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Changes in Abundance of Least Bitterns in Ontario,1995-2019

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Changes in Abundance of Least Bitterns in Ontario,1995-2019 Changes in abundance of Least Bitterns in MOichnaelt J.a Krircihoin, G1iu9sep9pe 5 E. -20Fiorino1, 9 Greg P. Grabas and Douglas C. Tozer Figure 1. Least Bittern female. Photo: Andrew Chin 114 Ontario Birds December 2020 Abstract Populations of many breeding marsh into our study area during high water bird species continue to decline in the rather than an increase in the total size of southern Great Lakes basin, although the population. Nonetheless, the recent this is not the case for the threatened increase that we observed, if it represents Least Bittern. Recent analysis based on a genuine increase in total population data from the Great Lakes Marsh Mon - size, is encouraging for this species at risk itoring Program of Birds Canada shows in Ontario and Canada. that its abundance has increased consis - tently since the mid-2000s throughout Introduction the lower Great Lakes in the U.S. and The Least Bittern ( Ixobrychus exilis ) is a Canada, with the highest abundance small, elusive heron whose breeding occurring in recent years. In this study, range in southern Canada includes parts we expanded on these findings by assess - of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New ing patterns in abundance of Least Bit - Brunswick and possibly Nova Scotia terns among different geographical loca - (Poole et al. 2020, COSEWIC 2009) tions in Ontario and across years from (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The Canadian 1995 to 2019. We found that abundance breeding population was estimated at was relatively consistent in Ontario from 1,500 pairs in 2009, with Ontario sup - 1995 to 2016, but notably higher from porting the largest number of breeding 2017 to 2019, largely due to increases in pairs (COSEWIC 2009, Woodliffe abundance of Least Bitterns at Great 2007). The preferred breeding habitat of Lakes coastal locations (i.e., those direct - the Least Bittern includes marshes with ly influenced by fluctuating Great Lakes dense emergent vegetation (primarily cat - water levels) compared to inland, partic - tails) interspersed with pools of open wa - ularly in the Lake Erie basin. We also ter. Its small size, slender shape and found strong evidence that the increase secretive behavior make the species hard in abundance was closely tied to increas - to detect visually, so it is more often de - ing water levels during the breeding sea - tected by its soft, quiet, low-pitched song son on Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. (coo-coo-coo-coo ) or harsh call ( rick-rick- Although this appears to be a good-news rick-rick ) (Sibley 2016, Poole et al . 2020). story for this species of priority conser - In Canada, the Least Bittern is classi - vation concern, it should be emphasized fied as a species at risk both provincially that Great Lakes water levels naturally (in Ontario and Quebec) and federally fluctuate over time, so it is reasonable to (COSEWIC 2009). In Ontario, the expect a decline in abundance of Least species has been listed as Threatened on Bitterns when water levels eventually the Species at Risk in Ontario List since begin to recede. It is also important to 2004 and has been regulated under the realize that the increase in abundance Endangered Species Act since 2008 (ESA reported here may be due to a change in 2007). Federally, it has been listed as distribution of Least Bitterns moving Threatened under Schedule 1 of the Volume 38 Number 3 115 Species at Risk Act since 2003 (SARA the lowest abundance observed in 2004. 2002). Most recently, the species was These results are promising for conserv - assessed as Threatened by the Commit - ing the Least Bittern in the Great Lakes tee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife basin. in Canada (COSEWIC) in 2009, based In this study, our main objective was on evidence that the population was to expand on the 25-year GLMMP small and declining (by more than 30% report by assessing patterns in Least Bit - in the 10 years before the time of the tern abundance among different geo - assessment) (COSEWIC 2009). This graphical locations in Ontario and decline was attributed in large part to across years from 1995 to 2019. To wetland loss and degradation, although accomplish this objective, we used sur - the population faces many other threats, vey data from the GLMMP to map including impaired water quality and abundance over three time periods: the spread of invasive plant species 1) the beginning of the program from (Environment Canada 2014). 1995 to 199 7, 2) the period when Least Populations of many breeding marsh Bittern abundance was lowest from bird species continue to decline in the 2003 to 2005 and 3) most recently Great Lakes basin. A recent report from when abundance was high from 2017 to Birds Canada summarizing the results of 2019. To provide additional insight, we 25 years of the Great Lakes Marsh Mon - also explored differences in abundance itoring Program (GLMMP) found a sig - among Great Lakes basins (e.g., Lake nificant decrease in abundance for six Erie, Lake Ontario) and between Great marsh-dependent species that require Lakes coastal wetlands (defined as wet - healthy wetland conditions (Tozer lands within 1 km of a Great Lake or 2020). These species were American major connecting channel) and inland Coot ( Fulica americana) , Black Tern wetlands (defined as wetlands farther (Chlidonias niger ), Common Gallinule than 1 km from a Great Lake or major (Gall inula galeata ), Pied-billed Grebe connecting channel). Furthermore, pre - (Pod ilymbus podiceps ), Sora ( Porzana vious studies have shown that abun - car olina ) and Virginia Rail ( Rallus lim - dance of Least Bitterns was greater in icola ). One marsh-dependent species years with higher Great Lakes water lev - that did not show a significant decrease els (e.g., Timmermans et al. 2008), and in abundance, however, was the Least water levels of the Great Lakes have been Bittern. The report showed that its on the rise since 2013, with many lakes abundance declined from 1995 to the experiencing record highs over the last mid-2000s, but increased consistently few years. We therefore also investigated thereafter. In particular, the last two the relationship between these recent years reported (2017 and 2018) had the high water levels and abundance of Least highest abundance of Least Bitterns Bitterns. across all years of the program (since 1995), roughly three times higher than 116 Ontario Birds December 2020 Figure 2. Least Bittern male. Photo: Tim Arthur Methods Virginia Rail and Yellow Rail ( Coturni - Great Lakes Marsh Monitoring cops noveboracensis ). Because many of Program (GLMMP) these species are elusive, the GLMMP The GLMMP was initiated in 1995 by protocol requires standardized call Birds Canada in partnership with Envi - broadcasts during each survey to elicit ronment and Climate Change Canada calls from a subset of these species, which and the United States Environmental ultimately improves detection (Tozer et Protection Agency. Operating annually al. 2017). on both the Canadian and U.S. sides of In general, surveyors visit GLMMP the Great Lakes basin, volunteers con - survey locations (stations) along survey duct surveys to collect data on bird pres - routes (consisting of one to eight sta - ence and abundance, contributing to a tions) two to three times per year during long-term dataset tracking breeding the marsh bird breeding season (between marsh bird communities over time. The late-May and early-July). Prior to 2008, program places an emphasis on the surveys were 10 minutes in length, con - detection of marsh-dependent species, sisting of five minutes of call broadcasts especially American Bittern ( Botaurus followed by five minutes of passive lis - lentiginosus) , American Coot, Common tening (with no broadcasts). In 2008, Gallinule, King Rail ( Rallus elegans ), surveys were lengthened to 15 minutes Least Bittern, Pied-billed Grebe, Sora, and included an additional five-minute Volume 38 Number 3 117 passive listening period before the broad - visualizations useful for exploring broad cast period. During surveys, the surveyor changes in distribution, they should be records the number of individuals of all treated with appropriate caution. To species detected visually and aurally. compare changes in abundance over the years at the level of Great Lakes basins, Data preparation and analysis we modeled average annual abundance To standardize survey results between sta - and associated error (95% confidence in - tions that were surveyed twice as opposed tervals) for stations situated in the Lake to three times in a season, we excluded Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and up - the second survey from all stations that per St. Lawrence River basins (which in - were surveyed three times. Likewise, to cluded stations anywhere in southern compare survey results before and after Ontario in areas that drain into these 2008 (when the protocol changed from lakes and along their shores for all years 10- to 15-minute surveys), we excluded from 1995 to 2019; these stations cover the results from the first five minutes of the majority of the species range in On - 15-minute surveys. Removing the first tario). Likewise, to compare changes in five minutes meant that all survey data abundance over the years between coastal included in the analysis consisted of a and inland stations, we modeled average broadcast period, followed by a passive annual abundance and associated error listening period. From those data, we cal - for coastal stations (defined as stations culated the abundance of Least Bitterns within 1 km of a Great Lake or major at the station-level as the maximum num - connecting channel; e.g., St. Clair River) ber of Least Bitterns observed among sur - and inland stations (defined as stations veys in a given year for each station. farther than 1 km from a Great Lake or We assessed patterns in abundance major connecting channel) for all years for three geographical scales: counties in from 1995 to 2019.
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