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Home , Community psychology, Seymour Sarason

Handbook of Handbook of

Edited by Julian Rappaport University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois and Edward Seidman University New York, New York

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Librnry of Co n l:~ss C>ltaIOl:in.:-in-PubliclitioD Data

Handbook of eommunity ps)'ebology/ediLed by Juliao Rappapon & Edward Scidmao. p. etil. Includes bibliographical rcîcrcnces and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-6881-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-4193-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4193-6 1. Comnlun.it)· p~ycholl>gy _ Handbo<.>ks. manual~. elCo 1. Rappaport, Juli",L. II. Seidm~n. Edward.

RA 790.55 .H36 1999 362.2-dc21

ISBN 978-1-4613-6881-6

~ 2000 Springer Scicnce+llusincss Media New York Originally publishcd by Kluwcr Ac:adcmic/Plenum Publishcrs, N\.."W York in 2000 Softcovcr reprint of the /1.8nkover 1SI cdilion 2CXX)

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May you always live in a loving community where justice matters, where fairness and authenticity abounds and where the streets are filled with the joys of life, of learning, and of laughing. Contributors

LARuE ALLEN, Department of , New York University, New York, New York 10003 B. EILEEN ALTMAN, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064 BRUCE AMBUEL, Waukesha Family Practice Center, #201, 210 N. W. Barstow, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53045 KENNETH B. BACHRACH, Tarzana Treatment Center, Tarzana, California 91356 CHARLES BARONE, 3003 Van Ness Street N. W., #W1129, Washington, D.C. 20008 MANUEL BARRERA JR., Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 G. ANN BOGAT, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michi• gan 48824 BILL BERKOWITZ, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854 SANFORD BRAVER, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 JULIA GREEN BRODY, Silent Spring Institute, 29 Crafts Street, Newton, Massachusetts 02458 GEOFFREY CARR, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 156, Canada DAVID M. CHAVIS, Association for the Study and Development of Community, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877 CARY CHERNISS, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers Univer• sity, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 EMORY L. COWEN, Center for Community Study, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620 ANTHONY R. D'AuGELLI, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 WILLIAM S. DAVIDSON II, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lan• sing, Michigan 48824-1117 vii viii Contributors

GENE DEEGAN, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Department of Psychology, , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 CHRISTINA DOUGLAS, Center for Creative , Greensboro, North Carolina 27438 STEPHEN B. FAWCETT, Department of Human Development and Family Life, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 ROBERT D. FELNER, School of Education and the National Center on Public Education and Social Policy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 TWEETY YATES FELNER, Department of Special Education, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820 PAUL FLORIN, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 CARRIE S. FRIED, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 LEAH GENSHEIMER, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110 JOSE ANTONIO GARCIA GONZALEZ, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas lOW-A, Venezuela MICHELLE GOYETTE-EWING, Child Study Center, , New Haven, Connecticut 06511 KATHERINE GRADY, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 KENNETH HELLER, Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 ROBERT HUGHES JR., College of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 LEONARD A. JASON, Department of Psychology, De Paul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614 RICHARD A. JENKINS, National Center for mv, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 JAMES G. KELLY, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, Califor• nia 95616 KATHERINE 1. KLEIN, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 JANE KNrrZER, National Center for Children in Poverty, School of , Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 LEON H. LEVY, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23229 RAMSAY LIEM, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167 Contributors ix

JEAN ANN LINNEY, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Caro• lina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 ALFRED McALISTER, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77225 MIRIAM MARTINEZ, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110 KENNETH I. MATON, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland 21250 JEFFREY P. MAYER, Department of Community Health, School of Public Health, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63108 GARY B. MELTON, Institute on Family and Neighborhood and Family Life, Clemson Univer• sity, Clemson, South Carolina 29634 JUDITH C. MEYERS, Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Inc., Farmington, Connecticut 06032 JOHN R. MORGAN, Director of Clinical and Prevention Services, Chesterfield • Mental Retardation Department, Chesterfield, Virginia 23832 ANNE MORRIS, Center for Mental Health Services Research, University of California, Berke• ley, California 94720 J. R. NEWBROUGH, Department of Psychology, Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203 PATRICK O'NEILL, Department of Psychology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia BOP IXO, Canada DIANA OXLEY, Department of Special Education and Community Resources, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1235 KENNETH I. PARGAMENT, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowl• ing Green, Ohio 43402 DENNIS N. T. PERKINS, The Syncretics Group, Branford, Connecticut 06505 DEBORAH A. PHILLIPS, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20418 RICHARD H. PRICE, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 R. SCOTT RALLS, Vice President, Economic and Workforce Development, The North Carolina Community College System, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603 BRUCE D. RAPKIN, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Hospital, New York, New York 10021 N. DICKON REpPUCCI, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 TRACEY A. REVENSON, Department of Social-Personality and , CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016 JEAN E. RHODES, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820 x Contributors

RONALD ROESCH, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada ANN MARIE RYAN, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 IRWIN N. SANDLER, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 SEYMOUR B. SARASON, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 RUTH SCHELKUN, Late of Washtenaw County Community Mental Health Center, Washtenaw County, Michigan KATHLEEN M. SCHIAFFINO, Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, New York 10458 IRMA SERRANO-GARCIA, Department of Psychology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00826 MORTON M. SILVERMAN, Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615 MARYBETH SHINN, Center for Community Research and Action, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003 VIRGINIA SMITH-MAJOR, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742

DAVID L. SNOW, The Consultation Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 LONNIE R. SNOWDEN, Center for Mental Health Service Research and School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ANN M. STEFFEN, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63121 STEPHEN P. STELZNER, Department of Psychology, College of St. Benedict, St. Joseph, Minnesota 56374 ERIC STEWART, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820 CAROLYN F. SWIFT, 1102 Hilltop Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66044 RALPH W. SWINDLE JR., Health Services Research and Development, VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 J. S. TANAKA, Late of the Departments of and Psychology, University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820 EDISON J. TRICKETT, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 COLLIN VAN UCHELEN, Cross Cultural Psychiatric Program, Department of Psychiatry, Uni• versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2Al, Canada Contributors xi

ABRAHAM WANDERSMAN, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Colum• bia, South Carolina 29208 RODERICK WATTS, Department of Psychology, De Paul University, Chicago, lllinois 60614 GLENN W. WHITE, Department of Human Development and Family Life, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 SABINE WINGENFELD, School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia THOMAS WOLFF, , Massachusetts Statewide Area Health Education Centers, University of Massachusetts Health Center, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 JENNIFER L. WOOLARD, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Flor• ida 32611 ALEX J. ZAUTRA, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104 MARC A. ZIMMERMAN, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029 Preface

As a field progresses, people write about their own work in journals, chapters, and books; but periodically the work needs to be collected and organized. It needs to be brought together in a format that can both introduce new members to the field and reacquaint continuing members with the work of their colleagues. Such a collection also affords an opportunity for the growing number of people with particular expertise to provide a reference for others whose work is related, but differs in focus. This is the first Handbook of Community Psychology. It contains contributions from 106 different authors, in addition to our editorial introductions. Its thirty-eight chapters (including two that are divided into multiple, individually authored parts) are concerned with conceptual frameworks, empirically grounded constructs, intervention strategies and tactics, social sys• tems, design, assessment and analysis, cross-cutting professional issues, and contemporary intersections with community psychology. Although interrelated, each chapter stands on its own as a statement about a particular part of the field, and the volume can serve as a reference for those who may want to explore an area about which they are not yet familiar. To some extent community eschew the distinction between researcher and practitioner; and regardless of one's primary work environment (university, small college, practice setting, government, or grassroots organiza• tion), there is something of interest for anyone who wants to explore the community psychol• ogy approach. To say that all the work of importance to the field is presented here would be to promise more than anyone could deliver given the rapid growth, comprehensive development, and broad scope of this field. However, as we suggest in our editorial introductions to each section, we do offer here the overarching narratives that tell the community psychology story and many of the maps that have pointed community psychologists in new directions. We think this vol• ume should be of interest to both graduate students and professionals; and much (if not all of it) is written in a way that makes it accessible to advanced-albeit sophisticated-undergraduates as well, especially those who want to grasp the scope of the field. Each chapter stands on the shoulders of considerable work, much of which has not pre• viously been brought together in any single place. The volume as a whole has many historical roots. In 1966, Sarason, Levine, Goldenberg, eherlin, and Bennett published a book describing their work at the Yale Psycho Educational Clinic. In 1967, Emory L. Cowen, Elmer A. Gardner, and Melvin Zax edited an influential book called Emergent Approaches to Mental Health Problems. This was shortly followed by Ira Goldenberg's Build Me a Mountain (1971), 's The Psychological (1974), and the Austin Conference on the training of community psychologists (Iscoe, Bloom, & Spielberger, 1977). In 1972,

xiii xiv Preface

Stewart Golann and Carl Eisdorfer edited a Handbook of Community Mental Health. In some ways that ambitious volume is the forerunner of this one, inasmuch as it brought together a wide range of authors and ideas within its focal themes, many of which predated the develop• ment of community psychology as distinct from community mental health. Those early volumes, along with the intellectual, professional, historical, and political events that accompanied the founding of the Division of Community Psychology of the American Psychological Association in 1966 (now organized as the Society for Community Research and Action) and of the American Journal of Community Psychology (in 1973), as well as the Journal of Community Psychology and more recently the (British) Journal of Community and Applied , moved the field to a more prominent place among both the academic and the practice . In the past thirty years, many textbooks on community psychology and community mental health, from various theoretical perspectives, some suitable for undergraduates, some for graduate students, have appeared: Murrell (1973); Zax and Spector (1974); Neitzel, MacDonald, Davidson, and Winett (1977); Bloom (1977,1984); Heller and Monahan (1977); Mann (1978); Gibbs, Lachenmeyer, and Sigal (1980); Glenwick and Jason (1980); Jeger and Slotnik (1982); Heller, Price, Reinharz, Riger, and Wandersman (1984); Orford (1992); Levine and Perkins (1987, 1997). Many of these remain worth reading today as ways to organize and energize the field. Our own contributions to codification of the growing literature included a textbook, Community Psychology: Values, Research, and Action (Rappaport, 1977); Handbook ofSocial Intervention (Seidman, 1983); and a book of readings, Redefining Social Problems (Seidman & Rappaport, 1986). In this volume we resist the temptation to review the history of the field, since many such accounts are available in the works mentioned above. But the time is ripe for community psychology to take another account of itself in the form of a reference work. We do so here with the hope that current researchers and practitioners, as well as newly interested students and colleagues, will find that the spirit of community work, inspired by the values, research, and action that has engaged us in careers linking the personal with the intellectual, and research with practice, will find it both a convenient compendium and a spark for their own ideas and interests.

References

Bloom, B. L. (1977/1984). Community mental health: A general introduction (2nd ed.). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Cowen, E. L., Gardner, E. A, & Zax, M. (eds.). (1967). Emergent approaches to mental health problems. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Gibbs, M. S., Lachenmeyer, 1. R., & Sigal, 1. (eds.). (1980). Community psychology: Theoretical and empirical approaches. New York: Gardner. Glenwick, D. S., & Jason, L. A (Eds.). (1980). Behavioral community psychology: Progress and prospects. New York: Praeger. Golann, S. E., & Eisdorfer, C. (Eds.). (1972). Handbook of community mental health. New York: Appleton-Century• Crofts. Goldenberg, I. I. (1971). Build me a mountain: Youth, poverty, and the creation ofnew settings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Heller, K., & Monahan, J. (1977). Psychology and community change. Homewood, IL: Dorsey. Heller, K., Price, R. H., Reinharz, S., Riger, S., & Wandersman, A. (1984). Psychology and community change. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Iscoe, I., Bloom, B. L., & Spielberger, C. D. (Eds.). (1977). Community psychology in transition. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere. Preface xv

Jeger, A. M., & Slotnick, R. S. (Eds.). (1982). Community mental health and behavioral ecology: A handbook of theory, research, and practice. New York: Plenum. Levine, M., & Perkins, D. V. (1987/1997). Principles of community psychology: Perspectives and applications (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Mann, P. (1978). Community psychology: Concepts and applications. New York: Free Press. Murrell, S. A. (1973). Community psychology and social systems. New York: Behavioral Publications. Nietzel, M. T., Winett, R. A., MacDonald, M. L., & Davidson, W. S. (1977). Behavioral approaches to community psychology. New York: Pergamon. Orford, J. (1992). Community psychology: Theory and practice. Chichester, England: Wiley. Rappaport, J. (1977). Community psychology: Values, research, and action. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Sarason, S. B., Levine, M., Goldenberg, I. I., Cherlin, D. L., & Bennett, E. M. (1966). Psychology in community settings: Clinical, educational, vocational, social aspects. New York: Wiley. Seidman, E. (Ed.). (1983). Handbook of social intervention. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Seidman, E., & Rappaport, 1. (Eds.). (1986). Redefining social problems. New York: Plenum. Zax, M., & Spector, G. A. (1974). An introduction to community psychology, New York: Wiley. Contents

I. CONCEPTS, FRAMEWORKS, STORES, AND MAPS 1

1. Prevention in Mental Health and Social Intervention: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Evolution of the Science and Practice of Prevention ••.•••••.•.•.••.•••.•.•.•••..••.•.••••••• 9 Robert D. FeIner, Tweety Yates FeIner, and Morton M. Silverman

2. Theory: Psychological, Organizational, and Community Levels of Analysis •••••••••••.•.••••.••••.••••••.•. 43 Marc A. Zimmerman

3. Individualism, Collectivism, and Community Psychology 65 Collin van Uchelen

4. Community Psychology and Routes to Psychological Wellness 79 Emory L. Cowen

5. Toward an Integration of and Community Psychology: Dogs Bark at Those They Do Not Recognize •.•••••••••••.•••..•• 101 G. Anne Bogat and Leonard A. Jason

6. Cognition in Social Context: Contributions to Community Psychology ••••••••••.••.••••.••••.•.•••.•••••.•••..•••••.... 115 Patrick O'Neill

7. Understanding and Changing Social Systems: An Ecological View .•• 133 James G. Kelly, Ann Marie Ryan, B. Eileen Altman, and Stephen P. Stelzner

II. PEOPLE IN CONTEXT: EMPIRICALLY GROUNDED CONSTRUCTS 161

8. Psychological Dysfunction and Well-Being: Public Health and Social Indicator Approaches •..••.••••••••.•••••..••••..••.•••••••.•• 165 Alex J. Zautra and Kenneth M. Bachrach

xvii xviii Contents

9. Stress: Theory, Research, and Action...... 187 Irwin N. Sandler, Leah Gensheimer, and Sanford Braver

10. Research in Community Psychology 215 Manuel Barrera Jr.

11. Citizen Participation and Community 247 Abraham Wandersman and Paul Florin

12. Power and Participation in the Workplace: Implications for Empowerment Theory, Research, and Practice . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 273 Katherine J. Klein, R. Scott Ralls, Virginia Smith-Major, and Christina Douglas

ID. INTERVENTION STRATEGIES AND TACTICS 297

13. Contextual Influences in Mental Health Consultation: Toward an Ecological Perspective on Radiating Change ••.••••.••.••.••.••••• 303 Edison J. Trickett, Charles Barone, and Roderick Watts

14. Community and Neighborhood 331 Bill Berkowitz

15. The Creation of Alternative Settings 359 Cary Cherniss and Gene Deegan

16. Action-Oriented Mass Communication 379 Alfred McAlister

17. Social Policy and Community Psychology 397 Deborah A. Phillips

18. Dissemination of Innovation as 421 Jeffrey P. Mayer and William S. Davidson II

IV. SOCIAL SYSTEMS 439

19. Prospects for a Viable Community Mental Health System: Reconciling Ideology, Professional Traditions, and Political Reality 445 Kenneth Heller, Richard A. Jenkins, Ann M. Steffen, and Ralph W. Swindle Jr.

20. Community-Based Health Interventions ••.••.••••.••••.•••.•.••• 471 Tracey A. Revenson and Kathleen M. Schiaffino Contents xix

21. Religion in American Life: A Community Psychology Perspective 495 Kenneth 1. Pargament and Kenneth 1. Maton

22. Community Change, Community Stasis, and the Law 523 Gary Melton

23. Helping Troubled Children and Families: A Paradigm of Public Responsibility ••••.••••••.••••••.•••••••••.••.••••••••.••••.•• 541 Jane Knitzer

24. The School Reform Movement: Opportunities for Community Psychology •.•••••••••••.••••.••••.•••••••••••.••••••.••.••.. 565 Diana Oxley

25. Self-Help Groups 591 Leon H. Levy

26. Contributions from Organizational Psychology 615 Marybeth Shinn and Dennis N. T. Perkins

V. DESIGN, ASSESSMENT, AND ANALYTIC METHODS 643

27. Assessing Ecological Constructs and Community Context 647 Jean Ann Linney

28. Cross-Level Research without Cross-Ups in Community Psychology 669 Marybeth Shinn and Bruce D. Rapkin

29. Statistical Models for Change 697 J. S. Tanaka

30. Thinking through Others: Qualitative Research and Community Psychology ....••.....••.••••.•••••••••••.•••••••••.••••••••• 725 Eric Stewart

VI. CROSS-CUTTING PERSPECTIVES AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES 737

31. Practitioners' Perspectives .••.....••.•••••...... •...••.••.• 741 Thomas Wolff A. Applied Community Psychology: A Ten-Year Field Trial ••••••• 745 John R. Morgan B. The Development of a Community Psychology Setting: Integration of Service, Research, and Training...... 748 David L. Snow xx Contents

C. Community Psychology in a Community Mental Health Setting 753 Ruth Schelkun D. The Community : A Professional and a Pioneer.... 757 Carolyn Swift E. A Community Psychologist in the Public Policy Arena ...... 761 Judith C. Meyers F. Community Psychologist as Citizen ...... • 764 Bill Berkowitz G. Community Development and the Community Psychologist . . . . . 767 David M. Chavis H. Applied Community Psychology: On the Road to Social Change 771 Thomas Wolff

32. Community Psychology in International Perspective ...•••...... 779 Sabine Wingenfeld and J. R. Newbrough

33. Psychology in the International Community: Perspectives on Peace and Development ...... 811 Ronald Roesch and Geoffrey Carr

34. Community Psychology and Ethnic Minority Populations 833 Lonnie R. Snowden, Miriam Martinez, and Anne Morris

35. Women's Empowerment: A Review of Community Psychology's First Twenty-Five Years ...... 857 Carolyn F. Swift, Meg A. Bond, and Irma Serrano-Garcia

36. A Perspective on Ethical Issues in Community Psychology 897 David L. Snow, Katherine Grady, and Michele Goyette-Ewing

37. Barometers of Community Change: Personal Reflections ...... 919 Seymour B. Sarason

VII. CONTEMPORARY INTERSECTIONS WITH COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 931

38. Contemporary Intersections ...... 933 A. The Urban Poor ...... •...... •.•. 933 LaRue Allen B. Reproductive Rights •.••••..••••••••••.••.•••••.••.••••.•• 937 Bruce Ambuel C. Environmental Issues ...... 941 Julia Green Brody D. Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues ...... 944 Anthony R. D 'Augelli Contents xxi

E. HIVIAIDS Epidemic: An International Perspective...... 948 Jose Antonio Garcia Gonzalez F. The Farm Crisis and Rural America ...... 950 Robert Hughes Jr. G. The New Immigrants...... 954 Ramsay Liem H. Unemployment...... 961 Richard H. Price I. Violence Prevention ...... 965 Carrie S. Fried, N. Dickon Reppucci, and Jennifer L. Woolard J. Substance Abuse Prevention ...... 973 Jean E. Rhodes K. Homelessness ...... 976 Marybeth Shinn L. Independent Living and People with Physical Disabilities ...... 979 Glen W. White and Stephen B. Fawcett

Index ...... 983 Handbook of Community Psychology