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Rafael De Abreu E Souza Um Lugar Na Caatinga: Consumo UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS RAFAEL DE ABREU E SOUZA UM LUGAR NA CAATINGA: CONSUMO, MOBILIDADE E PAISAGEM NO SEMIÁRIDO DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO CAMPINAS 2017 RAFAEL DE ABREU E SOUZA UM LUGAR NA CAATINGA: CONSUMO, MOBILIDADE E PAISAGEM NO SEMIÁRIDO DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos pra a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade, na área de Aspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e Conservação. Orientadora: Prof.ª DRA. ALINE VIEIRA DE CARVALHO Coorientadora: Prof.ª DRA. CÉLIA REGINA TOMIKO FUTEMMA ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO RAFAEL DE ABREU E SOUZA, E ORIENTADA PELA PROFA. DRA. ALINE VIEIRA DE CARVALHO. _____________________________________ CAMPINAS 2017 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A Comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa da Tese de Doutorado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 29/03/2017, considerou o candidato Rafael de Abreu e Souza aprovado. Prof. Dra. Aline Vieira de Carvalho (orientadora) Prof.ª Dra. Lucia da Costa Ferreira Prof. Dr. Luis Cláudio Pereira Symanski Prof. Dr. Paulo Eduardo Zanettini Profª. Dra. Nashieli Cecília Rangel Loera A Ata de Defesa, assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora, consta no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. RESUMO A região Nordeste do Brasil tem sido vista, ao menos desde finais do século XIX, ora como zona pobre, com base em visões deterministas sustentadas por abordagens simplistas nas quais a desertificação, a seca, a fome e a pobreza são encontradas invariavelmente juntas, ora como região diaspórica, argumentação pautada no fato de incidir, em parte, sob ambiente com características áridas marcado por episódios de seca. Estas tratativas deram forma a um rígido e poderoso corpo discursivo no qual o chamado “sertão” é apresentado como homogêneo, materialmente estático, isolado e degradado. Esta tese busca construir uma narrativa crítica à idéia de estaticidade, pobreza e isolamento dos camponeses do sertão, a partir da análise da materialidade das casas de barro localizadas nos estados de Pernambuco, Piauí e Ceará. Foco é dado às características materiais cotidianas das populações sertanejas ao longo do século XX, ressaltando aspectos relacionados ao consumo, a mobilidade e a paisagem recorrendo a ferramentas da arqueologia do passado contemporâneo, da antropologia rural e da ecologia histórica para mostrar como mudar e continuar o mesmo pode inverter lógicas capitalistas e ter papel fundamental no mundo globalizado. Palavras Chave: casa, camponeses, sertão, consumo, mobilidade ABSTRACT The Northeast of Brazil is usually understood, since the 19th century, as a poor region regarding determinist approaches sustained by simplistic views in which desertification, drought, famine and poverty are found invariably together. The area is also faced as a diasporic region, assumption based on its correspondence with desert like environment, known by drought episodes. These statements settled a rigid and powerful discourse where the semiarid is presented as homogeneous, materially static, isolated and degraded. The present research builds a critical narrative to the ideas of staticity, poverty and isolation related to the sertanejo people through the analysis of houses' materiality located in Pernambuco, Piauí and Ceará states. Focus is given on an archaeological view of peasants' material day-to-day dimension throughout the 20th century, highlighting aspects of consumption, mobility and landscaping. The thesis dialogues with assumptions from the Archaeology of the Contemporary Past, Rural Anthropology and Historical Ecology pinpointing how changing and staying the same can invert capitalistic logics and play a key role in the globalized world. Keywords: house, peasants, hinterland, consumption, mobility LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Municípios abarcados pelo projeto Transnordestina (ZANETTINI ARQUEOLOGIA, 2011). A revitalização da antiga linha férrea da RFFSA já tem mudando as feições de diferentes municípios, trazendo impactos relativos às pessoas e ao ambiente, com novas coisas e novas ideias, encontrado as velhas coisas e velhas ideias. Quais os processos de resistência, apropriações e hibridização que o mapa camufla?43 Figura 2. Georreferenciamento dos contextos analisados (Base Google Earth). O mapa corresponde aos mesmos caminhos indicados na figura anterior, com a diferença de sobrepor-se a uma imagem aérea que deixa notar as manchas amarronzadas onde o semiárido é mais intenso. ..................................................................................... 44 Figura 3. Correm Fabiano, sinhá Vitória, Menino mais velho, Menino mais novo e a cachorra Baleia, de uma vida sempre seca ou para uma vida sempre seca? Fuga ou mudança? A interrogação da frase carrega quase uma sensação de frustração e estava logo na entrada do Museu Graciliano Ramos, em Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas, no pôster que segue uma estrutura próxima da xilogravura, uma importante referência cultural, para o evento de comemoração dos 70 anos do romance Vidas Secas (Foto do autor, 2009). .......... 58 Figura 4. À esquerda, casa na vila Limoeiro, estado do Ceará, fotografia de Tibor Jablonsky (1962); à direita, casa em Simplício Mendes (a AHO 28), no estado do Piauí (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia), de 2009. Aparentemente semelhantes, o que a micro-escala nos guarda de diferenças? ......................................................................................... 104 Figura 5. Estrutura básica do lugar de moradia (sem escala). Novamente o olhar da recorrência refere-se ao arranjo espacial, mas ao descermos para o cotidiano, surgem as pequenas variações, ligadas aos materiais, por exemplo. .................................... 105 Figura 6. Planta baixa das atividades realizadas no sítio arqueológico Pau a pique, em Sertânia, estado do Pernambuco (ZANETTINI ARQUEOLOGIA, 2011). A linha pontilhada é apenas uma forma de forçar o olhar para a delimitação da clareira, tão clara e ao mesmo tempo tão fugaz, para a árvore localizada no interior do terreiro, e à localização da casa, quase central a este microcosmo. ........................................ 105 Figura 7. Gravura na parede das ruínas da casa do sítio arqueológico Italianas, no estado do Ceará (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia, 2010). Ao lado, um pequeno decalque do desenho (desenho do autor). A metalinguagem óbvia da gravura da casa na parede de uma casa também deixa antever um esquema iconográfico que se repete ao lado, na xilogravura. O que compartilham? Identidades? ........................................................................ 107 Figura 8. Xilogravura de DILA. A grande árvore que traz sombra parece prostrada em um embate com o forte sol, com seus raios em todas as direções. Ali, abaixo dos titãs da natureza, o cachorro, o boi e o sertanejo, em segundo plano em relação à casa, com porta e janela na frente, e duas janelas na lateral. ........................................................ 107 Figura 9. Porta e janela à frente da casa de barro na zona rural de Cústodia, estado de Pernambuco (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia, 2009). À limpeza do terreiro contrasta o acmúlo de folhas e objetos fora da cerca de galho e arame. Discretas, mas marcantes, duas parabólicas. ................................................................................................ 108 Figura 10. Casa do sítio arqueológico Canafístula II (2009), no município de Serra Talhada, Pernambuco (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia, 2009). Aqui, a parte dos fundos, com sua única porta que sai da cozinha, um universo privado que poucos acessam. ......... 108 Figura 11. A fachada da casa do sítio arqueológico Cantim (2010), em Iguatu, estado do Ceará (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia, 2010) mostra que nem sempre há janelas na fachada de chegada à casa. ................................................................................. 108 Figura 12. A arqueóloga Louise Alfonso na antiga casa do sítio arqueológico Pau a pique (2009), em Sertânia, Pernambuco (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia, 2009), abrindo a porta, ao lado da janela. ............................................................................................... 108 Figura 13. Casa em reforma na zona rural de Verdejante, Pernambuco (Foto do autor, 2009). Uma tempestade havia desmoronado o telhado enquanto dormiam mãe e filha, na madrugada. A casa não possuia janelas, apenas portas: uma na frente outra atrás.108 Figura 14. Casa na zona rural de Verdejante, PE (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia, 2009). Novamente, porta e janela na porção frontal, nenhuma janela na lateral, diferente da xilogravura......................................................................................................... 108 Figura 15. Casa em ruína na zona rural do município de Pavussu, no estado do Piauí (Acervo Zanettini Arqueologia, 2009). O técnico em arqueologia Breno Paiva busca as antigas passagens, agora por todos os lados. ................................................................... 109 Figura 16. Casa na zona rural de Salgueiro, no Pernambuco (Foto do autor, 2009). Uma porta e poucas janelas, além de um terreiro muito limpo. ............................................ 109 Figura 17. À esquerda vestígios de antiga casa na clareira ainda viva do sítio arqueológico Marmeleiro, no município de Senador Pompeu, Ceará (Acervo Zanettini
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