Archaeological Assessment of Luna Park, Lot 1259 (DP48514 - Site B) & Lot 1260 & Lot 1260(DP 48514 - Site C)
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Archaeological Assessment of Luna Park, Lot 1259 (DP48514 - Site B) & Lot 1260 & Lot 1260(DP 48514 - Site C) Archaeological Assessment and Research Design Luna Park Sydney Pty Ltd September 2006 Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Approved by: Tim Owen Position: Project Manager Signed: Date: 21 September, 2006 Approved by: Jennie Lindbergh Position: Project Director Signed: Date: 21 September, 2006 Environmental Resources Management Australia Pty Ltd Quality System This report was prepared in accordance with the scope of services set out in the contract between Environmental Resources Management Australia Pty Ltd ABN 12 002 773 248 (ERM) and the Client. To the best of our knowledge, the proposal presented herein accurately reflects the Client’s intentions when the report was printed. However, the application of conditions of approval or impacts of unanticipated future events could modify the outcomes described in this document. In preparing the report, ERM used data, surveys, analyses, designs, plans and other information provided by the individuals and organisations referenced herein. While checks were undertaken to ensure that such materials were the correct and current versions of the materials provided, except as otherwise stated, ERM did not independently verify the accuracy or completeness of these information sources FINAL REPORT Luna Park Sydney Pty Ltd Archaeological Assessment of Luna Park, Lot 1259 (DP 48514 - Site B) & Lot 1260 (DP 48514 - Site C) Archaeological Assessment and Research Design September 2006 Environmental Resources Management Australia Building C, 33 Saunders Street Pyrmont, NSW 2009 Telephone +61 2 8584 8888 Facsimile +61 2 8584 8800 www.erm.com CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 1 1.2 THE STUDY AREA 1 1.3 STATUTORY CONTEXT 3 1.3.1 NSW HERITAGE ACT 1977 3 1.3.2 SYDNEY HARBOUR FORESHORE AUTHORITY (SHFA) HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION REGISTER (SECTION 170 REGISTER) 4 1.3.3 SYDNEY REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN (SYDNEY HARBOUR CATCHMENT) 2005 4 1.3.4 NORTH SYDNEY LOCAL ENVIRONMENT PLAN (LEP) 2001 5 1.4 OTHER LISTINGS 5 1.4.1 REGISTER OF THE NATIONAL ESTATE 5 1.4.2 REGISTER OF THE NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA (NSW) 6 1.4.3 NATIONAL HERITAGE LIST 6 1.5 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 7 1.6 METHODOLOGY FOR THIS ASSESSMENT 7 1.7 LIMITATIONS 8 1.8 AUTHORS 8 1.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 8 1.10 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 8 2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 2.1 BACKGROUND 9 2.2 EARLY PERIOD PRE 1883 - NORTHCLIFF PHASE I 9 2.3 NORTHCLIFF PHASE II – 1883-1895 (THE ROLLESTON YEARS) 11 2.4 NORTHCLIFF PHASE III – 1898-1907 (THE LEASE YEARS) 13 2.5 NORTHCLIFF PHASE IV – 1908-1925 (THE PAGE YEARS) 14 2.6 LATE PERIOD POST 1926 16 2.7 CONCLUSION 20 2.7.1 SITE B 20 2.7.2 SITE C 20 2.7.3 SUMMARY 22 3 EVALUATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL 3.1 GIS ANALYSIS 23 3.1.1 GIS – DISCUSSION 24 3.2 GEOTECHNICAL DATA 25 3.2.1 SITE B 25 3.2.2 SITE C 25 3.2.3 GEOTECHNICAL – DISCUSSION 25 3.3 ARBORIST INVESTIGATIONS 2003 26 3.3.1 ARBORIST INVESTIGATIONS – DISCUSSION 28 3.4 STUDY AREA INSPECTION 29 CONTENTS 3.4.1 SITE B 29 3.4.2 SITE C 30 3.4.3 STUDY AREA INSPECTION – DISCUSSION 32 3.5 CONCLUSIONS - ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF THE STUDY AREA 33 3.5.1 SITE B 33 3.5.2 SITE C 33 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH POTENTIAL 4.1 PREAMBLE 35 4.2 EVALUATION OF RESEARCH POTENTIAL 35 4.3 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH POTENTIAL - SITE B 35 4.3.1 CAN THE SITE CONTRIBUTE KNOWLEDGE THAT NO OTHER RESOURCE CAN? 35 4.3.2 CAN THE SITE CONTRIBUTE KNOWLEDGE WHICH NO OTHER SITE CAN? 36 4.3.3 IS THIS KNOWLEDGE RELEVANT TO GENERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMAN HISTORY OR OTHER SUBSTANTIVE QUESTIONS RELATING TO AUSTRALIA HISTORY, OR DOES IT CONTRIBUTE TO OTHER MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS? 36 4.4 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH POTENTIAL - SITE C 36 4.4.1 CAN THE SITE CONTRIBUTE KNOWLEDGE THAT NO OTHER RESOURCE CAN? 36 4.4.2 CAN THE SITE CONTRIBUTE KNOWLEDGE WHICH NO OTHER SITE CAN? 37 4.4.3 IS THIS KNOWLEDGE RELEVANT TO GENERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMAN HISTORY OR OTHER SUBSTANTIVE QUESTIONS RELATING TO AUSTRALIA HISTORY, OR DOES IT CONTRIBUTE TO OTHER MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS? 37 4.5 ASSESSMENT OF THE RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF SITES B AND C 37 5 SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT 5.1 PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT 39 5.2 ASSESSMENT AGAINST CRITERIA - SITE B 40 5.2.1 SUMMARY STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE – SITE B 42 5.3 ASSESSMENT AGAINST CRITERIA – SITE C 42 5.3.1 SUMMARY STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE – SITE C 44 5.4 HISTORIC THEMES 44 6 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATEGY 6.1 PREAMBLE 47 6.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 47 6.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATEGY 49 6.3.1 THE NEED FOR AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 49 6.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 49 6.3.3 METHODOLOGY FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 50 6.3.4 REPORTING 52 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 PHASES OF OCCUPATION RELATING TO NORTHCLIFF HOUSE 20 TABLE 2.2 EVOLUTION OF NORTHCLIFF HOUSE, DERIVED FROM HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND PLANS (NOT TO SCALE). 21 TABLE 5.1 SUMMARY OF THEMES RELATING TO SITES B AND C 45 TABLE A.1 RESULTS OF SANDS DIRECTORY SEARCH. ALL DATED ENTRIES WITH NORTHCLIFF HOUSE ASSOCIATION ARE BOLDED. 1 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1 LAYOUT OF LOTS – INSERT SURVEYORS PLAN 2 FIGURE 1.2 GENERAL LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA, DIRECTLY EAST ABOVE LUNA PARK ON THE CLIFF TOP 3 FIGURE 2.1 COMBINATION OF 1890-1891 NORTH SYDNEY BLOCK PLANS, SHEETS 6 & 8. SITES B AND C HIGHLIGHTED - NORTHCLIFF HOUSE IN SITE C ON RIGHT. 11 FIGURE 2.2 RAILWAY YARDS PLAN PRE 1925. WITH SITES B & C MARKED. 14 FIGURE 2.3 1930-1940 BLOCK PLAN, SHOWING SITE B & C. SHOWING THE EMPTY NATURE OF SITES B & C. 18 FIGURE 3.1 1890-1891 OVERLAY AGAINST THE 2006 SURVEY PLAN 23 FIGURE 3.2 1925 OVERLAY AGAINST THE 2006 SURVEY PLAN 24 FIGURE 3.3 LOCATION OF ARBORIST TRENCHES CUT INTO SITES B & C AND TRESS, SOME NOW REMOVED 26 FIGURE 3.4 1890-91 PLAN OVERLYING THE ARBORIST PLAN OF TRENCHES CUT INTO SITE C 28 FIGURE 3.5 HYPOTHETICAL METHOD OF FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION FOR NORTHCLIFF HOUSE 34 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPH 2.1 ABOVE ‘HOLTERMAN’ LAVENDER BAY. 1870. BELOW ENLARGEMENT OF UP OF ‘NORTHCLIFF HOUSE’- PHASE I. 10 PHOTOGRAPH 2.2 CLIFF BEFORE 1893. MITCHELL LIBRARY. NORTHCLIFF HOUSE CIRCLED12 PHOTOGRAPH 2.3 ‘LAVENDER BAY C.1903 WITH BATHS’. VIEW TO SOUTH OF NORTHCLIFF HOUSE WHICH IS AT THE TOP CENTRE OF THE PHOTOGRAPH. 13 PHOTOGRAPH 2.4 THE TRAMWAY ALONG GLEN STREET IN 1924, WITH NORTHCLIFF HOUSE IN THE BACKGROUND CENTRE OF THE PHOTOGRAPH. BELOW, CLOSE UP OF NORTHCLIFF HOUSE AND UNNAMED BUILDING ON SITE B (RIGHT). TAKEN FROM WARNE 1987:111. 15 PHOTOGRAPH 2.5 CLIFF FACE 23RD FEBRUARY 1925. TAKEN FROM STATE RECORDS. 16 PHOTOGRAPH 2.6 THE TRAMWAY ALONG GLEN STREET, 1926. TAKEN FROM STATE RECORDS. THE REMAINS OF NORTHCLIFF HOUSE ARE HIGHLIGHTED. 17 PHOTOGRAPH 2.7 1926 AERIAL VIEW OF THE FORMER SITE OF NORTHCLIFF HOUSE AND SITES B & C. TAKEN FROM STATE RECORDS. 17 PHOTOGRAPH 2.8 1935 VIEW OF LUNA PARK, SHOWING SITES B & C. BOTH SITES ARE CLEARED AND FREE OF BUILDINGS OR DEVELOPMENT. 18 PHOTOGRAPH 2.9 AERIAL LUNA PARK LATE 1940S. SITES B & C CAN BE SEEN WITHIN THE FENCED AREA ON TOP OF THE CLIFF. SITE C CONTAINS THE ‘JACK AND JILL RIDE’ ON THE EDGE OF THE CLIFF. 19 PHOTOGRAPH 2.10 AERIAL LUNA PARK 1980S. SITE B CAN BE SEEN IN USE AS A CAR PARK.19 PHOTOGRAPH 3.1 ARBORIST TRENCH 2, PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 2003 ANNOTATED “OLD SANDSTONE PATHWAY EXPOSED. DEPTH TO ROCK ABOUT 500 MM (SOME DEPTH OF FILL/SOIL UNDER THE PATHWAY).” PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FROM ARBOCRAFT 2003, SUPPLIED BY LUNA PARK. 27 PHOTOGRAPH 3.2 ARBORIST TRENCH 2, PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 2003 ANNOTATED “LOOKING NORTH… WITH ROOT OF 100MM DIAMETER” PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FROM ARBOCRAFT 2003, SUPPLIED BY LUNA PARK. 27 PHOTOGRAPH 3.3 SITE B, FACING SOUTH. TAKEN ON THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SITE B AND THE SIEDLER BUILDING. THE HERITAGE FIG TREE , MIDDLE BACKGROUND, IS LOCATED BETWEEN SITES B AND C. 30 PHOTOGRAPH 3.4 SITE C, FACING NORTH, WITH THE HERITAGE FIG TREE BETWEEN SITE B & SITE C. THE METAL FENCE (RIGHT) IS POSITIONED AT SURFACE LEVEL ON GLEN STREET. 31 PHOTOGRAPH 3.5 SITE C, NORTHERN BOUNDARY, FACING EAST. CONCRETE STEP AND UPPER CONCRETE SLAB. 32 ANNEX A SANDS DIRECTORY SEARCH ANNEX B NORTHCLIFF OCCUPANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT Environmental Resources Management Australia Pty Ltd (ERM) was commissioned by Luna Park Sydney Pty Ltd to prepare an Archaeological Assessment and Research Design for Sites B and C, Luna Park, Milsons Point, NSW. Preparation of the Archaeological Assessment and Research Design is a requirement of the NSW Department of Planning Director General’s Environmental Assessment Requirements for ‘Major Project MP06_0106 and MP06_0163 – Cliff Top Sites at Luna Park’ under the bullet point ‘Heritage Impacts’ (8th August 2006). This report has been commissioned to consider the archaeological potential of Sites B and C and provide relevant management recommendations for any archaeological relics that may be located within these two areas. A research design is required to accompany an application for an excavation permit under section 140 of the Heritage Act, 1977. 1.2 THE STUDY AREA The study area is located on the lower North Shore to the east of Luna Park and is known as “Sites B and Site C, Luna Park”.