Settlement Unit. Using Primary Sources in the Classroom. Alabama Dept. of Archives and History, Montgomery

Home , Albert Brewer, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Bibb Graves, Fob James, Gabriel Moore, Gordon Persons

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 478 038 SO 035 003

TITLE Settlement Unit. Using Primary Sources in the Classroom. INSTITUTION Alabama Dept. of Archives and History, Montgomery. PUB DATE 2001-07-12 NOTE 88p.; For other units in this series, see SO 035 002-011. AVAILABLE FROM Alabama Department of Archives and History, 624 Washington Ave., Montgomery, AL 36130-0100. Tel: 334-242-4435; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site:

http://www.archives.state.al.us/ . PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Curriculum Enrichment; History Instruction; *Land Settlement; Learning Activities; *Primary Sources; Secondary Education; Social Studies; *State History; Student Educational Objectives; *Student Research IDENTIFIERS *Alabama; Document Analysis

ABSTRACT This teaching unit, "Settlement Unit,"which focuses on the settlement of Alabama's land, is the second in a series of 10 units about Alabama state history, part of a project designed to help teachers integrate the use of primary source materials into their classrooms. Although the units are designed to augment the study of Alabama, they are useful in the study of U.S. history, world history, and the social studies in general. Each unit contains background information for the teacher and consists of several lessons. Lessons contain learning strategies, suggested activities, and documents. This unit is divided into four sections: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "Lesson 1: From Territory to State" (Alabama Governors; Capitols of Alabama; 12 primary source documents); (3) "Lesson 2: Frontier Justice" (seven primary source documents); and (4)"Lesson 3: Alabama Fever" (one worksheet; one primary source document). (BT)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. -c---. ---tr ALABAMA DEPARTIVIENT OF

Using Primary Sources in the Classroom

Settlement Unit

Cr) Alabama Department of Archives & History C.) 624 Washington Avenue Montgomery, Alabama 36130-0100 kr) Phone: (334) 242-4435 Cr) E-Mail:[email protected]

http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle.html

Updated July 12, 2001

PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS PY AVAILABLE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BEEN GRANTED BY EST C Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) ed This document has been reproducedas eisid/a0A1 received from the person or organization 2 originating it. Minor changes have been made to TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES improve reproduction quality. INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 IfPoints of view or opinions stated in this dew, irmani tin nnt nor..cenrilto Project Description

This project is designed to help teachers more easily integrate the use of primary source materials into their classrooms. It consists of teaching units on Alabama history organized in ten chronological/subject areas:

Creek War, 1813-1814 Settlement Slavery Civil War Reconstruction 1901 Constitution World War I Depression/New Deal World War II Civil Rights Movement

While these units cover some of the most critical and significant periods in Alabama history, the selected lessons are meant to be representative rather than comprehensive. These units were designed to augment the study of Alabama, yet they are useful in the study of the United States, the world, and the social studies in general. The documents can also be used to supplement the study of other curriculums.

Each unit contains background information for the teacher and is made up of several lessons. The lessons contain learning objectives, suggested activities, and documents. Documents are reproduced in the original form and transcribed when necessary. Primary source materials may be printed and reproduced for classroom use. Lessons canbe used without modification, adapted for specific class use, or entire new lessons and activities may be created based on the primary source materials provided.

Purpose of the Project

The 1992 Alabama Social Studies Course of Studies emphasized the use of primary source documents to "enrich the social studies program and enablestudents to visualize and empathize with people of other times and places." These documents help students vividly understand the feelings and actions of Jeremiah Austill at the Canoe Fight of 1813, of riders on the first integrated buses in Montgomery at the conclusion of the famous bus boycott, of women nursing wounded Civil War soldiers, and of destitute Alabama families during the Depression. These documents enrich the study of Alabama history and the study of all civilizations. The Alabama Department of Archives and History is the official repository for Alabama government documents and holds many of the most important books, documents, visual materials and artifacts that document the history of Alabama and the South. The purpose of this project is to bring those materials to students, and to organize them in such a way that teachers can easily utilize them in the classroom.

4 Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Lesson 1: From Territory to State 2

Alabama Governors 5

Capitols of Alabama 10

Document 1: "Lauderdale County Census Certificate," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3 14

Document 2: "Dallas County Census Certificate," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3 16

Document 3: "Representative William Anderson Per Diem," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3 18

Document 4: "Representative Samuel Bigham Per Diem," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6 20

Document 5: "Governor William Wyatt Bibb Salary," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6 22

Document 6: "Furnishings for the General Assembly - 20 December 1819," Ala. Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6 .. 24

Document 7: "Travis and McJimsey Account," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 8 26

Document 8: "Treasurer's Report 1821," John Coffee Papers, LPR27 28

Document 9: E. Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30 31

Document 10: "Territory of Alabama 1819," Nathan H. Glick, Pen and Ink Drawings, LPR92 33

Document 11: "Members of the Convention of Alabama," Alabama Secretary of State, Register of State Legislators in the General Assemblies of Alabama 1819-1825, SG 3215 34 Document 12: Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30 39

Lesson 2: Frontier Justice 41

Document 1: Alabama Secretary of State, Pardon and parole certificates, SG8758 44

Document la: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 10 47

Document lb: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 10 53

Document 2: Alabama Secretary of State, Pardon and parole certificates, SG8758 55

Document 2a: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 9 58

Document 2b:Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 9 62

Document 2c: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 9 65

Lesson 3: Alabama Fever 68

Work Sheet 1 71

Document 1: W.A. Powell Letter, SPR163 73 This project is designed to help teachers more easily integrate the use of primary source materials into their classrooms. Each unit contains background information for the teacher and is made up of several lessons. The lessons contain learning objectives, suggested activities, and documents. Documents are reproduced in the original form and transcribed when necessary. Primary source materials may be printed and reproduced for classroom use. Lessons can be used without modification, adapted for specific class use, or entire new lessons and activities may be created based on the primary source materials provided.

7 Using Primary Sources in the Classr000m: Settlement Unit

Introduction to the Settlement Unit:

The defeat of the Creek Indians opened the heartland of Alabama to white settlement and caused Alabama fever to sweep the nation. Pioneers by the thousands left Tennessee, Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia seeking fertile land for growing cotton. Mississippi territorial law was in place, but when Mississippi became a state, Congress created the Alabama Territory in 1817. Congress designated St. Stephens as capital of the Alabama Territory and approved a legislature of Alabama delegates already elected to the old Mississippi territorial legislature. William Wyatt Bibb, a Georgia physician who had served in the United States Congress and had powerful friends in Washington, was named Territorial governor. He was also elected as the first governor when Alabama became a state December 14, 1819. He helped establish the government, pass laws and administer justice. The following documents deal with cost of government, land speculation, cotton, and law as settlers poured in the area during the early settlement of Alabama.

1 8 Lesson 1: From Territory to State

1. Background information for teachers:

The Comptroller of Public Accounts, also known as the Auditor of Public Accounts, served as the state's chief financial officer responsible for virtually all revenue and accounting functions. Vouchers were sent to the comptroller requesting payment from the state treasury for goods and services rendered to the state including vouchers issued in 1817 and 1818 when the state was governed as the Alabama Territory. After Alabama became a state in 1819, the office of the comptroller continued its original functions, reporting to the state government rather than the territorial government. The vouchers provide justifications for expenditures, such as salaries for the governor, legislators, and other state officials; travel reimbursements for state legislators; payment for supplies and services; and funding for state institutions, such as the University of Alabama.

2. Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Identify the early governors. (See attachment and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/govslist.html

2. Identify the location of the territorial capital, temporary capital and first permanent state capital. See attachment and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/capital/capitals.html

3. Identify the first steps necessary to change from a territory to a state.

4. Compare the cost of supplies as government became more complex.

5. Compare the role of government officials then and now.

3. Suggested Activities:

1. Make copies of Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and Band give to students.

2. Ask students to put documents in chronological order.

3. Define "comptroller."

29 4. Define "census."

5. Use general suggestions for analyzing a written document.

6. Discuss requirements for becoming a state.

7. List the topics discussed in documents (census, legislature, per diem, travel, capital buildings, land military, etc.).

8. Identify the governors: territorial and state. Use text book to check dates of tenure.

9. Using Document 8 study and discuss government income and expenses and responsibilities in 1821 and today.

10. Mapwork: Use a current Alabama road map and Document 9, the 1823 Tanner map. For younger students, use Document 10, the hand-drawn 1819 map with picture of Gov. William Wyatt Bibb.

a. identify places mentioned in Documents 1 - 8: towns, counties, and rivers. b. Look at Document 11, the list of members of the 1819 Constitutional Convention. Identify possible routes taken by territorial legislators to attend the convention in Huntsville. c. Discuss travel conditions at that time period. d. Note the "chief towns and forts" mentioned in Document 12 and compare their importance then with now. e. Compare the location of the Federal Road and other routes with location of modern highways. Note the correlation.

Document 1: "Lauderdale County Census Certificate," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/ settle/les sonl/docl .html

Document 2: "Dallas County Census Certificate," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/ settle/lessonl/doc2.html

Document 3: "Representative William Anderson Per Diem," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/ teacher/settle/lesson1/doc3.html

3 I0 Document 4: "Representative Samuel Bigham Per Diem," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/ settle/lessonl/doc4.html

Document 5: "Governor William Wyatt Bibb Salary," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/ settle/lessonl/doc5.html

Document 6: "Furnishings for the General Assembly - 20 December 1819," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http ://www. archives. state. al. us/teacher/ settle/lessonl/doc6.html

Document 7: "Travis and McJimsey Account," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 8, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/ settle/lessonl/doc7.html

Document 8: "Treasurer's Report 1821," John Coffee Papers, LPR27, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http ://wvvw. archives. state. al.us/teacher/settle/lessonl/doc8 .html

Document 9: E. Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/ settle/lessonl/doc9.html

Document 10: "Territory of Alabama 1819," Nathan H. Glick, Pen and Ink Drawings, LPR92, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http ://www. archives. state. al. us/teacher/settle/lessonl/doc10.html

Document 11: "Members of the Convention of Alabama," Alabama Secretary of State, Register of State Legislators in the General Assemblies of Alabama 1819-1825, SG 3215, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle/lessonl/docll.html

Document 12: Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle/lessonl/ doc9t2.html Alabama Governors

The Current Governor: Bob Riley

With the inauguration of Bob Riley, fifty-two persons have served as governor of the State of Alabama (not counting those who served as acting governor or post-Civil War military governor).

Numbe Governor Elected CountyTerm Political Party r Bob Riley 52 http: / /www. archives. state. al .us/gov s_li st/riley.Clay January 20, 2003Republican html Don Siegelman 51 Mobile 1999-2003 Democrat http://www.archives.state.al.us/ lg_seigl.html Forrest "Fob" James http://www.archives.state. Lee 1/16 1995-1999Republican al.us/govs_list/g_james.html

James E. Folsom http://www.archives.state. i April 22,1993- 50 !Cullman Democrat al.us/govs_list/g_folsoj.html 1995 (Lieutenant Governor Jim Folsom, Jr. became governor upon conviction of Guy Hunt for ethics violations)

Guy Hunt http://www.archives.state.al.us/ I 1/19 1987-April 49 Cullman , , Republican govs_list/g_huntgu.html 122,199.5 George C. Wallace http://www.archives.state.al. us/ Barbour1/17 1983-1987Democrat govs_list/g_wallac.html Forrest "Fob" James 48 http://www.archives.state.al. us/ Lee 1/15 1979-1983 Democrat govs_list/g_james.html ______June 5-July 7, Jere Beasley Barbour * * *Democrat 1972 (Lieutenant Governor Jere Beasley became acting governor while Governor George Wallace was in a Maryland hospital for more than 20 days recovering from an assassination attempt) George C. Wallace http://www.archives.state.al. us/ I Barbour 1/18 1971-1979Democrat govs_list/g_wallac.html Albert P. Brewer 47 http ://www. archives.state . al.us/ Morgan 5/7 1968-1971 Democrat govs_list/g_brewer.html (Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer became acting governor for a portion of one day as _ _ _ _ Governor Lurleen Wallace received medical treatment out-of-state for more than 20 days. He became governor upon the death of Lurleen Wallace) Lurleen B. Wallace http://www.archives.state. 1/16 46 Tuscaloosa Democrat al.us/govs_list/g_walllu.html 1967-1968 George C. Wallace http://www.archives.state. 1/14 45 Barbour Democrat al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html _11963-1967 John Patterson http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 1/19 44 Russell Democrat govs_list/g_patter.html _J 1959-1963 James E. Folsom 1/17 http://www.archives.state.al.us/ Cullman Democrat 1955-1959 govs_list/g_folsom.html Gordon Persons 1/15 43 http ://www. archives. state.al.us/ Montgomery Democrat 1951-1955 govs_list/gperson.html James E. Folsom 1/20 42 http ://www. archives. state .al.us/ Cullman Democrat 1947-1951 govs_list/g_folsom.html Chauncey M. Sparks 1/19 41 http://www.archives.state. Barbour Democrat 1943-1947 al.us/govs list/g_sparks.html 1 Frank M. Dixon 1/17 40 http://www.archives.state.al.us/ Jefferson Democrat 1939-1943 govs_list/g_dixonf.html Bibb Graves http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 1/14 Montgomery Democrat govs_list/g_graves.html 1935-1939 Benjamin M. Miller http://www.archives.state. 1/19 1931- 39 Wilcox Democrat al.us/govs_list/g_miller.html 1935 Bibb Graves http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 1/17 38 Montgomery Democrat goys list/g_graves.html 1927-1931 _ _ I Charles McDowell July 10-11' http ://www. archives. state.al.us Barbour Democrat 1924*** /conoff/mcdowell.html ______(Lieutenant Governor Charles McDowell became acting governor when Gov. Brandon spent 21 days in New York City chairing the state delegation to the 1924 Democratic Convention. According to the 1901 Constitution, if the governor is out of the state more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor) William W. Brandon 1/15 37 http://www.archives.state. Tuscaloosa Democrat 1923-1927 al.us/govs_list/g_brando.html Thomas E. Kilby 1/20 36 Calhoun Democrat http ://www. archives. state. al .us 1919-1923

613 /govs_list/g_kilbyt.html Charles Henderson 1/18 http://www.archives.state.al.us Pike Democrat 35 1915-1919 /govs_list/g_hender.html Emmett O'Neal 1/17 34 http://www.archives.state.al.us/ Lauderdale Democrat 1911-1915 govs_list/g_onealm.html Braxton B. Corner 1/14 http ://www. archi ves.state. al. us Jefferson Democrat 33 1907-1911 /govs_list/g_comerb.html Russell Cunningham 4/ 25, 1904- http://www.archives.state. Jefferson Democrat 5/5, 1905 al.us/govs_list/g_cunnin.html (Lieutenant Governor** Russell Cunningham became acting governor during Governor Jelks' illness) William D. Jelks 32 http://www.archives.state.al.us Barbour 6/11 1901-1907 Democrat /govs_list/g j elksw.html (President of Senate, William Jelks became governor upon the death of Governor Samford: subsequently he was elected to a four-year term as governor)

William J. Samford 12/26 http ://www. archives. state. al. Lee Democrat 31 1900-1901 us/govs list/g samfor.html

William D. Jelks December 1 -26, Barbour Democrat http://www.archives.state.al.us 1900 /govs list/g jelksw.html (President of the Senate, William Jelks became acting governor because Governor William Samford sought medical treatment out-of-state during the initial days of his administration which began December 1, 1900) Joseph F. Johnston http://www.archives.state. 30 Jefferson 12/1 1896-1900 al.us /govs_list/g_johnst.html William C. Oates 29 http ://www. archives. state. al . us Henry 12/1 1894-1896 Democrat /govs_list/g_oatesw.html Thomas G. Jones 28 http://www.archives.state.al.us Montgomery 12/1 1890-1894 Democrat /govs_list/g jonest.html Thomas Seay http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 27 Hale 12/1 1886-1890 Democrat govs_list/g_seayth.html Edward A. O'Neal http://www.archives.state. 26 Lauderdale12/1 1882-1886 Democrat i al.us/govs_list/g_oneale.html_

7 14 Rufus W. Cobb 11/28 25 http://www.archives.state.al.us/ Shelby Democrat 1878-1882 govs_list/g_cobbru.html 11/24 24 Democrat al.us/govs_list/g_housto.html 1874-1878 David P. Lewis 11/17 23 http://www.archives.state.al.us/ Madison Republican 1872-1874 govs_list/g_lewisd.html J Robert B. Lindsay http://www.archives.state. 11/26 22 Colbert Democrat al.us/govs_list/g_lindsa.html 1870-1872 William H. Smith http://wwvv.archives.state. 21 Randolph7/24 1868-1870 Republican al.us/govs_list/g_smithw.html Wager Swayne http://www.archives.state.al.us Montgomery1867-1868 /govs_list/g_swayne.html (Appointed military governor) Robert M. Patton http://www.archives.state.al. 12-13 1865 Dec 20 Lauderdale Pre-War Whig us/govs_list/g_patton.html 1867 Lewis E. Parsons http://www.archives.state.al. 1865 June - 19 Talladega Democrat us/govs_list/g_parson.html December I (Appointed provisional governor) Thomas H. Watts 12/1 18 http://www.archives.state.al.us 1Montgomery Democrat 1863-1865 /govs_list/g_wattst.html I John G. Shorter http://www.archives.state.al. 12/2 17 Barbour Democrat us/govs list/g_shorte.html 1861-1863 Andrew B. Moore 12/1 16 http://www.archives.state.al. iPerry Democrat 1857-1861 us/govs_list/g_moorea.html John A. Winston 12/20 15 http://www.archives.state.al.us Sumter Democrat 1853-1857 /govs_list/g_winsto.html Henry W. Collier 12/17 14 http://www.archives.state.al.us Tuscaloosa Democrat 1849-1853 /govs_list/g_collie.html .__J Reuben Chapman http://www.archives.state.al. 12/16 13 Madison Democrat us /govs_list/g_chapma.htmllist/g_chapma.html 1847-1849 Joshua L. Martin http://www.archives.state.al. 12/10 12 Tuscaloosa Democrat us/govs list/g_martin.html 1845-1847 Benjamin Fitzpatrick 11/22 Autauga Democrat 11 http://www.archives.state. 1841-1845 Ial.us/govs_list/kfitzpa.html Arthur P. Bagby 11/31 10 http://www.archives.state.al.us Monroe Democrat 1837-1841 /govs_list/g_bagbya.html Hugh McVay http : / /www.archives.state.al.us/ 9 Lauderdale 7/17 1837 Democrat govs_list/g_mcvayb.html (President of the Senate, Hugh McVay became governor upon Governor Clay's appointment to the U.S. Senate) Clement Corner Clay 11/21 8 http://www.archives.state. Madison Democrat 1835-1837 al.us/govs_list/g_claycc.html John Gayle http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 11/26 Democrat/ 7 Greene govs_list/g_gaylej.html 1831-1835 Whig Samuel B. Moore http://www.archives.state.al. 6 Jackson 3/3 1831 Democrat us/govs_list/g_moores.html (President of the Senate, Samuel Moore became governor upon Governor Gabnel Moore's election to the U.S. Senate) Gabriel Moore http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 11/25 5 Madison Democrat govs_list/g_mooreg.html __I1829-1831 John Murphy http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 11/25 4 Monroe Democrat _ govs_list/g_murphy.htmlmurphy.html 1825-1829 Israel Pickens http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 11/9 3 Greene Democrat govs_list/g_picken.html 1821-1825 Thomas Bibb http://www.archives.state.al.us/ 7/25 2 Limestone Democrat govslist/g_bibbth.html 1820-1821 (President of the Senate, Thomas Bibb became governor upon the death of his brother Governor William Bibb) William Wyatt Bibb http://www.archives.state. 1 Autauga 11/9 1819-1820Democrat al.us/govs_list/g_bibbwm.html

NOTES: * Initially, the governor served a two-year term. The Alabama Constitution of 1901 set the term at four years and prohibited a governor from serving two consecutive terms. Constitutional Amendment No. 282, ratified in 1968, allows the governor to serve two consecutive terms. ** The Constitution of 1901 designated the lieutenant governor as next in line to succeed the governor followed by the president pro tern of the Senate. *** The Constitution of 1901 states that if the governor is absent from the state for more than 20 days, then the lieutenant governor shall assume the powers and duties of the governor until his return.

Authorities: Gubernatorial Election Results, Secretary of State's Office. Rogers, William Warren et al., Alabama: The History of a Deep South State, 1994.

9 16 Capitols of Alabama

As a separate territory and state since 1817, Alabama has had five capitals. Saint Stephens, in southwest Alabama, was designated in the Congressional act creating the territory as the temporary seat of government. There, two sessions of the territorial legislature met. In accordance with the enabling act for statehood, the first Constitutional Convention assembled in the north Alabama town of Huntsville in 1819, where the first session of the General Assembly was held in the same year.

Ill K.4 R - 31?, e.,==rser

SAr .401-4.9ex.,...%,mzecth44.644 The first State Capital in Cahaba

The territorial legislature, however, had chosen Cahaba (also spelled Cahawba), at the confluence of the Cahaba and Alabama Rivers, as the site for the capital of the state, so the second session of the legislature met there in 1820. Cahaba also was designated as the

10 .1 temporary seat of government in the Constitution, which expressly gave the 1825-26 legislature the power to decide upon a permanent site. That session of the General Assembly took the opportunity to select Tuscaloosa for the new capital, deserting the oft-flooded and unhealthy Cahaba site.

Tuscaloosa was a thriving community located on the shoals of the Black Warrior River and had been a strong candidate for the capital site when Cahaba had been chosen for the honor in 1819. Serving as the home for the government beginning in 1826, however, it was increasingly inconvenient as a seat of government for the rapidly growing state. Alabama's population gains concentrated in the state's more eastern counties as Indian lands there opened to white settlement, prompting a clamor for a more centrally located capital.

The State House in Tuscaloosa, Al

An amendment approved by the voters of Alabama struck out the section of the Constitution designating the 1825-26 selection as the "permanent" site for the capital, freeing the legislature in 1846 to choose another site from among a number of competing river towns. Montgomery, on the Alabama River, won the ensuing 16-ballot contest in the General Assembly.

Andrew Dexter, one of the founders of the town, had held on to a prime piece of property in long anticipation of the capital's eventual move to Montgomery. Dubbed "Goat Hill" for its use as pasturage, the site retained that affectionate appellationdespite attempts to dignify the spot with names like "Lafayette Hill" (after the 1825 visit of the Marquis de Lafayette) and "Capitol Hill" (after the 1847 construction of the Capitol).

11 18 The early State Capitol in Montgomery

In selecting Montgomery the legislature expressly provided that the state should be put to no expense in securing lands or in erecting a capitol building. Thus, the citizens of the town immediately organized to secure the "Goat Hill" site and begin erecting a building. Bonds for $75,000 were issued by the municipality which were taken up by local real estate dealers and investors. The Greek Revival plan of the new capitol was drawn up by Stephen D. Button; the contractors were B.F. Robinson and R.W.R. Bardwell. The completed building was presented to the state on December 6, 1847, at the beginning of the legislature'sfirst- ever biennial session.

On December 14, 1849, near the beginning of the General Assembly's second session in Montgomery, the Capitol was destroyed by fire. Moving to temporary quarters to continue deliberations., the legislature in February of 1850 appropriated $60,000 with which the central section of the present building was erected upon the foundations of the burned original. A new architect, Barachias Holt, designed the new structure.

During the 1870-72 period several improvements were made to increase the convenience and appearance of the Capitol's lower floor, but no increase in its capacity was made from its re-erection in 1851 until 1885. In February of the latter year, the legislature appropriated $25,000 for a "needed enlargement," which became an east wing.

Another $150,000 was appropriated in 1903 to purchase the privately owned property making up the south end of the capitol square, where a south wing was erected in 1905-06. A north wing followed in 1911 when an additional $100,000 came from the legislature. An addition to the east wing was completed in 1992 as part of a major restoration and refurbishing project for the entire structure. The Current State Capitol in Montgomery

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t Document 1 - "Lauderdale County Census Certificate," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 14 21 Document 1 Transcription

Executive office St. Stephens 6 Nov 1818

I hereby certify that Hezikiah Tate, has deposited in this office a census of the County of Lauderdale by which it appears that the toal of inhabitants in said County is 1965, and that he is entitled to the sum of $24.56. Wm. W. Bibb

To the auditor of Public accounts

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Document 2 - "Dallas County Census Certificate," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

16 23 Document 2 transcript: Executive office St. Stephens 11 Nov 1818

I hereby certify that George Shirly has reported in this office a Census of the County of Dallas by which it appears that the total of inhabitants in said County is 1757 & that he is entitled to the sum of $21.96. Wm W Bibb

To the auditor of Public Accounts fiff en-IT.44 -01, Gk.- e

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Document 3 - "Representative William Anderson Per Diem," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

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18 25 Document 3 transcript:

The Alabama Territory Dr ToWilliam Anderson

1818

For 20 Days attendance in the General Assembly } as a representative from the 2nd to the 21st November } $100

both inclusive at $5 per diem }

Mileage in going to & returning from St. Stephens }

say 160 miles, at $5 for every 20 miles } $40

I do hereby certify that the above account is correct; and the auditor of public accounts will issue his warrant in favor of said Anderson for the said sum of one hundred & forty Dollars. Given under my hand in the representative Hall, this 21 November 1818. J.W. Walker Speaker of the House of Representatives rev "2:0-orr fre,a}0 zin!SO or 4.4-- 4e-ereir;Te(ceirecil ey; -etessteek-lrerce.4.>

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Document 4: "Representative Samuel Bigham Per Diem," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

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20 27 Document 4 transcript: State of Alabama To Samuel Bigham Dr To 45 days attendance as a Representative From the County of Lawrence at $5. Per day 225 II 440 miles going and returning at $5 for } every 20 miles } $110.00

335.00

I do hereby certify that the above account amounting to three hundred and thirty five dollars is correct. December 1819 G. W. Owen Speaker of the House of Rep't

Received of the comptroller his warrant on the State Treasurer for the above amount. Samuel Bigham !. 3 43.i '3 p IA.f:tt , t

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Document 5: "Governor William Wyatt Bibb Salary," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 22 29 Document 5 transcript:

State of Alabama Dr

To Wm W Bibb

For first quarter's salary as Governor commencing the 9th day of November 1819, (the day on which the oath of office was taken) and ending the 9th of February 1820 $625.00

Received of Samuel Pickens Comptroller his No 6 warrant Aon the Treasury for the amount of the above account. Received payment

Wm W Bibb Document 6: "Furnishings for the General Assembly - 20 December 1819," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 24 31 Document 6 transcript: State of Alabama

To Samuel McGraw Dr

1819 Dec. 20th To 2 Stoves furnished the House of Representatives and allowed by the General Assembly by an Act passed on the 17th day of December 1819, entitled an $40.00 "Act making appropriations to certain persons therein named

Huntsville Dec. 20th 1819 Rec of Samuel Pickens Comptroller of public accounts his warrant for the am. Of the above acct.

Samuel McGraw 7.2) 441.0,,047,,,J72e

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Document 7: "Travis and McJimsey Account," Alabama Comptroller of Public Accounts, Vouchers, SG8355, Folder 8, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

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26 3 3 Document 7 transcript:

Cahaba 26th October 1820 $ cts

To Secretary of State

In the account with Travis & McJimsey

1820 May 30To 4 Pieces tape 12: 50 1 Vial of Ink 50 1 Paper Inkpowder 25

April 13 % Rhim Writing Paper 8.50 4.25 20 100 Quils 1.75

July 31 2 Blank Books 1.50 3.00

August 12 To paper sand .50 $ 10.75

The comptroller of Public Accounts will issue his warrant for the am't of the above account Nov. 22, 1820. As governor and State secretary & friend. Thomas Bibb Treasueer*sReport.

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oif* -01-see, -0F 4st. , Arroote-.." Document 8: "Treasurer's Report 1821," John Coffee Papers, LPR27, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, Page 1.

28 35 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 4

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Document 8: "Treasurer's Report 1821," John Coffee Papers, LPR27, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, Page 2

29 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 36 Document 8: Transcript of note at bottom of printed page and page two: Cahawba 17th Nov. 1821

Dear Sirs You will see by the above that our treasury is empty, and that we are likely to go home unrewarded for our valuable labour--we have as yet however earned but little. The committees have not yet reported. The most important measures in contemplation are the apportionment, the State Bank Charter which is now before the House tho not acted uponthe title of the Seminary lands & the established of a University in this state & the treasurers(?) Bill, which has not yet been reported. We have not received anything from you relative to the School Section near Florence, which was intimated before I left home, & if sent on,I fear will come to hand too late to be acted on this session. The health of this place has much improved since I arrived here, and the members generally at this time are well. Respectfully yours Jno. Craig Address: Cahaba 182 19 Nov

Genl John Coffee Near Florence Lauderdale County

30 lrve,t.v.44/,6 PrrAy SW Woo Ian plot) Document 9: E. Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

31 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 38 j Document 10: "Territory of Alabama 1819," Nathan H. Glick, Pen and Ink Drawings, LPR92, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

33 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 3 tarkeVak MAIM

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7--(b..Aezze 2 79' .444.W64_4; trAd 4- Document 11: "Members of the Convention of Alabama," Alabama Secretary of State, Register of State Legislators in the General Assemblies of Alabama 1819-1825, SG 3215, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, Page 1.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 34 40 Document 11: "Members of the Convention of Alabama," Alabama Secretary of State, Register of State Legislators in the General Assemblies of Alabama 1819-1825, SG 3215, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, Page 2

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

35 41 rioN; onme,a,u,

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36 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 4 2 CIVIL DIVISIONS AND POruLATum

Whiten. Pre coloured. Slum. Total. Monroe, 5016 30 3794 8830 1673 103 Bib 2672 Clarke, 3178 26 203k 5839 5aekson, 8199 al 839 8781 Connecub, 3769 13 1931 5113 St. Clair. 3607 6 SO 4160 War-alum, 5894 0 2331r 8229 Shelby, 2011 0 405 2416 narettgo, 2083 15 866 2933 Baldwin, 631 61 Ha 171$ Butler, 03$ 1 509 1405 Autialgti, poa 5 1647 3.853 1556 7 1354 11917 Blount.. 22.39 1 17$ 2415 Bibb. %so 0 948 5678 11)s111 , 3326 2 Art 6003 Gramm, 2861 2 1691 4554 Litticatone, 0922 34) 2919 9011 Mo 4394 31 858 5263 I,?raui 1 iin, 8308 13 it367 4968 3556 39 1318 4963 Ifo.nty. 2411 1 61z16 2638 Madison, 681,9 46 8622 37,481 Montgomery, 5941. s 963S 8604 Decatur, Lawrence, Marion, Jeire Vickana, LAid Out aluco the census was taken. PerrY, Viroahingtnn, l'ike, C01410011.

Total, 85,471 571 41,859 127,901

CII1EP TOWNS AND PORTS.

alfibife to ma the 'western channel of Mobil© river, near its tontronee luta l8o6lOo bay.It 12 built on a high bank, in a dry and communing situationbki the approach to UM town for vessels draw ing more than eight feat of water is difficult and circuitous.The country In the rear is unsettled pine woods. White this town was nailer the dominion or the French and Spaniards, it wail a mere military, post, When it came Into possession or the United Staten, in 1813, it coaudned only 103 Itouees1 hut &Mee tha 01,14 prulfrciv, of the eettleuents on the Tonancabee and Alabama,an attempt has been matte to mkt it the depot ter the produce of the country on those rivera.There is, however! a rifforoun Vary botwoon IOW plane anti Bt111161y. Alakait, is on the TenaawOr eastern outlet of Mobile river, 10 miles E. N. E. of Mobile. It'sa new tOvalt, laid out In 1813. andl ilea considerable ailvantneed ao.nn ompariiiin for eanuseree. The Rune witul that c nobles u vessel to cuter Irtubile bay will carry her to the wharves or Blattely.Anothpr,e4, *ikatitge is an open road to the rapidly iirtiproving country on Alabama river.Vessels' feet oP Wattis vat Futter the port a fun The town hi abiLuitlantly blip plied with eieelleht water.

Document 12: Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, Page 1

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 37 4 3 CIIILP TOWNS, reensioned.,) COPED/4=NT. Nonotilie lea floorishing town is Madison enemy. Indian creek, 10 miles north of Tennemee ter.The surnemang a:sentry is fertile and top beercashg in populations. The cortatitution of the date of Alabama was adopted by a convention which snot at Ilantreille. la At. Sroseret is on the seaside oftheTotebee , at rho head d schooner runtgallon. N1 miles by land above Mobile. 120 by water. July, 11319, in pursuance den not of congrem paned in the month of Mach preceding. The power, of government are divided into three dotinct depatmens. The legispnire power is rested in two Cannon; the seat of govertmert, is et the Junction of Calssirin river with the Althorns, 77 miles nordurast of St. Stephen's. branches, acne and a house of representatives, together called the genera/ assembly. The members of the hoes. of representatives are chalets annually. No other thane eitinen of the United Deesitpseis is a French settlement on the Tombellsbee. at the metalware ef the Mack Warrior. States, who has been an inhabitant of the state two years neat betbm bin election. CM be elected ere. Ass .Ooddere is as the vest dde of Mobile river, .boot Nava), between Mobile and St. StepFen's. presentative.Each count/ tads a number of representnivm proportioned to its population.g.-0- For Clallieree h on the con side of the Alabama, at the bead of whoopee navigation, 60 miles above itsjonetion with the Tombeclibee. ton are amen flu a tam of three years, and orate their man by rotstko. ono-third being chosennn. Ns Jeans is one the jenathatof the Como and Tellapons rivers. many They am elected by &strict... and in addition to the oiss, dons revatiredof repreeentitivee. each neater most have attained the aged 27. The ciecutive power le vested ingovernor, who is chasm by the people for term of two yearn, cod is not eligible for more than foot yesm in any term of is,Ile must be thirty year, loge a Wise citizen of the United Stoles, and have resided in the EDUCATION, ROADS, CANALS, he. nate at least foot years preceding the election.Every bill which her passed both heroes is presented to the governor.If he din es, be room it to boom in abieh it ongirenal, with Me objec- IThenAlaboms was admitted into the tome In 1519, the government of the United States granted tions.Nottrithdaming who majority of the whole nanther elected in each bone is competent to to the nate, on cannin *pedaloes, one section or thirty.doth part of every toartedip, for the mppert of pass it into a law. The jedielal power is ...toil io one gamma coat; is circuit court. Res each twit- ocheols, end too township. for the estabanunent of an university. nvo per cent also of the act pro. ty. ucl ho such inferior C0111/ ns the legishant rosy from time to time establish,The Palges,ent wan arising from the note of public lands is appropriated to the making errands and math. ant ion. rovingthe narigation driven. elected by joint ballet of the sursembly, bald their neves during good behavloor, end reechcnatal Asthe condition of these gram. the mate egretstintno lamb be. tompannadon, which cannot be tSmionhed during their continuance in dike. The elective Mumble* Wsmng to the United States than be Mud for any purpose for the term of GTO yeas from the shy of is sewed is all white male parsons el the aged 91 yeas and opsends, citizens of the UMted.States, sale. and that all the navigable waters within the rate .hall for over amain pubro highways, Dee to who have residol in the state ono isle nazi preceding an election, and them months in the toivaty., the citizen, of the United States witheut ary tan er city. an town in which the election is held. Document 12: Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, Page 2.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE 38 44 ALABAMA. No. 30.

HISTORICAL SKETCH. The country within the limits of the Mate of Alehama, although but-very recently settled, to believ. ed to hems heen visited by Europeans no long an as the middle of the aixteenth century.. In May, 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, governor of Cabo, landed in Florida, with a coneiderable hotly ofmen, and lid them Into the interior of the country, Min object was gold. and in aharelt of this he tippeere to' , have encountered numerous difilcultiert, and to have traversed a vest extent of country. After passing through a aeries of romantic adventurea, ho in said to have died on the hank of the Maelsoippi in the year /541 From this period many yearn elapsed without any further attempt to penetrate into the country cast of the etletissippl.Nearcy the whole territory between the present limits of Georgia and those of Louisiana, remained until after the middle of the eighteenth century In thename condition ai when Area direnvered.Scattered settlements were made within the prcucnt state of Miseimippi prevItiow to the American revolution t but Alabama continued exclusively the hunting ground ofsavages, until a much later period. By the treaty of peace ouncluded In 1783, the Misalaalpm, to the slat degree of north latitude, was made the western boundary of tiro United Settes,,thence bya line tebe drawn due cast from the determination of this boundary, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Chatuhooehee thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint river j thence straight to the head of St. Mary's river; and thence clown along the middle of St. Mary's river to the Atlantic ocean. Thin territory,eLbfar north as the latitude of S3^, WAS utainied by Georgia, and continued under her jurisdiction until the beginning of' the presentcentury.In 1793 en act of the legislature of Georgia wan paned, by which about ee of scree of its ',sewers territs-y, an it wan then called, were sold to certain companies for the price of five hundred thousand dollars, and the purchase moneywas paid into the treasury agreeably to the terms of the act.The land wan anon afterward, aold at an advaneed price by the original purehnsere to vadoua persons, principalty in the middle and eastern 'fates,The sale of thin territory exalted a, warm and violent opposition In Georgia,The transaction was impeached on the ground of bribery and unconstitutionality, end it the succeeding session of-the legislature an not was panned, declering the law of 1795 to be unconmlustionaland void and ordering it to be formally born!,together with all recoido, ko relating to the sale.That part or the purchase money which had been paid was deponited in the suite treasury to be returned to the purchiumteupon application, and the treasurer wan ordered not to receive thOhnlance. Those who had acquired titles from the original purchasers; instituted mita in the federal courts. In 1802, however, Georgia ceded to the United States) all her western territory in consideration of the sum of B1.250400, to he paid ity the United States nut of the first net proceeds of the mica of public lands witltin the ceded district, The United Statesetleo en d to extinguish at their own expense the Indian title to lands in Gdorgia.Ito this event the purchasers of the Yazoo land petitioned congress Ibr redress and compensation, and after considerable opposition an act was finally passed fir reimbursing the claimants with filleted stock culled the Slissis. sippi ctoelt, and which we. to ho paid out of the psvacatls or the sales of land. In 1800, the territory which 11120 forms the states of Mississippi and Alabama wee erected Into a territorial itswernment with the privilegoa and under the restrictions mutat to such governments.In 1812 that part of WestPlorida lying between the Pearl river and the Perdido, and which had thenre- centi been taken possession of by thegovernment ofo. the ....n.tet.11 I Ft _harm, was annoyed In the territory of 3 Ishisippl,Oct the 15th of April, 1812, Mobile was taken possession of by the troops under gene. Tel Wilkinson.After these events population began to flow into the Mississippi territory t but he progress was checked by the ravages of the Indians,Thto Creeks end Cherokees had experien- ced the protection and thyme of the United States to a greater extent. than any other tribes' but, like other savages, they rot an aversion to the prugresa of civilization and the Intrigues of the celebrated Tecumseh stirred themup to hostilities,The first warlike proceedings arose front the Credo and Seminole., living within the llrelta of Florida.flaring been joked by a number of fIlik4tive negreen ftom the United Staten, they commenced a cruel and harassing warfare against the Mutes.In Sep. tember. 1812, a party of volunteers from Georgia. was attacked near the Inehway towns, by a anpnri. or force of Indians t but, after a sharp conflict, succeeded in repulsing them. No event of realm- portanee occurred until the summer of the (Wowing year.intimidated by the threats of the Indiana, most of the aettlers on the Alabama had taken retlige in form temporarily erected.In one of these, called fort efimms a party of 150 men, with o number of women and children were collected.in Au- gust, 1813, the Indians surprised the place, and alter a desperate conflict drove the gorrison 'Into, the bowies, to which they net fire.Those who escaped the flames were destroyed bythe tontelmwk, and of 31111 persons only 17 escaped.Tide horrible outrage wan followed by the ruin and dovamatinn of the remaining settlements. The state of Tennessee immediately took measures to check the progress of the savage enemy. Twentyfive hundred militia were willed nut and entered to he planed under general Jackson. The latter, }wing collected o portion of hie force, joined general Coffee, and marched to the Ten Islands on the Coosa.General Coffee was detached in November, with 900 men; to attack and disperse a body of the enemy at Tallushatchee.After a desperate conflict, In which moat of the Indians fell, reaming quarter, the survivors surrendered.In December, general Jackson, hearing that the enemy had Invested a fort of the friendly Indians at Tulludege, marched against them, attacked with his weal impetuosity, and totally defeated them. Three hundred warriors were left dead on the field, and many azure ware killed In the puramit.Fifteen of the Americana were and eighty wounded.In another quarter the Indiana suffered-simllur retribution.General Cooke, who commanded the detached militia of East Tennessee. -.spate-n_ generaWhit. with a part of hie &tee against the towns of the Hillabee tribe.The object was effectually actomplialied, and u tare number of prisoners taken.About the tame time, too, the Georgia militia, under general Floyd, ob- tained a signal victory over a body of the enemy at the Autossee towns on the Tallapooss. Document 12: Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B -30, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 3.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 39 45 01re-atdisc'entenTattnt t Oa tenet Pre- ralled-a-inlati ;rite tern oP aencloo of cuuaL of the wlhtcn expired about the beginning of 1asi4,, owl the greater part er' thin-fermi; returned homo. A reicroreement of 1000 mounted volunteers, however, arrived soon after, who were engaged for aixty data only.Thecae Jai:keen neenlvcil to lead ;walnut thc,cnomy. They [Leedom:111101y marched on the 131h of January, and at 'Talladega were joined by about frientliy ttteliutte.AL:COVI aiderable body of the enemy was pasted at .a bold of the tetillapenisa, neartrait:mouth of aireek'callocl, Btauckfau.After a difficult march, Jaekson arrived on the evening of the 2let the vieinityorthe enemy, and encamped in a hollow EillatV.Al dawn the melt morning the Indians commenced it.furi port oneet.on his left Hank, and atter a warm action of Ulf an hour were repulsed, General' Jackeon then acted on the oll'ensive. A general charge wail made upon the oneteyors line, which they were unable to amulet.They betook theinceivea to flight, and minified their l'Ortleed poet with* pPit General:Jackson GOOD softer this set cut on his return to the Ten Iolanda,White his artny 'wee cru4s- ing thn neetieboyeo criank, the Indiana commenced a bold end determined attneh, whipl, lin*evet', proved abore in cormeguenceer the skill end gallantry of a company of artillery,Some other ent gagementa of minor coastline:foe ailorwards &marred tlint the chief minion cif thin Campaign, and .4at width annihilated the power of thcat savages, wan the battle of 'fcihopeica.The pont had:been selected by the Indians with great judgment, aua fortified with uncommon chill anti curt;: Standing the an:not of the position, howererkand the Mooliition or the enemy,the.Arndt:leans cd, with conaiderable loss on their part, but with the, almost total deatruction.of t e env ages. hive Uuftt= dyed anal fifty warriorn 'w'ere futtud deed, beokien a great number who pct.:bilked in the riven whillip:otily fear were made prisoner°.Not long after thls event, peace-was concluded by the tcitul, rAlbilliV006 the istaiguip, and the eattlumonta in Alittuana were freed &eau them barricading hove& by wildeb ttipir progress had been impeded. In March, 1817, an act of' congress wee passed dividing the. Idissisalppi terr4trark. and nutitoritang the, people or its western portion to form a state constitution.The eater;a portionWita int* it territorial government, and receive the name of Alabama.In 1818,. the number of litheltitants in Alabama being auliteiont to authorize its udinisolon into the union, application Was mado.to coat :15' for the purpose. A ball wan accordingly broueit ht and received the assent or both houses nett thw sinlasidenti no March, 1819.A ciinventiini of .1fttegates met at It untsvillo, in the month er and.adopted a state constitution, which was laid before congrerso on the 6th of Deciember fur Ion ing, and a resolution aeon afterwarda rimed, declaring the adnioaton of the otate into the union;

LIST OF GOVETINOUS, 1819 1Villiom W. Bibb. 1821 Lintel loirAtebto.

PLACES 'REMARKABLE g011 BATTLES AND SIEGES, INDICATED BY Al irLAO;

1,818 Ars Ainnialed atirprimati by, lndiatts, and the gurripon 110811..itVqd. 11,44 /IL` ti.ilindatudscethe Indiane attacked and defeated D7 Oenel'al Ctifre't+. * **** *444144; 8.°I; '`L'tllkt!1F /ur getkeral slaeltiani atteolut and- defeata 010'1111'CM.. ,o, , ** iiiiinbeciti-anwe attacked and buret by general White. No% Autoitee r ,general Floyd 40'4:lite the orns their ..EccirriorItocagoitre' Cleiftorne deftiatc the Indians and tlestroys their ** Dec, a Olisateripertk 64:61volan gcntxu,11 JaCfre n e kroc.ppopaid Oleiti4drin AO, Et etneciaiprethe Indiana repulued in all lailii*L1111 gene rat trotapit, 23: 114nju:IfiiI4t, 11111.1.att feirtafie,.t poi attonkod by Goi,ripoti JitittrAaa, Oil 0,11;11041 With 1$t'bfii- ** ** ** .1terrii tr Jifobils:. the Brilioh defeated in no attack upon rortliowyer. **SOP. 11% 1815 46110 r fort ilOwft,t-t4Iton by ** ..., ***

Document 12: Lucas Jr. and B. Tanner, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Alabama 1823, Map B-30, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 4.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 40 46 Lesson 2: Frontier Justice

1. Background information for teachers:

The Constitution of 1819, Article IV, Section II, gave the Governor of Alabama the power to grant reprieves and pardons in all criminal and penal cases, except those of treason and impeachment, and to remit fines and forfeitures. Citizens frequently wrote to the Governor to plead for or against the pardon of a convicted criminal. The Governors' Papers contain correspondence, petitions, legal documents, etc., relating to pardons from crimes, parole from sentences and remission of fines imposed. Most items give details of the crime, and of the criminals' background and family life. The Secretary of State kept a record of pardon and parole certificates issued by the Governor.

2. Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Identify legal terms and explain their meaning.

2. Identify constitutional powers given to the governor relative to crimes committed.

3. Explain the meaning of "pardon and parole."

4. Explain the role of the Secretary of State in relation to pardons and paroles.

5. Compare frontier punishment, (branding, pillory, 39 lashes) with today.

3. Suggested activities:

1. Make copies of Documents 1, la, lb, 2, 2a, 2b, and 2c and distribute to students.

2. Give the students about five to seven minutes to read the cases and petitions.

3. Define unfamiliar words and legal terms (or have students look them up) such as:

"pillory," "clemency," "mayhem," "affray," "penitence," "adversary," "aiders and abettors," etc.

4. Divide the class into two groups. Assign one of the cases to each group.

41 47 5. Ask each student to record:

a. the prisoner's name b. crime c. date convicted d. sentence e. the governor's name f. statement approving parole g. date h. the name of the Secretary of State.

6. Give each group time to discuss their case among themselves and vote on whether they think the person charged with the crime deserved to be pardoned. Select one student from each group to report their conclusions on their case to the class.

7. Let the students vote on:

a. which crime they think is most severe b. if the punishment was fair c. if the person should have been pardoned

8. Ask the students to write a paragraph explaining how they analyzed their case and how they came to their conclusions.

Documents:

Document 1: Alabama Secretary of State, Pardon and parole certificates, SG8758. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http : / /www. archives. state. al. utheacher/settle/lesson2/docl .html

Document la: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 10. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle/lesson2/ docla.html

Document lb: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 10. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Al. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle/lesson2/doclb.html

Document 2: Alabama Secretary of State, Pardon and parole certificates, SG8758. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at

http ://www.archives. state. al. us/teacher/settle/lesson2/doc2.html

42 40 Document 2a: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 9. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Al. Attached and at http ://www. archives. state. al.us/teacher/settle/lesson2/doc2a.html

Document 2b:Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 9. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Al. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle/lesson2/doc2b.html

Document 2c: Alabama Governor (1821-1825: Pickens), Pardons, paroles and clemency files, SG4162, folder 9. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Al. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle/lesson2/doc2c.html .441.4tee.r.74% .4?-or ger

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE 51 45 Document 1 transcript:

The state of Alabama and by the authority of the same Israel Pickens, Governor of said state. To the sheriff of Shelby County, and all other officers and ma- gistrates of said State, Greetings: Whereas, it has been represented to me by petition of many respectable persons in said county recommending to Executive clemency, Zachariah Butler, Blassingham Neighbors, Richard Conser, James Conser, & Abram Nash who were convicted at the last term of the Circuit Court of said County as aiders and abettors of one Samuel Nixon, in committing an assault, and battery, and mayhem in biting off the left ear of one James A. Moore on the 25th December last, and who were severally fined and sentenced to stand on the pillory, to be executed on the first, second, and third days of June next, that the said persons (p.38)were of good peaceable characters; and it being represented that these persons were accidentally present when the affray hap-pened between the principal parties without any preconcert; and at the time of their encouraging the said Nixon as his friends in the fight, they did not know that he was perform-ing any such desperate and abominable act as that of mutila-ing his adversaryNo copy, or certificate of the proceedings, or sentence, being yet laid before meand it being understood that the principal perpetrator is not yet surrendered to justice, though in the vicinity,I am not prepared to act definitively on the case. Now therefore, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested, by the constitution and laws of this state,I do hereby respite and suspend so much of the sentence as respects corporal pun-ishment, or pillory, all the third Monday after the fourth Mon-day of September next, and the collection of the fines is also sus-pended till that day. Cash being paid by the defendants; and their recognizances taken with good security for their several ap-pearances on that day and for payment of the fines. Given under my hand and seal of the State this 26th day of April in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty- two and of the Independence of the United States of America the forty sixth. By the Governor Js. J. Pleasants Secretary of State

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE 51 5 7 Document la transcript

To his Excellency Israel Pickens (tear) the State of Alabama the un (tear)fully, represent to your (tear) at a Circuit, Court; held in and for the (tear) of Shelby on the third Monday after the fourth Monday in March 1822. That Zachariah Butler, Blasingame Nabors, Richard Consor, James Consor, & Abram Nash, were convicted as being aidors and abetors, in committing, a mayhem, by biting, off a small part of one James A Moors left ear, and that they were severly fined, and sentenced to stand in the Pilary, one hour, in a day, for three successive days and we further represent that it appeared on trial that they have ever supported the character of good, peacible, Citizens and respected by all their neighbors and acquaintances and that the mayhem was committed by one Samuel Nixon, on the 25th Day of December last at a Publick Gathering, we therefore recommend to your Excellency that they be severly pardoned so far as respects the ignominious part of this punishment VCH.

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BEST COPYAVAILABLE 59 53 Transcript of Document lb

25 Apr 1822 Zachariah Butler, Blasingham Neighbors, Richard Consor James Consor, Abram Nash, were convicted as aidors & abettors of Samuel Nixon in committing a mayhem on James A Moore by biting off part of his left ear committed 25th Decem. 1822. At March term 1822 4th Monday sentenced to stand on the pillory & pay James R ConsorButler $75 Nash 65 Neighbors 60 J Cowsor $10 Sentence of pillory & fine suspended till Monday after 4th Monday of September. On security for appearances & paying fines.

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56 62 Document 2 transcript:

The State of Alabama and by the authority of the same, Israel Pickens, Governor of said State, To the Sheriff of Morgan County, and all other officers and magis- trates of said State, Greeting;

Whereas it has been represented by the most respectable persons that Adam Lowry was at the last Term of the Circuit Court of said County convicted of Hog stealing and disgracefully punished, and at the same time convicted of Horse stealing, by con- fession, and was sentenced to be branded in the hand, and receive thirty nine lashes and the punishment as respects branding inflicted; The remaining part of the punishment by stripes being suspended by the Court for six weeks. Also, that, the prisoner had been in jail three months and yet is confined. That he is poor, appears penitentand that the prisoner so far as example or reformation may be considered the objects of punishment, there have have had the affect so far as the kind of punishment is calculated to afford it. Hoping sin- cerely that this penitence mayprove a genuine one, and may end in a complete reform, and to give time to ascertain whether this may be the desirable result. Now therefore, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested, by the Constitution and laws of the state,I do hereby respite the farther execution of the sentence of the court pun-ishing the said crime of Horse-stealing until the first Monday of January next, the prisoner giving bond for his appearance on that day if not previously pardoned, with (page 39)sufficient security in the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars. Given under my hand and the seal of the state this 12th day of May in the year of our lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the forty sixth. By the Governor Js: J. Pleasants Sec'y of State

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE 60 66 Document 2a transcript:

Somerville 1 May 1822

His Excellency Israel Pickens

At the April Term of the Cir uit Court of Morgan County. (Alabama) Adam Lowrey was convicted of Hog stealing for which he was sentenced, and received on his bare back twenty five lashes. At the same Term he was charged with Horse stealing and on his arraignment he plead guilty. And was sen tenced to be branded in the hand and to receive thirty nine stripes. He was branded in the presence of the court and the ballance of the sentence was respited for six weeks. It was the opinion of Judge Ellis and the attorney General (as will be shewn to you) that Lowrey was and is an object of Executive Clemency. Lowrey is a very poor man, has a wife & seven small children, who are at the present in very deprest circumstances. He appears very penitent promises reformation, and that he will go to work for the releif of his family. He has lay in Jail from about christmas last (page break) as far as I have had the opinion of the community, it appears about this. That if the punishment already inflicted will not work the desired reformation, that nothing short of death will.

I have) the honor to be your Excellency's) Obedient Humble servant) W Gray Sheriff of) Morgan County.)

P.S. I here take the liberty of stating to your Excellency, that Judge Kelly, who defended Lowrey, wrote to you, in substance nearly the same as stated by Judge Ellis & Major Eastland, but by some means has been lost in my office. M. Gray

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63 69 Document 2b transcript:

April term of the Circuit Court of Morgan County D. Sir Adam Lowrey has been arraigned at the bar of this Court for hog stealing, found guilty and has received the punishment prescribed by law. He was again brought to the bar for the crime of horse stealing and pleaded guilty and received a part of his punish ment (towit) branding in the right hand with the letter T. The balance of the sentence has been respited for six weeks from this day for the clemency of your excellency; should you deem it expedient. The prisoner had been confined in jail three months previous to this time. It was believed that if the great object and end of human punishment were Example and the reformation of the individual; that those ends have been attained, perhaps as far as this mode of punishment can affect it. We are of opinion that the remaining part of the sentence which is imprisonment and thirty nine lashes, may be a fit subject of executive mercy without any injury to society

His Excellency Israel Pickens} we have the Honor to be your Governor of the State) obedient Humble Servants: of Alabama)Richard Ellis presiding Judge of the 5th Judicial Circuit State of Alabama Joseph Eastland Solicitor of the fifth Judicial Circuit of the State of Alabama 1,

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE 66 7 2 Document 2c transcript:

We the people believe that if the whipping and branding does not make Mr. Lowery do better nothing will we therefore do not care to see him punished any more this time and should be glad if the governor would pardon him. Lesson 3: Alabama Fever

Background information for teachers:

After the Revolutionary War, the U.S. Government established laws to survey and sell land gained from Britain. The area that became Alabama was originally part of the Mississippi Territory from 1798 to 1817. Many settlers arrived in the area before government lands had been surveyed. Unable to buy, they simply picked a location, built a cabin, cleared fields, and put in crops. Such families were called squatters. Land laws were passed to provide legal title to land for settlers who already lived on the land. Some settlers claimed land by British or Spanish land grants, and others were squatters who claimed land by right of pre-emption.

Starting in 1804, U. S. Land Offices were established to sell land in the area which would become Alabama. By law federal land was sold to the highest bidders at public auctions. Alabama sales attracted men from all over the nation, many of them speculators. Groups of speculators bought large tracts, sometimes for as little as $10 an acre, then resold at $20 to $100 an acre. When an auction ended, poorer migrants could buy less desirable land for as little as $2 an acre. The smallest amount one person could buy was 160 acres. Under the Land Law of 1800 a purchaser could put one-fourth down and pay the rest off over three years. But when the price of cotton fell to eighteen cents a pound, few could meet payments on land bought at inflated prices. By 1820, Alabama owed the federal government $11 million--more than half of the national land debt. In 1820 and 1821 Congress passed new laws to deal with this problem. The Land Law of 1820 required future buyers to pay the entire amount in cash but lowered the minimums to $1.25 an acre and 80 acres. Those already in debt were aided by the Relief Act of 1821 which permitted them to keep part of their land and return the rest to the government or buy it all on the installment plan at reduced rates.

2. Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this lesson, student should be able to:

1. Describe life on the frontier in early Alabama.

2. Identify topics important to early settlers (land, cotton, politics, news of home).

3. Explain the impact of geography on development of population centers.

4. Describe peaceful interaction with Native Americans.

5. Explain the government's role in sale of public land.

68 74 6. Define pre-emption, "squatter," land grant, auction.

3. Suggested activity:

Document 1 will be useful for discussing what life was like on the frontier in early Alabama.

1. Make copies of Document 1 and distribute to students.

2. Give them a few minutes to read the letter or you may read the letter to the class while students follow silently.

3. Give each student a copy of Worksheet 1 to complete by using the information in the letter. You may wish to have your class work in pairs or small groups.

4. Ask students to identify the person who wrote the letter and the person to whom it was addressed.

5. Ask students to make a list of all the topics discussed in the letter.

6. Ask students to describe the writer, i.e. educated, poor, adventurous, resourceful, etc.

7. Discuss why the writer complained about the lack of news. What other clue did you find that indicated that the writer was relatively isolated and that news of any kind was highly desirable?

8. Using a current highway map of Alabama, ask students to locate the home of the writer.

9. Using an atlas, ask students to compare the geographic features of the Alabama towns with those in Virginia. What makes both locations important?

10. What references indicate that settlers and Indians were not always at war?

11. How did the writer describe the land where he lived?

12. What does "staple of our country " mean? Why is this important?

13. Where, how and why did the writer ship his produce to market? Why is this significant in view of "sectionalism" that developed in Alabama?

14. Compare the writer's view of the land relief act with the purpose of the laws described above.

69 75 15. Explain, or ask students to look up, "squatter," pre-emption, land grant, auction.

16. Who is the writer encouraging to move to Alabama? How will he help to make their move easier?

17. Ask students to assume the role of one of the people mentioned in the letter and to write a letter describing his/her preparations for moving to Alabama.

DOCUMENT:

Document 1: W.A. Powell Letter, SPR163, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/settle/lesson3/docl.html

70 76 WORKSHEET 1

Tuscumbia July 19th Addressed to: 1. esqr } Hendersonville, } 2. } County } Virginia Mail (Page 1) 3. County Alabama (4. ) 12 July 1824 Dear 5. I hasten to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated 17th March 1824-it was very acceptable but would have been much more so if it had been dated 6. ,and had come to hand twelve months sooner-you acknowledge yourself a bad 7. which mitigates the crime in some degree and shows a noble spirit to confess our errors; but permit me to say that the 8. contained in your letter for being a "bad correspondent" is not entirely satisfactory: but I dismiss the subject hopeing an apology will not hereafter be necessary for a good one can hardly be offered for not writing oftener than once in twelve months. I presume from the 9. of your letter (it being directed to 10. ) that you are not aprised of my having left that section of country-I have removed- 11. miles lower down the 12. River-I am now in the County of Franklin on the south bank of the river at the foot of the 13. within four miles of the Town of 14. and within eight miles of the town of 15. the first of which is on the south side the river-the latter on the north something like 16. and Richmond in Va.-they are even now places of greatl7. and considera- -ble importance but are waging an eternal 18. against each other-which will eventually predominate is at this time uncertain. It is only four miles west of me to the 19. nation-here are Game and fish in abundance which may be procured with but little trouble to those who are fond of the chase or at a small expence to those not fond of hunting. A fine 20. or 21. ham (not Rams hams as imposed on you) may be (Page 2) be had of the 22. (who pass my door daily going to town) at 23. for either. This section of country is considered the most desirable part of Alabama-indeed it is almost a 24. -it being entirely below the Muscle Shoals as before observed and consequently at the head of 25. -the country is certainly much more healthy than where we were raised-the lands rich and 26. in the extreme, and well adapted to the culture of 27. which you know is the Staple of our country. It is no hard matter to make more than we can pick out by the next planting time besides plenty of 28. &etc.-We may be considered nearer market than you are as it costs us less to freight our produce to 29. than it does you to 30. yours to Petersberg or Richmond: The lands in this neighbourhood sold at the land sales at from 31. per acre-the highest priced lands and of course the best have reverted to Government under the Act of Congress entitled an Act for the relief of Land Purchasers but in fact an Act for the relief of land 32. -the lands so forfeited will in all probability be again bro.t into market sometime next year when it is hoped they may be had at fair prices, however there are various opinions on this subject-great preparations are making and as we get tolerable prices for our cotton and that in 33. choice tracts may again go high; however the land grabbers are pretty well done over and as the lands are now to be sold for cash instead of a34. as before, hopes are entertained that they may be had at moderate prices. If you have not abandoned the idea of Alabama and as your 35. matters are in all probability much changed since I advised you not to move to Ala. I will suggest for your con- (Page 3) consideration the propriety of your sending as many 36. as you can

71 77 conveaniently purchase and settle them near me where I can 37. them, and then for you to come at some future period. I am informed by letter from Amanda since her marriage that her husband, self (torn) Peter intend comeing to this country 38. .I earnestly rec- - commend them to do so as I think it would greatly promote their interestShe also informs me that our 39. is disposed to come here, if so, please assist her in making the necessary arrangements as I am certain it would promote her interest and happiness and ultimately be of considerable (illegible) to us all particularly the younger childrenI will come to 40. myself and assist her in making the necessary arrangements and in moving; therefore encourage her to come. Please inform me what has been done with the land in 41. and ^all about that affair? Also inform me what has been done with Standfields suit for the 42. of boy Isham and wheather a final settlement of Grandfathers Es.t has been made, &etc. John H. Hundley a friend of mine will probably call on you sometime in next month on his way to Brunswick to get a bit of a wifeconsider him a 43. .Inform me how many 44. your wife has their name sex &etc. Your acquaintance and your wife, [Ealiva](?) were well a short time since? Parson Leigh often preaches in Tuscumbia? It is reported that Eliza [Towne](?) is shortly to be married to a Mr. Bester a baptist minister. Please send your 45. after reading them and LI send you mine in returnThis leaves us in good healthmay it find you all enjoying a like blessingBe sure to write on or before the 17th March next. Yours as usual A. Powell

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79 85 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Document 1 transcript Return address: Tuscumbia July 19th Addressed to:

Thomas Weldon Powell esqr } Hendersonville,

} Nottoway

} County

} Virginia Mail (Page 1) Franklin County Alabama (near Tuscumbia) 12 July 1824

Dear Brother

I hasten to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated 17th March 1824it was very acceptable but would have been much more so if it had been dated 17th March 1823, and had come to hand twelve months sooneryou acknowledge yourself a bad correspondent which mitigates the crime in some degree and shows a noble spirit to confess our errors; but permit me to say that the apology contained in your letter for being a "bad correspondent" is not entirely satisfactory: but I dismiss the subject hopeing an apology will not hereafter be necessary for a good one can hardly be offered for not writing oftener than once in twelve months. I presume from the superscription of your letter (it being directed to Huntsville) that you are not aprised of my having left that section of countryI have removed seventy five miles lower down the Tenn. RiverI am now in the County of Franklin on the south bank of the river at the foot of the Muscle Shoals within four miles of the Town of Tuscumbia and within eight miles of the town of Florence the first of which is on the south side the riverthe latter on the north something like Manchester and Richmond in Va.they are even now places of great trade and considera- -ble importance but are waging an eternal war against each otherwhich will eventually predominate is at this time uncertain. It is only four miles west of me to the Chickasaw nationhere are Game and fish in abundance which may be procured with but little trouble to those who are fond ofthe chase or at a small expence to those not fond of hunting.A fine Turkey or Venison ham (not Rams hams as imposed on you) may be

80 86 Page 2) be had of the Aborigines (who pass my door daily going to town) at 25 cents for either. This section of country is considered the most desirable part of Alabamaindeed it is almost a Paradiseit being entirely below the Muscle Shoals as before observed and consequently at the head of Steamboat navigationthe country is certainly much more healthy than where we were raisedthe lands rich and fertile in the extreme, and well adapted to the culture of cotton which you know is the Staple of our country. It is no hard matter to make more than we can pick out by the next planting time besides plenty of corn &etc.We may be considered nearer market than you are as it costs us less to freight our produce to N. Orleans than it does you to Waggon yours to Petersberg or Richmond: The lands in this neighbourhood sold at the land sales at from 10 to 40 $ per acrethe highest priced lands and of course the best have reverted to Government under the Act of Congress entitled an Act for the relief of Land Purchasers but in fact an Act for the relief of land Speculatorsthe lands so forfeited will in all probability be again bro.t into market sometime next year when it is hoped they may be had at fair prices, however there are various opinions on this subjectgreat preparations are making and as we get tolerable prices for our cotton and that in good money, choice tracts may again go high; however the land grabbers are pretty well done over and as the lands are now to be sold for cash instead of a long credit as before, hopes are entertained that they may be had at moderate prices. If you have not abandoned the idea of Alabama and as your pecuniary matters are in all probability much changed since I advised you not to move to Ala.I will suggest for your con-

Page 3) consideration the propriety of your sending as many hands as you can conveaniently purchase and settle them near me where I can superintend them, and then for you to come at some future period. I am informed by letter from Amanda since her marriage that her husband self (torn) Peter intend comeing to this country this fall or Winter. I earnestly rec- -commend them to do so as I think it would greatly promote their interestShe also informs me that our mother is disposed to come here, if so, please assist her in making the necessary arrangements as I am certain it would promote her interest

81 87 and happiness and ultimately be of considerable (illegible) to us all particularly the younger childrenI will come to Va. Myself and assist her in making the necessary arrangements and in moving; therefore encourage her to come. Please inform me what has been done with the land in Cumberland and Aall about that affair? Also inform me what has been done with Standfields suit for the recovery of boy Isham and wheather a final settlement of Grandfathers Es.t has been made, &etc. John H. Hundley a friend of mine will probably call on you sometime in next month on his way to Brunswick to get a bit of a wifeconsider him a Gentleman. Inform me how many children your wife has their name sex &etc. Your acquaintance and your wife, [Ealiva](?) were well a short time since? Parson Leigh often preaches in Tuscumbia? It is reported that Eliza [Towne](?) is shortly to be married to a Mr. Bester a baptist minister. Please send your Newspapers after reading them and I.1 send you mine in returnThis leaves us in good healthmay it find you all enjoying a like blessingBe sure to write on or before the 17th March next. Yours as usual A. Powell

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