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Hot Technologies and Topics That May Change Your Lifestyle

Date Speaker Topic September 24 Jim Rauf Private Space Travel

October 1 Howie Baum Future and Next Best Thing in All Things /Computing October 8 Jack Baldwin and Internet of Things

October 15 Kirt Hobler Bio-molecular Imaging

October 22 Hu Yueh-Chiang DNA and Gene Editing

October 29 Meifeng Xu Stem Cell Replacement Therapy

November 5 Ram Darolia Wind Energy

November 12 John Hutton Early Childhood Brain Development and Learning

1 Private Space Travel

Jim Rauf

2 Space Flight-A Very Brief History

• Robert Goddard propellant 1926 USA • V-2 missile 1944 German Army • 1957 USSR • Yuri Gagarin 1961 USSR • Mercury sub orbital flights 1961 USA • Mercury orbital flights 1962 USA • Gemini orbital flights 1965 USA • 1969-1972 USA • 1981-2011 USA • SpaceShip1 2004 USA-first private flight • International 1998 USA

3 Private Space Flight-History

• September 9, 1982 – I, a repurposed • 2004 – President George W. Bush signs the Commercial Minuteman second stage, is launched from Matagorda Amendments Act of 2004, which provides Island to an altitude of 192 miles by Space Services Inc., a basic legal framework for commercial human becoming the first privately owned and operated rocket to reach space • September 2008 – SpaceX conducts the first successful • 1984 – President signs the Commercial launch of its rocket, the first privately developed Space Launch Act of 1984, which mandates NASA to liquid fueled rocket to reach encourage , and authorizes the Office of Commercial Space Transportation to regulate private • ,2010 – SpaceX successfully launches and spaceflight in the recovers its Dragon capsule on its first mission, marking the first time a privately developed and operated • 1995 – The Office of Commercial Space Transportation is is recovered from orbit transferred to the Federal Administration (FAA), becoming the FAA Associate Administrator for Space • November 23, 2015 – successfully launches Transportation, or FAA/AST its launch system into space and lands it vertically, making it the first VTVL rocket to land on • 2004 – ’ SpaceShipOne conducts the from space first privately flown and funded manned spaceflight, piloted by Mike Melville

4 Private Space Flight-History

• November 25, 2015 – President signs the • January 21, 2018 – American company U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, successfully launched its Electron rocket from Mahia also known as the Spurring Private Launch Center carrying three into low earth Competitiveness and Act or SPACE Act orbit of 2015, which codifies the ability of American companies • This was the first time that a rocket entered orbit to own material resources extracted in after launching from a privately owned and • December 21, 2015 – SpaceX lands the first stage of its operated rocket at Zone 1 at , • , 2018– SpaceX successfully launches their marking the first recovery of a VTVL stage from an orbital new rocket "" on its first test flight and rocket manages to land two of the three boosters upright • January 22, 2016– Blue Origin successfully launches and • April 11, 2019– SpaceX successfully launches a Falcon lands the same New Shepard flown in November, Heavy with its first paid commercial and lands all making it the first VTVL rocket to reach space twice three boosters • March 30, 2017– SpaceX successfully launches and lands • Two at Cape Canaveral the first stage of a Falcon 9 that had previously flown in • One in the on drone ship "Of Course April 2016, making it the first VTVL rocket to be used on I Still Love You” two orbital flights

5 Private Space Travel-Regulation

• The Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST) • AST manages its licensing and regulatory work as well as was established in 1984 as part of the Office of the programs and initiatives to ensure the health and Secretary of Transportation within the Department of facilitate the growth of the U.S. commercial space Transportation (DOT) transportation industry through the Office of the • November 1995, AST was transferred to the Federal Associate Administrator along with its five divisions: Aviation Administration (FAA) it was established to: • The Space Transportation Development Division • Regulate the U.S. commercial space transportation • The Licensing and Evaluation Division industry, to ensure compliance with international • The Regulations and Analysis Division obligations of the United States, and to protect the public • The Safety Inspection Division health and safety, safety of property, and national • The Operations Integration Division security and foreign policy interests of the United States • Encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries by the private sector • Recommend appropriate changes in Federal statutes, treaties, regulations, policies, plans, and procedures • Facilitate the strengthening and expansion of the United States space transportation infrastructure

6 Private Space Companies

• Satellite Launchers • • IHI Corp. • Blue Origin-suborbital • MHI Corp • -uses Russian to ISS • Northrop - Suborbital -Spaceship2/WhiteKnight2 • Rocket Lab • SpaceX • Space Capsules-Crew • • Blue Origin- • –CST100’ • SpaceX-Dragon Capsule • Space Capsules-Cargo • SpaceX • --automated ISS supply • Sierra Nevada Corp-

7 Private Space Travel-U.S. Regulation

Active Launch Licenses Active Launch Site Operators • Orbital Sciences Corp • Mojave Air &Space Port CA • United Launch Alliance • New Spaceflight Authority NM • Technologies Corp • Space FL • Launch Services • Alaska Aerospace Development Corp AK • S7 Sea Launch Limited • Virgin Commercial Spaceflight Authority VA • Virgin Galactic • Adams County CO • Rocket Lab USA • Commercial Spaceflight Authority VA • Exos Aerospace • Harris Corp CA • LLC • Oklahoma Development Authority OK • Aerospace • Airport System TX • Blue origin • Jacksonville Aviation Authority FL • Midland International Airport TX

8 Virgin Galactic-’s Scaled Composites

• June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne, designed and fabricated by Scaled Composites, a company owned by aerospace designer Burt Rutan became the first nongovernmental crewed spacecraft to fly 62.5 miles above Earth's surface • SpaceShipOne crossed a boundary called the Kármán line, the accepted point of entry to space as defined by the International Astronautical Federation • SpaceShipOne won the $10 million for repeated flights in a privately developed, Rutan’s design is the basis for Branson’s • Sept. 29 , 2004 and Oct. 4,2004 Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo • SpaceShipOne’s development was backed by suborbital billionaire Microsoft co-founder

9 Virgin Galactic—

• Virgin Galactic founded in 2004 by Richard Branson • “Democratize Space Travel” • Operates the reusable SpaceShipTwo spaceflight system: • White Knight Two, a custom-built, carrier • SpaceShipTwo, the world’s first passenger carrying spaceship to be built by a private company and operated in commercial service • The first Virgin Galactic spaceship to enter service is VSS Unity • Virgin Galactic’s spaceships will offer everyone the opportunity to become private and experience the wonder of space for themselves • Virgin Galactic spaceships will also offer the research community a platform for space-based science • Plan is to run a regular schedule of for private individuals and researchers from the ’s , the world’s first purpose built commercial spaceport

10 Virgin Galactic—

WhiteKnightTwo is a custom-built, four-engine, dual-fuselage jet SpaceShipTwo in flight aircraft, designed to carry SpaceShipTwo up to an altitude of ~50,000 feet

11 Virgin Galactic—Vehicles

• SpaceShipTwo is a reusable, winged spacecraft designed to carry eight people (including two pilots) into space safely and with high frequency • Powered by a hybrid rocket motor – and liquid oxidizer-allows shutdown at any time during the flight • Most innovative feature is its unique capability to change its shape in space to ensure a repeatable safe re-entry • By rotating its wings and tail booms upwards while in space, the vehicle’s stability and rate of deceleration in descent is controlled by aerodynamic forces • This “feathering” design takes the best from both the traditional capsule and winged designs, and adds a little magic of its own • Exposure to G-forces during SpaceShipTwo’s ascent and descent is managed by thanks our custom-designed seats • The cabin is specifically designed to optimize the out-of-seat zero gravity experience and has multiple windows for viewing

12 United Launch Alliance -ULA Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) is a • Formed December 2006 as a joint venture • between Systems and proposed liquid / upper- Boeing Defense, Space & Security stage rocket for use on the Vulcan space launch The ACES concept is currently intended to improve • ULA provides launch services using two • expendable launch systems – IV Heavy and the on-orbit lifespan of current upper stages V • The ACES will use integrated vehicle fluid technology that uses a lightweight internal • The Atlas, Delta IV launch system families have launched a variety of including weather, combustion engine to use hydrogen and oxygen telecommunications, and national security propellant boiloff to operate the stage including and scientific probes and orbiters production of power, maintaining stage attitude, and keeping the propellant tanks pressurized , and • ULA also provides launch services to commercial also eliminating the need for and nearly all satellites batteries from the vehicle • ULA is currently developing Vulcan , a • IVF will extend mission lifetimes from the present successor to the , planned launch in 2021 dozen hours to multiple days • The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) is • In 2016 ULA's President said both Vulcan and ACES planned to replace Centaur V on Vulcan no earlier were intended to be human rated than 2023

13 United Launch Alliance – -Delta IV and Atlas V

14 United Launch Alliance -Atlas V and Delta IV Rockets

Atlas V payloads To LEO 18,190-45,240 lbs To GTO 10,470-19620 lbs

Delta IV payloads To LEO 25,240-63,470 lbs To GTO 9,790-31,350 lbs

Atlas V launching spacecraft Delta IV

15 United Launch Alliance- Launches

2018 Launches Commercial Launches 10/17/2018 Atlas V AEHF-4 –USAF 10/02/2015 Atlas V Morelos-3 131st successful launch 12/05/2014 Delta IV EFT-1 09/15/2018 Delta II ICESat-2-NASA 08/13/2014 Atlas V WorldView-3 08/12/2018 Delta IV -NASA 11/05/2010 Delta II COSMO-SkyMed 4 05/05/2018 Atlas V InSight-NASA 11/23/2009 Atlas V 14 04/15/2018 Atlas V AFSPC-11-USAF 10/08/2009 Delta II WorldView-2 03/01/2018 Atlas V GOES-S-NASA/NOAA 10/24/2008 Delta II COSMO-Skymed 3 01/19/2018 Atlas V SBIRS GEO Flight 4-USAF 09/07/2008 Delta II GeoEye-1 01/12/2018 Delta IV NROL-47-NRO 04/14/2008 Atlas V ICO G1 12/08/2007 Delta II COSMO-SkyMed 2 ULA launches ~$350 million to $424 million 09/18/2007 Delta II Worldview-1 06/07/2007 Delta II COSMO-SkyMed 1

16 United Launch Alliance -Vulcan Rocket Development

• The booster is 17.7 ft in diameter and 109.2 ft long • Vulcan Centaur booster is provided by a pair of Blue Origin BE-4 engines, each producing 550,000 lbs of thrust • The Vulcan Centaur vehicle is controlled by an system that provides guidance, flight control and vehicle sequencing functions during the booster and Centaur phases of flight

• The Centaur upper stage is 17.7 ft in diameter and 38.5 ft long with a 120,000-lb propellant capacity Performance - • Centaur is a liquid hydrogen/-fueled vehicle GTO = Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (19,323 x 100 nmi) • It uses two RL10C-X engines at 27.0° • The upgraded Centaur is stretched to 44.7 ft to 16,400 -33,000 lbs accommodate additional propellant LEO = 108.0 nmi circular at 28.7° 39,200-66,800 lbs

17 Blue Origin-

• Founded 2004 by Jeff Bezos • Backed by his personal fortune as founder of .com • Some NASA funding to develop capsule for COTS program • Launch site Van Horn in West • Blue Origin rockets to be reusable • Automated vertical landing • Short term plans to offer suborbital tourist flights • New Shephard rocket • Long term plans –orbital flights and moon landings • rocket Bezos has said that he sells one • Developed BE-4 • 550,000 lbs thrust billion dollars worth of Amazon • LNG/LOX propellant stock each year • Selling to ULA for its advanced Vulcan rocket

18 Blue Origin-New Shepherd Rocket

Ring and Wedge Fins • As the rocket enters the atmosphere, air flows through a ring at the top of the booster , passively moving the center of to help control descent brakes • Descending at the speed of sound , the booster deploys eight large drag brakes , reducing the vehicle’s speed by half BE-3PM • In addition to powering the New Shephard system to space with 110,000 lbs of thrust, the BE-3PM liquid rocket engine (LH2/LOX) is designed to restart as the vehicle returns, slowing the booster to just 5 mph for landing Aft Fins • Hydraulically Fins near the base of the booster stabilize the descent and New Shephard autonomous vertical then pivot to steer it back to the landing pad landing July 2018 • Retractable landing legs deploy for a controlled landing on the pad

19 Blue Origin New Shephard- Sub orbital Flight

• Blue Origin uses an autonomous capsule • Can accommodate up to six passengers • Launched on top of a reusable rocket that will also land autonomously • Suborbital flight to maximum altitude of ~ 66 Miles (351,000 ft) • Passengers will enjoy a few minutes of and views from the six large capsule windows

Max speed Mach 3 Max of 3 G’s

20 • Blue Origin -New Glenn Rocket 7- Meter Fairing • Twice the payload volume of any 5- meter class commercial rocket Upper Stage • High energy upper stage designed for demanding, highly energetic missions to LEO,MEO,GEO and beyond BE-3U Engines • Second stage two re-ignitable H2/LOX BE-3U engines delivering 240,000 lbs thrust Fins • The four forward fins are actuated aerodynamic control surfaces used for attitude adjustment during descent and landing of the first stage Reusable First Stage • Seven reusable and throttleable BE-4 LOX/LNG engines (550,000 lbf each), 3.85 million lbf total sea level thrust Strakes • Two wing like strakes provide lift for the first stage as it flies back to earth Landing gear • The aft module houses six hydraulically actuated legs that support and secure the first stage during landing on a moving ship

21 Blue Origin- New Glenn Orbital Flight

• New Glenn to be launched from Complex 36 at Cape Canaveral • Following stage separation, the first stage flies back to Earth and lands nearly 1,000 km downrange on a moving ship • The second stage engines ignite and the 7-meter fairing separates • The mission is complete when the payload is delivered safely to orbit • Second stage discarded

22 SpaceX- • Space Exploration Technologies or SpaceX founded in 2002 • “If one can figure out how to effectively reuse rockets just like , the cost of access to space will be reduced by as much as a factor of a hundred. A fully reusable vehicle has never been done before. That really is the fundamental breakthrough needed to revolutionize access to space.” --Elon Musk • Musk invested over $100 million • Launch facilities • Vandenberg Air Force Base (leased “Space Launch Complex 4E” in 2015 for Falcon 9 launches) • Polar • Cape Canaveral Florida ( 39A- Apollo launch pad) • SpaceX rockets • Falcon 1-first rocket • Falcon 9 • Falcon Heavy • SpaceX rockets are multi use- can be launched multiple times after they return to earth and are refurbished • Rockets land automatically on a barge at sea or on land near launch pad

23 SpaceX- Falcon 9 Rocket

• Falcon 9 has two-stages using Merlin 1D (RP-1) and liquid oxygen (LOx) fueled engines • First stage has nine SpaceX Merlin 1D engines, Second stage uses a single vacuum-rated Merlin 1D engine • First stage thrust is 1,710,000 lbf at sea level; second-stage Merlin 1D is rated at 210,000 lbf in vacuum • The rocket uses a 17-foot wide, 43-foot tall except when flying SpaceX’s own Dragon spacecraft • Falcon 9 is 229.6 feet tall with a stage diameter of 12 feet • Falcon 9’s first stage can perform an autonomous landing on a free-floating ship at sea or at a specific location on land • Allows re-use the Falcon 9 core stages • Payloads to: • LEO 50,265 lb • GTO 18,300 lb • Mars 8,860 lb • Launch cost: • $62 million GTO up to 12,100 lb

24 SpaceX- Falcon 9 rocket

• Since June 2010, rockets from the Falcon 9 family have been launched 77 times, with 75 full mission successes, one partial failure and one total loss of spacecraft • Falcon family core boosters have successfully landed 44 times in 52 attempts • A total of 22 boosters have flown a second mission, including two pairs as Falcon Heavy side- boosters, and four boosters have gone on to fly a third mission • Falcon 9's typical missions include cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS) with the Dragon capsule, launch of communications satellites and Earth observation satellites to geostationary transfer orbits (GTO), and low- Earth orbits (LEO), some of them at polar inclinations • The heaviest payload launched to a LEO was a batch of 60 satellites weighing a total 37,000 lb to a 270 mi orbit • The heaviest payload launched to a GTO was weighing 14,905 lb 25 SpaceX-Falcon Heavy

• Falcon Heavy comprises three Falcon 9 core stages generating a total of 5,130,000 lbf of thrust at sea level • Plus the Falcon 9 second stage with 210,000 lbf of thrust in vacuum • The vehicle uses the same payload fairing as Falcon 9 • SpaceX anticipates recovering all three Falcon Heavy stages – the port and starboard cores, which act as boosters, and then the first stage • Falcon Heavy is the same height as Falcon 9 (229.6 ft ) with a width of 39.9 feet • Payloads to: • LEO 140,660 lb • GTO 58,860 lb • Mars 37,040 lb • Launch cost: • $90 million GTO up to 17,600 lb

26 SpaceX- Falcon Heavy

• Falcon Heavy consists of three Falcon 9 cores with a total of 27 merlin 1D engines-5.13 million lb thrust • The port and starboard cores, acting as boosters, will burn out first and separate from the remaining core • Once separated, the two booster cores will perform their own “flip” maneuvers to begin re-entry and landing sequences • The center core will burn slightly longer before shutting down and separating • Upon separation, the center core will also return to Earth and the second stage will send the payload to orbit • Second stage has one merlin 1D engine 210,000 lb thrust in vacuum • Falcon Heavy is the same height as Falcon 9 229.6 ft with a width of 39.9 feet across the three cores

27 SpaceX –Dragon Capsule

• The Dragon spacecraft is capable of carrying up to 7 passengers to and from Earth orbit, and beyond • The pressurized section of the capsule is designed to carry both people and environmentally sensitive cargo • Towards the base of the capsule and contained within the nose cone are the Draco thrusters, which allow for orbital maneuvering • Dragon’s trunk not only carries unpressurized cargo but also supports the spacecraft during ascent • DIAMETER 13ft • The trunk remains attached to Dragon until shortly before reentry into Earth’s atmosphere • HEIGHT 26.7ft • CAPSULE VOLUME 328ft3 • TRUNK VOLUME 1300ft3 • LAUNCH PAYLOAD MASS 13,228lbs • RETURN PAYLOAD MASS 6,614lbs

28 SpaceX –Dragon Capsule

29 SpaceX-Elon Musk-Plans

• Multiple Communication Satellites • Super Heavy booster, of the SpaceX next-generation • Musk envisions placing 1600 small communication is 207 ft long and 30 ft in diameter with a satellites in low orbit within six years and a total of 4425 gross liftoff mass of ~6,800,000 lb satellites within a few more years • It is to be constructed of stainless steel tanks and structure, • These satellites would provide high speed broadband holding subcooled liquid and liquid oxygen access around the world (CH4/LOX) propellants • Multiple satellites would “hand off” signals one to another • Powered by 35 Raptor rocket engines providing 13,900,000 lbf of thrust • Earth to Earth Transportation • It is designed to land vertically and be reusable • With and Super Heavy, long distance city pair flights would be completed in about half an hour • Starship is a reusable spacecraft that is the launch vehicle • London-Hong Kong 5995 mi in 34 min second stage-three versions are planned: • Each flight would take around 1,000 people! • Spaceship: a large spacecraft to carry passengers or cargo to interplanetary destinations, to LEO, or between • All “coach”-no toilets, or food area, or pilot area destinations on Earth (automated flight) • Tanker: a propellant tanker to support the refilling of • “It’s basically an ICBM traveling at Mach 25 that lands” propellants in Earth orbit 2017 estimated ticket price ~$1200!! • • Satellite delivery spacecraft with a large cargo bay door (like the Space Shuttle) for placement/recovery of spacecraft into orbit • Super Heavy and Starship support missions to Mars

30 Elon Musk Vision-Starship and Super Heavy—Vehicles for Mars Missions

• The rocket is designed to refuel and relaunch Musk has regularly estimated that humans could using liquid hydrogen and methane establish a city on Mars as early as 2050 • That means astronauts will be to set up refueling depots around the , hopping from planet to planet • Starship could see its first commercial flight as early as 2021?

31 Key to Lower Cost Space Flight is Reusable Rockets

32 Commercial Space Flight

• Driven by both “visionary” wealthy individuals and • Application of new technologies by “traditional” corporate interest • Composite materials • Customers are both (NASA,USAF) , • Automated landing private companies(communication satellites) and • Lower costs for satellite launches and suborbital individual “” passenger flights • More efficient than design , development and • Supports NASA programs manufacture under government contracts • Lower cost launches • Less bureaucracy • Integrated manufacturing • Supports science via lower costs and more frequent launches • NASA study concluded that SpaceX development cost for Falcon 9 And Dragon capsule was about • Major players using a ”building block “ approach to 90% less than if done by traditional means developing their space vehicles • Introduces in designs and operations • Money from existing launch customers for funding • Reuse of boosters and space craft • Lower technical risk approach • Key to lowering costs • Private space flight companies may just get to the • Launch spacecraft from aircraft moon and mars before (NASA) • Hybrid rocket engines

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