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The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Architecture FROM SYMBIOSIS TO INTEGRITY IMPROVING THE CONNECTIVITY OF BEAVER STADIUM TO THE UNIVERSITY PARK CAMPUS OF PENN STATE UNIVERSITY A Thesis in Architecture by Alireza Arabshahi © 2014 Alireza Arabshahi Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture December 2014 ii The thesis of Alireza Arabshahi was reviewed and approved * by the following: Daniel Willis Professor of Architecture Thesis Advisor Scott Wing Associate Professor of Architecture Katsuhiko Muramoto Associate Professor of Architecture Ute Poerschke Professor of Architecture Architecture Graduate Program Chair * Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii Abstract In 1959 the initial structure of the Beaver Stadium was disassembled and re-erected in its current location. Thanks to the abundance of open space adjacent to the stadium, the subsequent athletic structures were constructed on East Campus. However, Rec Hall that is one of the main athletic structures of the campus is still located on West Campus. The distance between the two structures, as well as the typology of spaces between them – to say, academic and residential buildings close to the Rec Hall and vast open parking spaces surrounding Beaver Stadium – further intensify the detachment of Rec Hall from the athletic department’s zone. My thesis is a design proposal for improving the connectivity of the stadium to the campus context. A set of architectural strategies are identified and their validity is explored via the analysis of the design approaches taken for addressing similar issue in five collegiate on-campus stadiums. iv Table of Contents List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………….……ix List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..xiii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………..xiv Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………………….……….1 1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….………...1 1.2. Thesis Structure………………………………………………………………..……………4 1.2.1. Case Studies………………………………………………………………………………...5 Chapter 2 Darrell K. Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium, Austin, Tex....……………………………...7 1. Stadium……………………………………………………………………………...….…7 1.1. General Information…………………...………………………………………..……..7 1.2. The History of the Stadium………..…..………………………………………………7 1.3. Major Renovations and Expansions……….………………………………………….8 1.4. Importance of Football in University of Texas at Austin…………………..…………8 2. Campus Development…...…………………………………….………………………….9 2.1. History………………………………………………………………………………....9 2.2. The Organizing Principles of the Latest Master Plan of the Campus…….…...…….11 2.2.1. Strategies…………………………………………………………….………12 2.2.2. Implementation of the Strategies………………..………………………….14 2.3. The 2012 Master Plan………….…………………………………………………….16 2.3.1. Organizational Structure of the Campus………………….………………….16 2.3.2. Design Objectives………………………………….………………………….20 2.3.3. Central Campus……………………………….……………………………….23 2.3.4. Development Objectives of the Central Campus Section…………...………24 2.3.5. Site Boundaries………………………………..……………………………….24 2.3.6. Proposed Strategies for Enhancing the Access Network around the Stadium………………………………………………………………….…………...29 2.3.7. Transportation Network Development Objectives…………………………..30 2.3.8. Samples of Implementing the Strategies Defined for Improving the Transportation Network……………………………………..………………………38 2.3.9. Architectural Guidelines………………………...…………………………….39 3. Visual Aspects of the Stadium……………………………..…………………………………40 Chapter 3 Kyle Field, College Station, Texas………………………….…….…………………..46 1. College Station……...……………………..…………………….……………………….46 2. Texas A&m University……………………...……………………………………………46 3. Kyle Field………..………………………...………..………………………….…………46 4. Campus Evolution…………………………….………………………………………....46 4.1. 1876-1908………………………………...………………………………..…………47 4.2. 1909-1919…………………………………...………………………………..………49 4.3. 1920-1941……………………………………………...………………..……………52 4.4. 1942-1962…………………………………………………...………..………………52 4.5. 1963-2003………………………………………………...………..…………………53 v 4.6. 2004-Present…………………………………………...…………………………….54 4.6.1. Spatial Configuration of the Campus………………………...….…………..56 4.6.1.1. East Campus……………………………...………………………………56 4.6.1.2. West Campus…………………………………………………………….56 5. 2004 Campus Master Plan………………………….……………………………………57 5.1. Strategic Recommendations…………………….…………………………………..57 5.2. Implementation of Recommendations……………………………………………..58 5.3. General Policies……………………………….……………………….……………..63 5.4. Land Use………………………….…………………………………………………..64 5.5. Connectivity Improvement………………………………………………………….65 5.5.1. Pedestrian Network………………….………………………………………66 5.5.2. Shuttle Network………………………...……………………………………67 5.5.3. Bicycle Network……………………..……………………………………….68 5.5.4. Service Vehicle Network……………………………………………………..69 5.5.5. Private Vehicle Network……………………………………………………..70 5.5.6. Parking……………………………………………………………………….71 5.6. Connectivity to Neighborhood Community…………………………..……………73 5.7. Architectural Guidelines…………………………….………………………………74 5.8. Kyle Field Redevelopment……………………...……….…………………………..76 5.9. Analysis of the Architectural Aspects of the Existing Condition of the Stadium…..77 5.10. The 2013-2015 Renovation……………………..……………………….………81 Chapter 4 Notre Dame Stadium, Notre Dame, Indiana………………………...……….88 1. History………………………..………………………………………………………88 1.1. First Renovation………………………………………………………………….89 2. Location…………………………...………………………………………………….90 3. Access…………………………………..…………………………………………….92 3.1. Vehicle Access……………………………...…………………………………….92 3.1.1. Car Routes………………..………...…………………………………….92 3.1.2. Bus Routes……………………...……….……………………….……….93 3.2. Pedestrian Access……………..…………………………..…..………………….94 3.2.1. On-campus Access………………………………………………………94 3.2.2. Out-of-campus Access……..…………………….……..………………..96 4. The Latest Expansion Plan………………………..…………………….………………97 4.1. Exterior………………………………………………………………………….100 4.1.1. Provision of Means of Attraction………………………………………101 4.2. Extensions……………………..………………………………………………..101 4.2.1. West Building……...……………………………………………………101 4.2.2. South Building…………...……………………….…………………..…105 4.2.3. East Building………..………………………………..………………….107 Chapter 5 Memorial Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan………………………….……….110 1. Ann Arbor…………………………..……………………………………………….110 1.1. Climate…………………………...……………………………………………..110 2. University of Michigan………………………….………………………………….110 2.1. Campus…………………………...…………………………………………….111 vi 2.1.1. Central Campus……………………….………………………………..111 2.1.2. North Campus…………………………………………………………..112 2.1.3. South Campus…………………………………………...……………..113 3. Michigan Stadium…………………………………………………………………114 4. Campus Master Plan……………………………………………………………….114 4.1. Early Campus Master Plan (1963-1991)……………………….……………….115 4.1.1. South Campus Master Plan…………………………………………….115 4.1.1.1. History………………………...…………………………………….115 4.1.2. Location………………………...………………………………...……..116 4.1.3. Transportation Network……………….………………………………122 4.1.3.1. Vehicular Transportation…………………..………………………122 4.1.3.2. Pedestrian Access………………………………………………….124 4.1.3.3. Bus Access………………………………………………………….125 4.1.3.4. Bicycle Access……………………...……………………………….126 4.1.4. Parking Spaces………………………………...……………………….127 4.2. Architectural Aspects…………………………………………….…………….128 4.2.1. 2007-2010 Renovation………………...………………………………..128 4.2.2. Exterior Renovation…………………………………………………….129 Chapter 6 Bryant Denny Stadium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama………………………..…….135 1. Tuscaloosa…………….……………………………………………………………135 2. University of Alabama………………………….…………………………………..135 3. Bryant Denny Stadium…………….…………………………………………….…136 3.1. Major Expansions…………………...…………………………………………..136 3.1.1. 1998……………….……………………………………………………136 3.1.2. 2004………………….…………………………………………………137 3.1.3. 2010……….……………………………………………………………137 4. Early Campus Master Plan………………………………………………………….138 4.1. Pre-2007 Master Plan………………………………..………………………….138 4.2. Pre-2007 Planning Characteristics………………….………………………….143 4.2.1. Nichol’s Master Plan……………………………………………………144 4.2.2. Post-Civil War Master Plan…………………..………………………….144 4.2.3. Greater University Plan………………...……………………………….145 4.2.4. Million Dollar Plan………………………...…………………………….146 4.3. The 2007 Master Plan……………………………….………………………….146 4.3.1. Vision………………………………………………...………………….146 4.3.2. Design Strategies………………………………………………………147 4.3.2.1. Architecture Language…………………………….……………….148 4.3.2.2. Spatial Development of the Campus in the Past 30 years….……..148 4.3.2.3. Access Paths Design Principles…………………….………………148 4.4. Architectural Guidelines…………………………………………..……………149 4.4.1. Materials and Details………………………………….………………..149 4.4.1.1. Materials……………………………………………………………149 4.4.1.2. Design Details……………………………………………………...149 4.4.2. Zones…………………………..………………………………………..149 vii 4.4.2.1. Central Realm……………………………....……………………….151 4.4.2.2. Intermediate Realm…………………...……………………………151 4.4.2.3. Residential Realm………………………….……………………….151 4.4.2.4. Gateway…………………………………………………………….151 4.4.3. Design Standards………………………………………………………151 4.4.3.1. Placement…………………………….…………………………….151 4.4.3.2. Axes and Symmetry……………………………...…………………151 4.4.3.3. Form………………………………….……………………………..152 4.4.3.4. Envelope………………..…………………………….…………….152 4.4.4. Functional Zone………………………………………………………..152 4.5. Campus Development Proposal………………………………...……………..153 4.6. Design Strategies…………...…………………………………………………..154 4.6.1. Pedestrian network…………………………………………………….154 4.6.2. Bicycle Network……………………………………………….………..155 4.6.3. Vehicular Network………………………...……………………………156 4.7. Climate Considerations……………………….…………….………………….157 4.8. Design Implementation…………………………………….………………….157 4.8.1. Streetscape……………………………………………..………………158