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Home , Arya Samaj, A Letter to a Hindu, Bakht Khan, Chapekar brothers, Deccan Education Society, French India

Later Mughals

Bhadur Shah-1(1707-1712) • Peace with Gobind Singh Shah Alam-2(1759-06) • Released Shahu,Granted Sardeshmukhi to • 1761-Battle of Panipat -3 Marthas • 1764 – • Defeated Banda Bahadur

Jahandar Shah(1712-13) Bahadur Shah(1837-62) • Ascended with the help of Zulfikar Khan • Confined only to red fort • Abolished Jiziya • Proclaimed Emperor in 1857 Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) • Sayyid Brothers(King makers) Muhammad Shah(1719-1748) • Rangeela Khan • Nadir Shah Raided ,Peacock Throne • Independent Kingdoms • (Nizam-ul-Mulk) • () • (Saddat Khan)

www.classmateacademy.com 1 www.classmateacademy.com 2 www.classmateacademy.com 3 www.classmateacademy.com 4 : European rivalries enter India. nationalizes Company.

www.classmateacademy.com 5 - an officer at the Company has grand plans.

www.classmateacademy.com 6 In 1756, the new of Bengal captures Calcutta from the Company.

The Black Hole of Calcutta - where the Nawab held English prisoners creates huge flutter in England.

www.classmateacademy.com 7 1757: Clive buys out Bengali aristocrats: &

www.classmateacademy.com 8 The Consolidation of English Rule

Battle of Plassey-1757 English (Robert Clive) Vs Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-Daula) Marathas • • Mir Jafar First Anglo- war-1775-82 • • Treaty of Bassein Battle of Buxar-1764 Peshwa Baji Rao-2 and English • English(Munro) Vs Mir Qasim,Shuja-ud-Daula Second Anglo-maratha war-1803-05 • ,Shah Alam Last Anglo Mysore war 1817-19 • Treaty of -1765 • Grant of Diwani-Dual Government

Mysore(1761-1799) Sikhs • Founder 13 Misls (Sukcheria ) • First Mysore War-1767 • 1801 comes to power Treaty of Madras Treaty of Amritsar-1809 • Second Mysore war-1780 First Anglo Sikh war-1845 Treaty of Mangalore • Treaty of • Third Mysore war-1790-92 Second Anglo Sikh war -1848-49 Tipu vs English,Marathas,Nizam Treaty of Seringapatnam • Fourth Mysore war -1799 www.classmateacademy.com 9 By 1800, the only impediment to the Company was a loose confederation of Marathas.

www.classmateacademy.com 10 Tippu Sultan of Mysore uses Rocket Warfare for the first time in human history. The defeat of his ally Napoleon in Waterloo messes up with his plan.

www.classmateacademy.com 11 Most Indian kingdoms slowly fall, unable to tackle the industrial prowess of the Company

Ahom kingdom Sikh Empire 1226-1820 1799-1849

www.classmateacademy.com 12 1772: Capital shifted to Calcutta by

www.classmateacademy.com 13 Company Rule Begins(1757-1857)

Stages of Land Revenue Settlements First stage of Mercantilism(1757-1813) Zamindari system • Monopoly of Trade • Lord Cornwallis-1793,Bengal • Direct Seizure of Power ,N.Circars. Second stage of Laizze Fairism (1813- Royatwari system 1860) • Sir Thomas Munro-1820, • made sub-ordinate trading • Elphinstone-Madras partner which would export raw Mahalwari Syatem materials and import manufactured • Zamindari +Royatwari goods • William Bentick-Regulation • Transformation of all aspects under the • R.M Bird-Father of Land guise of development and Settlement in Northern India. modernization Third Stage OF Finance (1860- 1947) • Export of capital by imperial countries to • Intense struggle among industrialized countries for new markets .

www.classmateacademy.com 14 www.classmateacademy.com 15 GOVERNORS-GENERAL AND VICEROYS OF INDIA:SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THEIR RULE

Warren Hastings 1773-1785

• Regulating Act of 1773. • Pitt’s India Act of 1784 • The First Maratha War in 1775-85 and the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. • Second Mysore War in 1780-84. • Foundation of of Bengal (1784) Lord Cornwallis 1786-1793 • Third Mysore War (1790-92) and Treaty of Seringapatam (1792). • Cornwallis Code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms, and separation of revenue administration and civil jurisdiction. • of Bengal, • Europeanisation of administrative machinery and introduction of civil services. Lord Wellesley 1798-1805 • Introduction of the Subsidiary Alliance System (1798); first alliance with . • Fourth Mysore War (1799). • Second Maratha War (1803-05). • Treaty of Bassein (1802).

www.classmateacademy.com 16 Consequences of Company Rule Millions perish in dozens of famines.

www.classmateacademy.com 17 Lord Minto I 1807-1813 • Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809).

Lord Hastings 1813-1823 • Anglo- War (1814-16) and the Treaty of Sagauli, 1816. • Third Maratha War (1817-19) and dissolution of Maratha Confederacy; creation of (1818). • Establishment of Ryotwari System by Thomas Munro, governor of Madras (1820).

Lord Amherst 1823-1828 • First Burmese War (1824-1826).

Lord William Bentinck 1828-1835 • Abolition of and other cruel rites (1829). • Suppression of thugi (1830). • Charter Act of 1833 • Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and introduction of English as the official language.

Lord Metcalfe 1835-1836 • New press law removing restrictions on the press in India.

www.classmateacademy.com 18 Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856

• Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856).

• “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control)Educational Despatch” of 1854 and opening of Anglo-vernacular schools and government colleges.(1857 universities)

• Railway Minute of 1853; and laying down of first railway line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853.

• Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta with Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office Act, 1854) reforms

• canal declared open (1854); establishment of separate Public works department in every province.

• Widow Remarriage Act (1856)

www.classmateacademy.com 19 www.classmateacademy.com 20 Some positives: Social Reforms takes off too.

Raja (father of modern India) and others lead social reforms in India to abolish Sati (Widow burning) and allow widow remarriage.

www.classmateacademy.com 21 Religious and Social Reform Movements

Betterment of Position of Women Degraded position due to Legislative Measures for Women • Purdah system • Bengal Regulation (1829) banning sati • Early marriage • Bengal Regulations (1795, 1804)- • Lack of education declaring infanticide illegal. • Unequal rights in marriage, divorce, • Hindu Widow’s Remarriage Act, 1856. inheritance • Age of Consent Act, 1891 • Polygamy • Sarda Act, 1930 • Female infanticide • Restrictions on widow remarriage • Sati • STRUGGLE AGAINST CASTE- BASED EXPLOITATION • Factors Undermining Caste Rigidities Forces unleashed by colonial administration • Social reform movements National movement ’s campaign against Stirrings among lower castes due to better education and employment www.classmateacademy.comFree India’s Constitution 22 Personality Magazine/paper/Institution Organisation

Bengal

Raja Ram Mohan Roy • The precepts of Jesus : A guide to • (1815)Atmiya (Raja title given by Shah Alam-2) Happiness and peace. sabha( and evil • Tuhfat-ul-Muwahiddin(Islam) practices of ) • Sabad kaumundi (sati) • Samaj (1828) to purify • Hindu College(1817) Hinduism and Preach • college(1825) monotheism

Debendranath Tagore • Indian Mirror Tatvabodhinisabhaand Tatvabodhini Patrika (1843) Later Adi-Brahmo Samaj • Indian reform Association (1870) Brahmo samaj of India(1866) • Native marriage act (1872)male- 18yrs ,Female-14 yrs AnandMohan Bose SadharanaBrahmoSamaj(1878)

www.classmateacademy.com 23 Derozio Hindu college Movement

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar college(Prin) Widow remarriage act(1856). Bethune Schools Barnay Parichoy (Bengali Classic) Vivekananda Prabudha bharat(eng) math(1886) Udbodhana(Ben) (1897)

Dayanand Saraswati (Hin) (1875- Back to Veda Bhasya Bombay) (Sanskrit) Section- Swaami shradananda College section-(DAV schools)

www.classmateacademy.com 24 Western India

Atmaram Panduran MG Ranade,RG Bhandarkar

Jyotibaphule SarvajaniksatyaDharma (1873) Ghulamgiri() (widow remarriage,female infanticide ) Gopal Hari Prabhakarunder • IF RELIGION DOES NOT (Lokahitawadi) SANCTION SOCIAL REFORMS CHANGE THE RELIGION Bal Shastri Jambekar Darpan GopalKrishna Gokhale Servants of India

NM JOSHI Social Service league,AITUC(1920) Narayan Agnihotri Deva shaastra Deva samaj

M.G Ranade Indian Social Conference(1887)

www.classmateacademy.com 25 MUslims

TMadame Blavatsky,MS olcott Theosophical movement Annie Beasant -1898 Central Hindu College-1898

Sri Narayan Guru Entry, Government Sri Narayana One caste One One Jobs Paripalana Movement religion

E.V Ramaswamy Naicker Self respect Movement

Kandukuri Veeresalingam VivekaVardhini Hitakarini (Gadya Tikkana) (Benefactor)Widow remarraige Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu 'SVARAJYA" Andhra Guruzada Apparao KanyaShulkam(widows) Deshamunu preminchamanna: Deshamu ante Matti kadoyi…

www.classmateacademy.com 26

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq MAO-College(1875)

Qasim Nanovatavi and Rashid Deoband Movement Ahmed Ganghoi

PARSIS

DadabhaiNaroji,Naoroji Rast Goftar Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Furdonji,KR Cama,SS Bengalee Sabha

Behramji Malabari The Indian Spectator Sevasadan Widow Remarraige Child Marriage Age of Consent Act,1891 (Girls age 12 )

AMONG SIKHS Khalsacollege(1892) ShiromaniGurudwara Prabandak Committee www.classmateacademy.com 27 Civilian and Tribal Uprisings against company

Eastern India Western India • Sanyasi Revolt • Bhils Uprising Bengal-1770- Khandesh- • Chuar Uprising • Ramosi Uprising Bengal-1766-72 Satara-1822-Chittur Singh • Kol Mutiny Chota nagpur-1831 • Santhal Rising Kunt-Kati –joint ownership hills-1855-Sidhu &kanhoo South India • Khasi uprising • Rampa Revolt Khasi-1833-Tirath singh Northern circars-Koya -1922- • Munda Revolt Alluri Sitaramaraju Chotanagpur-1899. Khuntkatti system-Birsamunda- Chota Nagpur Tenancy act,1908 • Oraons Chotanagpur-1914-Jatra Bhagat

www.classmateacademy.com 28 www.classmateacademy.com 29 www.classmateacademy.com 30 In 1857, Indians would strike back... ending the company forever...

www.classmateacademy.com 31 By 1857 most of India is under the company or company’s dependents.

www.classmateacademy.com 32 First War of Indian Independence (1857).

www.classmateacademy.com 33 10 May 1857. Sepoys Mutiny in Suspect there might be beef or pork coating in the cartridge. Compounded resentment from serving on overseas battles.

www.classmateacademy.com 34 11th May. Mutiny spreads to . Indian troops capture Delhi.

www.classmateacademy.com 35 Rani Laxmibai: Denied throne on basis of the “Doctrine of Lapse”. Widespread hatred in royalty.

Awadh, Jhansi, Kanpur and were soon up in rebelling.

Tatya Tope of Maratha territory was trying to coordinate the attack.

www.classmateacademy.com 36 A large number of Indian states join the mutiny.

www.classmateacademy.com 37 India’s native rivalries and suspicious soon dominate

• Sikhs were angry at the eastern Indians for not helping them out during their war with the English. Also, they feared the resurrection of Mughals. Thus they sided the British. • With the help of Sikh, Gurkha and Pathan regiments, East Indian company ends the first war of Indian Independence.

www.classmateacademy.com 38 Mutineers executed

www.classmateacademy.com 39 Revolt of 1857

Reasons • Economic Failure • Social • Military Effects • Political

CENTRES OF REVOLT AND LEADERS Delhi - General BakhtKhan Kanpur - Lucknow - - Khan Bahadur Bihar - KunwarSingh Faizabad - MaulviAhmadullah Jhansi - Rani Laxmibai

www.classmateacademy.com 40 Bahadur Shah: Last of Indian Mughals is exiled to Burma

www.classmateacademy.com 41 www.classmateacademy.com 42 www.classmateacademy.com 43 Charter Acts ,Rule of Company

Regulating act,1773 • The beginning of parliamentary control • Governor of Bengal made governor general • Supreme court at Fort William. Pitts India Act,1784 • Governors council strength reduced to 3 • Company territories were called “the British possessions of India” Charter Act 1813 • Company's monopoly of trade with India ended. • allowed to preach in India. Charter Act,1833 • Governor of Bengal made Governor-general of India,complete transfer to Governor general of India • Indian be allowed to recruitment under the crown. Charter Act,1853 • Last charter act • Indian civil services opened for all 1858,Act • Indian Administration taken over by British Crown • Viceroy and secretary of state created • Governors council is divided in to two parts (Executive,Legislature(6)) www.classmateacademy.com 44 British Queen takes over India from the Company after 100 years of rule

www.classmateacademy.com 45 India’s fight for Independence (1857 - 1947).

www.classmateacademy.com 46 Transportation systems that helped the British rule better.

1869: Suez Canal 1853: Indian Railways

www.classmateacademy.com 47 The Struggle Begins (1858-1905)

Reasons • Understanding of contradictions in Indian Asiatic Society of Bengal-1784 and colonial interests • William Jones-Abhijnanashakuntalam • Political, administrative and economic • Charles Wilkins-Bhagavadgita unification of the country • Western thought and education Bombay Asiatic Society-1804 • Role of press and literature Asiatic society of Great Britain-1823 • Rediscovery of India’s past-historical • Max Muller –sacred books of East researches. • Vincent Arthur Smith-Early history of • Rise of middle class intelligentsia. India • Impact of contemporary movements world • Ramakrishna Bhandarkar-Ashoka wide And Ancient Indian • Reactionary policies and racial arrogance of • R.C Majumdar-History & culture of rulers

www.classmateacademy.com 48 Drain of Wealth:

Dadabhai Naoroji-Poverty and UnBritish rule in India. • Home charges • Remittances to England by officials. B.H. Baden-Powell’s The Land Systems of British India, also in two volumes.

R.C Dutt’s : Economic ,

Suez Canal : 1869

“India is the pivot of our Empire... If the Empire loses any other part of its Dominion we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun of our Empire will have set.”

Victor Alexander Vruce, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 www.classmateacademy.com 49 Governors from 1855 to 1905

Lord Canning 1858-1862 Transfer of control from to the Crown, the Government of India Act, 1858.

Indian Councils Act of 1861. • Viceroy should nominate Indians as Non-Official members ,1862 Raja of Benaras,the of Patiala and Sir Dinakar rao • Decentralisation to Madras and Bengal Provinces, creation of Legislative councils in Bengal, etc

Lord Lytton 1876-1880 • Famine of 1876-78 affecting Madras, Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of central India and Punjab; appointment of Famine Commission under the president of Richard Strachey (1878). • Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of India. • The Vernacular Press Act (1878). • The Arms Act (1878) • The Second Afghan War (1878-80).

www.classmateacademy.com 50 Indian Press Evolution

• 1780-Bengal gazette or Hickeys Gazette(J.A Hickey ) • 1818-Samachar Darpan (vernacular newspaper)-Williamward,WilliamCarey and Joshua Marshman

• 1866-Reuters

• Perozshah Mehta-Bombay Chronicle • Madam Mohan Malviya-The leader • Gandhi-YoungIndia(english),Navajivan(Gujarati weekly)

Licensing regulation Act 1823 by John Adam Every publisher should get a license from the government, defaulters would be fined Rs 400 and the press would be ceased by the government. Government has right to cancel the license. Charles Metcalf abolished the Act.

www.classmateacademy.com 51 Evolution of Civil services :

• Covenanted civil services by Lord Corn wallis

• Fort William college(1800) later replaced by Haileybury college

• Open competitive examination ,1853 Age-23,Indian Civil service(1861,steel frame) 21(1866),19(1876) (1863)

• Aitchinson Commission(1886) Provincial Civil services

www.classmateacademy.com 52 Lord Ripon 1880-1884

• Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882).

• The first Act (1881) to improve labour conditions.

• Appointement of Education Commission under chairmanship of Sir William Hunter (1882).

• The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84)

Lord Dufferin 1884-1888 • Establishment of the .

Lord Lansdowne 1888-1894 • Factory Act (1891) • Categorisation of civil services into imperial, provisional and subordinate.

• Indian Councils Act (1892).

www.classmateacademy.com 53 Factories In India :

• 1853-Cotton Mills ,Bombayby CowsjeeNanabhoy

• 1855-Jute Mills,Clacutta

• 1845-Coal Fields

• 1874-Smelting of Ironore

• 1905-TISCO

• 1881(First) ,children between 7-12 yrs of age cannot be employed more than 9 hrs

• 1891(second),weekly holiday,women working hours(11hrs) work for children 7 hrs

• FICCI,1927 (1st head was Purshottamdas Thakurdas)

www.classmateacademy.com 54 Political Organisations and Establishment of Congress Congress-1885 • A.O Hume,D.E Wacha, 1866- East India Association at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit college • Dada Bhai Naoroji, All present except Surendranath 1875- Indian League Benerjee,Total 72 delegates • SisirKumarGhosh 1876- Indian Association of Calcutta • Ananda Mohan Bose,Surendranath Benerjee 1867- Poona sarvajanik Sabha • MG Ranade 1885- Bombay Presidency Association • ,PherozShahMehta 1884- Madras Mahajan Sabha • M.Viraraghavachari,B.Subramanyam Aiyer&P.AnandaCharulu

www.classmateacademy.com 55 In 1885 Indians come together to form the Indian National Congress.

www.classmateacademy.com 56 • EARLY NATIONALIST METHODOLOGY

• Constitutional agitation within four walls of law • Create public opinion in India and campaign for support to Indian demands in England • Political education of people • Political connections with Britain in India’s interests at that stage • Time not ripe for direct challenge to colonial rule

CONTRIBUTIONS OF MODERATE NATIONALISTS

• Economic critique of British imperialism • Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature • Campaign for general administrative reforms • Defense of civil rights

www.classmateacademy.com 57 End of Company Rule ,The Direct Rule begins-(1858-1947)

Act of 1858 • Indian Administration Taken Over by British Crown. • Viceroy as Crowns representative Office of Secretary of state and council of India Created

Indian councils ,Act 1861 • Legislative councils established at the centre and in the presidencies and provinces • Councils to include non-official members.

Indian Councils Act,1892 • Number of Indians(Non-Officials increased ,but official majority maintained ) • Some non-officials were to be appointed on recommendation of provincial legislative councils (in direct election ) • Enlarged the size and functions of central and provincial councils • The council to have right to discuss budget under certain conditions Members of council granted right to ask questions.

www.classmateacademy.com 58 Militant Nationalism (1905-1918)

WHY MILITANT NATIONALISM GREW • Realization that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and that the Government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even what existed. • Growth of self-confidence and self-respect • Impact of growth of education-increase in awareness and unemployment. • International influences and events which demolished the myth of white/European supremacy. These included Emergence of Japan-an Asian country-as an industrial power. Abyssinia’s (Ethiopia) victory over Italy. Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses. Japan’s victory over Russia (1905) • Nationalist movements worldwide. • Reaction to increasing Westernisation. • Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates. • Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the Calcutta Corporation Act (1899) the official Secrets Act (1904) the Indian Universities Act (1904)and partition of Bengal (1905) • Existence of a militant school of thought. • Emergence of trained leadership.

www.classmateacademy.com 59 Emergence Of Extremists : Lal ,Bal,Pal

www.classmateacademy.com 60 Extremist Nationalism in Congress and Outside

THE EXTREMIST IDEOLOGY • Hated for foreign rule, Belief in the capacity of masses, Swarajya as goal, Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.

THE SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENT • Began as a reaction to partition of Bengal which became known in 1903, was formally announced in July 1905 and came into force on 16Oct 1905. • Reason –To weaken Nationalist movement, Official reason-Big Provinces Moderate-led anti- partition movement (1903-05) was under Surendranath Banerjea K.K. Mitra,PC.Ray. Methods included public meetings, petitions, memoranda . propaganda through newspapers and pamphlets. The movement under Extremists ( 1905-08) was led by Balgangadhar Tilak, Laipat Rai& Aurobindo Ghosh. • Boycott of foreign cloth ,public meetings and processions. • Emphasis on self-reliance of Atma shakti, • National education, • Swadeshi of indigenous enterprises initiating new trends in Indian painting, songs poetry, pioneering research in science and later calling for boycott of schools, colleges, councils, government service, etc. .

www.classmateacademy.com 61 Extremist Leaders-Lal,bal,Pal Ghosh

Bal Ganghadar Tilak

• Kesari(Marathi),Maharata(English) in 1880 • Fergussion college(Deccan Education society) . • Bhagavadgita, Bhagawadgita-Rahasya (Secret of the Bhagavadgita),Arctic home of Vedas • Ganapati Festival(1894),Shivaji Jayanti (1895) • Bubonic Plague in 1897 ,Tilak criticises Officer Rand in Kesari. Assassination of Officer and Trial of Tilak(Unfair) • " (Self-Rule) is my birth right and I will have it." The trial and sentence earned him the title Lokamanya (“Beloved Leader of the People”).

• Prafulla Chakki and Khudi Ram Bose try to kill a Judge.

• Tilak defends them in Kesari

• Supports Prafulla chakki and Khudirambose hence arrested Returned back in 1914(In Mandalay Jail wrote Geeta rahasya) AntiPartition to Swadeshi or Bande Mataram Movement.

• He died August 1, 1920. In their tributes, called him “the Maker of Modern India” andJawaharlal Nehru, “the Father of the Indian Revolution

www.classmateacademy.com 62 Lala Lajpat Rai : Rai has been described as "a pillar of extremist nationalism in India"

• Associated with PNB and Laxmi Insurance.

• Started a no of Schools & colleges

• Edited-Punjabee

• Book-The Unhappy India

• Punjab Kesari

www.classmateacademy.com 63 Bipin chandra Pal

• Bande Mataram- NewsPaper

• referred to him as one of mightiest prophets of nationalism.

• B.C. Pal is known as the 'Father of Revolutionary Thoughts' in India and was one of the freedom fighters of India

www.classmateacademy.com 64 Aurobindo Gosh

• 1893-Political Ideology-”New lamps for the world”

• Coined words like National Education,passive resistance,“Mother India”.

• and Khudirambose case arrested Kennedy Murder Case-Deshbandhu (defender) • Alipore Jail and his Transformation(Vivekananda )

Karmayogin in English and Dharma in Bengali Life divine ,Savitri(spiritual epic), The Synthesis of

www.classmateacademy.com 65 Achievements of Bandemataram movement

• All India Movement • Resurgence of Industry,Culture. Bengal Chemical Industries-P.C Ray • Linguistic Acheivements Rabindra tagore –”” • Artistic Contribution -Bengal Schoool of painting Nandalal Bose

Surat Split-1907-Split of Congress (Garam Dal and Naram Dal) Lucknow Merger-1916 Lucknow Pact –Congress-League

www.classmateacademy.com 66 Revolutionary Terrorism

GOVERNMENT ACTS FOR REPRESSIONOF Seditious Meetings Act (1907) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (1908) Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908) Explosive Substances Act (1908) Indian Press Act (1910)

REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase. Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the . Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for .

Ideology Assassinate unpopular officials thus strike terror in hearts of rulers and arouse people to expel the British Physically based on individual heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based country wide struggle.

www.classmateacademy.com 67 Important Revolutionaries Organisation,Acts

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY BEFORE FIRST WORLD WAR Bengal

1902- First revolutionary groups in and Calcutta ( The ) 1906 –Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06-Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism. 1907-Attempt on life of governor of East Bengal. 1908- Prafulla Chaki and attempt to murder Muzaffarpur Magistrate, Kings ford. Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others. 1908- Barrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan. 1912- Bomb thrown at viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. Sandhya, Yugantar-newspapers advocating revolutionary activity.

Maharashtra

1879- Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke. 1890s- Tilak’s attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta. 1897- Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and Lt. Ayerst. 1899- Mitra Mela- a secret society organized by Savarkar and his brother 1904- Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat. 1909- of Nasik-Jackson-killed. www.classmateacademy.com 68 Punjab

Revolutionary activity by Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Aga Haidar Syed Haidar Raza, , Lalchand ‘Falak’ Sufi Ambaprasad.

Abroad • 1905- Shyamji Krishnavarma set up Indian Home Rule Society and and brought out journal. The Sociologist in London. • 1909- murdered Curzon-Wyllie, • Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from and Geneva and brought out journal Bande Mataram.

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY DURING FIRST WORLD WAR

The Ghadar was organized by Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah Bhai Parmanand.

The Ghadar Programme.

In Europe for Indian Independence established by Virendranath Chattopadhyay

www.classmateacademy.com 69 MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS

• Number of elected members in Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils increased- elected non-officials still in minority.(from 16 to 60 )

• Separate electorates introduced for Muslims.

• Elected non-officials to be elected indirectly-thus election introduced for the first time.

• Legislatures could pass resolutions, ask questions and supplementaries, vote separate items of the budget.

• One Indian to be on viceroy’s executive council.

www.classmateacademy.com 70 Gandhi and Mass Nationalism from 1919 to 1947

WHY NATIONALIST UPSURGE AT END OF WAR? Post- War economic hardship Nationalist disillusionment with imperialism worldwide. Impact of Russian Revolution.

Gandhi • • Set up and started Indian Opinon. • against registration certificates. In 1906, the Transvaal government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian population SatyaGraha(devotion to and non-violence for the first time)(7 years Indians continued to suffer silently) • Campaign against restrictions on Indian migration. • Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of Indian marriages. • Gandhi’s faith in capacity of masses to fight established; he was able to evolve his own style of leadership and politics and techniques of struggle.

www.classmateacademy.com 71 • His Methods(Young India & Harijan)

• SatyaGraha Based on Truth and Non-violence ,appeal to the good in the person ,hate the wrong not the person doing it ,if he is made to realize it then he will be transformed

• Ideas from Contemporary west Thoreau,Emerson,Tolstoy(A letter to a Hindu) • (training in Satyagraha) • Satyagraha – Strikes and hartals last resort Hind Swaraj (1909) Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule would collapse and swaraj would come

Non-Cooperation=with a virtuous man is a minimum duty of a virtuous man Civil-Disobedience =All the unjust laws of any tyrannical government must be opposed

• Constructive Programmes programme Village Reconstruction Harijan Welfare Programme Hindu-Muslim Unity UpLiftment of Women. NaiTalim-Education system implemented as Wardha Scheme www.classmateacademy.com 72 Emergence of Gandhi-The Mass Nationalist Phase

Peasant Movements • Indigo Revolt(1859-60) Digambar Vishwas and Bishnu Biswas,NEELDARPAN-Deen Banadhu Mitra Indigo Commision –notification in 1860 • Pabna Agrarian League Bengal Tenancy Act,1885 • Deccan Riots Deccan Agricultural Relief act,1879 • Punjab Riots Punjab Land Alienation Act,1902 • Mooplah Revolts 1921

GANDHI’S EARLY ACTIVISM IN India (1917)-First .(Thinkathiya-3/20 ,Babu ) Mill Strike (1918) –First Hunger Strike(workers-50%,owners-20%,final- 35%) Anasuya Ben Kheda Satyagraha(1918)- First Non-Cooperation(No tax when less than ¼ of normal yield) www.classmateacademy.com 73 Home Rule Movement Tilak-Home Rule league-Bombay,Apr,1916 Annie Beasant 1917-Montagu Declaration of Responsible government

Rowlatt Act( Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919): this act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up to two years without a trial. The unpopular legislation provided for stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, and juryless in camera trials for proscribed political acts.

Gandhiji named the as "black act".

Rowlatt Satyagraha (1918)- First mass-strike. JallianwalaBagh-To protest against the arrest of Kitchlew & satyapal.

Rabindranath Tagore : Renounce his knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest”

The Hunter Commission :

www.classmateacademy.com 74 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms • Dyarchy in provinces.

• Two lists-reserved and transferred-for administration. Reserved subjects to be administered by governor through executive council and transferred subjects to be administered by ministers from legislative council.

• Extensive powers to governor, governor- general and secretary of state for interference Franchise expanded, powers also extended.

• Governor-general to administer with an executive council of 8-3 to be Indians.

• Two lists for administration-central and provincial.

• Bicameral central legislature- Central Legislative Assembly as the lower house and Council of States as the upper house.

www.classmateacademy.com 75 The Non-Cooperation movement

Three demands- • Favorable treaty for Turkey • Redressal of Punjab wrongs • Establishment of Swaraj

Techniques used • Boycott of government-run schools colleges(Jamia milla and kasi vidyapeeth), law courts, municipality and government service, foreign cloth, liquor; setting up of national schools, colleges, panchayats and using khadi; second state to include civil disobedience by non-payment of taxes.

Nagpur Congress Session (December 1920) • Congress goal changed to attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means from attainment of self-government through constitutional means.

Chauri -Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922) • Violence by agitated mob-prompted Gandhi to withdraw movement.

www.classmateacademy.com 76 The Decade of 1920’s

SWARAJISTS AND NO-CHANGERS • Swarajists advocated council entry after withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement with an aim to end or mend the councils. No-Changers advocated constructive work during transition period. EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES DURING 1920S • Spread of Marxism and socialist ideas • Activism of Indian youth • Peasants’ agitations • Growth of trade unionism • Caste movements • Revolutionary terrorism with a tilt towards socialism

ACTIVITIES OF HRA/HSRA REVOLUTIONARIES IN BENGAL Established-1924 ’s Chittagong Revolt Group and Chittagong robberies-1930 Kakori robbery-1925 Reorganised-1928 Sounders’ murder-1928 Bomb in Central Lagislative Assembly-1929 Bid to blow up viceroy’s train-1929 Azad killed in police encounter-1931 , Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged-1931www.classmateacademy.com 77 Women leaders and organisations : CPI:

• In 1882, Tarabai Shinde wrote a book A • Karl Marx-The Communist manifesto(1848), comparison between men and women Das kapital(1867-1894). • took the lead and started • 1864 International Workingmen’s Arya Mahila Samaj in Maharastra Association (First International) She also started Mukti Mission and Sharda Sadan to uplift the condition of widows. She • Communist International (Comintern) also defied many of the social practices like hypogamy, seclusion, conversion etc • Comintern(Second world congress),1920 • IN 1917, Women's Indian Association • CPI-Abani Mukherjee,M.NRoy appeared @ Madras and it was started by the enlightened european and Indian ladies like Margaret Cousins and

• All India Women's Conference in 1927 - initially as a non political body - to promote education by Margaret Cousins

• Sarada Act (Male-18,Female-14 later

changed to 21 and 18) www.classmateacademy.com 78 Trade Union and Peasant Agitations

Peasant Agitations Trade union Movement Congress 1870-Sasipada Benerjee-Workingmens Club ,bharat Champaran(1917) Shramjeevi Exploitative Tinketia sysytem 1880-Narain Meghajee Lokhanday –Deenbandhu and Rajkumar Shukla set up Bombay Mill and Millhands Association Khera (1918) 1899-First strike by the great Indian Peninsular Drought situation ,Request for Tax Railways relief Bardoli (1928) 1919-International Labor Organisation. Sudden unilateral increase in Land AITUC-1920 revenue Lala Lajpat Rai-First President Class Conscious Movements Chaman Lal –First Secretary 1923-N.G.Ranga-Ryots association 1936-First All India Kisan Congress Important leaders-J.L.Nehru,Subhas Bose,C.F 1-Sept ,(Kisan Day),Swami Andrews,J.M SenGupta,VV Giri,. sahajananda Abolishing Zamindari system 1926-Trade Union Act 50%-reduction in land revenue Trade Union Recognised Abolition of Forced Labour Public Safety Act,1929 Tebhaga Trade Dispute Act,1929 Meerut Conspiracy,1929 Muzzafar Ahmed,S.A Dange,Phili Spratt,Ben Bradley, www.classmateacademy.com 79 Caste Movements : B.R Ambedkaar : • Self Respect Movement (Dravidian Movement ) • MookhNayak(Leader of silent) • Bahishkrit Bharat • Joined congress in 1919, • Equality Janta • 1925 came out and started (Temple entry) • Bahishkrit hitkarni Sabha • 1927,Mahad Graha • 1937-Anti- Agitation,worked against • 1930 ,Kalaram Temple Movement imposition of Hindi(C.R) in Madras • 1932 • 1939-Jutice party later changed to Depressed class-148 seats(up from 71) Dravida Kazhagam (dravidistan) GOI,1935 defines Scheduled castes and tribes • 1949 Split and DMK(Annadurai) • 1937 Independent Labour Party • Scheduled castes federation

• Annihilation of castes ,Who were shudras

www.classmateacademy.com 80 Events Leading to Civil disobedience Movement

SIMON COMMISSION • Came in 1928 to explore possibility of further constitutional advance. Boycotted by Indians because no Indian represented in the commission. (1928) • First Indian effort to draft constitutional scheme. Recommended- Dominion status • Not separate electorates, but joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities. • Linguistic provinces • 19 fundamental rights • Responsible government at centre and in provinces.

CALCUTTA CONGRESS SESSION (DECEMBER 1928) • One year ultimatum to Government to accept dominion status or else civil disobedience to be launched for complete independence. LAHORE CONGRESS SESSION (DECEMBER 1929) • Congress adopted complete independence as its goal Congress decided to launch a civil disobedience movement. January 26, 1930 celebrated as the first all over the country.

www.classmateacademy.com 81 1930: Gandhi takes Indians on Civil Disobedience. Breaks laws on making salt in Dandi, .

www.classmateacademy.com 82 Civil Disobedience Movement

DANDI MARCH (MARCH 12-APRIL 6, 1930) Led by Gandhi; resulted in spread of salt satyagraha to Tamil Nadu, Malabar, Andhra, Assam, Bengal. Spread of the movement Khudai Khidmatgars active in NWFF FIRST RTC (NOVEMBER 1930- JANUARY 1931) Congress did not attend. GANDHI-IRWIN PACT (MARCH 1931) Congress agreed to attend Second RTC and to withdraw CDM. KARACHI CONGRESS SESSION (MARCH 1931) Endorsed Delhi Pact between Gandhi and lrwin. Passed resolutions on economic program me and fundamental rights. SECOND RTC (DECEMBER 1931) Right wing in Britain against concessions to Indians. Session got deadlocked on question of safeguards to minorities. December 1931- April 1934 Second phase of CDM. COMMUNAL AWARD(1932) Provided separate electorates to depressed classes. Nationalists felt this to be a threat to national unity Gandhi’s fast unto death (September 1932) led to Poona Pact Which abandoned separate electorates for depressed classes in favour of increased reserved seats for them www.classmateacademy.com 83 The GoI,Act 1935

• Proposed-an All India Federation bicameral legislature at the centre; provincial autonomy; three lists for legislation federal, provincial and concurrent.

• At Centre, subjects to be administered divided into reserved and transferred categories.

• Provincial legislators to be directly elected

Early 1937-elections to provincial assemblies held. Congress ministries formed in Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar Orissa, Assam and NWFP.

www.classmateacademy.com 84 National Movement: Towards Freedom and Partition-1939-1947

CONGRESS STAND ON EVE OF WORLD WAR II: It would cooperate in war if: Freedom was given after the War. Some form of genuinely responsible government was immediately set up September 1, 1939: World War-II broke out and Britain declared India’s support for war. September 10-14, 1939; At CWC meeting at Wardha; • Gandhi was for unconditional support to Britain’s war efforts. • Subhash Bose and Leftists were for taking advantage of Britain’s difficulties and starting a mass movement to dislodge colonialism. • Nehru recognized the imperialist nature of the war, but was against taking advantage of Britain’s difficulties, as well as against Indian participation in war. The CWC resolved-No Indian participation unless freedom is granted; Government should declare its war aims soon. CONGRESS RESPONSE • No Indian support to the war • Congress ministrirs in provinces to resign • But no immediate mass struggle to be launched

MARCH 1940 “ Resolution” passed at Lahore session of Muslim League www.classmateacademy.com 85 Events Leading to

MARCH 1942 Japan reached Rangoon after having overrun almost the whole of South-East Asia.

CRIPPS MISSION (MARCH 1942) It offered- An Indian Union with dominion status, with right to withdraw from Commonwealth. After war, a constituent assembly elected by provincial assemblies to frame the constitution. Freedom to any province unwilling to join the Union to have a separate agreement with Britain. Meanwhile, defence of India to remain in British hands. The Congress objected to_ Dominion status Right of provinces to secede No immediate transfer of power Retention of governor general’s supremacy. The Muslim League objected to Pakistan not being explicitly offered The machinery of creation of Constituent Assembly. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Why launch a movement now? Failure of Cripps offer an evidence of British lack of will to concede Indian demands Public discontent against wartime hardships A feeling of imminent British collapse www.classmateacademy.com 86 Indian leadership’s desire to prepare masses for possible Japanese invasion www.classmateacademy.com 87 Quit India Movement a Violent Movement of Gandhi

AICC Meeting (Bombay- August 8, 1942) The meeting ratified Quit India Resolution • August 9, 1942 all prominent leaders arrested • Underground activity to provide a line of command Parallel governments in Ballia (UP), Tamluk (Bengal) and Satara () • Sections participating included youth, women, workers, peasants, government officials, some communists.

C. RAJAGOPALACHARI FORMULA (MARCH 1944) • League should immediately support independence for India and cooperate in Interim Government • After War, Muslim majority areas to exercise right to self determination • In case of partition, common centre for defence, commerce, communications, etc. Jinnah rejected the offer as he wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory

www.classmateacademy.com 88 The March Towards Independence 1945-1947 WAVELL PLAN (SHIMLA CONFERENCE-JUNE 1945) • An all-Indian executive council except the governor-general and commander-in- chief • Equal representation for caste and Muslims • Muslim League wanted all Muslims to be its nominees and claimed a communal veto in the executive council Congress objected to it being painted purely as a caste Hindu party

LAST TWO YEARS OF BRITISH RULE Two basic strands- • Tortuous negotiations resulting in freedom and partition accompanied by communal violence • Sporadic localized mass action August 1945 Elections to central and provincial assemblies announced September 1945 Announcement of a Constituent Assembly after War. A Change in Government’s attitude due to Two main Election Planks for Congress • Repression of 1942 • Mass pressure against trial of INA POWs February 18, 1946 in Bombay, strike by Royal Indian Navy Ratings Election Results Congress won 57 out of 102 seats in Central Assembly got majority in Madras, Bombay, UP, Bihar, Orissa and Central Provinces and coalition partner with Unionists and Akalis in PunjabMuslimwww.classmateacademy.com League won 30 reserved seats in Central 89 Assembly got majority in Bengal, Constituent Assembly and Independence

Main Aim of Government Policy Now • A graceful withdrawal after settlement on modalities of transfer of power, and post- imperial Indo-British relations CABINET MISSION • Rejection of Pakistan • Grouping of existing assemblies into three section A,B,C three-tier executive and legislature at province, princely states and union level • Provincial assemblies to elect a constitutent assembly • Common centre for defence, Communications, external affairs • Provinces to have autonomy and residual powers • Princely states free to have an arrangement with the successor government or the British Government. • In future, a province free to come out of the union Acceptance League, followed by Congress, accepted Cabinet mission proposals in June 1946 Further Developments : July 1946 League withdrew from the Plan after Nehru’s press statement, and gave a call for “direct action” from August 16, 1946 September 1946 An Interim Government headed by Nehru Sworn in October 1946 League joins Interim Government and follows an obstructionist approach February 1947 Congress members demand removal of League members; League demands dissolution of Constituent Assembly www.classmateacademy.com 90 www.classmateacademy.com 91 Achievement of Independence

ATTLEE’S STATEMENT (FEBRUARY 20, 1947) • June 30, 1948 as deadline for transfer of power • Power may be transferred to one centre or in some areas to existing provincial governments

MOUNTBATTEN PLAN JUNE 3, 1947 • Punjab and Bengal Assemblies to take decision on partition. • Sindh to take its own decision • Referendum to be half in NWFP and Sylhet district • Two dominions to be created if partition is to take place, with two Constituent Assemblies • Freedom to be granted on August 15, 1947

July 18, 1947 • British Parliament passes the “Indian Independence Act 1947” Which is implemented on August 15, 1947

www.classmateacademy.com 92 Governor Generals--Continued Lord Curzon 1899-1905 • Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police administration. • Appointment of Universities Commission,1902 and passing of Indian Universities Act,1904 • Establishment of Department of Commerce and Industry. • Calcutta Corporation Act (1899).Partition of Bengal (1905)

Lord Minto II 1905-1910 • Split in Congress in the annual session of 1907 in . • Establishment of Muslim League by Aga Khan (1906).

Lord Hardinge II 1910-1916 • Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911). • Coronation durbar of King George V held in Delhi (1911).

Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921 • Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916). • Lucknow session of the Congress (1916). • Foundation of (1916) after Gandhi’s return;launch of Champaran Satyagraha (1916), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918). • Montagu’s August Declaration (1917).Government of India Act (1919) • The Rowlatt Act (1919),Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919)

• Launch of Non-Cooperation and Khilafatwww.classmateacademy.com movements.Appointment of S.P. Sinha as 93 governor of Bihar (the first Indian to become a governor) Lord Reading 1921-1926 (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of Non- Cooperation Movement. Moplah rebellion in (1921). Kakori train robbery( 1925)

Lord Irwin 1926-1931 Visit of to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by the Indians. An All-Parties Conference held at Lucknow (1928) for suggestions for the (future) , the report of which was called the Nehru Report or the Nehru Constitution. Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927) Lahore session of the Congress (1929); Resolution. Dandi March (march 12, 1930) by Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Lord Willingdon 1931-1936 Announcement of Communal Award (1932) under which separate communal electorates were set up. The Government of India Act of 1935 Establishment of All India by Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan (1934)

www.classmateacademy.com 94 Lord Linlithgow 1936-1944 • Subhash Chandra Bose elected as the president of Congress at the fifty-first session of the Congress (1938). • Resignation of Bose in 1939 and formation of the Forward Bloc (1939). • Lahore Resolution (March 1940) by the Muslim League, demand for separate state for Muslims. • ‘August Offer’ (1940) by the viceroy; its criticism by the Congress and endorsement by the Muslim League. • Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India (1941) and organization of the • Passing of the ‘Quit India Resolution’ by the Congress (1942); outbreak of ‘August Revolution’ or Revolt of 1942 after the arrest of national leaders.

Lord Wavell 1944-1947 • C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula (1944), failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks (1944). • Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference (1942).

Lord Mountbatten 1947-1948 • June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced. • Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons. • Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliff for the partition of Bengal and Punjab.

www.classmateacademy.com 95 WomeshChunderBonnerjee 1885 Bombay

Dadabhai Naoroji 1886 Calcutta Badruddin Tyabji 1887 Madras George Yule 1888 Allahabad 1889 Bombay Henry Cotton 1904 Bombay GopalKrishna Gokhale 1905 Benares Dadabhai Naoroji 1906 Calcutta Rashbihari Ghosh 1907 Surat William Wedderburn 1910 Allahabad Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1916 Lucknow Annie Besant 1917 Calcutta

www.classmateacademy.com 96 C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1920 Nagpur Mohandas Gandhi 1924 Belgaum SarojiniNaidu 1925 Kanpur 1928 Calcutta 1929 & 30 Lahore 1931 Karachi 1938 Haripura, Gujarat Subhas ChandraBose(resigned) Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh Rajendra Prasad 1939 / Chhatisgardh replaced Bose after the session. AbulKalamAzad 1940–46 Ramgarh J. B. Kripalani 1947 Meerut Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 1948 & 49 Jaipur

www.classmateacademy.com 97 Lord Mountbatten: Last Viceroy of India sets India’s freedom date for 15th August 1947 and decides to partition the country into two - India & Pakistan.

www.classmateacademy.com 98 Political Integration of India.

www.classmateacademy.com 99