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Senator Wayne Morse Delivers Federal Aid for Education

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Senator Wayne Morse Delivers Federal Aid for Education A. Robert Smith A Triumph of Statesmanship: Senator Wayne Morse Delivers Federal Aid for Education Fifth in a Monograph Series Celebrating the Wayne Morse Legacy Published by the Wayne Morse Historical Park and the Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics, University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon June 2011 Preface The Wayne Morse Legacy: A Monograph Series “Wayne Morse is our reminder, forever, that one man with unlimited courage can move mountains of apathy and despair.” –Joseph L. Rauh Jr., attorney, civil rights activist, and former occupant of the Wayne Morse Chair for Law and Politics he Wayne Morse Legacy series of monographs is intended to Thonor the life and work of Senator Wayne L. Morse by examin- ing key policy areas in which he was involved and had an impact. The series is a continuing project of the Wayne Morse Historical Park Corporation and the Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics at the University of Oregon. The monographs preserve knowledge of Morse’s colleagues and friends as well as present interpretations by a new generation of scholars. They are not academic or technical works. Rather, the monographs are intended to be original and accessible essays for the general public, students, and scholars. This is in keeping with the Wayne Morse Center’s role as a “citizen academy” that celebrates, through speakers, conferences, and publications, the Morse ideals of intellectual independence and integrity. The Wayne Morse Park Board aims to help people learn and understand the legacy of Sena- tor Morse and how he gave to others even as he served them. The corporation board and the center believe that Wayne Morse’s contributions illustrate the Webster definition of history that speaks of “acts, ideas, or events that will or can shape the course of the 2 future.” These monographs will examine how Morse affected educa- tion, natural resource policy, foreign affairs, human and civil rights, and labor and industrial relations. The current monograph, the fifth of the series, has been long await- ed. It examines in depth Senator Morse’s contribution to U. S. public education. Working with presidents Kennedy and Johnson, Morse successfully guided the landmark legislation that changed federal education policies. His legislative leadership was widely praised, and colleagues and President Johnson began to refer to him as “Mr. Edu- cation.” Author A. Robert Smith was on the scene as a journalist cover- ing Capitol Hill for newspapers, including several in the Northwest. Smith was the senator’s first biographer, publishingThe Tiger in the Senate well before Morse’s legislative accomplishments detailed in this monograph. As Smith so aptly observes, Wayne Morse worked positively with Democrats and Republicans to move American edu- cation forward to include all grades and all national areas. It was, indeed, “a giant step for his country.” And it is for readers today a positive example of the value of bipartisanship. Jan Mueller and Laura Olson, Wayne Morse Historical Park Corporation Board Margaret Hallock, Director, Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics 3 Table of Contents “For the scholar who began in a one-room schoolhouse in rural Wisconsin to become the dean of a major university was a big personal step; and for the dean to fulfill his ultimate promise in the United States Senate by leaving such an uplifting imprint on American education was a giant step for his country.” Preface ...................................................2 About Senator Wayne L. Morse ...............................7 About A. Robert Smith......................................8 Introduction .............................................11 Uncle Sam’s Hands Off of Education .........................12 The Land Grant Remedy for Poor Schools .....................12 Boosting Practical Skills....................................13 FDR Resisted Education Aid . 14 Separation of Church and State Complicates Aid Measures.......15 Ike Lukewarm . 15. Aid Endorsed by White House Conference.....................16 Race and Religion Stall Congressional Action in 1950s . 17 Sputnik Triggers Limited Action in 1957 . 17 Morse a Long-time Advocate ................................18 The Turning Point: 1961....................................18 Bottleneck Broken . 20 A New University for D.C.: 1968 .............................23 Impressive National Benefits of the Morse Bills.................23 The Making of a Statesman . .25 Appendix................................................27 5 About Senator Wayne L. Morse s a law professor and dean of the University of Oregon School of ALaw, a labor arbitrator, and a United States Senator, Wayne Morse left a deep legacy of commitment to democratic representation, the rule of law, and intellectual independence to the University of Oregon, to the State of Oregon, and to the nation and its people. During Wayne Morse’s twenty-four-year tenure in the Senate, from 1944 to 1968, he was a leader in a wide range of issues, including the antiwar movement, education, civil rights, and international law. He is perhaps best remembered for his historic stance as one of two senators who opposed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which initiated U.S. mili- tary intervention in Vietnam. Wayne Morse took his first law professorship at the University of Or- egon School of Law and became the dean within nine months. At thirty, he was the youngest dean of any American Bar Association-accredited law school in the country. His extraordinary effectiveness as a labor arbitrator eventually consumed Morse’s time and energy to the point where he resigned as dean. Morse’s mission as an arbitrator was to uphold what he saw as the sanctity of the contract, the rule of law in the field of labor relations. Deeply committed to fairness and justice, he was popular both with unions and employers. He later served on the National War Labor Board. When President Eisenhower adopted Taft’s economic policies favor- ing big business in the early 1950s, Senator Morse left the Republican Party and became an Independent. His reason was succinct: “Principle above politics.” Morse joined the Democratic Party in 1955, but two years later he voted against Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson’s watered-down Civil Rights Bill, calling it an “unconscionable compro- mise.” And when John F. Kennedy supported the Landrum-Griffin Act, which weakened unions’ legal protections in the name of rooting out organized crime, Senator Morse became so outraged that he ran against Kennedy in the 1960 presidential primaries. Morse held the liberal conviction that the purpose of democratic politics is not to amass wealth, but rather to enable the country’s true wealth—its people—to flourish. In Morse’s own words: “If you want to understand my political philosophy, here’s the basic tenet: I think the job of a U.S. Senator is to seek to translate into legislation values that promote the welfare of people. Because . the keystone of the Consti- tution is the general welfare clause, and the wealth of America is its people, not its materialism.” 7 About A. Robert Smith his monograph was written in the spring of 2011 by A. Robert TSmith, author of the biography of Wayne Morse The Tiger in the Senate, and a former newspaper correspondent who covered Senator Morse for The (Eugene) Register-Guard from 1951 until the senator’s death in 1974. Before he ever became a reporter, Bob Smith was an admirer of Morse as a student at Juniata College in Pennsylvania, when he read about Oregon’s freshman senator whom the Republican Party found impossible to control. When hired by The Register-Guard to cover Morse, he found the senator a reporter’s dream to write about—a man of action who had a quotable opinion on everything. Because Morse was such an outspoken maverick, many people asked Smith, “What makes him tick?” “I didn’t know how to answer them, but I wanted to know and be- gan looking into his background, interviewing members of his family in Wisconsin, colleagues at the University of Oregon, and other sena- tors, and before I realized it I was preparing a biography,” said Smith. “The senator gave me many interviews for the book, as well as for my newspaper articles. I promised the book would not be published during an election year, but my publisher overruled me and brought it out in 1962, six months before his re-election. He blasted it in the Senate as part of a campaign to defeat him and barred me from his office for several years. “My only regret about the book is that his finest hours came after it was published, during his opposition to the Vietnam War and his monumental achievements in delivering federal aid for education,” said Smith. “This essay is an attempt to fill that gap.” This is a journalist’s account, not an academic paper. Bob relied heavily on his reporting of events; the senator’s files in the University of Oregon’s Knight Library; the Congressional Record; the reporting of Yvonne Franklin; the well-documented account of the education debate in Wayne Morse, A Political Biography, by Mason Drukman, published by the Oregon Historical Society Press in 1997; and his own biography of the senator. He is indebted to Margaret Hallock, 8 director of the Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics, for propos- ing this project; to Linda Long, the Special Collections librarian at the University of Oregon, and her student aides for digging into the Morse trove; and to Laura Olson and Jan Mueller, and other keepers of the legend through the Wayne Morse Historical Park Corporation. As a Washington correspondent for twenty-seven years, Smith wrote dispatches that were also published in The Oregonian, the Salem Oregon Statesman, The (Pendleton) East Oregonian, Med- ford Mail Tribune, The Daily Astorian, The (Bend) Bulletin, and The (Roseburg) News-Review, as well as newspapers in Washington state, Idaho, and Alaska. He wrote a cover story about Morse for the New York Times Magazine.
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