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Correlation Chart of Frontier Formation from Greenhorn Range, Southwestern Montana, to Mount Everts in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

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Correlation Chart of Frontier Formation from Greenhorn Range, Southwestern Montana, to Mount Everts in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MISCELLANEOUS FIELD STUDIES U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAPMF-2116 PAMPHLET CORRELATION CHART OF FRONTIER FORMATION FROM GREENHORN RANGE, SOUTHWESTERN MONTANA, TO MOUNT EVERTS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING By R.G. Tysdal, T.S. Dyman, D.J. Nichols, and W.A. Cobban INTRODUCTION figure 2, and thickness relationships-for the measured sections are illustrated in figure 3. In discussing The Upper Cretaceous Frontier Formation in stratigraphic relationships, we proceed from eas* to southwestern Montana was deposited in the foreland west, from shelf to foreland basin. All megafossils basin of the Cordillera in the west and shelf facies of reported here, including those in cited references, were the foreland in the east. Lateral and vertical changes identified by co-author W.A. Cobban and are shown in the lithology of the formation reflect both in tables 1 and 2. All palynomorphs, including those depositional environments and regional tectonism. in cited references, were identified by co-author D.J. The measured sections presented here form a 120-km Nichols and are shown in tables 3 and 4. In the (75-mi) transect that is about normal to the axial citation of previous studies, we have attempted to trend of the mid-Cretaceous seaway in which the include all relevant M.S. and Ph. D. theses, but marine rocks of the formation were deposited, and others, of which we are unaware, may exist. about normal to the orogenic trend in the hinterland to the west (fig. 1). During the Late Cretaceous to MEASURED SECTIONS early Tertiary Laramide orogeny, Cretaceous strata in southwestern Montana were deformed and General locations of the measured sections are foreshortened (telescoped) by eastward transport of shown in figure 1, and detailed locations are giver on strata above major thrust faults. Frontier rocks of the the chart. The four sections were measured originally Madison Range composite section and the Mount by Tysdal; the Ruby River section was partly Everts section are not known to be separated by any remeasured with the help of Dyman. None of the major Laramide-age thrust faults that would have sections have been published previously. The moved the sections closer together than they were Frontier Formation in the Madison Range is shown when deposited, and hence, the facies present are in a composite of two measured sections, about 21 broadly similar. Frontier strata of the Ruby River km (13 mi) apart: the section at Lincoln Mountain section, in the Greenhorn Range, however, lie within represents the lower part of the formation, the section a thrust plate that is bordered on the east by the at Big Sky represents the upper part (fig. 1). The Hilgard thrust fault (fig. 1). The plate moved four sections were measured where exposures are the eastward during the Laramide orogeny and the facies best that we know of in their general areas. All of the Frontier present within it differ significantly sections were measured with a Jacob's staff equipped from those exposed farther east, both in depositional with a hand level. environments and thicknesses. The measured sections are shown here in a The purpose of this report is to review computer-generated graphic format produced by the stratigraphic relationships and nomenclature for the SRG (Stratigraphic Report Graphic), a stratigrarhic Frontier Formation in the region of the measured applications program developed by the U.S. sections, and to discuss contact relationships with Geological Survey and Petroleum Information overlying and underlying formations. These goals are Corporation of Denver, Colo. The SRG accepts accomplished through the presentation of new data, sedimentologic, paleontologic, lithologic, including the faunal and palynofloral identifications paleoecologic, and nomenclatural data for outcrop and the four measured sections displayed graphically sections and cores, and displays these data in a scale- in this report, and the reinterpretation of existing data. variant format (Petroleum Information Corporation, Regional stratigraphic relationships are shown in 1984; Dyman and others, 1985). The SRG is proprietary to Petroleum Information Corporation, STRATIGRAPHY but is available by contract to the U.S. Geological Survey for a variety of research applications. Frontier strata of the Madison Range composite section and the Mount Everts section in PREVIOUS WORK the eastern part of the region considered here record deposition in a relatively stable, slowly subsiding Early workers in the areas of the four measured shelf setting--a continuation of conditions that existed sections commonly conducted reconnaissance studies during deposition of Lower Cretaceous rocks. In and used map units that encompassed thick sequences contrast, Upper Cretaceous rocks of the much thicker of strata. These thick stratigraphic units were Ruby River section in the Greenhorn Range record subdivided by later workers into several formations, deposition in a rapidly subsiding foredeep of the including the Frontier Formation. Only the early foreland basin, reflecting a change in stability from studies that used the thick sequences of strata are that which existed during deposition of the Lower mentioned in this section. Studies that concerned the Cretaceous rocks. The nomenclature, however, does Frontier directly are cited later for each measured not change, although a wide variety of lithologies and section where appropriate in the discussions of thicknesses commonly are assigned to the Frontier contacts, paleontology, and correlation. In Formation in Wyoming and southwestern Montana. Yellowstone National Park, early studies began in the Lower and Upper Cretaceous formations that late 1800's, whereas in the Greenhorn Range the underlie the Frontier in the area of the measured earliest studies did not begin until about the middle of sections also record deposition in a fairly stable shelf the 1900's. setting; lithologies of individual formations are fairly In the northern part of Yellowstone National uniform, and the nomenclature also is uniform. In Park, strata of the Frontier Formation were included ascending order, the Lower and Upper Cretaceous in the Colorado Formation by Iddings and Weed formations are the Thermopolis Shale and Muddy (1894,1899) and Hague (1896). Directly north of the Sandstone (Lower Cretaceous), and Mowry Shale park, at Cinnabar Mountain (locality CM , fig. 1 [the (Upper Cretaceous) (fig. 2). West and southwest of same locality was denoted by DS, for Devil's Slide, the Greenhorn Range, the lithology of these in Tysdal and others, 1989b]), rocks of the Frontier formations gradually changes, and the nomenclature were mapped within the Colorado Group by Iddings reflects this change. An arbitrarily chosen geographic and Weed (1894) and Calvert (1912). line of demarcation (not shown in fig. 1) for the In the Madison Range, early studies, as well as change in nomenclature lies just south of the Ruby some published in recent years, generally involved River section, in the middle of the valley separating mapping in which the workers did not distinguish the Greenhorn and Gravelly Ranges from the Frontier strata from the overlying and underlying Snowcrest Range (Tysdal and others, 1989a, b). marine Cretaceous rocks. Frontier strata are part of a Lithic correlatives of the Thermopolis, Muddy, and unit mapped as "Colorado and Montana formations" Mowry lie within the Blackleaf Formation in the (Peale, 1896), Colorado Group (Becraft and others, Snowcrest Range and areas farther west 1970; Garihan and others, 1983), and an unnamed Strata directly above the Frontier in the Mount unit (Swanson, 1950). Along the western flank of Everts and Madison Range areas are assigned to the the central part of the Madison Range, Hadley (1969a, Cody Shale. No Cody strata are known to occur in 1980) used the name Frontier Formation for a thick the Greenhorn Range or the nearby Gravelly and succession of strata that included the Frontier Snowcrest Ranges (fig. 2). Formation as used here, but also included several formations that underlie and overlie the Frontier as MOUNT EVERTS SECTION now defined. In the Greenhorn Range and the contiguous Frontier strata of the Mount Everts section northern part of the Gravelly and Snowcrest Ranges, (fig. 1, locality ME) in the northern part of reconnaissance work was conducted by Klepper Yellowstone National Park are composed chiefly of (1950), who assigned strata of the Frontier to the medium- to light-gray, fine- to medium-grained Colorado Group. Mann (1954, 1960) assigned the sandstone and lesser amounts of siltstone. The beds same strata to the Colorado Formation. McBride contain abundant grains of quartz, feldspar, and chert; (1988) mapped Frontier strata in the central part of glauconite is present locally. Light-colored bentonite the Snowcrest Range as part of his map unit of and porcellanite are common interbeds in the upper Blackleaf and Frontier Formations undivided, whereas part of the section. The rocks were deposited in Sheedlo (1984) did not apply a name to equivalent shoreface environments and locally in upper offshore strata in the northern part of the range. (prodelta) environments. In general, they record a regressive, shallowing-upward succession. Trough Mowry and Frontier at Cinnabar Mountain, F-aser crossbeds and Ophiomorpha burrows oriented at a and others (1969) measured a total thickness of 250.2 high angle to bedding attest to the shoreface setting of m (821 ft). Wilson (1934) also measured the parts of the formation. Cretaceous
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