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An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent

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An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent Open Geosci. 2020; 12:85–116 Research Article Kirtikumar Randive* and Tushar Meshram An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0007 Keywords: Carbonatite, Sevathur, Newania, Sung Valley, Received Apr 06, 2019; accepted Dec 17, 2019 Amba Dongar, Koga, Peshawar Plain, Khanneshin, Ep- pawala Abstract: Carbonatites are carbonate-rich rocks of igneous origin. They form the magmas of their own that are gener- ated in the deep mantle by low degrees of partial melting of carbonated peridotite or eclogite source rocks. They are 1 Introduction known to occur since the Archaean times till recent, the activity showing gradual increase from older to younger Carbonatite melts are known to form by very low degrees of times. They are commonly associated with alkaline rocks partial melting of the carbonated olivine-rich (peridotitic) and be genetically related with them. They often induce mantle forming interconnected melts at fractions lower metasomatic alteration in the country rocks forming an au- than 0.05 wt%. The grain size is considered to be of the or- ∘ reole of fenitization around them. They are host for eco- der of 1 mm with low diahedral wetting angles (~28 ) and nomically important mineral deposits including rare met- low viscosities [1, 2]. Such mantle is envisaged as a veined als and REE. They are commonly associated with the con- and metasomatically enriched source region [3]. The car- tinental rifts, but are also common in the orogenic belts; bonatitic magma so generated represent ionic solutions but not known to occur in the intra-plate regions. The car- and hence are unpolymerised melts with lower viscosity (~ bonatites are known to occur all over the globe, majority 5 × 10−3 poise), high ascent rates (20-65 m/s), lower heat of the occurrences located in Africa, Fenno-Scandinavia, of fusion (~ 175 J/gm), higher thermal diffusivity (~ 4 × Karelian-Kola, Mongolia, China, Australia, South Amer- 13−3 J/cm sec K), very high chemical reactivity and electri- ica and India. In the Indian Subcontinent carbonatites oc- cal conductivity [4–7]. These are some of the reasons why cur in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka; but such magma loses heat rapidly (thermal death) and vigor- so far not known to occur in Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh ously react with host rocks and induce metasomatic trans- and Myanmar. This paper takes an overview of the car- formation (chemical death). Therefore, a large number of bonatite occurrences in the Indian Subcontinent in the carbonatitic magmas may not reach above the surface of light of recent data. The localities being discussed in de- the crust [8] tail cover a considerable time range (>2400 Ma to <0.6 Ma) Carbonatites are spatially and temporally related to from India (Hogenakal, Newania, Sevathur, Sung Valley, orogenic belts and constructive and destructive plate mar- Sarnu-Dandali and Mundwara, and Amba Dongar), Pak- gins. They commonly occur on uplifted or domed areas istan (Permian Koga and Tertiary Pehsawar Plain Alkaline that vary from tens to thousands of kilometers in diameter, Complex which includes Loe Shilman, Sillai Patti, Jambil typically associated with major faulting and rifting related and Jawar), Afghanistan (Khanneshin) and Sri Lanka (Ep- to doming [9, 10]. Carbonatite activity has initiated in the pawala). This review provide the comprehensive informa- earth as early as Late Archaean and gradually increased tion about geochemical characteristics and evolution of over time. Peak activities recorded between 750 Ma and carbonatites in Indian Subcontinent with respect to space 500 Ma coinciding with the Pan African orogeny and an- and time. other peak starting at around 200 Ma coinciding with the Gondwana breakup [9]. More activities towards the end of Cretaceous (~65 Ma) and mid-Quaternary (~30 Ma) in the Indian subcontinent could be attributed to plume related *Corresponding Author: Kirtikumar Randive: Department of Deccan Trap magmatism and Himalayan orogeny respec- Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur (MH) – 440001, India; Email: [email protected] tively [11–13]. Tushar Meshram: Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, The carbonatites from subcontinent have received con- Nagpur (MH) – 440001, India; Geological Survey of India, Central siderable attention during last two decades. Significant Region, Seminary Hills, Nagpur (MH) – 440006, India Open Access. © 2020 K. Randive and T. Meshram, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License 86 Ë K. Randive and T. Meshram Figure 1: Distribution and location of Carbonatites within Indian Subcontinent [41, 67, 78, 82, 85, 110, 154, 157], Pakistan [12, 28, 29, 54], Afghanistan [35], and Sri Lanka [32, 36]. amount of data on trace elements and isotope geochem- the stable isotopic composition of Indian carbonatites. Ku- istry has been published, which helped better understand- mar et al. [21] explained about the carbonatite magma- ing of these rocks with similar and/or different geody- tism of Northeastern region of India, whereas Schleicher namic setting and its global correlation [12, 14–42]. The et al. [22] and Pandit et al. [26, 27] explained isotopic sig- present paper attempts to review the carbonatite bear- natures and characteristic of mantle source for carbon- ing alkaline complexes of the Indian subcontinent; ex- atites of South India. Basu and Murthy [44] discussed the cept Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar due to ab- evidence of incomplete homogenization of mantle and sence of carbonatite occurrences (Figure 1). Recently Xu et recycled components by nitrogen and argon concentra- al. [10] and Yang et al. [43] have taken comprehensive re- tion and isotopic ratios in Sung Valley and Ambadongar view of carbonatites in China; which is a good reference carbonatite complexes of India. Despite several new ad- for Asian carbonatites. Similarly, Deans and Powell [14] ditions to the existing knowledge about the Indian car- have done trace element and strontium isotope studies of bonatites, there is great paucity of data on the carbon- Indian and Pakistan carbonatites. Ray et al. [31] described atite complexes of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Srilanka. An Overview of the Carbonatites from the Indian Subcontinent Ë 87 Therefore, in this review we present detailed description of carbonatite complexes of India (Hogenakal, Newania, Sevathur, Sung Valley, Sarnu-Dandali, Mer-Mundwara, Chhota Udaipur and Purulia), Pakistan (Sillai Patti, Loe Shilman, Koga and Jhambil of Peshawar Plain Alkaline Complex), Afghanistan (Khanneshin) and Sri Lanka (Ep- pawala and Kawisigamuwa). Figure 1 gives geographic lo- cation of the carbonatite complexes listed in Table 1, which summarizes the data being discussed in this paper. Ta- bles 2 lists other carbonatite occurrences reported during nineties, which either do not form major occurrence or lack significant data and create confusion about their primary nature. Such occurrences are not considered further in this review. 2 Purpose, Scope, Rationalae, and Limitations Figure 2: Diagram showing time and space relationship of carbon- There were several reviews of Indian carbonatites in the atite magmatism within Indian Subcontinent. past (see for e.g. Sukheswala and Viladkar [63], Krishna- murthy [150], Krishnamurthy et al. [163]); each of which topes data is available for a limited number of complexes. provided useful information at that time due to increas- Notwithstanding above, the present review highlights im- ing number of discoveries of new occurrences and new in- portant and distinguishable characteristics of each of the formation generated in between two successive reviews. carbonatite complexes. However, despite of the published reports of carbon- atites in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Srilanka; no compila- tion of these occurrences is avilable. The carbonatites of Afghanistan and Pakistan are much younger compared to 3 Carbonatites in space and time the Srilankan carbonatites. The Indian subcontinent is an ensamble of exotic tectonic blocks amalgamated together Carbonatite occurrences in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan in the geological past. The high-grade terrain known as and Sri Lanka (henceforth referred to as subcontinent) “Southern Granulite Terrain” in India correlates well with range over a considerable time span from Archaean to the high-grade terrain of Srilanka [190]. Similarly, the col- sub-recent (Figure 2). In India, carbonatites can be di- lision of Indian plate with the Eurasian plate responsible vided into three groups on the basis of currently avail- for the Himalayan orogeny, has a profound tectonic in- able geochronological data, viz., southern Indian, north- fluence on the geology of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan eastern Indian, and western Indian carbonatites (Figure 1). and Afghanistan. Therefore, their correlation beyond the The southern Indian complexes are Precambrian (2400– geopolitical boundaries is very useful. Moreover, younger 700 Ma), the northeastern complexes were emplaced dur- occurrences from Afghanistan and Pakistan and older oc- ing the Early Cretaceous (107–105 Ma), and the western currences such as Hoggenakkal in India, makes the spec- Indian complexes except for Newania were intruded dur- trum of carbonatite magmatism in the Indian Subconti- ing the Late Cretaceous (68–65 Ma). Oldest known carbon- nent complete in space and time. While compiling the in- atite complex is Hogenakal in Tamilnadu, which was dated formation, the care has been taken to
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