ot or individual activists can match the Women's Organizations in the press (in which shelound reports of historical feminist consciousness-raising them. If they knew better what contributions of their Eastern Part of the Austrian Em- local women's organizations (and would perpetuate the subordinate women before them thought they antecedents. pire," two papers which statistics. She poured over Bohachevsky-Chomiak recently uncatalogued materials in the presented at the University of repositories of the Jagiellonian Alberta indicate that, once com- library and theoldand newarchives pleted, her research will be a in Warsaw, the Przemysl archives. Woman in Struggle: landmark of Ukrainian history and Reports of the Greek Catholic the history of Ukrainian women's Institute for Widows and Orphans movements in particular. as well as clandestine reports ot the Her work pierces the myth of Greek Catholic Church, all of which the Ukrainian woman being provided insight on the women's Natalia Kobrynska politically active only on questions situation at that time. Reports in the of nationalism and communism. On police archives in Warsaw provided the contrary, it brings to light an particularly revealing information autonomous and well-developed about the peasantry. She has temmist activity. In her struggle for supplemented information from (1851-1920) Halyna Freeland equality, the Ukrainian woman not these sources witt interviews. only had to fight sexism but national In comparing her research on conditions in the village. The il- Kobrynska argued. Natalia Kobrynska, founder of chauvinism, economic the women's question to her literacy, backwardness, poverty She further held that no distinc- the feminist movement in Western backwardness and male previous historical work, and extreme abuse of women and tions should be drawn between the Ukraine, struggled in the 19th "liberators" Situating the women's Bohachevsky-Chomiak feels that children convinced her that these bourgeois and workers' women's century with many of the same movement in the political and social "in a sense it is all enmeshed. issues, as well as the 'larger movements. "The right to vote and issues that are faced by feminists of time, Bohachevsky- context the Basically, I am interested in social problems', had to be worked on. the right to work have no class today- Her firm position on the Chomiak has provided a rich por- history. The study of the Russian This willingness to work for small barriers; the labour of the women's question brought her in trait of the beginning of Ukrainian intelligentsia has helped me to steps at a time came to characterize proletariat and the attempt of conflict with all sectors of her socie- feminist activity. understand developments in the her organizational work in the women to educate themselves for a ty. Women's studies have not Ukrainian context." She does not women's movement. profession reflect the same striving She was born June 8, 1851 at always been Bohachevsky- consider her study of the history of During her husband's life, she toward economic equality and the Belelulia, a small Carpathian Chomiak's research interest. After the Ukrainian women's movement supported his attempts to organize need for productive labour." village, in to the family of Catholic high a completing her grammar and at all parochial. "By bringing in the cultural life of the village where Nevertheless, she thought it priest. Although Kobrynska was the school education at the St. Basil's Eastern European history, intellec- he served as priest. Kobrynska also was best to work within the ranks of oldest and the most clever of the in Philadelphia, she Academy tual thought and social history, I am continued her study and during this progressive social democratic children, she was a girl and attended the University of Penn- not viewing women in a vacuum". period decided that in order to movements. For this she was ac- therefore was not sent to school. sylvania where she received her She has found, however, that some prepare herself for future work she cused of destroying the family — Her schooling,was all done at home. Master of Arts degree for writing a scholars still view women's studies would not have any children. Her the heart of the nation. Any attempt However, her brothers went to thesis on the 1848 revolutionary with certain apprehension. "If you husband's death eleven years after to wrench women from the home the "gymnasiums" for higher evenls in Eastern Galicia (thisstudy have an established reputation in summers their marriage later interrupted her was viewed as an attack on the published The education and spent the has since been as another area it is-easier to establish activity. She moved back to her nation. at home with their friends, often Spring of a Nation: The Ukrainians credibility for women's studies." parent's home, and thereafter Kobrynska believed that discussing social and political in Eastern Galicia in 1848). She Being professionally secure devoted herself entirely economic changes in society were questions. During these sessions, to the attended Columbia University on has served to protect her from any women's movement. causing the disintegration of the scholarship received her doc- Kobrynska began to formulate her and pressure from the Ukrainian com- In 1883, Kobrynska family, and that the new economic position on these questions. began her torate in 1968. the topic of her thesis munity to make the historical image career as a writer with a story situation dictated that women must In this milieu Kobrynska met being the crisis of value in the of Ukrainian women's entitled find employment outside the her spouse, Theophile Kobrynsky,a Madame Shumskaya. She home Russian intelligentsia. She turned organizations conform to any par- sought not only to write, but to use and thus find new roles. She hoped her attention to Ukrainian women's very sensitive and liberal ticular view. However, when she her writing as an instrument for that a complete restructuring of studies only after the publication of seminarian. They married in 1871. started her academic career she social change, pointing out the society would result, and to help the her second book. Trubetskoi: An Shortly after the marriage. was disturbed that the Ukrainian condition of change she worked to establish day Kobrynska decided that inter- women through the Intellectual among the Intelligent- community had felt that she had nationalsim lives of her characters. With her care centers and communal sia. was the way of the turned her back on it when she writing, she began the tradition kitchens in the villages. The day future. This belief, however, was of It all started with a request from " began to study Russian history My women writers in the Western care centers would later be taken the World Federation of Ukrainian tempered by her knowledge of local Ukraine to affect social change over by nationalists as a method of Women's Organizations through their writing. nurturing the Ukrainian culture.

(W.F.U.W.O ) to write a short hand- However, Kobrynska decided Her other important ideological book on Ukrainian women's that this was not enough. She was difference was with organizations movements which could be used in convinced that the women's issue of liberal establishment women. the organizations' work with non- was basically one of economics These ladies were apprehensive of Ukrainian women. Asa professional which required a complete overhaul new trends, especially of socialism, historian with an interest in social of society. The solution could only which they identified with terrorism, history, she agreed to take on the come through organized activity. atheism, destruction of the home project. The study has since taken A rally in Kolomya 7 August and family, and run-away children. on a trajectory of its own. 1884 organized by students around They proposed only moderate Bohachevsky-Chomiak explains the issue of Ukrainian as a language changes, which Kobrynska argued, that in order to do the subject of education, convinced Kobrynska would not alleviate women's condi- justice she has had to do original of the feasibility of organizing tion since it was dependant on research on the political configura- women in a women's movement, as broad social and economic tion of Polish-Austrian relations in the- students had organized changes in society. the Austrian Empire as well as themselves. She called an As a result of these ideological provide a picture of society at that organizational meeting for the differences with various contem- time. She started her work by ' women'smovementfor8December porary groups, Kobrynska found applying for and receiving a 1884. Franko supported this herself virtually alone in her Fulbrighl grant to subsidize her attempt in DHo, the major feminist struggle. She was a militant research in Poland and Austria. progressive newspaper in Galiciaat feminist until her death and com- When asked whether her the time, through articles and plained bitterly about the lack of research has changed her concept advertisements. Scores ot women militant feminism among Ukrainian of the. "Ukrainian woman", and representatives ol all women. She rightly predicted that Bohachevsky-Chomiak stated that progressive movements in Western she would be venerated after her she "never realized the extent of Ukraine attended the meeting. death, but said that she would feminist analysis, especially that ol Soon, however, Kobrynska was prefer support while she was alive. Kobrynska. Nor was I aware of the attacked by the radicals who The issues laced by Kobrynska economic thrust of the activity of argued that the women's movement are very similar to the issues faced the women's organizations and the was a bourgeois phenomenon and by feminists today. The question effect it had on the peasanty, not that the women's question would which must be asked is why these only in terms of making it more only be solved by solution of the issues are not settled but continual- nationally conscious but in bringing ." social question. In opposition, ly reoccur. it into modernity Kobrynska argued that women One of the possible answers is When she started her research, must organize as a mass movement that the history of the women's she found that published material and not a class movement. "Even movement is largely unknown and on the Ukrainian women's move- among socialists and thus the same mistakes are ment was quite limited. "Because under socialism, women will have to repeated. A more significant answer women were a silent part of society struggle for their rights. is that the oppression of women is one must depend to a greater extent Men will not automatically drop their learned the most basic oppression, serving on literature and publicistic work." mannerisms of male superiory as the prototype for all other op- That is not to say that nothing has simply because the economic and pressions, and thus the women's been published on the question. "In Natalia Kobrynska social conditions have changed." struggle is the most difficult of all.

Page 4: STUDENT, November, 1978 Preserving our Printed Past: Ukrainian-Canadian n-*tm*»* Newspaper Collection „ i: __P_.i. iknn preservation,nrPSPrvatinn. often ii ISs posed bybv incomplete r.nllor-' Ukrainian Canadians not only their care and collections. unheated basements—a far Ms. Swyripa could find complete do not know about one of their most dingy ree atmosphere sets for only approximately twenty- valuable historical records, the cry from the smokef humidity necessary five percent of the newspapers, Ukrainian-Canadian press, but and controlled and Microfilming must decide whether through oversight and negligence for their preservation. to record them seems to be the only way now or to advertise for the missing are jeopardizing its very existence. thus possible to preserve this historical issues and record only when (or if) This is the impression one got it completely lost to they turn up. upon attending the31 October1978 record before is the ravages of time and nature. When completed, this CIUS Canadian Institute of Ukrainian recently the project will have • A Ukrainian wedding — the real thing, not the album — was (CIUS) seminar presented However, even though made available to Studies of Alberta. The stalwart location of these newspapers is now the serious researcher a wealth of held in the Western Canadian Kapital Edmonton, by Frances Swyripa in Edmonton, (it was a mixed gender affair) tied the traditional rushnychok, "Ukrainian-Canadian known, their preservation on information on the Ukrainians in couple entitled auspicious evening o! Friday microfilm promises to be no easy Canada from the earliest times and symbol of one's bondage in marriage, on the Newspaper Holdings in Canada." four the 13th. Best wishes were extended by the Patriarch, who also said Mass associate task. They are scattered among from all religious and political Ms. Swyripa is a research from the Fourth International. provinces and eighteen institutions, points of view. One shudders to for them in the Vatican, and by a delegation at the CIUS and is the author of The their material to think of how close the Ukrainian- Guests partied until the early hours of the morning Ukrainian Canadians: A Survey ol none of which want moved. Compiling complete Canadian community came to los- Their Portrayal in English- be • At the gala Halloween masquerade sponsored by Edmonton's USC a this priceless its language Works (Edmonton, 1978). runs of the newspapers is also ing record of elements from the Ukrainian-Canadian Liberal caucus managed to appoint was given of existence and can only regret that Ms. Swynpa's seminar was problem. An example USC President Carter as costume |udge. In an effort that obviously which a com- nobody took the initiative to based on research she has been one newspaper for dissipated the enthusiasm of the large crowd of young Progressive run must be compiled from preserve it much earlier. Marauder, Carter doing on a CIUS pro|ect to plete — Conservatives for the Mad Flasher and the Masked different sources. A dilerr Social Crediter the winner. A microfilm all Ukrainian-Canadian seven smglehandedly appointed the National Unity newspapers, periodicals and Four Bay slush fund and opiates in the punch were used to silence popular almanacs. The first part of this outrage project was the assessment of such Formulator of • No one flew the coop at the Senator Paul Yuzyk roast in Ottawa on holdings in Canada. This is now October 28. In fact, the bar closed earlier than the roasters' mouths complete and the initial microfilm- Christine Unfortunately, there were lew good |abs at the Honourable Senator — in (an ing of all pre-1940 newspapers Burdeniuk public, at least (Ukrainians seem to be such a polite people). division) is scheduled to Feminism arbitrary during the the the only arena in which to • Yuri Shymko of Toronto was elected to the Commons begin early in the new year. In Edmonton. October26th, was by-elections. And already he is in trouble with some ol his friends in difficulty in such an Canadian Institute of Ukrainian influence society and tell society recent A major his Literature, for Ukrainian nationalist community Shymko had stressed that there is no Studies hosted a special seminar, about women the undertaking is nationalist reflected "the and "cosmopolitan outlook" and denied that he is a strong Ukrainian central place from which to begin. given by Dr. Martha Bohachevsky- Kobrynska, good newspaper Obviously his sensible Chomiak, entitled "Natalia bad sides of social order " Thus, she during a recent interview for a Polish Polish) go beyond the Kobrynska: A Formulator of concluded that literature was the tactful statements (in a riding which is sizeably most ardent patriots. Feminism". Dr. Bohachevsky- best means to educate women and political sensibilities of our to "popularize progressive ideas". Chomiak is a professor of History at • The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra gave visiting conductor 1885 Kobrynska delineated Manhattanville College, Purchase By Volodymyr Kolesnyk less than a sunny Alberta welcome when he came to plans for a women's almanac which New York. Edmonton recently to do a show in conjuction with both the symphony and "indicative of the effective Natalia Kobrynska, one of the would be the Dnipro Choir The "professionalism" of this reknowned group (they literary action" she supported, earliest Ukrainian feminists, forged accompanied Procol Harum on their "Live " album) got the best of them, and "give women self- her ideas in the volatile, conflict which would they were less man co-operative with the tempermental former Kiev Stale confidence" arid which would "un- filled era of the latter hall of the 19th Theatre of Opera and Ballet conductor/artistic director (defected and now derscore solidarity of Ukrainian and the century, her most active period living in Toronto) They got it all together by show time, however, Unfortunately, the journal beginning in the mid-1880's. women". largely-Ukrainian audience was so impressed that it could not resist Though primarily influenced by (FORMULATOR con- clapping between the movements of the symphonic number, in defiance ol circumstances she, non- tradition and decorum. Galician page 10) all musical etheless, was affected by the tinued on broader Ukrainian scene and by the Austrian regime. of Many of Kobrynska's messages Collectivization echoed in the present are uncannily Zorjan Hromjak day feminist movement. She saw women's issue as an economic Frances Swyripa the Western Ukraine: one. In analyzing past and current Kobrynska concluded that No systematic cataloguing or com- trends women of the lower class had pilation of Ukrainian-Canadian the State always worked outside the home versus newspapers has ever been done Farmer necessi- areas least developed economical- and that, due to economic collectivization of tion forces were recruited, along and the bulk of the project therefore Although a means to would soon exist troops, to form ly, collectivization was digging ty, this situation agriculture in Western Ukraine in with Red Army entailed painstaking superior production and. therefore, among middle and even upper class nearly as 'destruction units' aimed against through scattered private and in- the forties was not consumption. On the other observed an units. According to Mr. higher throughout women. Kobrynska debilitating or inept as it was in OUN/UPA stitutional holdings hand, those regions of Western increase in the number of single some fifteen years Marples. some thirty-one units Canada. This contrasts quite Eastern Ukraine Ukraine which were highly women and predicted that they nevertheless proved to be numbering 3,370 men were used. glaringly with problems faced by earlier, it developed had a lairly highly would be the hardest hit. She called for the Soviet By the mid-forties, the Communist those doing historical research on a difficult policy developed socio-economic level, so the middle class women "the Party under the direction of the general Canadian themes, as these authorities to implement. and expropria- Interior, Kovalchuk, that collectivization already proletariat of Galicia". group of university students, Minister of the researchers quite often A tion of goods for the Soviet state Basically Kobrynska argued for community greatly increased propaganda in have organized central archival academics and probably result in a decrease organizations and media to offset, in would begin. secular womens members delved into this problem education sources from which to The in standards of living. Since the raise their con- their words, "fascist, hostile ac- in which would during a Canadian Institute importance of this CIUS project recently level of production would not and open up tivities of bourgois nationalists". for future sciousness of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) impresson -laying the groundwork that decrease, one gets the educational opportunities for "Collectivization of Furthermore, the party decided research into the history of seminar entitled cause of the resistance was for universal apparent lack of success was that the women. She called in West Ukraine and their Ukrainians in Canada thus cannot Agriculture not an aversion to collectivization ol sufferage and a socialist state 1944-1950" due to the lack of proper con- be overstressed. OUN/UPA Resistance, for without sciousness of the people — or in Manitoba advocating feminism, presented by University of Although both the and western feminism, she felt socialism would candidate other words, the lack of Alberta Legislative libraries and Alberta Ph.D. (History) and exploitation of oblast party cadres. Archives con- mean continued David Marples on 17 October 1978. the National Ethnic cadres were women. Though she was a con- reasons for the Soviets' By 1945, party tain some Ukrainian-Canadian Several socialist Kobrynska differed the greatly increasing in the Western bulk of the vinced lack of immediate success in newspapers, the collective land from most of her contemporaries in of collectivization Ukraine, as were holdings in Canada are to be found implementation she believed change had to be seminar. societies, groups created to en- Ukrainian-Canadian institutions. that were presented during the in did not formation of collective gradual to be effective. She evident, if not the most courage Ms. Swyripa visited eighteen such The most for example, that op- farms. By the late forties, the has compiled a think, important, was the concerted institutions and better to recruit party cadres in revolutionary change would of OUN/UPA (organization campaign listing of over six hundred titles position Galicia, since any the villages was being realized and Ukrainian- the women's lot in of Ukrainian Nationalists/Ukrainian ranging from the first greatly "formal economic and political Army) forces and their the rate of collectivization Canadian newspaper published in Insurgent towards change would not affect the amongst the populace. increased. By 1949, the tide 1903 to those currently appearing supporters What was need- collectivization was unstoppable, . Ukrainian titles women's position." Under the direction of the (as well as several hundred repeated cam- a change in attitude. As she Liberation Council and encouraged by published outside of Canada). She ed was Supreme proletariat paigns of promotion and deporta- it, the labour of the politics, a policy has compiled a master card saw "liberal-populist" cause for educa- tion of objectors. The resistance of pertinent and the women's of "communal free enterprise" was catalogue, containing all forces was negated tion were one in the same struggle Calls were made to the OUN/UPA information on a "publication, of the promulgated. Union Kobrynska's obser- against the at this time, as the Soviet Ukrainian-Canadian newspapers for equality. the peasantry to strike led her to signed treaties with Poland and the vations of the peasants collective farms and state and can safely say that this is Czechoslovakia directed at believe that a day-care system and and to take control of the most complete record of such authorities the needed. Not the smashing the remainder of available. central kitchens were land, since they, as toilers of newspapers yet forces. Thus, by the would they reduce the serious of value, were resistance However, storage conditions only land and producers Marples deaths, but by spring of 1950 collectivization in David in numbers of infant to both the land and its and access to these newspapers entitled essentially production on the part the children from their Western Ukraine was the means of Ukrainian-Canadian in- separating products. * an the to completed, of Western Ukrainians, but parents it would be easier fall of 1942, UPA leaves much to be From the of stitutions easier for the discussion which followed objection to the new relations for organize the women and forces led an active campaign in In desired. Only one institution, ideas were offered which would see their them to influence the men. farms and the presentation, production, listing of its sabatoging collective example, had a was a several areas of question. It labour and production serve not Kobrynska believed that there reconstruction efforts. Along with on and even this was in- of the new holdings, all appeared that collectivization was their needs but those need for solidarity among efforts at disrupting collec- complete. Most of the holdings their the least effect change in their engaged in most successful in Soviet state. while some women to tivization. OUN forces were dirty and dusty, regions of Western The quality of Mr. Marples status and aid in the amelioration of expropriation and violence developed covered with wood shavings acts of of the en- were area. Ukraine [such asTrans-Carpathia). presentation, and that to the deprived against the Soviet state as a whole. or plaster— all contributing opposition was discussion, is further Kobrynska directed her efforts thus became a key and conversely, suing the paper itself. Collectivization the deterioration of of in developed areas (such evidence of the success of CIUS to the middle class women Soviets, since this strongest all storage areas had cen- issue for the scholarship in Almost the city of merely as Stanislaviv (Ivano-Frankivski, to develop Ukrainian these ap- Galicia primarily opposition involved not tipedes and spiders but believer most probable the West. Stanislaviv. She was a great combatants from all Lviv, etc.). The parently are not as harmful as the kulaks', but pen'. The written explanation, other than concentra- in- in the'powerofthe sectors of society. silverfish (which eat paper) urban be the medium by Soviet tion of OUN/UPA forces in (to say word was to In the early forties, festing some holdings at- areas, was that in which a change in women's partisans fighting German occupa- and developed nothing of mice and rats). Most titudes would be accomplished. It with little thought for were stored STUDENT, November, 1978: Page 5 SUSK and Media Mariika Hurko

Use the Media — Before it uses you

Ukrainian Canadians" Conference in Ottawa, September The following article was lirst presented at the SUSK workshop following the "Social Trends Among 17, 1978.

never been aired on cable, and has However there is a pitfall here to SUSK concluded that as Canadian only by the radio programme "Iden- received only minimal exposure in avoid: for community theories are identity was definitely multicultural tities" and "Our Native Land" In presenting SUSK's past Toronto before a SUSK congress valid only when based on and that nothing in the Act proscrib- (which concerns itself with Native endeavors into media, I can sum- audience knowledge and understanding of ed the use in broadcasting of Indian issues). I spoke with the marize its thrust in this way: SUSK the particular community, and this languages other than English and public relations office at CBC, aimed for Ukrainian language un- is removed from the Video-SUSK Assessment is gained by parachuting in French. Lister Sinclair was which more programming on & national broad- not for two weeks and leaving. founded in banning the Gaelic political sensitivities of these issues cast system, private (cable), and cameras commen- expected in a programme. SUSK and KYK and than the top echelons of the CBC. especially public (CBC). as a vehi- Video-SUSK was a All that should be project which first-time taping of communities is others intervened at the CRTC and was told that I was incorrect in cle for tying our community dable and ambitious research documentary hearings to renew CBC's license in interring a responsibility for mul- together, and as a vehicle tor could have resulted in a budding basic and video which amassed ofters 1974, without results, and then ticultural programming from CBC's presenting a dynamic and attractive concern lor Ukrainian work, when brought the issue House of mandate. As tar as that person is number programmes in the communities material for analytical programmes. to the working culture to a great such ventured (which For this, its better to employ people Commons Committee on Broad- informed, CBC had no respon- of people at a speed unparalleled by where the project most to their communities casting, Film and Assistance to the sibility. So much for progress. any other medium. were all on the prairies). The indigenous project rather than out-of-towners. Arts. After a series of ten hearings In view ot the fact that the CBC Toward achieving this objec- unfortunate aspect of the this the will not interpret its mandate to possibly this may still be Another conceptual weakness Committee reported to tive, SUSK made both creative and (and final nine or ten was a misunderstanding of the House that: provide multilingual broadcasting political efforts, which will be reversed) is that the (composing the nature of cable programming. In in the present time, I feel that the assessed in this paper. The point ol edited programmes Evidence from CBC shows five hours) have seeking a seed network on cable, SUSK CBC Action should switch its my presentation is that although above-mentioned that there was nothing in the bicycling focus away from the CBC Board ot SUSK media actions appear to have never been aired. As a result, which means government policy project, among cable com- Directors and now begin lobbying exhausted themselves, by no means impact of the Video-SUSK programmes prohibiting the use of Ukrainian ianies in various cities on a regular for legislation to ammend the have all channels been exhausted. in terms of developing language other than English that Act. of in Canada with access on basis, one has to keep in mind Broadcasting The Myth The question is which channels do media and French. It appeared that non-existent. cable operators are interested in Sysyphus may come to mind at this we gamble on exploring. But first, a cable, is the so-called proscription of recognised that the local material or sufficiently general point, but I feel that a move to bit about the past. it should be multilingual broadcasting cultural programming ammend the Broadcasting Act may SUSK Video project did create a variety or was strictly an interpretation - their audience. A find success in its timeliness. substantial product eighty-two that would interest on the part of the CBC Board raw tapes (fifty hours), which at programme about the local Win- Currently, discussions are un- SUSK Ventures into of Directors. Thus, it is not interest derway to seek the enshrinement of least has some archival value. nipeg community will not legislation that must be Creativity multiculturalism in the proposed However, should SUSK consider an Edmonton cable company— changed, but the interpreta- organising a venture similar to the which is what the Video-SUSK Constitutional Ammendment Bill. etlort tion of the Board, if it is SUSK's famous creative well there has been an ar- Video SUSK of 1972, we should producer found to be true. Much of desirable for third language As is known as Video-SUSK. This ticulated sentiment to see mul- broadcasting to take place on project, undertaken in 1972, was ticulturalism legislated. Mul- teams of the CBC. (Fourth Report) based on the idea that tilingual broadcasting as well as travel, Ukrainian students would third language education are part of then tape and edit a mass Although the committee did not and parcel of multiculturalism, and aired on a seed programmes to be provide a directive for multilingual should be considered in dis- network of individual cable com- programming, it recommended that cussions as one package. I believe panies, which they would organise a committee be formed from the that this is the only channel remain- as well. For this project, SUSK CBC, CRTC, Secretary of State and ing, because CBC has proved itself budgeted eighty thousand dollars: the Minister of State on Mul- to be unresponsive they received twenty-five thousand ticulturalism - what is known as the There is one idea, which CBC from Opportunities For Youth. Multilingual Broadcasting Study may find more difficult to refute: the Nevertheless, SUSK proceeded Group - to determine a formula tor CBC presently broadcasts in with the project and hired twelve third language broadcasting in a languages other than English and full-time and sixteen part-time peo- way that would not diminish the French outside of Canada on Radio ple, thereby spending seventeen status of the two official languages Canada International (RCI). This thousand of their budget on in Canada. This was tabled in service is supported by our tax salaries- Eight thousand dollars January, 1974. To make a long story dollars. It's inexcusable that those remained for actual project ex- short, in 1976. the CBC instead of who support multilingual broad- penses. presenting a requested report on casting for citizens of the world can Of the group assembled, only third language broadcasting not enjoy the service themselves. It four were previously familiar with quickly look at some of the what Video-SUSK taped tell into the operational costs, utilized the loop- would be interesting if SUSK were video-tape equipment. An orienta- problems in the organisation of the category ol being inappropriate for hole that the CBC should not to study the feasibility of expanding tion course was provided at the slart project and in its concept. bicycling. fact that a group of diminish from the two official RCI to cover Canada, with the of the project. It was mostly The The few completed and edited languages. It reiterated its long- provision that well-budgeted ap- Iheoretical (the implications of knowledgeable amateurs was not programmes are as follows: standing position that the assembled is not the problem, as CBC propriate programmes to media impact upon a community) Velichkowsky interview is to provide an extension training in video-tape equipment is mandate Canadians of non-English, non- and one afternoon was spent lear- Mundare is Dying fairly straightforward. Furthermore. of the two official language broad- French background are created. ning video-tape equipment. Follow- Gardenton (Bukhovinian) wedding casting services to the country, and SUSK should, however, bear in ing Ihe orientation session, six SUSK was interested in providing Saskatoon Jamboree (organised by an opportunity whereby untrained until then no consideration would mind that in consideration of the students were to establish a centre SUSK fieldworkers) be given to multilingual broad- seventy million dollar cutbacks in for video-tape production in Win- youth could gain access to equip- Semotiuk Speaks about CBC ment and have the opportunity for casting. The CBC, at a cost of CBC for next year, the future of RCI nipeg while others went into the A short of Winnipeg youth in the (deducted in 1973) 150 million is under some question in CBC. field, in pairs, to create half-hour the full creative experience. It was country hoped they would continue on their dollars annually planned to ensure If SUSK is interested in becom- and one-hour programmes and to 45'of Ukrainian Caravan in Toronto second language broadcasting ser- ing involved in media, contact local cable stations The own initiative- the CBC vice to any community with a Action can only be part of the SUSK project report listed tour Here is the problem: the project "Mundare is Dying'* and the one population of over 500 anglophone cameramen, four researchers, one should have organised a proper "Gardenton Wedding" are the best, plan, mainly because it will require

or francophones. target for I The more years of work , and don't think editing technician and two orientation to teach at least the and if found in good condition, fundamental skills of video-taping. completion is 1981 to 1963, but this it has the potential of becoming a assistants, and one producer— the could be aired on cable. I think has already been delayed and has rest were office staff. The pairs were Any group venturing into video anywhere in Canada. The mass-based action. In the mean- effectively stalled the Broadcasting time supposed to operate as self- should be aware that there are Velichkowsky interview is valuable work is to be done in program- Group's contained unils: they would existent self-help resources as well lor archival purposes, and as search for a formula for ming in the present-day. third language broadcasting. produce, film and edit their own as available consultants to be documentary material within a programmes. A creatively taped; and. in the last two years, more highly produced programme. The position of the Mul- What Is To Be Done ticulturalism democratic group (although ad- cable companies are required to This tape, as well, could be aired in Ministers has been generously in- varied. Munro. in 1976, urged the ministratively controlled from the assist community any city. The rest is potentially First of all, I think it would be a implementation multilingual centre) the pairs were only 'limited' terest groups (but more on that airable on appropriate local cable of mistake for SUSK to undertake a broadcasting in a regional context, by certain broad themes: customs later). Secondly, equipment studio stations (except Semotiuk on CBC, Video project similar to 1972. It's not and other facilities should be where there is a demand, via CRTC and traditions; community struc- which is not limited locally), and, I necessary. The most expedient plan legalisation. feels tures; church architecture; inter- organised in advance of the pro- was told, requires various technical Cafik, however, would be to promote among clubs, that multilingual broadcasting views with artists—to name a few. ject's "start" date so that expenses improvements which are possible in is and outside of clubs, the informa- controlled, untimely, and would be appropriate Immediately, the project are administration the editing process. If the tapes are tion that conditions are very only encountered problems: there was a doesn't end up in chaos, and time in good condition, SUSK might try after a full implementation of favourable for video production on the delay in funding (which SUSK isn't wasted by the production staff. to have aome of the Video-SUSK multiculturalism policy accor- local cable stations. Two years ago, ding could not control), and difficulties Thirdly, in many cases not enough programmes aired on cable. This to his plan. This position could the CRTC passed a regulation that in getting access to equipment and time was spent within the various would finally realise the dream of be disputed since multilingual cable companies were required to facilities (which SUSK could communities (from several days to Video-SUSK. broadcasting and third language recycle ten per cent of their sub- two weeks) to have become suf- education in schools promotes have prevented) . The resultant one- scribers' revenues back into the month delay meant that less ficiently familiarized with them for The CBC Action cultural development and in- community. This means that they material was taped and that the documentary purposes and to win tergroup understanding, and thus were to "provide opportunities for seed network ot individual cable their support for the project's con- SUSK's main political effort hastens the implementation of the expression by the various ethnic companies was not organised. cept. There are a number of anec- with the objective of Ukrainian Multicultural Policy. communities within their licensed Nevertheless, at the end of the two dotes about the resistance of programming on a national broad- area" including encouraging in- Assessment ot the months during which Video-SUSK various communities to the project, casting system is familiar to all as CBC Ac- dividuals and groups to present operated, fifty hours were taped which I won't go into at this time. the CBC Action. tion programme ideas, produce their from which the group anticipated This last point brings to light a The issue of multilingual own proposals with the help of the broadcasting "twenty-five hours of good quality conceptual weakness of the project, arose in 1973 when a In its day, the CBC Action had a licensee's staff, provide facilities, Gaelic presentable and airable material". which I must admit is contentious programme on the Sydney. definite impact: SUSK sparked staff and training, make equipment Nova Scotia The following year, two students depending on who one talks to. I CBC station was bann- organisations of the Ukrainian and available, locate production were hired to edit the fifty hours of don't want to generalise, but it ed by Lister Sinclair, then Executive Italian communities into adopting origination facilities within their raw material, and another was sent appears that some in SUSK were Vice-President of the CBC English positions on this subject before the licensed area where they are easily across the country to establish operating under assumptions of a Service Division. SUSK studied the 1974 CRTC hearings and forced the accessible by such individuals and contacts with cable companies and pre-conceived community theory, Broadcasting Act which stated CBC and government to consider groups and defray expenses tor communities for airing the SUSK and hoped for an appropriate sweepingly that the CBC "should publicly the question of multilingual materials and transportation. Video programmes. The editors reflection of this in the material enrich and strengthen the cultural broadcasting. This information has been tound that ol the fifty hours, only taped. In other words, to a certain political and economic fabric of The CBC action, however, has available for two years, was printed five extent an analytical study Canada, be in English hours of material was technical- of a given and not yet seen the fulfillment of its in Student, and repeated at con- ly and creatively good enough to community was desired. In the end French. ..and contribute to the objectives. Multilinqual broad- the production staff development (MEDIA continued on find its way into edited had free-reign, of national identity casting is not provided by the CBC mainly programmes. This final product has because of the absence of and provide for a continuing ex- in Canada. Multicultural broad- page 11) consistent program planning. pression of Canadian identity". casting on CBC is represented still

Page 6; STUDENT, November, 1978 Rezoliutsii 19-ho Kongresu SUSK

1. - , - 4. , , - .- it „", - - 12. ,, . 18- - , ,,- - ", ' , (). . , - 2. . , - 8. , - , - iRCMP) - — . ' , , - , , - - - . !! - -,, - 18-- , 19- ,, -, , - - . -- , , 9. " - , „ - 16 " „ 1970- , . - ,) . 3. - / , - - 13. - / - , - ( - , , ,, ) ( ), , ", , - . ,- . , 14. Media Committee, , , Action ' - . ,, , - , — - ,, - , - , — , ( , , 1977 ), , , , - , . , 10. () - - , , - (, ), ! - - ; \ : ,- , . 1. ; ' - 2. ; , - 3. , - , ,, ; '- 4. , -- , 4. , - - , . - , 1. . , - , -- 2. , - " -- ; , -- . , 5. .. , „". - ' / ,, ,,,-- ,., .- . , , - , !. - (4) - ', , . - , - . - 2. - - , . 6. ' , - - . . npouecv , - 11. , , - () 1978 -— 1978 . - - ,() . . 19- , , , . , - , , 18- . 177 (- , , : v . ), 1. ' , - (. . - ),, , - '. , . - 2. . 7. „" .." - - . „„„., 3. - „" — - , ,, - .--, ,„ .— " -- (RESOLIUTSII continued on page 10) STUDENT, November, 1978: Page 7 Images of Ukraine:

Part Two

MONASTERY OF THE CAVES

Which should I remember? — 11th century monks in deep caves mummified to non-edible brown blobs in glass cases or the dog with a crushed paw outside on the sunlit courtyard? Not a choice between men and animals the darkness seekers the non-lcarians or one poor beast waiting to be kicked because he can't run away fast enough — nothing is quite that simple

Great men unburied here from shadowy kingdoms of long-ago Muscovy Redeemer of Berestovo & Yuri Dolgoruky founder of ancient Moscow you Anthony & you Theodosius co-founders of this underground rat-trap & you Nestor the Chronicler entombed in the 11th and 12th centuries — wouldn't you trade all your greatness your hope and heavenly ambitions for a crushed foot in bright sunlight among the tourists ON GETTING DRUNK IN KIEV and one moment of life before you escape back into darkness

My friends last night ! was borraccho which means drunk in any language including the Scandinavian

I interrupted your friendship speeches in a loud voice spoke of bad Canadian poets published in Russia like Joe Wallace and Wilson Macdonald AT BABIIY YAR {I don't apologize—they're really bad)

but I was drunk the timing was wrong A Ukrainian place your speeches were right my false self is my true self name We walk onto shaven with no specific my sudden friend Mark Pinchevsky do not pity meaning smooth grass and valleys during World War 2 or that care I'm slovenly awkward I certainly am scooped out with long mounds a suburban garbage dump thinking I hear that loud-voiced self again where bodies were laid or 'nuisance ground' interrupting the quiet self tirelessly explicating in layers with overcoats but now several acres theories neither knows anything about of earth and later burned in the heart of Kiev And that walk thru the park high over Kiev to destroy the evidence —the name has for me my foot slipping slop splayed steps tree-bumping Me with the feeling the off-rhyme of my troika third self observing you did you observe this? there is something 'Baby Footgear' The speeches in Tashkent Moscow and Kiev were right under my skin that with Babiiy Yar the high-sounding rhetorical shit-seeming pompous platitudinous speeches I have not understood Long after the hundred were right those reversible cliches of turncoat facsimile intentions some thing that remains thousand Jewish and were right incomprehensible to me other bodies of women their false self is your true self and intently our trivial important about all this senseless children and very old men friendship persists fragile and trembling precisely persists murder of being human died here with fillings —and it occurs to me extracted from teeth marvellous Viking-founded Dneiperish Kiev those uncovered babies' valuables stolen your eternal friendship for Canada is tenfold reciprocated shoes found by by the Germans from the heart your great love for our great writers the drill sergeant's men a Russian drill sergeant these must be thought of is felt trained his men here to the deeps of our collective thumping-in-unison hearts as a first aid and some of them found —all I can say uh you unnerstan well ah see what I mean? to my own understanding among the deep trenches —for chrissake let's have a drink some small thing connecting ir thick grass among with what is enormous fading oak and poplar not murder only leaves a few mismated but a black cloud babies' shoes in the human brain that makes each of us casual visitors conscious AL PURDY of what we actually are —here that large thing has this small handle Alfred Putdy was born in Wooler, Ontario in 191 8, a descendant of United Empire Loyalists. He has lived in of babies' shoes many parts ot Canada, and has worked at a variety of jobs. His name is usually associated with thesoutheastern Onlano at Babiiy Yar town of Ameliasburg. the geographical heart of much ol his poetry and the place he now calls home Purdy's with no feet inside them first book of poetry appeared in 1944. his second eleven years later. Four more books came out by 1963 — private-press collections and chapbooks, culminating in Poems for Alt the Annettes. Since that time, a running away from here number of other books — including The Cariboo Horses, Wild Grape Wine. North ot Summer and Sex & Death dead babies of course — have established him as one ol Canada's leading poets. In recent years he has also become known as the but all of us editor ot Sform Warning, anthologies introducing new Canadian poets to the reading public. He was honoured with the are their descendents President's Medal in 1964. and the Governor General's Award in 1966. The poems reproduced here are from a selection he calls Moths in the Iron Curtain .to be published shortly Press. by Paget They are written in an inimitable style that blends Purdy the poet with Purdy the personality, a potent combination with a uniquely Canadian flavour. Anyone who has met Purdy is sure to remember him though the memory might be somewhat blurred by a haze of alcohol. It is easy to imagine him — a lean, loud- talking, cigar-chomping man — confronting the Soviet bureaucracy head-on, and matching his literary hosts drink for drink. I'm sure they remember him very well...

Page 8: STUDENT, November, 1978 1

Briefs on the USSR and Eastern Europe Western Labour (From Information Bulletin, published by the Committee Representatives in Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners, Edmonton) Tatars Sign Mass Soviet Workers in Soviet Exiled Dis- Petition inconsistent Psykhushka' sidents Appeal to Com- Bohdan Somchynsky Several thousand Crimean munists, Socialists, Vladimir Klebanov, a founder of In a series of significant ac- forming alliances with various Tatars living in exile in Soviet the unofficial Trade Union Associa- Trade Unionists in the tions, the Canadian Labour Con- fascist governments. For example, Central Asia signed a petition tion was recently Iransfered from gress (CLC) has recently under- when the CLC in the summer of addressed to Brezhnev demanding West the Donets'k psychiatrichospital to taken the -defense of repressed 1977 fought at the ILO conference to be allowed to return to Crimea. one in Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine). Soviet trade unionists and dis- for the adoption of a report on the In 1944 Stalin ordered 100,000 An appeal signed by Liudmila He is now in the same hospital in sidents. application of standards in the field Tatars deported from Crimea Alekseyeva. Petro Grigorenko, which Leonid Plyushch was held. On February 1, 1978, Vladimir of trade union rights, their efforts because they had allegedly Valentyn T urchin. Vadim Other members of the "Associa- Belotserkovski, Klebanov, the delegated represen- were blocked by several 'collaborated' with the Nazis. In Anatoli Levitin- tion' have also been incarcerated in tative of the Association of Free governments, in particular those of 1967 the Soviet government formal- Drasnov, Kronid Liubarsky, Borys psychiatric assylums. N. Nikolaev is Vail, Leonid Trade Union Workers in the USSR the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, ly admitted that the charges were Pliushch and Borys being held in hospital number 1 in Sharagin (AFTUW)" sent an appeal via Argentina, Chile and the Arab false, but has not allowed Tatars to was sent to the western Moscow. The doctor in charge of press, Amnestary International to the countries. Considering the Soviet return to their homeland. the Central Committees of his case told Nikolaev's family that the International Labour Organization Union's loud denunciations of The petition signed by 5,000 Communist Parties of Western in view of the "anti-Soviet content of Europe, to (ILO). However, the appeal was Pinochet's military regime, one Tatars also demanded an end to the the Socialist Inter- his letters" keeping him in a psy- deemed irreceivable on technical wonders il the Soviet regime really harassment and imprisonment of national, the leaders of trade unions asylum believes thai its ch a I r c was "a and to others. grounds, since it came from Amnes- hypocritical members of their community. "progressiveness" humanitarian measure." G. Ivankov, In view ty Internatioal and not from a labour is fooling (Rouge. August 1978) of the impending 24. the 'Associa- anyone. another member of change of the top leadership in the organization. The CLC. Unfortunately, it tion' was transferred on July 4th to a Soviet Union the former dissidents however, felt that there was enough still does, in August of this Snehiriov Withdraws hospital in Orel after he was appeal to supporters of democratic evidence to warrant serious in- year, a four man Dr. Kimovich delegation, led George declared "insane" by socialism to exert their influence on vestigation. One of the first acts of by of Institute in Moscow. Johnston, president of the British Recantation the Serbsky the direction of change in the the new CLC President. Dennis October 19, 1978) Columbia Federation ol Labour, (Rouge, political life of the Soviet Union and McDermott, was to instruct the CLC travelled to Odessa (despite the Heli Snehiriov. a Ukrainian countries of the Soviet bloc. They representatives to the International political withdrawn the CLC's cancellation of its Soviet prisoner has Bulgarian Dissent maintain that left-wing circles in the Confederation of Free Trade Un- exchange program). Ignoring the recantation he allegedly signed on West have an important influence on ions (CFTU) to support the idea of fact that the Soviet state-run trade April 1, 1978 Snehinov's alleged Increasing the consciousness of the majority of an ICFTU complaint to the ILO on unions are used as a tool of political recantation has been an object of people in the USSR — including behalf of Klebanov and the AFTUW. and social control, the delegation controversy for the past five In March 1978, 14 Bulgarian many Party members. By protesting The ILO will be considering the reported that it was impressed with months. It was published in Soviet intellectuals published the against the systematic violation of matter later this month. the role trade unions play in the Ukrainian newspapers under the 'Declaration 78' which had the human rights in the USSR and At the same time, the CLC sent USSR At the same time, the Trades title 'I am Ashamed and Condemn following programme: the right of Eastern Europe, by supporting a telegram in July to W. Shibayev. Union Congress in England My Past*. Among other things the freedom of movement, the es- those struggling for human rights in President of the official All-Union defeated a resolution sponsored by lettered denounced Pelro tablishment of a better relationship those countries, and by putting Central Council of Trade Unions of the electrician's union defending Grigorenko and Viktor Nekrasov. between prices and wages and an forward new constructive ideas for the USSR, asking that body to apply the Klebanov group A high-ranking Regarding western organizations increase in state benefits, the crea- democratic socialism, the left in the pressure on the Soviet government member of the Soviet labour conducting 'anti-Soviet' activities, tion of independent trade unions, West increases the chances for a to grant Anatoly Shcharansky and organization was imported for the the recantation stated, 'my path is the abolition of social privilege, and change in the direction of Alexander Ginzburg oermission to occasion It appears that the not with you. I categorically insist the publication of the declaration in democratization in the USSR emigrate to the countries of their delegates were persuaded to ignore that you stop taking advantage of all the daily newspapers- The ex-dissidents also call fora choice After both dissidents were the fact that a Eurocommumst-led my name and my writings for anti- Bulgarian is perhaps the least total boycott of the Soviet Union been convicted, the CLC registered trade union, the CGT of France, had Soviet purposes. These I renounce familiar of all East European coun- with the exception of the supply of its protest by cancelling its ex- condemned the Soviet regime s forever'. Soviet authorities had tries. Its dissident movement has foodstuffs, massive campaigns to change program witn the Soviet repression of the dissident worker's extorted Snehiriov's signature received little attention in the West. protest political repression in the labour organization. organization when he was taken to hospital for an That movement however is gaining USSR and Eastern Europe and to The Soviet Union's obstinate The obvious task of all those operation. Snehiriov is known to be weight in Bulgaria. According to an put pressure on governments to insistence on defending its repres- who defend social justice is now to in extremely poor health Amnesty International report (1977) take diplomatic and political sion of human and trade union confront our labour unions on their (Svoboda, September 10, 1978) Bulgaria has a higher number of measures in answer to Soviet dis- rights has led them at times into stand oi what constitutes real political prisoners per head of the regard for international agreements democratic and trade union rights population than any other East ratified by the Soviet government 'See STUDENT Vol 10. No 47 p loi an and to expose the Soviets' portrayal European country other than the Those who signed the appeal do not Arrests in of its kowtowing state-run trade USSR. ask for a change in the social order Free Trade Union Workers in ine USSR Basically, this organization is an moependent unions for what it is — a barefaced For more information about of the USSR, rather they stress the Czechoslovakia alternative 10 Ine official slate controlled trade Bulgarian dissent write to: need for the democratization of the unions in the Soviet Union Collectif de Soutein a la lutte du country. By suppressing elemen- people Bulgare, tary human rights of their citizens On August 24, 1978 the statue B.P. 11. and of the working class, the of Klement Gottwald was blown-up 92190 Meudon. governments of Eastern Europe and by a small explosive. Gottwald ruled France. the USSR have challenged the Czechoslovakia until 1953. His international socialist movement. statue stood in Pribam. a mining The socialist movement, according Compliments of community 70 km south-west of Soviet Embassy in Paris to the former dissidents, must use Prague. Refuses to See French every means possible to change On September 4. 1978 conditions in the socialist camp Daria and Lubomyr Markevych authorities announced that they Trade Unions {Ukrainske Slovo. October 1. 1978) had arrested some individuals in Edmonton, Alberta from the socialist connection with the incident. The A'delegation Charter 77 Demands identity of those arrested has not led CFDT trade union was refused a been released. meeting with Soviet embassy of- Total Amnesty For to {Rouge, September 5, 1978) ficials. The delegation wanted present officials a declaration Political Prisoners protesting the arrest and incarcer- u..U tation of Podrabinek. Podrabinek is Dr. Ladislav Heojdiien a Soviet dissident who protested Marta Kubisova. spokespeople for psychiatric repression in the USSR. the Charter 77 group have called on {Rouge, August 19-20. 1978) Gustav Husak, the head of the It takes more than Czechoslovak Communist Party to proclaim a general amnesty on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of theory to start the founding of the Czechoslovak republic 10 {Rouge, October 23, 1978) a practice. News From Ukraine * HOME WINE MAKING SUPPLIES YOU CAN BENEFIT April 30. 1978. Petro Sichka. a MARKET DRUGS LID - •On year old former officer of the RANGE 10203 - 97lh STREET 52 FROM OUR FULL PHONES 422-1397; 422-1469 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (released from prison in 1957) and his 22 year OF FINANCIAL SERVICES. EVERYTHING FOR THE HOME old son Vasyl. joined the Kiev WINEMAKER AND BREWER Helsinki Monitoring group. Vyacheslav Chornovil is now ser- ving his sentence in exile in Chapandi. in the Yakut ASSR. •Iryna Stasiw-Kalynets. who is now in exile, is working as a milk-maid on a collective farm in Udino- Poselye in the Chetmska oblasl. FOOD artist FOR UKRAINIAN 'On March 10, 1978. Ukrainian dId Rostyslav Paletsky was murdered under suspicious circumstances was BABA'S VILLAGE Living in Odessa oblast, he HERITAGE TRUST preparing to submit a petition 10126- 101 Si.. EDMONTON demanding the right to emigrate. TELEPHONE 429-6656 NORTHSIOE Ukrainian political pnsonerOleksa #192 KINGSWAY GARDEN MALL. EDMONTON ONLY] 474-847 EAT-IN OR TAKE- DRIVE IN [TAKE-OUT Tykhyi. a member of the Ukrainian TELEPHONE - - 1 97 STREET 319 8th AVENUE, S.W. CALGARY B624 - 53 AVE D702 Helsinki Monitoring Group began a 429-79CU TELEPHONE 265-4415 469-694Z hunger strike in July 1978 in sup- port of his demand that his case be reviewed. STUDENT, November, 1978: Page 9 The task of Ethnics Formulator - (continued from page 5) Politics of ran into financial obstacles and did oddity of the female teacher in the The until 1887. not get underway 1880's became the common oc- Kobrynska was instrumental in currence in less than thirty years — the organization of many women's within Kobrynska's lifetime! She groups that had previously only was a woman perhaps before her Otherness been organized under religious time. She had little endorsement auspices and without specific from women of her own class, who George Melnyk feminist intentions. Her aim was to were not as yet feeling the societal gain political clout for women; since ills Kobrynska predicted. Her male journal culture current political parties were run by men counterparts advocated a much George Melnyk is the publisher ol the NeWesl Review, a monthly focussing on and editorial. in and men would not be easily more revolutionary socialism and events in Western Canada, where this article originally appeared as the October Born Germany and M.A. in persuaded, it was up to women to Kobrynska's public raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he received his M.A. in history Irom the University of Chicago and an opposed philosophy from the University of Toronto. He has written extensively on Western Canadian culture and mitigate their own plight. declaration for moderate gradual it is commonly believ- currently lives in Edmonton. Though change. They could not dispel from ed that Franko, Pavlyk and other their own characters the effects of revolutionary socialists were active generations old view of women as 'ethnic' is of the vaguest known to sociology." The failure of ethnicity to be a real nationality is evident in "The term one supporters of the women's cause inferior to men, even under the the typical hyphenated identities it creates such as "French- — Pareto and o( Kobrynska, Dr. premises of equality in the socialist Canadian" and Ukrainian-Canadian." This duality dis- Bohachevsky-Chomiak intimates doctrine. Thus, Kobrynska had to Canadian Plains Research Centre at the University of integrates into pseudo-nationality because invariably one side The that their support was of a con- contend with distrust from many of published collection of scholarly essays on or other of the hyphen dominates. It cannot stand up to the test Regma has a descending nature. After the her female peers and suspicion, ethnicity Ethnic Canadians: Culture and Education ed. by of history. When John R. Mallea writes about the "incom- December 8, 1884 meeting of her condescension and opposition Martin L. Kovacs, which provides some striking information on patibility between the universalizing forces of modernity and organization at which he spoke, from several of her political 'allies'. the distinctive norms of minority ethnic groups" he is the ethnic question in Canada. Franko wrote a poem where a The results of Kobrynska's Basically, ethnicity is an awareness of otherness. In the reiterating the failure of hyphenated identity. woman was pushed off the dais and efforts were not realized immediate- ethnicity in ways. First, its Canadian context, it has two seemingly contradictory roots. Hyphenated identity effects two a man endowed the gathered ly, but she had a profound influence ethnicity's inferior first is a consciousness created from outside ethnicity by incompleteness as an identity adds to The women with 'necessary' human on the feminist movement in ethnicity those who consider themselves non-ethnic and who need "the status. Secondly, it leaves the imperialist side of qualities. Still, it was within a Ukraine. Her promotion for the other" to their of superiority andexclusiveness. unchallenged. The hyphenated Canadian accepts the domi- support sense socialist system that Kobrynska felt education of women, as well astheir For them the other is not only differenl but also inferior. The nant definition of Canadian society. He accepts the fact that her hopes would be realized for need to organize and integrate with second consciousness comes from within ethnicity and is a ethnicity is only a minority force. "within the framework of socialism the ranks of progressive socialist demand by ethnics for otherness in orderto preserve dignity. This is evident in the political concepts generated by she failed to see how feminism parties were actualized in the later third While the first root is a consciousness that creates a hierarchy Canadian ethnics, primarily "multiculturalism" and "the could be viewed as a bourgeois years of her life. Most of her second is a struggle for equality. force." The official definition of Canada as a bilingual and of human identity, the connection". predictions regarding Galician Historically, the first consciousness is an outgrowth of bicultural country composed of two founding races makes a Kobrynska was writing and society were accurate. Her support European imperialism. Therefore, a part of ethnicity's cultural sham of multiculturalism as a fundamental concept of national speaking in a time still charged with base grew and the call for universal pedigree is that imperialism's intellectual baggage, which identity. Multiculturalism has been the preserve of ministers of ancient regimes, but nevertheless suffrage and equal educational includes such terms as "race", "primitive", "native" and culture, tourism and recreation plus the ubiquitous secretary undergoing fundamental changes. opportunities eminated from in- "savage." The second consciousness is an outgrowth of of state. The tact that the ethnics try to be number three is Her audience, the middle class creasingly larger numbers of European nationalism where ethnology was a tool of national indicative of the low status of multiculturalism. Canada has women of Galicia, especially after women in the early years of the 20th self-determination. These two interconnected yet opposing never been a society in which all traditions have equal power the assassination of the Tsar, century. streams of meaning clashed in the West with the arrival of the and influence. It has never been the kind of multinational "associated the socialist movement In the discussion period that first non-English speaking immigrants. That duality has society that ethnicity must strive for. with societal disruption". Any followed her seminar, Dr. continued to characterize ethnicity and has generated its own Since neither assimilation nor retrenchment has been "modernity and progress were Bohachevsky-Chomiak elucidated dialectical politics, the politics of otherness. able to effectively negate the dominant view of ethnicity, how identified with revolution". But further upon Kobrynska's personal At the beginning of the first essay in the book "The Nature does ethnicity overcome its legacy of inferiorityand alienation Galicia was beginning to feel the history and some finer points of her of Indian Claims" by Lloyd Barber, the ominous work and incompleteness. It can only do so when it resolves the effects of rapid urbanization. The philosophy. Natalia Kobrynska's "grievance" appears. It immediate!' associates ethnicity with dialectic between its imperialist and nationalist roots (its extended family, once so typical, contribution was one of incitor, alienation and protest, discrimination, resentment, racism and external and interna! definitions) by creating a true synthesis was breaking into nuclear family organizer and symbol to the minority oppression. The fact that the most vilified element in that moves the dialectic beyond its present impasse. It does so units and single women were women's cause in Ukraine; she was Canadian society - the native people - should be labelled by taking control of the dialectical process. By taking charge becoming more prevalent. The indeed a formulator of feminism. "ethnic" is indicative of the place of ethnicity in our society. It of its own destiny, ethnicity becomes self-determining. It is a place of inferiority. stops being an unfruitful reaction. itself is becoming the When the Indian becomes ethnic, ethnrcity It can only take control of the process by Rezoliutsii challenged. The battle between its old imperialist and opposite of what it presently is. Therefore, the task of ethnicity nationalist roots flares up and it is forced to re-examine itself. is to revolutionize itself, to destroy itself once and for all as a (continued from Why? Because the meaning of ethnicity is recharged with all consciousness of otherness. The task of the ethnic is to stop page 7) the connotations developed by imperialist consciousness, In destroying its present self, it gives birth a being the other. to 15. connotations of tribalism, of racial and cultural inferiority and new self which is no longer inferior or particularistic. It is a - also with opposing nationalistic connotations of self- universal self, an identity for everyone. Rather than be the , determination and equality. voice of oppressed minorities, ethnicity must become the . . of at beginning of majority. Rather than be a secondary idea . The re-examination ethnicity starts the voice of the its own dialectical process. It starts with the thesis of the supporting the status quo it must become the prime concept 1, It force for dominant society that it has the power to alienate, to behind social change. must stop being a ' - determine who is the stranger, the outsider because this is its preservation and become a force for liberation. The present land. Under this attitude, ethnicily becomes a social category burden of otherness will disappear only when the ethnic finally ' made to reinforce non-ethnic superiority. The inferiority of comes to feel at home in this land and he can only do that when , ethnicity generates its antithesis. The ethnic either flees ethnicity becomes an identity for all. , 19- ethnicity to hide in the dominant society or he embraces Zenon Pohorecky in his e^say "The Changing Role of ethnicity as a final refuge In either case, there is a process of Ethnocultural Organizations in Saskatchewan" provides . rejection, of negation, of non-acceptance of the dominant statistics that indicate how difficult a task that is. "Only 1 1% of , 9- - thesis. all ethnic cultural organizations in Saskatchewan are devoted , The onewhoescapes ethnicity into assimilation thinks he to the activities of more than one unrelated ethnic group" he . has negated the dominant society's definition of ethnicity by states, adding that the "British have less than 3% of 16. — denying it exists for him. But in the process of assimilation he ethnocultural organizations while Ukrainians who make up 9% r as been forced to deny himself and adopt the ruling identity, of the population have 36%-." For the dominant society to , : . significant part of which is its view of ethnicity. This means accept ethnicity as its own identity and for ethnics to identify 1. , he must relate to ethnics the way it does. He must treat a part of with each other and the dominant society requires a ' himself as inferior. The ethnic who tries to escape ethnicity commitment to a new identity that goes beyond what is. 2. . - : has simply adopted one side of its duality the imperialist Ethnicity has such a model. ) ' - tradition. He has only reinforced the inferiority of the other. In the West we have the indigenous precedent of the Metis ', - The one who embraces ethnicity also thinks he has to guide the struggle of ethnicity to create a new society. The negated the dominant society's definition of ethnicity by Metis have given the West its first and only valid metaphor lor a ) . - it ' denying exists for him. He creates another definition of truly multiracial, multicultural society That vision was () ethnicity as nationality by burying himself in that other destroyed by imperialism and its colonialist designs on the ) . nationality's linguistic and cultural preservation. But the West. The Metis vision was the promise of a new land built on nationality he has discovered is not really a nationality at all self-determination and a identity . new based on a true ) but its truncated form - ethnicity. Because "ethnicity and synthesis of peoples. This indigenous definition holds in , much 3. ethnic groups are viewed particularistic - as but transient common with the aspirations of a new ethnicity to end , phenomena in a process of development towards a universal hyphenation and provide completeness. : form of - - organization the nation-state" ("Ethnics and Non- The historic task of ethnicity is to reject the legacy of Ethnics" by Joseph R Manyoni) ethnicity can not be a true Sifton and embrace the promise of Riel. . 4. nationality. - : - Astro Travel Siervice . 17. ' fib ' - , -- 10211-97 ST. , EDMONTON, ALTA. , -- TEL: 423-2351 ' , . Inquire About 7***e&«? a>,- ( 1977 * ARGENTINA * AUSTRALIA HAWAII * MEXICO ). ', ' - WESTERN & EASTERN EUROPE * CANADA & U.S.A. , 1979 . '- Accepting bookings for Olympic Games — Moscow, 1980 , ' , '- Page 10: STUDENT: November, 1978 . )

Multiculturalism Media (continued (continued from page 1 from page 6) ferences, with no response. Should locally produced; the rest either several clubs begin programming Canadian-purchased or foreign- The afternoon plerlary took on Association, locally. SUSK could play a further gave an enthusiastic morning purchased. Programme content is some arose over the second role of organising trappings of a circus when the address in which he a city-to-city to be controlled outlined plans community leader workshop, by the station staff leader of the opposition. Mr. to include 'The exchange of appropriate Joe ethnic programming on a in consultation with an advisory Clark Future of Ethno-Cultural programmes, dropped in unexpectedly. proposed which is allowed by board nation-wide cable Organizations in composed of representatives After a Canada". In fact CRTC regulations. bit of soft-shoeing, he network. Mr. Keating's However, if of the various ethnic fervour was two -reports about the communities. managed to get workshop students remain uninterested in to a microphone surpassed only by that of Mr. Specific programmes or series were made, the first by the chairper- video for will and say a whatever reasons (eg. it few words about the Cafik's, when the latter spoke is be contracted out to that son of the session — who attempted a huge the com- "multicultural reality" in Canada evening at the commitment in terms of munities conference banquet to appease the suspicion who will not be saddled today, and mis- time), I think much to the obvious discom- in the Chateau SUSK should venture with Laurier. Although trust he found, and the responsibility of raising fort of the the second by a with the idea into the broader com- Honourable Minister. the Honourable Minister started their own advertising revenue. out workshop participant who explain- munity. This Rumour had it with that Prime Minister a fair idea of what he wanted aspect will be taken care of to ed straight-forward several Here, by the Trudeau had wanted nothing to do say, he com- SUSK could play its became caught up in his plaints station. Within the planned with which had emerged in the tailor-made role the multiculturalism con- own enthusiasm and rambled of co-ordinator programme schedule, on for course of discussions. For three hours a ference and that a long Only the first example, SUSK could host a somehow this time about no clearly-defined week is allotted to Ukrainian of report was included in two news reached Clark. And with matters. the official day conference on media A short stage production handouts which two hours is to be locally , containing the possibilities elect ion fever already in the air titled presen- in the context of Ukrai- 'lmages" followed the ad- produced and one hour will be tations. nian programmes. Having a purchased programme, possibly / assembled Ukrainians who work something from Soviet Ukraine or professionally in media, SUSK elsewhere. The Kossargroup hopes Position Paper for knowledgeable non-professionals to expand its services beyond the and those with more than a passing Lake Ontario area to the rest of interest in this subject, SUSK could the 3rd National Canada by cable company exten- Conference propose that this group form an of sion into the market. Thus we see association and work out a Ukrai- the possibility of the Kossar group nian television programme with the generating Ukrainian programmes CCCM target of airing it on CTV. The for all the Ukrainian populated community needs chutzpah. Ottawa, areas of Canada. The other implica- October 27-29, 1978 SUSK's rule should be mainly tion of this project is that the to instigate ideas and to bring Ukrainian community should be 1) Canada is people a multicultural country with together. Frankly I no one official culture don't prepared in terms of personnel think and 2] Within this framework ethnic communities should be SUSK should be involved in assured a) the right to develop and/or adapt their ideas to bear the responsibility of particular traditional cultures to largely industrial and urban the actual work of putting circumstances; and b) aid ,n their efforts to two hours of programming a week. J) do so establish solidly the legitimacy of this claim and to prevent programmes to air: conditions in its subiugation tothechangmg tide of political SUSK could support this fortune, the concept/policy of multiculturalism SUSK don't allow for it, and should be put on a legislative base. It SUSK proposal in shouldI be incorporated as its present stages of en 3nd included m ,he Preamble could be more useful in the area of ' and substantive portions of any forthcoming Canadian hearings before the CRTC, and constitution the CBC Action. should the project be realised, there 4 Tt , In C "' ta,e 3 ra,lonal and well-considered approach to ethnic terms of giving support to may be i L u community development core-fundmq a fuller and more creative should be made available to institutions with continuing media projects arising out of the programs which are viable and essential for cultural role for SUSK members to play in development, i.e., in areas such as language, community. SUSK should be aware academic studies, the folk and fine arts actually programming in Ukrainian. 5) Ethnic community organizations are of, and support, the Toronto mul- entered into voluntarily and many of those people who head them are limited in their organizational or professional tilingual broadcasting television skills. As a result they otten do not work to their capacity To sum up. these are the areas Therefore, multicultural programming should station being proposed by the include the availability of leadership training for ethnic SUSK may concentrate on in media: community leaders Kossar group before the and the funding of independent social CRTC on 1 animators to act as resource people for qroups which ) CBC Action: lobby for ammend- might 19 September. lack the expertise or skills they hold. ment to the Broadcasting Act which The Kossar group would like a would clearly state a responsibility mainband channel to broadcast for multilingual broadcasting. eighty-four hours a week in twenty- 2) encourage local clubs or local This set upTrudeau's retaliation at dress. This collage of Canadian nine languages a When the smoke had settled, to an audience of interest groups in the Ukrainian reception for conference delegates ethnic scenes was produced by four million around Lake Mr. Cafik made some final com- Ontario. community to exploit the hosted by the Governor-General Taras Shipowick, who closely Programming at ments, none of which were directly would be unilingual favourable conditions for video Rideau Hall. followed a format he had Trudeau drew a throng establish- relevant to what had been discuss- and heavily bilingual (eg. programmes on cable. of people around him ed with his Odessa Group produc- Ukrainian-English) upon his ed at the conference. His talk could in order that 3) stimulate some of the arrival, many of tions in Toronto. Unfortunately communication them women at- have been delivered at any time would extend professionals and those interested tracted by his charisma, some of "Images" became increasingly cross-culturally. After before or after the conference with all, this is a to form an association to develop them skeptics saying they wanted propagandistic as it went along commercial television station no substantial difference in tone which programme ideas and search for to shake his hand while he was still until by the end it became little more requires appropriate Perhaps the most significant thing ratings to funding with the aim of production Prime Minister. than a plea for national unity, attract advertisers: therefore the Minister said was that all the on a television network These divertisements did not, almost a sophisticated form of state larger the audience, recommendations could not be the better. 4) take an interest in the mul- however, stop the conference. culture. It received a thunderous Fifty-five percent All implemented and that some, in fact, of the program- tilingual TV proposal of the Kossar standing day Saturday was devoted to ovation already had been. He ended his ming on this station would be group. Sunday workshops, the youth continuing morning saw the last address with a homily about the (act sessions with (heirs and the community — the presentation of that he and his staff had learned workshop reports leaders starting theirs. Despite their followed by clos- much from this conference, that he ing remarks. ACADEMY PHOTO STUDIO LTD. own problems, the youth seemed to The youth presen- hoped all 600 or so delegates had tations were impressive, make more headway than the and also learned, and that he felt both perhaps a bit COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY SPECIALISTS community leaders; it could be said more to the point than parties "have been enriched and that the former talked with were those of the community leader one have benefitted by being together". Weddings workshops (the former 10876 - Street another, the latter at each other. were written Senator Bosa echoed this senti- 97 That day's luncheon by the delegates themselves, a speaker. ment that all had somehow gamed Candids EDMONTON, ALBERTA number of the latter Mr. Charles Keating, President of by the chairper- by the mutual exchange of T5H 2M5 the Canadian Cable Television sons of the individual sessions). opinions. Portraits PHONE: 424 - 1212 The greatest controversy of the However, much more than After Hours simply "meeting, speaking, and Family Groups 422 - 8040 HONE 586-2776 learning about each other in a feeling of mutual self-respect" is Commercial needed if anything is to become of JERRY PRYMA multiculturalism in Canada today. The conference's irresolute conclu- sion makes one despair whether any of the recommendations will be Ukrainian (Edmonton) Credit Union Ltd. followed up and whether Mr Cafik is pleased to introduce is serious about coming to grips another valuable service with the numerous issues brought up.

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STUDENT, November, 1978: Page 11 THERE'S NO SUCH THING AS BEING MORE OR LESS CANADIAN

all your Canadian In our country, a Canadian is a Your Canadian Government, through carried out in activities and pro- Canadian, regardless of his or her its permanent policy on Multicul- Government's administers a grams, too. This makes Canada truly background . . . regardless of turalism, creates and whether they were born in Canada wide variety of programs to en- multicultural. Canadian Gov- or immigrated here. courage all Canadians to maintain These continuing

it, proudly, ernment Multicultural programs In Canada, we respect each person their culture . . . and share of all as an individual. We respect the with all other Canadians. champion the diversity individual's race, cultural roots, One of the roles of your Minister of Canadians and their equality. All religious and spiritual values. Multiculturalism is to ensure equal Canadians are equal. There is no Each Canadian benefits from shar- opportunity, equal rights, for all such thing as being more or less

. on ing every other Canadian's talents, Canadians, regardless of ethnicity or Canadian . . thanks to our policy skills and contributions to Canadian cultural background. Your Minister Multiculturalism. life. That's what helps to make of Multiculturalism also helps en- Canada a great country! sure that the multicultural policy is Multiculturalism Honourable Norman Cafik L' honorable Norman Caltk unity through human understanding ||

Page 12: STUDENT, November, 1978