Field Stations of the United States Author(s): F. John Vernberg, Sears Crowell, John S. Garth, John R. Beers, Gordon A. Riley, Phil M. Roedel, Eugenie Clark, Susan S. Raup, John S. Rankin, Jr., C. G. Bookhout, Albert Collier, N. A. Chamberlain, Robert L. Fernald, Gordon Gunter, Albert H. Banner, Donald P. Abbott, Paul R. Burkholder, Robert F. Mathewson, Robert L. Beutel, Alvin F. Rieck, Anthony R. Picciolo, William L. Molo, A. F. Chestnut, June G. Pattullo, James E. M ... Source: American Zoologist, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Aug., 1963), pp. 245-386 Published by: Oxford University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3881109 Accessed: 03/11/2009 19:51
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http://www.jstor.org AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST
Volume 3, Number 3 August 1963
Field Stations of the United States
Arranged by F. John Vernberg
FOREWORD interest in societies concerned with a par? ticular group of animals, for example This issue of American Zoologist is pre- birds, insects, parasites, etc. or in societies sented to the members of the XVIth Inter- whose interests embrace more than ani? national Congress of Zoology with the mals, as for example comparative and cel? compliments of the American Society of lular physiology, genetics, ecology, evolu? Zoologists and the field stations whose con- tion, and developmental biology. Even tributions have made its publication pos? with these reservations the American So? sible. For various reasons this issue does ciety of Zoologists comes closest to being not contain descriptive material from all the central organization for professional of the field stations and laboratories in the zoologists. In recent years this has been United States which are of interest to zo? emphasized by new activities of the Society: ologists. However, this issue should serve the sponsorship of summer institutes, re? as a valuable reference on zoological sta? gional conferences, refresher courses, spe? tions to investigators throughout the cial symposia, publication of a brochure world. The suggestion that American Zo? describing opportunities in animal biology, ologist publish this special issue on the and the establishment of a journal for the occasion of the Congress came from its Society. In addition provision has been Secretary General, Dr. G. B. Moment. made for Divisions within the Society, each Since the production of the issue involved Division having partial autonomy, officers, work and diplomacy beyond the capacities and responsibility for programs in its area. of the regular editor, Dr. F. John Vern- American Zoologist is a new venture of berg was persuaded to assemble and edit the American Society of Zoologists. It was the descriptions of the stations. We are felt that many excellent reviews and sym? all, therefore, indebted to him. posia, particularly the refresher courses, The list of members of ASZ is printed deserved publication but were not quite every two years and it was arranged to appropriate for any other journal nor for include this in the special Congress issue. commercial publication. We hope that The American of Zoologists is Society Members of the Gongress will examine one of many societies serving as only spon- other, more typical issues of American sors and hosts for the Congress. Strangers Zoologist and will find its contents so use- assume that our is the might Society major, ful to themselves and their students that primary, or mother association represent? they will urge subscription by their own ing all American zoologists. In all honesty libraries. Information is given on one of such a claim cannot be made. There has the advertising pages. been much fragmentation of zoological or- ganizations in the United States. Many Sears Crowell American zoologists have their principal Managing Editor
245 246 Frontispiece
*JSL.?
.3-*^
The Woods Hole Laboratories, Photograph by C. Spooner, July 5, 1963.
The village of Woods Hole in the town of The Marine Biological Laboratory, incorporated Falmouth, Massachusetts, is the site of three well in 1888, is a self-governing institution whose pri? ? known institutions often confused with one mary functions are to make adequate facilities another. Although there is a separate article for available to professional biologists for investiga? each it seemed likely that a view of the group tions requiring marine animals and other special would be useful. Also the author-editor shares facilities, and to provide instruction for students. with many other zoologists both American and In the picture, above the Bureau of Commercial otherwise a prejudice for the biological traditions Fisheries building is a block which includes the of Woods Hole. Mr. C. Spooner, photographer of newest research laboratory, facing the harbor, to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, made its left the Old Main (original) building, and a special effort to obtain this photograph for use other frame buildings for teaching, research, and here. living and dining quarters. Across the street, in The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological the center of the photograph, is the main labora? Laboratory is the oldest (1875) and it is under tory building, and several accessory buildings. the authority of the Fish and Wildlife Service in The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a the United States Department of the Interior. self-governing corporation, the youngest (1930) and It is still locally referred to by its earlier names: largest of the three. It conducts an extensive year- "Fish Commission," "Bureau of Fisheries," or "The round program in all aspects of oceanography. Fisheries." Its two new major buildings, replacing Much of its current work is in cooperation with the original ones, are in the foreground of the the United States Office of Naval Research. At picture surrounded by parking areas and extensive the right of the photograph are its docks and dock dock space. The new fisheries-oceanographic re? facilities and two large research buildings. Farther search vessel, Albatross IV, is at the dock. The up and across the street is its new (1963) research major office building and laboratory is to the right, building. Additional storage and work areas are to the left is a shop and the Aquarium. The nearly concealed by trees. Research Vessels Atlantis, Aquarium is open to the public only in the sum? Gosnold, and Crawford are at the dock. RV Chain mer and is used for research in other seasons. and RV Atlantis II are not shown. TABLE OF GONTENTS
Page Frontispiece?The Woods Hole Laboratories . 246 Foreword . 245
Map of geographical location of stations. 250
Marine Laboratories The Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California ...... 252
The Bermuda Biological Station for Research. 255
Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, Yale University . 258
California State Fisheries Laboratory. 260
Cape Haze Marine Laboratory . 263
Chesapeake Bay Institute and Department of Oceanography, The Johns Hopkins University . 265
Marine Research Laboratory of the University of Connecticut. 267
Duke University Marine Laboratory. 270
Oceanographic Institute, Florida State University . 272
Fort Johnson Marine Biological Laboratory, College of Charleston. 274
Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington. 275
The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory . 279
Hawaii Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii . 282
The Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University . 284
Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University. 286
The Lerner Marine Laboratory. 288
Institute of Marine Science of the University of Miami . 290
The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory. 292
National Oceanographic Data Center . 294
Institute of Fisheries Research of the University of North Carolina. 297
Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University. 299
The Institute of Oceanography and Marine Biology, Oyster Bay, New York . 302
Institute of Marine Biology, University of Puerto Rico . 303
The Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife . 305
247 248 Field Stations
Page Sapelo Island Research Foundation, Inc. 308
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California. 311
Department of Oceanography and Meteorology, A 8c M College of Texas 314 Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 315
The Fisheries Research Institute of the College of Fisheries of the University of Washington. 318
Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Massachusetts). 319
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 322
Fresh-Water Laboratories
Canal Zone Biological Area (Barro Colorado Island) . 324
The Indiana University Biological Station . 326
The Iowa Lakeside Laboratory . 329
The University of Michigan Biological Station. 331
The Lake Itasca Forestry and Biological Station, University of Minnesota. 334
The Biological Station of the Ohio State University. 335
Pymatuning Laboratory of Field Biology, University of Pittsburgh. 336
Laboratory of Limnology and Associated Field Units at the University of Wisconsin . 337
Mountain Laboratories
The Alberta Biological Station, University of Alberta. 341 The Highlands Biological Station, Inc. 342
Jackson Hole Biological Research Station, University of Wyoming. 345
The Montana State University Biological Station. 346
The Mountain Lake Biological Station, University of Virginia. 348
Science Lodge Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado . 350
Desert Laboratory Deep Canyon Desert Research Area and the Philip L. Boyd Desert Research Center . 353
Special Laboratories The Institute for the Study of Natural Species, The Catholic University of America . 355
Laboratory of Radiation Ecology, AEC Savannah River Plant. 357 Table of Contents 249
Page
Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory. 358 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries .,. 361
Biological Laboratories Seattle, Washington . 362
Fish Passage Research, Seattle, Washington . 363 Marine Mammal Research, Seattle, Washington . 364 Beaufort, North Carolina . 365
Brunswick, Georgia. 366 Gulf Breeze, Florida . 367
Galveston, Texas . 368
Boothbay Harbor, Maine .~. 369 Woods Hole, Massachusetts . 371
Milford, Connecticut. 372
Oxford, Maryland . 373
Ann Arbor, Michigan . 374
Auke Bay, Alaska . 375 Stanford, California. 377
La Jolla, California . 377 San Diego, California . 378 Honolulu, Hawaii . 379
Ichthyological Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 380
Washington, D.C. 380
Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Bases Seattle, Washington . 383
Pascagoula, Mississippi . 384
Ann Arbor, Michigan . 385
Juneau, Alaska . 385 Gloucester, Massachusetts . 385
Proceedings of the annual meeting. 387
Treasurer's report . 389
Constitution and bylaws. 390 List of members . 394 250 fi H fl a bfi xj s fi o p ua 8 5 bc Q O 1-3. C 03 a> 05 qj u .?fi
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251 252 Marine Laboratories
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*3 V '^^^-i^' ?#? ff rBB?'LABMtf2?t The Velero IV, 110-foot, diesel-propelled research vessel currently operated by the Hancock Foundation. Captain Allan Hancock, master mariner, on the bridge. MARINE LABORATORIES THE ALLAN HANCOGK FOUNDATION, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA John S. Garth, Curator The Allan Hancock Foundation repre- marine biological and geological speci? sents the outgrowth of the Hancock Pacific mens, the four-story brick and reinforced- Expeditions, conducted annually from 1931 concrete structure houses the Hancock Li? to 1941 by Captain Allan Hancock of Los brary of Biology and Oceanography, and Angeles and Santa Maria, California, provides research space for a number of aboard the Velero III. Located on the cam- university departments. pus of the University of Southern Califor? The Foundation's early preoccupation nia, it was established in 1940 to serve as was with the identification of marine plant a repository for marine collections gath- and animal species. In recent years it has ered from Mexico, Central and South sought through the judicious selection of America, and the Galapagos Islands. In staff members to enrich the teaching pro? addition to providing storage facilities for gram of the university at the graduate level Allan Hancock Foundation 253 and through public lectures and other co- sults of almost continuous collecting are operative endeavors to emphasize the constantly finding their way into the lit- interdisciplinary aspects of the sciences. erature through Hancock and similar pub- The newer approach to systematic studies, lications. the of using techniques genetics, cytology, The major research program in which and is ethology, biochemistry, biophysics, the Hancock Foundation has been engaged also wide finding increasingly application. is the identifying, cataloguing, and mono- The Allan Hancock Foundation is an graphing of the marine animals and plants integral part of the University of Southern collected by the Velero III on a series of California, a privately supported institu- expeditions covering the Panamic faunal tion governed by a Board of Trustees. Cap- province. The Velero IV has been used on tain Hancock, as donor and first director shorter expeditions, in quantitative sur- of the Foundation, is a Lifetime Trustee. veys of the benthic fauna of the basins and Dr. Leslie A. Chambers, the present direc? canyons off southern California, in studies tor, has equivalent status to a dean of one for the State of California and County of of the University's several colleges. Unlike Los Angeles on pollution in coastal waters, the teaching divisions of the University, in productivity and eddy diffusion studies the Foundation offers no courses and in Santa Monica Bay, and in ecological grants no degrees. Its staff members, how? studies of the meso- and bathypelagic ani? ever, hold academic appointments in mals of the more accessible deep basins. the appropriate university departments, For the past two summers staff members through which courses leading to the M.S. have participated in an Institute of Tropi- and Ph.D. degrees in marine biology, ma? cal Biology, jointly sponsored by the Uni? rine geology, and oceanography are given. versity of Southern California and the Uni? Furthermore, staff members serve on guid- versity of Costa Rica. The Foundation is ance committees of graduate students, also responsible for certain biological as- whose research may be done in whole or pects of the U. S. Antarctic Research Pro? part in the Hancock Foundation, with the gram, and maintains one senior scientist assistance of its magnificent collections and and two graduate student assistants aboard extensive library. the Eltanin in the Antarctic on a rotating The staff of the Hancock Foundation basis. Programs in biophysics and bio- consists of a director, 24 senior scientists, chemistry with marine emphasis have been and about 80 additional personnel. The staffed, are being equipped, and will be Velero IV, the Foundation's floating ma? functioning shortly. rine carries a and a labortaory, captain The principal facility for systematic re? crew of seven. search is the Hancock Library of Biology Although the University of Southern and Oceanography, one of the finest in the California maintains no permanent labo? natural sciences on the Pacific coast. Basic ratory on the seacoast, a wide variety of to its holdings are the foreign and Amer? marine habitats are to be found within ican serials and books purchased by Cap- easy driving distance of the campus. In tain Hancock for the Foundation from the addition, the Velero IV gives access to library of the Boston Society of Natural coastal waters between Monterey and San History, the second oldest natural history Diego, the Channel Islands, and the library in America. With additions to this unique series of deep basins lying off south? basic acquisition by purchase and ex- ern California. With careful handling, change, the Hancock Library now com- specimens from half a mile deep can be prises over 85,000 volumes and 125,000 brought to the campus laboratories for ex? pamphlets. Special effort has been concen? amination in the living state. No check- trated on the "Expeditions Room" in list of animals from such an extensive and which are grouped the published results of diversified area is maintained, but the re- the great explorations of all time. 254 Marine Laboratories Publications of the Allan Hancock many countries, some of whom have come Foundation consist of four series: (1) the by invitation to work on a particular group Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 26 volumes; for publication, others of their own incli- (2) the Atlantic Expedition of 1939, 9 re- nation to serve their individual purposes. ports; (3) the Occasional Papers, 25 num? Close working relations are maintained bers; and (4) the Contributions, or col? with the Los Angeles County Museum ad- lected reprints by staff members from other joining the university campus, which has journals, 250 titles. Hancock publications curators in ornithology, mammalogy, and are exchanged with 500 libraries in 66 ichthyology. countries. The Foundation is located on the cam? The collections of the Allan Hancock pus of the University of Southern Califor? Foundation are rich in ma? exceptionally nia at 36th Street and University Avenue, rine invertebrates and arid in marine fishes, in the south-central part of Los Angeles. from the eastern and tem? algae tropical It adjoins Exposition Park, in which are north Pacific. perate Outstanding among situated the Los Angeles Memorial Coli- the former are the Crustacea, Mollusca, seum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Echinodermata, and Polychaeta, each History, Science, and Art, and the Califor? housed on a separate floor of the building, nia State Museum of Science and Industry. each with a recognized specialist as curator, A limited number of research assistant- and with an entire laboratory devoted to and are available. its study. Similar status and treatment are ships associateships these should accorded the marine algae in the fourth Correspondence concerning be addressed to The Allan floor herbarium. Collections are used prin- Director, cipally for research rather than for teach- Hancock Foundation, University of South? ing, and have attracted investigators from ern California, Los Angeles 7, California. Bermuda Biological Station 255 Aerial view of Bermuda Biological Station THE BERMUDA BIOLOGICAL STATION FOR RESEARCH John R. Beers The Bermuda Biological Station for Re? which it was established, is vested in the search was established in 1903 through the Members of the Corporation. This body joint efforts of the Bermuda Natural His? elects the Board of Trustees, who form the tory Society, Harvard University, and New governing board. An annual meeting of York University. Under the direction of the Members of the Corporation and the Professor E. L. Mark of Harvard Univer? Board of Trustees, at which time members sity, summer sessions were held at the pass on amendments to the By-laws and Frascati Hotel in Flatts. In 1907, Agar's Is? other matters, is held in early December land near Hamilton Harbour was leased by in New York City. In addition, the Board the Bermuda Natural History Society, and of Trustees meet in Bermuda during the the station then took up quarters on the summer. Island. Continuing under Professor Mark's At the time of reorganization, plans were direction, summer sessions were held there prepared for a new laboratory to be built until 1930, except when Agar's Island was on St. George's Island. Assisting in the requisitioned for military purposes in 1917 proposal, the Bermuda Colonial Parlia- and the Station activities transferred to ment passed the Biological Station Act of Dyer's Island nearby. 1927 granting the Corporation (1) the Following a meeting in 1925 at Woods privilege of holding real estate on the Is? Hole, Massachusetts, to consider reorgani- lands, (2) the conveyance of the so-called zation and the provision of better facilities, Hunter Tract to the Trustees when ?50,- the Station was incorporated in 1926 under 000 endowment had been raised, (3) ex- the laws of the State of New York. emption from customs duties on supplies Responsibility for ascertaining that the and equipment imported for the Station, for a property and investments of the Station and (4) an annual grant of ?200 are managed, according to the purposes for period of ten years. The ?50,000 endow- 256 Marine Laboratories ment required by this Act was granted in each year. Included are courses in experi? 1929 by the Rockefeller Foundation. At mental embryology under the direction of about this time the of the Shore property Dr. H. E. Lehman, University of North Hills Hotel to the Hunter Tract adjacent Carolina; sedimentation geology, Drs. K. E. became available, and to offer appeared Chave and S. Barber, Lehigh University; many advantages for the Station. In 1930, and an introduction to oceanography, Dr. therefore, the Hunter Tract was recon- G. A. Riley, Yale University. veyed to the Government and the purchase Members of the staff price was used in converting the Shore permanent carry on an extensive the Hills property into the present headquar- program, sponsored by Atomic Commission and the Office ters of the Biological Station. The Station Energy of Naval with the was opened officially January 6, 1932, by Research, dealing hy- and His Excellency the Governor of Bermuda, drography, primary secondary produc? and related to the biochemi? Sir Thomas Astley-Cubitt, K.C.B., C.M.G., tion, problems D.S.O. cal circulation of phytoplankton nutrients in the Sargasso Sea. The new Station operated the year The Station consists of a 14 around until 1941, the facilities being uti- property acre tract on St. Island and fronts lized by a number of investigators for a George's on Reach. It is wide variety of marine biological research. Ferry approximately l]/2 miles from the town of St. and A supporting grant was made for several George's about 12 miles from Hamilton. Fifteen years by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, of which the Station became laboratories in the main building and the oceanic base. At the end of 1936, the three in another building accommodate from one to several workers each. Two Development Commission of Great Brit- a cold and rooms ain, acting upon the recommendation of darkrooms, room, dry are available for use. A of the Bermuda Oceanographic Committee of general wing the main constructed in 1961 the Royal Society of London, made a grant building, with funds the National Sci? to initiate and maintain an investigation granted by into the variations of the Gulf Stream and ence Foundation, houses four modern air- conditioned dehumidified laboratories and North Atlantic drift in cooperation with an instrument room. In the Sta? the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu? addition, tion. tion maintains well-equipped metal and woodworking and an electronics The Station was entirely decommis- shops, as well as a maintenance sioned during World War II, at which shop, general Trained and time it was leased to the United States shop. experienced personnel are in charge of these facilities and can Army for use as a hospital. Reopened in assist investigators in the construction and 1946, the Station has since undergone a repair of equipment. period of extensive growth and develop? ment. Running salt water with a salinity of about is distributed The Station operates as a research fa- 35?/00 through plastic lines with vulcanite to salt water cility for visiting investigators as well as taps tables on the verandahs outside the labo? having its own permanent staff in residence and to four concrete tanks throughout the year. It is open at all times ratories, large and two racks in the to qualified investigators concerned with aquarium aquarium rooms. Outdoor tanks additional any phase of marine research, whether bio? provide for live material. logical, chemical, or physical, and to others space holding concerned with scientific investigation in Stocks of routine glassware and chemical the Bermuda Islands. In addition to the reagents are maintained. Equipment such research facilities, several graduate-level as pH meters, microscopes, microtomes, courses, made possible by grants from the balances, spectrophotometers, Geiger count- National Science Foundation, are offered ers, centrifuges, and cameras are available Bermuda Biological Station 257 in limited quantities for the visiting in? collection of living Bermuda fishes and vestigators. coral reef animals and plants. The Bermuda Islands offer a wide va? The E. L. Mark Memorial Library con? of which are read- riety collecting grounds tains a limited number of journals, pri? accessible from the Station. These in- ily marily those concerned with the marine clude coral reefs, and shores rocky sandy sciences, expedition reports, and standard with of shallow varying degrees exposure, reference works on biology and, in particu? and and bays lagoons, mangrove swamps. lar, marine research. There is, in addition, The marine biota, in resembles general, a reprint collection. An effort has been most nearly that of the West Indies and made to acquire literature of particular Antilles. There are somewhat fewer species, relevancy to Bermuda. Periodically, bound but all the major groups are well repre- collections of reprints of papers on the sci? and some are to sented, species unique entific work done at the Station are issued. Bermuda. One of the chief attractions are accommodations for the reefs, with their rich fauna of corals, Living permanent staff and visiting investigators are gorgonians, and associated forms. Many provided on the Station property. Furnished house- local species have long breeding periods, keeping apartments and cottages are avail? and the reproductive seasons of several in able for couples and families. In addition, the same group sometimes overlap, so that there are aproximately 25 single rooms in eggs and similar experimental material the main building. commonly can be obtained more or less to all in? throughout the year. Dining-room facilities, open One of the chief attractions of Bermuda vestigators and their families, are operated the summer and at other times is the proximity of deep oceanic waters during which can be reached within an hour. when there is sufficient demand. Depths of approximately 1,000 fathoms The Bermuda Islands consist of about (1 mile) occur within 5 miles of land. 365 small islands in latitude 32? 19' N and The Station's collecting equipment in- longitude 64? 49' W, some 600 miles south- cludes two 30-foot launches, one fitted with east of New York. The climate is consid? a live well, and several dingies and skiffs. ered mild. Winter temperatures occasion- In addition, the station has the use of a ally fall below 50?F, but are not generally 60-foot diesel-powered, ocean-going, re? below 60 ?F for any extended period. Sum? search vessel, the Panulirus, on loan from mer temperatures rarely exceed 90 ?F in the the Bermuda Government. This boat is shade. Surface water temperatures range equipped with winches, echo sounder, from about 60?F to about 85?F. radio, radar, etc. Equipment such as grabs, Bermuda is readily accessible by air seines, hydrographic gear, dredges, plank- transportation from several North Ameri? ton nets of various sorts, water glasses, and can points and the United Kingdom. diving equipment are available. Exper? Steamer service includes weekly sailings ienced crews and collectors are available from New York City. to aid the investigators in obtaining this Various Fellowships or Grants-in-Aid are experimental material. available from time to time for those wish- While no collections of the Bermuda ing to work at the Station. Inquiries for flora and fauna are maintained at the Sta? additional information or applications for tion, there is a limited museum collection accommodations may be made at any time of the marine invertebrates housed at the of the year and should be addressed to: Bermuda Government Aquarium at Flatts. The Director, Bermuda Biological Station, The Aquarium also maintains an extensive St. George's West, Bermuda. 258 Marine Laboratories The Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory BINGHAM OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY, YALE UNIVERSITY Gordon A. Riley, Acting Director The Bingham Oceanographic Labora? Technically, Bingham is a semi-inde- tory was founded in 1928 under an endow- pendent research foundation sponsored by ment fund established by Harry Payne Yale University; in actual fact it works in Bingham, a financier and amateur sci- close coordination with teaching depart? entist, whose observations and collections ments and with the Yale Peabody Museum aboard his yacht Pawnee were a valuable in training graduate students and in cura- addition to oceanographic knowledge of torial duties. The staff teaches courses in that era, and were the raison d'etre of the oceanography and ichthyology and super- Bingham Laboratory as a shore-based facil- vises thesis research of graduate students, in ity for preparing this material for publica- any department, requesting direction along tion. Under the leadership of the first lines of marine endeavor. Five members Director, Albert E. Parr, the laboratory of our staff have joint appointments in began to expand into a general oceano? Bingham and in teaching departments, graphic facility. As a result, the name of and upwards of fifteen former graduate the original publication outlet, the "Bulle- students are now professionally employed tin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collec? oceanographers. The staff consists of one tion,"' has become something of an anach- physical and one chemical oceanographer; ronism in view of the varied nature of the seven marine biologists of varying special- material now covered. ties including plankton biology, ichthy- Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory 259 ology, fish endocrinology, and benthic in? various components of the biota in these vertebrate work; five research associates waters. The area encompasses open coastal and technicians; an administrative assis- areas (Block Island Sound and its seaward tant, a secretary, and a librarian; several extension), the semi-enclosed waters of part-time undergraduate technical assis- Long Island Sound, which have somewhat tants; and maintenance help supplied by reduced salinity (24-30?/00, as well as a the University. variety of estuarine situations. The present Director, Daniel Merriman, Other major research programs include is aided by an advisory committee consist- the taxonomy and ecology of deep sea ing mainly of university professors and fishes, fish endocrinology, experimental administrative officers. Funds are provided work on the ecology of marine phytoplank- by the original endowment, from general ton and bacteria, and the chemistry of University sources, and from federal grants deep sea sediment cores. and contracts, the latter constituting about We have chartered ships or have worked half of the total income. in cooperation with other institutions to The laboratory occupies two floors of support sea going collections. We are par? a new annex to the Peabody Museum, ticularly indebted to the Milford Biologi? located at 41 Sachem Street, in the heart cal Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Com? of the Yale University area. In addition mercial Fisheries, both for the use of their to offices and laboratories for research ship in studies of Long Island Sound, and staff and students, the facilities include: in satisfying occasional needs for space in four constant-temperature rooms, three a seaside laboratory with running sea with aquaria and recirculating fresh or salt water. water, and one for microbiological culture Space for visiting investigators is avail? with subsidiary constant-temperature boxes able on a rather limited basis. In general, for maintaining a variety of conditions; we encourage visitors whose research spe- walk-in refrigerator and deep freeze; "hot cialties ably supplement our own interests, lab" and supporting equipment; specimen and we make some effort to obtain grant storage facilities and a working collection aid to support them, but do not have funds that includes representative local material specifically allocated to this purpose. and other collections in the process of With regard to publications, the Bing- being analyzed; shop; seminar room; and ham Bulletin is intended primarily for library. The latter is a working ocean? monographs and for collected papers on ographic library containing some two inter-related topics. Additional papers by thousand periodicals and an extensive re- the staff appearing in other journals are print collection. Other university libraries available in reprint form for exchange with are available nearby for collateral reading. other laboratories. In addition to our own A major theme in the work of the Bing? publication outlet, the Bingham Labora? ham Laboratory has been the study of tory houses, but is administratively sep? the southern New England coastal waters. arate from, the Sears Foundation for Ma? This work has been going on for more rine Research, which publishes the Journal than twenty years, varying in its emphasis of Marine Research and the Sears Memoir from time to time, but adding up to a Series, the latter being primarily a series fairly comprehensive picture of the physi? of monographs on the fishes of the western cal and chemical oceanography and the North Atlantic. 260 Marine Laboratories California State Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal Island THE CALIFORNIA STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY Phil M. Roedel The California Department of Fish and In 1957, the Department reorganized its Game has for over 45 years conducted bio? marine fisheries function, establishing a logical investigations of the sea. Although new section, Marine Resources Operations, organizational patterns have changed many (MRO) which has statewide responsibility times over the years, the California State for ocean research and for certain aspects Fisheries Laboratory, established in 1917, of management. This organization is cen- has remained and grown, and now for tered at Terminal Island and administers practical purposes consists of four installa- the several laboratories, a function form- tions. The laboratory has been on Termi? erly exercised by Department headquarters. nal Island, Los Angeles Harbor, since 1921. Salmon research, now focused largely on It was enlarged in 1937, 1953, and again freshwater problems, remains a responsibil? in 1962. Soon after its founding, needs ity of Department headquarters and op- in the central portion of the State re? erates out of the Department's field station quired men on the scene, and arrange- in Sacramento. The Menlo Park and ments were made with Stanford University Eureka laboratories provide space for sal? in 1919 to house one or two investigators mon investigators, but do not direct their at Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove. work. In the mid 1930*8, additional requirements In California, general policies for all fish led to establishing a small laboratory on and game work, including research, are the Stanford Campus, and another in the established by the Fish and Game Com- northern port of Eureka. The Stanford mission in accordance with legislative sta- Laboratory moved into its own building tutes. These policies are implemented by in nearby Menlo Park in 1961, the Department through its Director. California State Fisheries Laboratory 261 MRO has responsibility for carrying out directed toward life-history studies of blue approved programs and for developing rockfish and California halibut, an analysis new to meet needs. Basic projects changing of southern California sportfishing inten? are laid out in State law which objectives sity, and a program designed to evaluate funds for biological requires expending the feasibility of improving barren por? field and for col- research, investigations, tions of the inshore environment with arti? lecting and diffusing statistics and informa? ficial reefs. The blue rockfish study is car- tion pertaining to conserving and perpetu- ried on at Menlo Park, the latter three at ating the State's fish and wildlife. By its Terminal Island. nature, the research work must be "prac- The and of smaller tical" in that it must attempt to answer major some the proj- definite management problems. ects are financed almost exclusively by State license and tax monies accru- Specifically the primary objectives of the fishing State's marine research are: ing to the Department. Federal Aid in Fish Restoration funds provide the only A. To obtain the necessary informa? substantial outside revenue, financing tion, (1) on which to base recommenda- three-fourths of the cost of three of the tions for such management as may be ne? short-term studies. To its cessary to allow continued harvest at the supplement pro? gram the Department occasionally gives optimum level or, (2) upon which predic- financial to tions can be based. support specific university pro- grams under contract, and is now sponsor- B. To advise and make specific recom- ing an a non- mendations to the Fish and Game Com- NSF-supported study by affiliated scientist. mission and the Legislature, and to keep The sardine-mackerel-anchovy studies the interested public informed. form a of C. To determine the extent of latent part the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries marine resources and to suggest means by Investigations sponsored by the California Marine Research Com? which they can be utilized. mittee. The other are D. To publish the results of research as major participants Institution of and quickly as possible. Scripps Oceanography the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The permanent staff consists of 110 per- This has a wealth sons of whom 44 are professional biologists. investigation provided of information on the and Research vessel crews total 27, another 22 physical biologi? cal are in various classifications concerned with oceanography of the California current system, the value of which far completion of fisheries statistics, and the goes beyond the at hand. renrainder render library, business manage? specific problem Other whenever ment, stenographic and subprofessional programs are, appropri? in services. The staff is agumented seasonally ate, coordinated varying degrees of for- with those of several and with temporary help, chiefly upper divi? mality agencies universities. The Pacific sion or graduate students. The majority Marine Fisheries Commission in of the staff, including 30 biologists, is at particular coordinates work Terminal Island. being done by all Pacific Coast states on resources of common Major long-term research programs are concern. concerned with studying the population Our area of interest includes the entire dynamics of the sardine-mackerel-anchovy marine environment that may influence complex, the albacore and bluefin tunas, the State's fisheries. This extends from shellfisheries (particularly market crab and brackish estuaries well onto the high seas, ocean shrimp), and bottom fisheries (var? and in the case of albacore tuna encom- ious soles and rockfishes). The first two passes the entire north Pacific. Currently, are conducted at Terminal Island, the lat? research at sea is generally confined to ter two at the northern laboratories. areas within 50 miles of the California Smaller short-term projects are presently and Baja California coasts. Occasional 262 Marine Laboratories cruises extend into the Pacific Northwest unit compiles statewide raw data on com- and offshore up to 1,000 miles. mercial fish landings, which have been re? The Department owns two 100-foot re? quired by law since 1916, and compulsory catch search vessels, each with a cruising radius records from the "party boat" fleet of 5,500 miles, and a 50-footer with a 1,400 which carries recreational fishermen for these back to 1936. A mile range. The larger vessels are capable hire, going primary function of this of handling virtually any conventional or unit is to provide fisheries statistics experimental fishing gear, have extensive to the scientific staff in the form most useful to them. It bait-well and refrigerator capacity and are is also in a posi? tion to technical equipped with trawl, hydrographic, and provide assistance to the in bathythermograph winches. Physical ocean? biologists problems involving advanced mathematics and ographic data, except for routine BT's, are statistics. The unit cur- has 402 IBM not usually collected, the staff relying on rently two, tabulators which are for routine but other organizations, particularly Scripps adequate compilations, has available to Institution of Oceanography, for such data. it several advanced com- putors at universities and businesses. Shoreside experimental facilities are very nearby The does limited. The nature of the work is such laboratory not maintain a museum; unusual are that biological data generally are obtained specimens normally deposited in collections. Staff at sea or at landing places of the fishing university members do collect material desired fleets, and the laboratory buildings consist by other organizations whenever largely of office space where the investi- possible. Shoreside facilities are not available to gators can analyze their material. visitors, except for the library. Space is The State Fisheries Laboratory main- occasionally available aboard the research tains a large and complete fisheries library vessels and arrangements can be made to at Terminal Island with good coverage of carry visiting scientists on cruises. the marine sciences generally. It now con? tains some 10,000 volumes and 90,000 un- Addresses: bound publications, and obtains over 400 California State Fisheries serials, largely technical journals, although Laboratory Terminal Island, California trade magazines are well represented. Most of the material is obtained ex- through Department of Fish and Game with change arrangements organizations Menlo Park Laboratory the additional ex- throughout world; 411 Burgess Drive changes are welcomed. The Department Menlo Park, California publishes two scientific serials which carry of Fish and Game marine material: the quarterly California Department Eureka Fish and Game, and the Fish Bulletin Laboratory 127 "G" Street series, issued at irregular intervals. Popu- Eureka, California lar and semitechnical papers appear in the Outdoor and in book- monthly California Department of Fish and Game lets and pamphlets. Pacific Grove Laboratory A biostatistical unit is a significant sec? Hopkins Marine Station tion of the State Fisheries Laboratory. This Pacific Grove, California Cape Haze Marine Laboratory 263 Cape Haze Marine Laboratory CAPE HAZE MARINE LABORATORY EUGENIE CLARK, DlRECTOR At the south end of Siesta Key near Mid- ideal new site was possible through the night Pass, where Little Sarasota Bay meets generosity of the Potter Palmer family. the Gulf of Mexico, stands the Cape Haze The Laboratory is supported with con- Marine Laboratory, an incorporated, non- tributions and membership dues of indi? profit making institution dedicated to basic viduals, foundations, and corporations in- research in the field of biological ocean? terested in marine biology, and research ography. grants from Government agencies con- Founded in 1955 by Alfred Gwynne cerned with oceanography and marine bi? Vanderbilt and William H. Vanderbilt, ology, mainly the National Science Foun? the Laboratory was originally a part of dation and the Office of Naval Research. the Cape Haze development near Placida, The full time staff of the Laboratory Florida, between Sarasota and Fort Myers. consists of an Executive Director, a Col- The Laboratory was moved in 1961 to its lector, a Business Manager and a Secre- present location in the Sarasota area, but tary. As in most marine laboratories, the retained its original name. The move was duties of the resident staff include much necessitated because of construction plans more than is implied by their titles. for the Intercoastal Waterway, and the The Laboratory grounds of about eight 264 Marine Laboratories acres comprise a strip of land covering 800 a science training program was conducted feet along the Gulf of Mexico and running for 14 outstanding secondary school stu? through to an irregular shoreline on Little dents. This program, sponsored by the Sarasota Bay. The Laboratory consists of National Science Foundation and the Selby a main building of approximately 2,150 Foundation, lasted for eight weeks. There square feet and a combination tool house- are no funds available to support visiting workshop of 300 square feet. The main investigators other than funds granted by building has a library-office unit, labora? foundations and similar institutions for tory rooms for staff and guest investigators specific purposes. No living aecommoda- including a reference collection room, an tions are available on the Laboratory aquarium room, and a small dark-room. grounds, but convenient living accommo- dations are available Laboratory facilities and equipment in- nearby. clude running salt water as well as fresh The waters of Little Sarasota Bay and water, a refrigerator, freezer, microscopes, the Gulf of Mexico provide excellent col? scale reader, and most of the standard lecting grounds for the marine biologist. equipment of a field station for marine bio? The Gulf shoreline is of white sand and logical work. The library contains more mixed shell. Shallow reefs of calcareous than 500 bound volumes and 8,000 re- sandstone cemented together mostly by prints on marine biology and related sub? bryozoans and covered with sponges, tuni- jects, and subscribes to 40 journals. The cates and algae are located close to shore Laboratory does not sponsor a formal pe- in the Gulf. There are various inland shal? riodical publication. Its first volume of low bays with sand bars and mangrove collected reprints will be available in late trees. Low tides expose extensive mud flats 1963. An informal newsletter detailing ac? suitable for collecting invertebrates. tivities in is mailed to interested progress To facilitate research projects and ex? several times a persons year. periments in marine biology, the Labora- A boat dock on the bay side of the tory's main project during its first years grounds has facilities for hoisting and of operation was to begin a general survey weighing large marine animals up to 1100 and collection of the local biota. Records pounds. Four pens for housing large ma? were kept of the comman marine animals rine animals, used mostly for sharks, are and plants, their abundance, distribution, connected and open to the bay water seasonal variations, etc. This is a continu- through slatted walls. Near the dock is a ing project, and a sizeable reference col? pressure chamber for experimenting with lection of local marine animals and algae sizeable marine animals (small sharks) at is now available. 150 pressures up to p.s.i. Fish physiology and behavior, with the The Laboratory has a 33-foot boat avail? necessary taxonomic background, has been able for oceanographic work in the Gulf the chief work of the Laboratory staff. of Mexico. Several smaller boats including Sharks have been made a focal point of a specimen tow boat for transportation of many of these studies. Facilities developed large sharks are also available. Outboard at the Laboratory for obtaining and main- motors, nets of various sizes, shark lines taining sharks have drawn numerous visit? and equipment for SCUBA diving are part ing investigators wishing to work with of the Laboratory's field equipment. these fishes. The Laboratory is open all year. Labo? Current staff research programs at the ratory space is mainly for senior investi? Laboratory include experimental tests to gators and their assistants, although some study the behavior of sharks and rays, par? graduate students have studied there and ticularly the ability of various species of occasionally college and high school stu? sharks to develop certain conditioned re? dents study and work as volunteers dur? sponses, make visual discriminations and ing the summer. In the summer of 1962 adjustments to pressure changes. A study Chesapeake Bay Institute 265 of the structure and function of the ab? blood parasites and blood cytochemistry of dominal pores in sharks and rays include sharks and other fishes is another expand- a variety of experimental and histological ing project of staff and visiting investi- techniques. In collaboration with the New gators. England Institute for Medical Research, An increasing number of foreign investi- studies are being conducted on certain gators visit the Laboratory and take part in lipids of shark livers which show poten? the Laboratory's research programs. tialities of increasing resistance to disease The Laboratory may be reached by air, through stimulation of the reticuloendo- train and bus, the terminals of all being thelial system. in Sarasota. Prospective visitors should A study of the hermaphrodite fish, write to the Director, Cape Haze Marine Serranus suhligarius, is one of the major Laboratory, 9501 Blind Pass Road, Sara? projects of the Laboratory. A study of sota, Florida. CHESAPEAKE BAY INSTITUTE AND THE DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY Susan S. Raup The Johns Hopkins University The Chesapeake Bay Institute is a re? search organization affiliated with The Johns Hopkins University; the Depart? ment of Oceanography is within the aca- demic structure of the University. The two organizations can for most purposes be con? sidered as a single research and teaching institute, for they are housed in the same office and laboratory space and share all facilities; the teaching staff of the Depart? ment make up the senior research staff of the Institute. Dr. D. W. Pritchard is both Chairman of the Department and Director of the Institute. Architect's drawing of new research laboratory of CBI was established in 1948 for the pur- Chesapeake Bay Institute to be constructed in 1963. pose of conducting physical and chemical investigations in the Chesapeake Bay and Ph.D. in oceanography was established in its tributaries. Although biological studies 1949. The Johns Hopkins University is at were added shortly, CBI is not, and has present the only institution on the Atlantic never been, primarily a biological station. seaboard between Florida and New York Until recently, field work has been limited which offers a rounded research and gradu? mostly to the Chesapeake Bay, but the ate training program in all three areas of scope is currently being extended to in- chemical, physical, and biological ocean? clude studies of water circulation on the ography. It is planned to add teaching and inner continental shelf and in other estu- research staff personnel in the areas of geo- arine systems on the middle Atlantic coast. logical oceanography and air-sea boundary A curriculum leading to the M.A. and processes as soon as increased office and laboratory space is available. Contribution No. 63 from Chesapeake Bay Insti? tute. Institute personnel include 14 scientists 266 Marine Laboratories on the senior and associate research staff, ment-development laboratory and shop, 17 research assistants and technicians, and and facilities for data reduction. field labora? 22 on the support staff, including captains The Institute maintains a and crew of the research vessels, members tory on the Severn River near Annapolis, less than an hour's drive from of the data reduction and graphic arts campus. The field survey director has his office at groups and secretarial and office personnel. dockside, together with an instrument lab? The teaching staff of the Department num? chemical room, bers six. oratory, shop, preparation and facilities for testing, maintenance, and A of habitats from full variety ranging storage of equipment. sea water to fresh water is available. Col- Largest of the Institute vessels is the lections are made in Institute vessels using 68-foot Maury, designed and built for the no standard techniques. There is perma- Institute in 1950. There are bunks for a nent of with sea system aquaria running crew of three, and four scientists. Ship- water for maintenance of animals, al? board laboratory facilities have recently tanks can be set and sea water though up been expanded considerably and new obtained for special projects. equipment has been installed. Various faunal lists for the Chesapeake The Institute also operates a 39-foot have been Bay published (see Maryland cabin cruiser equipped with chemical and Natural Resource Romeo Bibliography, by electronic oceanographic gear, and several Mansueti, of Re? Maryland Department smaller craft for limnological and shallow- search and Education, Chesapeake Biologi? water studies. cal Resource No. Laboratory, Study Report Construction of a new shore facility, 7, 1955; and of April Bibliography Mary? located on campus close to other science land Fisheries, Frank Schwartz, Chesa? by J. departments, will begin in 1963. Funds Contribution peake Biological Laboratory, in the amount of $1,150,000 have been No. 144, No check- June 1960). up-to-date secured for the building, which will pro? list is available from our laboratory. vide gross floor space of about 35,000 Plankton is the main ecology zoological sq. ft., or nearly triple the present space. research metabolism of area. Uptake and Funds recently obtained will provide trace metals by various planktonic orga? for construction of a $1,300,000 cata- nisms are studied in the being laboratory, maran-hulled experimental research ship for those elements radio- especially having of 150 tons displacement. A preliminary or in isotopes actually potentially present design study for the vessel has been com- the marine environment. A chemical sam? pleted. in the pling program upper Chesapeake Desk space is available for visiting in? has been initiated to the distri? Bay study vestigators, but laboratory facilities for bution and seasonal variation in abun- visitors are very limited at present because dance of the same trace elements used in of lack of space. This situation will be the The laboratory growth experiments. alleviated when the new building is ready field the Insti- special sampling augments for occupancy. There is a University- tute's of regular hydrographic surveys phys? owned apartment building within easy ical and chemical of the properties Bay walking distance of campus. Other living waters. accommodations are arranged on an indi? The Chesapeake Bay Institute and the vidual basis. Research funds are not nor? Department of Oceanography are housed mally available unless the investigator has in Maryland Hall on The Johns Hopkins arranged to collaborate with an Institute University campus in suburban Baltimore. staff member on a project supported by a Here are located staff offices, chemical and research contract or grant. biological laboratories, darkroom and The Institute publishes the following drafting facilities, electronic and instru- report series: Marine Research Laboratory 267 Technical Reports: results of field and but are otherwise similar. laboratory research projects, together with Collected Reprints: bound collections of technical data on analytical procedures staff contributions to scientific journals. and instrumentation. Biological collections are made for re? Data Reports: tabular hydrographic search purposes only. The Institute does data from regular surveys made by Insti? not maintain a museum. Specimens which tute vessels. Data include temperature, should be in a museum are forwarded to salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, such places as the Smithsonian. The Insti? current velocity, phosphate concentration tute is not interested in general exchange and certain minor nutrient components. arrangements with other laboratories, al? Graphical Summary Reports: charts de- though specimens may be requested for picting graphically the vertical and hori- specific research problems. zontal distributions of the same properties Location. Shore Facility: The Johns presented in tabular form as data reports. Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Mary- Special Reports: research results of a land. Field Laboratory: Box 32A, Back specialized nature which receive more lim? Creek and Edgewood Road, Annapolis, ited distribution than technical reports, Maryland (open all year). MARINE RESEARCH LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT John S. Rankin, Jr., Director The Marine Research Laboratory was established in 1957 at Noank as a separate institute within the University. It provides research facilities for staff and graduate students. Research and graduate programs of staff from the main campus at Storrs involve use of the Laboratory throughout the year, or just during the summer months. The Laboratory, therefore, co- operates with any faculty member who is interested in utilizing the facilities for re? search and teaching. It is used regularly The Marine Research Laboratory of the Univer? for field in both undergraduate and trips sity of Connecticut, Noank, Connecticut. Main courses on the main cam? graduate given building facing east to Block Island Sound. pus. Summer courses at the Laboratory are being developed for both undergrad? Mystic River which opens into Fishers uate and graduate students. Island Sound to the south, and Block Facilities are made available to a few Island Sound to the east. It is five miles visiting investigators without charge. from the Thames River, New London, and Those investigators needing special equip? 22 miles from the Connecticut River. It ? ment, including microscopes, must furnish is in a center of marine research Elec? it themselves. Housing will be available tric Boat Division of General Dynamics soon. Corp., Pfizer Pharmaceutical Co., Dow Noank is located at the mouth of the Chemical Co., U. S. Submarine Base, and 268 Marine Laboratories the U. S. Navy Underwater Sound Labora? gear for various climatic factors, portable ? tory all are within ten miles. salinometers, tape recorder, etc. Noank is in a region of varied habitats, There is a new T-shaped 125-foot long from freshwater to open ocean, protected dock, with 50 feet parallel to the channel. estuaries, marshes, mud to rock substrates, The water is 10' deep, MLW. The dock is all of which are easily accessible. Most of equipped with fresh water, electricity, and tide the plants and animals which occur around gauge, and has a float for small boats. Woods Hole are found in relative abun- The Laboratory has a 30-foot dragger- dance. Many of these are well known type vessel equipped with depth recorder, through the early works of Verrill, Smith, bathythermograph and winch, winch for Coe, Conn, Kunkel and Hylander. The hydrographic and biological collecting, as- nearness to other laboratories, the relative sorted nets and trawls, Petterson and Van nearness to the main campus, and the phys? Veen graps, Emery bottom sampler, Clarke- ical and biotic characteristics, make this an Bumpus plankton net, other plankton nets, ideal location to investigate marine Nansen bottles, seines, and gill nets. There problems. are four skiffs and four outboard motors. The Life The main building is a two-story brick Science Building on the main Storrs was in and structure, 55 feet square, separated from campus, completed 1960, excellent and dark- the water's edge by an open concrete deck provides laboratory room about 50 feet square. It has eight large labo? facilities. Recirculating salt water ratory rooms, dark room, histological tech? systems enable marine organisms to be nique room, balance room, two constant maintained over extended periods. Micro- temperature rooms, library, shop and store- scopes and special equipment may be trans? ferred to Noank as needed. The rooms; a continuous flow salt-water sys? Noank is well for tem supplied through plastic pipes with building equipped maintenance and part of the salt-water system being ther- development of research apparatus and mally controlled; chemistry benches in maintenance gear. Its library has a con- three rooms; the deck on the roof houses stantly expanding collection of books in climatology instruments; and, a reference the fields under study, and receives about collection of local fauna and flora for 50 journals. There is also a large collection teaching and research (exchange encour- of reprints, museum bulletins, microfilm aged). Two large laboratory rooms for reader, etc. No publication is available as teaching and research of microbiology and yet, but collected reprints are distributed. ecology are being added to the main build? The activities may be summarized as fol- ing. Two small buildings are used for stor- lows. age of collecting gear and for the salt water Radiation Biology. Accumulation of nu- pumps. Three houses, adiacent to the clides in marine organisms; monitoring or? Laboratory, are being remodeled for rooms ganisms for indications of radioactivity in and apartments. the environment; effect of nuclides on or? Most of the laboratories are supplied ganisms, especially on stages in the life with electricity, air, gas, fresh and salt cycle; development of analytical radio- water. Water tables, aquaria, still, auto- chemical techniques applicable to marine clave, ovens, hoods, etc, and commonly organisms; determination of movements of used laboratory equipment, glassware and nuclides in the marine environment; and chemicals are available. In addition, the correlation of hydrographic and radiobio- Laboratory has a microtome, vacuum oven, logical data. centrifuges, microscopes, pH meters, water Marine Ecology. Vertebrate and inverte? baths, automatic gas-flow Beta counting brate census; food chains, especially in? system, one-inch Nal well-type scintillation vertebrates; effect of salt concentration on system, sediment analysis equipment, fur- animal distribution; life cycles of marine naces, colorimeters, balances, recording organisms; estuaries and marshes as spawn- Marine Research Laboratory 269 ing and nursery grounds; and growth and radioisotopes to follow the metabolic proc? esses. development of benthic communities. Effect of environmental con? Bacteriology. Methods of enumeration Phycology. ditions on the structure of marine of marine bacteria; structure and function algae; distribution of marine algae along the Con- of obligate marine bacteria; cycles of ni? necticut coast; development of herbarium trogen and phosphorus in estuaries; role of marine algae for teaching and research; of coliform bacteria in the economy of and isolation and experimentation of ma? estuaries. rine unicellular algae to compare with non- Coastal and Oceanography Climatology. marine algae. Influence of transient weather conditions Education. During the past ten years, on the of sea water in physical properties the University has conferred four Ph.D tidal tur- estuaries, including temperature, and 14 M.S. degrees based on marine re? and effect of sur? bidity, salinity motions; search. Currently, there are seven Ph.D. face water on the number, temperature and 11 M.S. candidates. This program will and of coastal sum? intensity trajectories be expanded materially as soon as in? mer storms. a to de? Developing program creased laboratory space and housing fa? termine the part played by specific atmos- cilities can be made available. elements on the of pheric variability par? The University will provide for basic ticular sea water toward the properties maintenance and salaries of basic person- fuller understanding of how and why physi- nel as well as limited amounts for labora? in shallow sea cal-chemical changes occur tory equipment and supplies. Most of the water. funds for research staff and equipment Physiology. Receptors in joints of ma? come from outside agencies. rine arthropods; excretion of salts by ma? Address: Marine Research Laboratory, rine organisms; carbon dioxide fixation in University of Connecticut, Noank, Connec- tissues of marine organisms; and the use of ticut. 270 Marine Laboratories Aerial view of Duke University Marine Laboratory DUKE UNIVERSITY MARINE LABORATORY C. G. Bookhout, Director and F. John Vernberg, Assistant Director for Research The Duke University Marine Labora? ance between a teaching and a research tory, which is located on Piver's Island program. The Laboratory facilities are across the Newport River from the his- not only available to all departments of toric town of Beaufort, North Carolina, Duke University, but the program at the was established in 1938 chiefly through the Laboratory also serves the needs of stu? efforts of the late A. S. Pearse. Investi? dents and investigators regionally and gators from the Johns Hopkins University nationally. Seventy-five per cent of the maintained a field station at Beaufort near student body and forty per cent of the re? the end of the last century, and in 1902 search personnel come from colleges and the United States Bureau of Fisheries estab? universities other than Duke University. lished a laboratory at the north end of Administration of the Laboratory is by Piver's Island. As a result of investigations the Director, C. G. Bookhout, the Assistant covering almost 75 years, the area is bio- Director for Research, F. J. Vernberg, the logically well-known. Throughout the Oceanographic Program Director, R. J. years the Laboratory has maintained a bal- Menzies, and by an Executive Committee. Duke University Marine Laboratory 271 invertebrate The Committee is an advisory and policy- off shore. A checklist of the area is available making body consisting of nine members: animals of the Beaufort there are the administrators of the Laboratory, the at a minimal cost. In addition on various marine chairmen of the Botany and Zoology De- published monographs and animal found in the partments and two other staff members plant groups elected annually from each of the two de- region. partments. The Beaufort area is well-known for its the Air The staff of the Laboratory consists of a moderate climate during year. from a mean of 9?C director, three faculty members in resi- temperatures range winter a mean of 27?C dence throughout the year, two post-doc- in the to during water toral research associates, five graduate stu? the summer. The average tempera? dents, twelve research assistants, two secre- ture during August is 27? while this value taries, a stockroom man, and three mainte- during January is 7?C. nance men. The staff members hold aca- At present the physical plant consists of fifteen four a din- demic appointments in the appropriate buildings: dormitories, a a university departments and direct student ing hall, two residences, boathouse, and four research for the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. classroom-laboratory building laboratories with Beaufort is approximately midway be? air-conditioned research tween Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and approximately 10,000 square feet of floor A will Miami, Florida. Cape Hatteras, which is space. new oceanographic building build? 75 miles away, marks the northern bound? be added in 1963. The laboratory sea-water ary of the distributional range of many ings are equipped with running hard rubber and line southern species and the southern bound? from a plastic sys? available for ary of many northern plants and animals. tem. Equipment is photo- ex? The edge of the Gulf Stream system is micrography, histological studies, and about 35 miles offshore, and between it perimental investigations. In addition to and the shore are occasional reefs. The commonly used laboratory equipment, the cen- Laboratory is strategically located for bio? following are available: refrigerated Beck- logical research because of the richness of trifuge with multispeed attachments, its flora and fauna, and the ease with man DU spectrophotometer, balances, pH which one can reach a variety of habitats. meters, hoods, and constant temperature One can collect throughout the year in equipment. A 27-foot boat, row boats, the extensive sounds, bays, and estuaries outboard motors and collecting gear are and, on calm days, in the open ocean also available for study of inshore habitats, done from which is only I14 miles from the Labora? while trawling and dredging is tory. Creeks, mud flats, sand beaches, a 39-foot power boat. In the summer of for dune, marshes, peat bogs, cypress swamps, 1964, a 118-foot vessel, well-equipped bird islands and rookeries, and coastal for- all kinds of biological oceanography, will the ests can be reached quickly. The salinity be available through a grant from of the water of Beaufort Harbor is ordi- National Science Foundation. The grant narily similar to that of the ocean, and the will support a cooperative program for moderate climate of the region provides training and research in various phases of for a long breeding season of such com- biological oceanography. The chief area monly-used research material as Fundulus, to be studied will be from the shore sea urchins, sand dollars, Chaetopterus, through the Gulf Stream to the deep water Sabellaria, Nereis, oysters, clams, hydroids, beyond the edge of the continental shelf southward to etc. The inshore area is populated mainly and from the Virginia Capes by subtropical species, but some boreal Florida. In addition to three unheated and tropical forms are also found. Tropi- dormitories, a 13-room air-conditioned and cal plants and animals characteristic of the heated dormitory has been recently com- West Indies can be collected 10 to 20 miles pleted. Housing for families can be ob- 272 Marine Laboratories tained in Beaufort and Morehead City, of marine animals with special emphasis one and two miles away respectively. on physiological characteristics of latitudi- There are 3,000 volumes and in journals nally separated populations; and, with the the library, as well as 6,500 Books reprints. recent appointment of a biological ocean- and journals not at the Laboratory can ographer, studies are planned on deep sea usually be obtained within 48 hours from organisms. Staff members and graduate the excellent library on the main Duke students from the Durham campus are en- campus. gaged in research in the following general All courses offered at the Laboratory are areas: ecology, physiology, mycology and intended for graduate students and seniors. algae, systematic parasitology, embryology, Marine Ecology, Physiological Ecology and and invertebrate zoology. Marine Invertebrate Zoology are offered Funds are available a every summer, whereas Marine Mycology through grant from the National Science Foundation for and Marine Algae are given in alternate the of and in? summers. At present, oceanography is of? support pre- post-doctoral The awards are fered every third year, but with increased vestigators. post-doctoral available for twelve weeks' research in emphasis in Biological Oceanography at Marine This work be car- the Laboratory, course work can be ex? Biology. may ried out at time the calendar pected more often. In addition to the any during graduate courses, a National Science year. Foundation sponsored Institute in Marine Piver's Island is 150 yards across a chan- Biology is offered for college teachers. nel from the historic town of Beaufort. From U. S. To date most of the research programs Highway 70 the island is read- at the Laboratory have been concerned ily accessible by a traffic bridge. The closest with flora and fauna of estuaries, salt permanent commercial airport is in New marshes, and inshore shallow waters. Proj- Bern, 40 miles away. Bus service is avail? ects of the permanent resident staff are as able to the area. Arrangements for research follows: rearing crustaceans and other in? facilities should be made with the Assistant vertebrates under various combinations of Director for Research, Duke University environmental factors; physiological adap? Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, N. C. prior tation of parasites; physiological ecology to arrival. OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE, FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY Albert Coixier, Director The Oceanographic Institute was estab- need of its facilities. The Oceanographic lished in 1949 in the newly organized Institute was established to train students Florida State University which had for- on the graduate level in the several phases merly been Florida State College for Wom? of the marine sciences, and to be a focal en. At first the Oceanographic Institute point for basic marine science research. was in the School of Arts and Sciences; The staff of the Oceanographic Institute for the several past years it has been in consists of the director, four senior faculty the Graduate School of Florida State Uni? appointees, and a supporting staff includ? The versity. Alligator Harbor Marine ing administrative assistant, secretary, is a field unit Laboratory of the Oceano? maintenance personnel, technicians, and Institute graphic and serves all depart? graduate assistants. ments of Florida State University having Although the Oceanographic Institute Oceanographic Institute 273 functions as a permanent and full-time urchins, Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia agency of F.S.U., the Alligator Harbor punctulata should be mentioned. Over laboratory has served principally as a sum? forty species of sponges have been found mer teaching installation. However, re? in the harbor and the adjacent Gulf of search, field trips, and collecting, con- Mexico area. An annotated checklist has ducted on a year-round basis, use the fa? been duplicated for the fauna (and flora) cilities and a full maintenance staff is of the region. It is presently being revised housed on the grounds and keeps the fa? to include many new species which have cilities in readiness at all times. been identified since the last edition in The location is in a coastal area on the 1956. An incomplete collection of animals Northwest coast of Florida, characterized has been accumulated, but is not main? by rolling and forested seafront inter- tained in formal museum fashion. with small spersed embayments. Alligator Present investigations are in the fields Harbor has no river and since discharge, of neurophysiology, taxonomy, maricul- rainfall does not exceed usually evapora- ture, diatom and dinoflagellate nutrition, the variations follow those of tion, salinity and embryology. the nearby Gulf of Mexico (28 to 35?/00). The laboratory building is 30' X 100' The water is relatively shallow, and and contains a student laboratory with a the bottom material is composed of capacity of about 15 students, five individ? various portions of sand and mud with ual research areas, and a storage room. sand predominating. There are no rock Electricity, fresh water, air conditioning formations except a few limestone out- and heating, running sea-water, small in the Gulf of Mexico. croppings adjacent boats, and harbor are available. In The fauna in Harbor and the pier, Alligator addition to the there Gulf is varied. The bottle- laboratory building adjacent quite are two residence a small dor- nose truncatus is buildings, dolphin Tursops usually a limited a seen and in the harbor mitory (with kitchen), repair feeding playing and sheds. A series of waters as well as outside in the Gulf. The shop, storage ponds with controlled tidal flow have been built fauna includes the loggerhead turtle, Ca? for experimental studies on shellfish popu? re tta caretta; the diamond-backed terrapin, lations. Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota; the lancelet, Branchiostoma cariboeum. Most Visiting investigators can be accommo- dated but no funds are fish in the harbor leave for deeper, more by arrangement, available for that stable water during the colder months. purpose. During the warmer months, the mullet, Reprints of many papers published by Mugil cephalus, the spot, Leistomus xan- past and present staff members are avail? thurus and many other species abound. able, but no formal laboratory publication or Several species of sharks and rays are "collected reprints" have been pro? usually abundant during the warmer duced. months. The arthropods include Limulus Location. Alligator Harbor is located polyphemus as well as many species of 43 miles south of Tallahassee and is best the latter Crustacea; among are the com- reached by auto from that city if ap- mercial species of shrimps and crabs. proached from the north. From the east There is a large variety of mollusks, in? or west, it can most easily be reached from cluding Octopus vulgaris, and the oyster U. S. 98. The postal address for the Ocean? Crassostrea virginica forms extensive inter- ographic Institute is: Oceanographic In? tidal reefs in the harbor. Other phyla are stitute, Florida State University, Talla? well represented; of the echinoderms, sea hassee, Florida, U. S. A. 274 Marine Laboratories Fort Johnson Marine Biological Laboratory FORT JOHNSON MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON N. A. Chamberlain, Director The Fort Johnson Marine Biological erated throughout the year. Existing fa? Laboratory was founded by the College of cilities include residences, workshops, a Charleston, a private liberal arts college, warehouses, docking facilities, dormitory, and a One-half of the in 1955. The laboratory and accompany- hospital building. hospital building has been re- ing facilities occupy a portion of the for? completely conditioned and converted into air-condi- mer Quarantine Station for the Port of tioned research facilities consisting of three Charleston located on a forty acre pen- laboratory rooms, three offices, an instru- insula near the entrance to Charleston ment room, a tiled sterile transfer room, a harbor, and were obtained from the Fed- glassware kitchen, and storage rooms. A eral Government under a twenty year lecture room and a student laboratory are Quit-Claim deed. The laboratory was used for teaching. Housing has recently planned originally for undergraduate in- been completed for six visiting investiga? struction in marine and research biology tors and fifteen students. in marine microbiology, but the research The biological sciences libraries of the interests of the now include de? laboratory Medical College of South Carolina and and studies of lar? velopmental ecological the Charleston Museum are available in val invertebrates and the development, Charleston. ecology, and distribution of marine fishes. Surrounding the laboratory grounds are The staff consists of three permanent esturine intertidal oyster bars, mud flats, and three maintenance biologists person- sand flats, and Spartina marsh. The open nel. Technical assistants are drawn from ocean and the beaches of sea islands are the of Charleston a stu? College through two miles away. The extensive exposed dent research participation program. rock jetties on each side of the mouth of Teaching and research facilities are op- Charleston harbor provide an unusual Friday Harbor Laboratories 275 local rocky habitat. line, train, bus, or highway. Mailing ad- The laboratory is located ten miles by dress: Director, Fort Johnson Marine Bio? good roads from Charleston, South Caro? logical Laboratory, R.F.D. No. 1, Charles? lina. Charleston may be reached by air- ton, South Carolina. New Research Laboratory, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington FRIDAY HARBOR LABORATORIES, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Robert L. Fernald, Director The Friday Harbor Laboratories, the study of the region by Professors Trevor field laboratories for the study of the ma? Kincaid and H. R. Foster. The choice was rine sciences at the University of Wash? determined on the basis of the favorable ington, are located on the eastern shores characteristics of these inshore waters. The of San Juan Island near the town of Friday region is remarkably rich in marine flora Harbor. San Juan Island is one of the and fauna. The diversity of species and largest of the 172 islands of the San Juan abundance of individuals of both plants Archipelago located near the eastern end and animals were important consider- of the Straits of Juan de Fuca, approxi? ations. Within relatively short distance are mately 80 miles from the main campus of sea waters varying from oceanic to those the University in Seattle. The Laboratories highly diluted by streams but free of in- may be reached from Seattle by ear or bus dustrial pollution, with depths of over 200 and a ferry from Anacortes, Washington. fathoms, bottoms varying from rock to This trip requires about four hours, while mud, and water movements ranging from a scheduled or chartered flight takes 45 those of quiet bays and lagoons to those minutes. of swift tidal channels. A twelve foot tide This general location for the marine sta? may expose a wide beach of diverse charac- tion was selected in 1903 after careful ter?rock, gravel, sand, or mud. The many 276 Marine Laboratories diverse ecological situations accommodate graphic darkrooms, special holding tanks an abundance of forms for ecological, de? and aquaria, cold room, microtechnique velopmental, experimental, morphological, room, conference and reading room, stock- and systematic work. room, academic shop, radio-isotope room, In common with the rest of the Pacific and rooms for synoptic collections and spe? cial An effort is made Northwest and Puget Sound Basin, the equipment. being to the laboratories to meet the basic climate is mild; freezing temperatures and equip snow are rare in winter and the summers and diverse needs for research in the vari? ous marine sciences. are cool and pleasant. The sea water tem? perature varies throughout the year by The several laboratories are now pro- about six degrees C. The annual rainfall vided with an abundant flow of sea water in the Friday Harbor area is under 25 of exceptional quality and free from metal- inches. lic contamination. Three separate systems In the summer of 1904 Professor Kin- are used; the lines of two are of Pyrex the third of The con- caid was joined by Professor T. C. Frye in glass, polyethylene. tinuous flow are maintained organizing an instructional program in systems by hard-rubber marine biology, and the Puget Sound Bio? electrically-driven centrifugal to small tanks to logical Station was founded. The activity pumps glass-lined placed a constant head of for was temporarily housed in a fish cannery provide pressure flow to the various and sea until 1910, when the original laboratory gravity aquaria water tables in the laboratories. These sea was constructed on a four acre plot to the water are one of the as- south of the town of Friday Harbor. The systems important sets of the Laboratories, and make Station early outgrew its limited grounds, Friday Harbor a favorable for de? and in 1921 President Warren G. Harding uniquely place and ceded to the University of Washington the velopmental experimental investiga? tions. 484 acres of a military preserve across the bay for the development of a marine labo? The library, admirably housed in the ratory. This is the present site of the Fri? new research laboratory, contains over day Harbor Laboratories. This area and 8,000 volumes of standard references and all the marine waters of the San Juan research journals. A number of valuable Archipelago was declared a marine bio? monographs and expedition reports are logical and game preserve by the State of included in the listing. A librarian is in Washington, and in 1923 placed, for con- attendance during the summer, and coop- servation purposes, under the jurisdiction eration with the libraries on the Seattle of the director of the laboratory. campus assures ready availability of books Construction on the new site was begun and reference journals from the campus in 1923, and the first laboratories were system. occupied in the summer of 1924. The six No collecting service is operated by the hollow tile laboratory buildings of ap? Laboratories. However, a 55-foot power proximately 1,500 square feet each, built boat, the M. V. Hydah, is under char- in this period and designed mainly for ter to the Laboratories and is avail? summer occupancy, housed the research able to investigators and classes for dredg- and teaching activities of the station until ing, net hauls, plankton towing, current recently. In June of 1962 a modern re? measurements, and water sampling. The search laboratory, funded largely by a successful utilization of this boat is in no grant from the National Science Founda? small measure dependent upon the skill tion, was completed. Two buildings (120' and fund of information of its skipper, X 42' and 44' X 34') of two stories each, Captain Cleave Vandersluys, who has been designed for year round use, in addition associated with the operation since 1947. to providing research space for a number Smaller boats, skiffs and outboard motors of investigators, house the library, photo- provide transport to nearby islands and Friday Harbor Laboratories 277 beaches for shallow water work and shore established a significant link between ac? collecting. An official tidal station is oper? tivities of the Seattle campus and the ated in cooperation with the U. S. Coast Laboratories, and are making increased and Geodetic Survey. Aside from the di? use of the facilities of the Laboratories rector, the permanent staff is limited to with each year. non-academic and a personnel?a secretary It has been the policy of the Labora? maintenance staff of four. tories to appoint over one-half of the in- From 1904 on the scientific program has structional staff from institutions other been conceived as serving a two-fold pur- than the University of Washington. It has pose: the training of students, and provid- thus been possible to enrich the program ing an opportunity for independent re? of instruction immensely by inviting dis- search in the marine sciences. From that tinguished marine scientists from other early period to the present the major em- universities in this country and abroad to phasis and activity has been in the areas participate in the training of selected of marine biology. However, aspects of graduate students. The program has bene- chemical and physical oceanography as fited inestimably from this policy. well as oceanographic meteorology have In regard to the selection of students to been a of the part program for many years. participate in the summer program, the Currently the instructional program is policy of the Laboratories emphasizes the designed to provide training for graduate importance of "academic excellence." Stu? students although an occasional highly dents from all sections of the country have qualified undergraduate may be admitted. been welcomed. However, all are screened Traditionally, instruction is offered in two carefully and impartially on the basis of five-week sessions during the summer. In academic qualifications, recommendation an effort to accommodate more of the of major professors, and appropriateness qualified graduate students seeking train? of the training to the overall educational ing at the marine station, and to utilize program of the applicant. Financial as- more fully the facilities of the laboratories, sistance has been available to qualified a program of courses is being offered dur? graduate students under a grant from the ing Spring Quarter of 1963. The formal National Science Foundation. courses offered are developed in close co? The administration of the Friday Har? operation with and sponsorship by the fol? bor Laboratories attempts to encourage the lowing departments from the University: fullest and most diverse use of the facilities Botany (Algology, Algal Physiology and for marine research by independent in? Marine Mycology), Atmospheric Sciences vestigators. Research is not programmed (Sea-air Transfer Processes), Fisheries (Bi? in the sense of emphasis of restricted areas ology of Marine Fishes), Oceanography ?the acceptance of investigators rests on (Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Ecol? the appropriateness of the investigation to ogy), and Zoology (Intermediate and Ad? a marine facility, the quality of the pro- vanced Invertebrate Zoology, Invertebrate posal, and the availability of appropriate Embryology and Physiology). space. Excessive demands upon the bio? There is on the permanent staff of the logical resources of the region are not en- University a corps of approximately fifteen couraged or tolerated. Utilization of the faculty members who have continuing pro? facilities of the laboratories for research grams of research at the Laboratories and throughout the year is encouraged, and a provide continuity and stability to the in? limited amount of financial assistance for structional program. The contribution of research activities has been available. this group to the Laboratories goes beyond The Puget Sound Biological Station the participation in formal instruction in sponsored a publication series, Publica? the summer program. They and their tions of the Puget Sound Biological Sta? graduate students at the University have tion, from 1915 through 1931. Since that 278 Marine Laboratories time no publication series has been spon- ing various administrative and mainte? sored by the Laboratories. In recent years nance units is appointed to advise the di? rector on non-academic matters. two important international symposia have Since their establishment in the been held at Friday Harbor. The first was 1904, Friday Harbor Laboratories have been held in September 1957; the proceedings supported in large measure from funds were published by the University of Wash? allocated from the regular budget of the ington Press in 1959?Marine Boring and University of Washington. Consistent with Fouling Organisms, edited by Dixy Lee the policies of a state university, tuition Ray. The second in May 1960 emphasized fees for the instructional program, charges recent in developments neurophysiology, to visiting investigators, as well as living and the were in proceedings published costs have been kept minimal. It may be 1961 Press ? Nervous Inhi? by Pergamon anticipated that these attitudes will be bition, edited Ernst by Florey. maintained, and that every effort will be The Friday Harbor Laboratories are made to extend the activities of the Labo? administered as an independent unit un? ratories with special emphasis placed on der the Dean of the Graduate School of an expansion of the use of these facilities the University of Washington. An advisory during other than the summer months. committee appointed by the Dean advises Summer mailing address: Friday Har? the director in matters of policy. This bor Laboratories, University of Washing? committee is representative of the depart- ton, Friday Harbor, Washington. ments of the University involved in the Winter mailing address: Friday Harbor academic program of the Laboratories. In Laboratories, University of Washington, addition a facilities committee represent- Seattle 5, Washington. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory 279 The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory THE GULF COAST RESEARCH LABORATORY Gordon Gunter, Director In 1936 Dr. R. L. Caylor brought stu? lege, Millsaps College, and William Carey dents on field trips to the coast from Delta College). Five out-of-state institutions are State College, Cleveland, Mississippi. The afnliated with the Laboratory by special tradition grew, and in the summers of contract. They list the courses, register 1947 and 1948 courses in marine biology their students, and pay a fee depending were taught at Magnolia State Park by upon the number of students. Louisiana the Mississippi Academy of Sciences. In State University furnishes one instructor 1949 the Legislature established the Labo? and contributes a nominal sum for sup? ratory under the Board of Trustees of the port. The other out-of-state institutions Institutions of Higher Learning, which are: Louisiana Northwestern State College, controls all public colleges of Mississippi. Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, Louisiana Forty acres of land on Davis Bay were Northeastern State College, and Missouri purchased and surplus property buildings Northwestern State College. were moved to the site. The courses are advanced and require The Laboratory teaches the marine sci? considerable prerequisites. Courses given ences for the public colleges of the State are: Physical Marine Geology, Chemical (the University of Mississippi, Mississippi Marine Geology, Problems in Geology, In? State University, the University of South? troduction to Marine Botany, Introduction ern Mississippi, and Delta State College), to Marine Zoology, Marine Invertebrate and the private institutions (Belhaven Col- Zoology, Marine Vertebrate Zoology and 280 Marine Laboratories Ichthyology, and Problems in Zoology. are shelled, seeded, and sometimes trans? and sea- During the 1962 session seventy-one stu? planted; and the shrimp oyster sons are the Commission. dents were registered. regulated by the fiscal 1959-60 and 60-61 Two staff members teach. Additionally, During years was the summer teachers come from Hamline Uni? Mississippi oyster production largest ever. versity, Louisiana State University, Mill- Two biologists have been concerned the of Alabama, saps College, University with racial studies of the menhaden, which the University of Southern Mississippi, and supports the largest fishery in the Gulf and Vanderbilt University. Classes are held which yielded one billion pounds in 1961. only in the summer, but a student may The life history, the species catch of the work on a master's or a doctor's thesis dur? fishery, the gonadal cycle of the menhaden, ing the whole year. A Summer Institute and the geographic distribution of the for selected high school students and teach? three Gulf species have been studied. A ers is given at the Laboratory by Louisi? bibliography and a review of menhaden ana State University; it is supported by biology have been published. This work the National Science Foundation. was supported by the U. S. Fish and Wild- During the 1961-62 college year 46 col? life Service. in and bi? lege field-trip groups geology One biologist conducted a two year from Tennessee, Alabama, ology Kansas, quantitative faunistic study of the waters and Louisiana made Arkansas, trips by of Grand Isle, Louisiana. Several species boat into the Gulf of Mexico. Quarters new to the northern Gulf, some new to and boat are free. trips provided Living the Gulf, and one new species of fish were and working quarters are furnished free discovered. to visitors and workers. professional Another biologist has been concerned A research staff of seven people and a with fish which survive extreme injuries. non-technical staff of six people, three of Descriptions of the fishes with develop? them half-time workers, remain at the mental abnormalities, many of which grow Laboratory all the year round. The tech? and survive as virtual monstrosities have nical staff consists of one geologist, one been compiled. There is a bibliography physical oceanographer, and five biologists. of 750 papers on the subject, and speci? and records are With support from the Office of Naval mens, photographs, being collected from all available sources. Research, the physical oceanographer has been studying distribution of water of the A taxonomic revision of the naked, Mississippi River and current patterns in broad soles has been carried out through the Gulf. The influx of tropical animals a grant from the Society of the Sigma Xi. into the northeastern Gulf has been ex? With the help of oil company geologists, on the basis of current and wind plained who made corings and bottom sediment and it has been shown that about patterns, studies of Mississippi Sound and the ad? of River water east- 25% Mississippi goes jacent Gulf, a study of the distribution of while the remainder westward. ward, goes amphioxus was made. It was estimated The geologist has been concerned with that several hundred million or possibly various problems of sedimentation, such even a few billion amphioxus live in the ? as the movements of the sand spits these Sound. lash about over a of a few period weeks, During the summer, ten to fifteen inves? the forces of the depending upon winds, tigators are given small grants through sup? and tides. currents, port from the National Science Founda? One staff biologist is a member of the tion. Others with their own grants are Mississippi Marine Conservation Commis- given a place to work. During the past sion, and spends full time with the oyster four summers biochemists from the Uni? reefs and shrimp populations. The reefs versity of Mississippi School of Medicine Gulf Coast Research Laboratory 281 have worked at Ocean Springs on fishes* room, and men's dormitories. Two other blood. dormitories, one for men and one for The Laboratory has established its own women, will house 20 people each. One journal, Gulf Research Reports, and three of the small wooden buildings is used as issues have been printed. There is a small a shop and storeroom, the other as a chem- but rapidly growing library with emphasis istry laboratory. A brick research building, upon the reprint collection. constructed in 1952, contains six work tables and four water tables with The Laboratory also has a museum into running which most of the common animals of the seawater, and the administrative offices. A brick in northern Gulf of Mexico have already been teaching laboratory, completed consists of two rooms which accessioned. Examples of all animals and 1956, large contain water tables and plants of the whole Gulf will be acquired eight eighteen work and a smaller labora? eventually. tables, botany tory with four work tables. In summer the been BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT Laboratory has over-crowded. The 1962 Session of the The consists of acres of property forty Mississippi Legislature voted a bond issue woodland on which a summer home large for a $400,000 research building to be and two small were when buildings present erected within two years. it was Three wooden acquired. buildings, The Laboratory has a 38-foot steel, from Armed surplus property Services, diesel-powered trawler. A 65-foot T-boat, were moved onto the land in 1951. One recently acquired through the Surplus of these is the caretaker's One was cottage. Property Agency, is being renovated at a made into a kitchen and hall, and dining cost of approximately $120,000. another was made into a marine labora? From 1955 to the end of the fiscal year The same now houses the tory. building 1961, Laboratory support was about half museum and a modernized midsection is from outside contracts and half from the used as a It also con? teaching laboratory. State of Mississippi. The budget has quad- tains a darkroom and one office. rupled since 1955. The summer home contains offices for Address: Gulf Coast Research Labora? the oceanographer and geologist, one class- tory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. 282 Marine Laboratories Hawaii Marine Laboratory HAWAII MARINE LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII Albert H. Banner, Director The official founding of the Hawaii all marine sciences; however, the emphasis Marine Laboratory by the University of is still upon marine zoology. Administra- Hawaii was in 1951, but the Laboratory tively, the Laboratory is a separate depart? was a direct outgrowth of the University's ment under the Director of Research of Waikiki Laboratory (Cooke Memorial Lab? the University, with a separate budget ad- oratory) which was put into use in 1921. ministered by the Director of the Labor? The Laboratory now has two sites: one at atory. Waikiki, in Honolulu; and one at Coconut While the Laboratory has no permanent Island, in Kaneohe Bay. Originally, the scientific staff and offers no courses, its Laboratory was a branch of the Depart? facilities may be used by any faculty mem- ment of Zoology, but after 1951, it broad- ber or graduate student for marine research ened its base, supporting the research of and as a base for field trips in any marine Hawaii Marine Laboratory 283 science. The actual staff of the Marine ground in December, 1961, and at present Laboratory consists only of the half-time working space is extremely limited. How? director and the civil service maintenance ever, two new laboratory buildings are personnel. However, the facilities were planned for Coconut Island, and these will used at least in part by 20 University staff contain an estimated ten to twelve thou- members and 40 graduate students during sand square feet of laboratory space; the the academic year of 1960-61, and during first building of two thousand square feet that period six senior and junior staff will be completed in the spring of 1963, members, not otherwise connected with the the second, in mid-1964. There will be no University, were employed on staff research space for visitors until both laboratories projects while 26 visiting investigators also are completed. In the new facilities, space worked at the Laboratory. and equipment will be available for most The main branch of the Hawaii Marine types of marine biological work. Labora? Laboratory is located on Coconut Island, tories in both locations have a running sea- in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, in the center of the water system; at Coconut Island there are most flourishing coral reef community of also large tidal ponds for studies on larger the Hawaiian Islands. Near the Labora? fish. The Laboratory at Coconut Island tory are several types of coral reefs, coral- maintains a 46-foot research vessel, two sand flats, mud flats, mangrove swamps, 22-foot personnel boats, and a number of deeper channels, and deep mud-bottomed outboard-powered skiffs for research pur- bays; within 20 minutes from the Labora? poses. tory lies the open Pacific Ocean, dropping Living accommodations are usually ob? rapidly off into water several miles deep. tained by visitors either in Honolulu or The marine fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, in the shore-side community of Kaneohe; while not as rich as some of the more trop- the Laboratory has three small apartments ical ? and inaccessible ? Pacific Islands, on Coconut Island which are rented at a is an example of the great Indo-West- nominal fee to graduate students and to Pacific fauna, and contains representatives visiting investigators without families. of most of the groups of this fauna. The The Laboratory has no funds to support best introduction to the shallow-water visitors, and for visitors there is a charge fauna of the Hawaiian Islands is C. H. of $25 per person per month to cover lab? Edmonson's Reef and Shore Fauna of oratory space and transportation to the Hawaii (Bishop Museum Special Publ. 22, island. $6.00). The Hawaii Marine Laboratory issues The research carried on at the Hawaii annually its collected reprints and the Uni? Marine Laboratory is diverse, and varies versity publishes Pacific Science, a quar- from year to year. Almost all of it centers terly devoted in part to marine sciences in on the biology of reef and inshore animals; the Pacific basin. Both are available on systematics, embryology, ecology, behavior, exchange. and physiology of both invertebrates and The Laboratory maintains a small ref? fishes are currently being studied. Current erence collection of local marine animals; research programs with national-agency however, the Laboratory and the Uni? support include studies on toxicity of ma? versity have a cooperative agreement with rine fishes, ecological succession on sub- the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, which has marine lava flows, investigation of trophic larger and more extensive collections. levels by means of isotopic tracers, studies The Waikiki Laboratory is on Waikiki in marine parasitology, etc. Beach, about three miles from the Univer? In the Waikiki Laboratory there are two sity Campus; Coconut Island is 15 miles teaching laboratories and four individual from the campus, and workers from the research rooms; at Coconut Island the campus may ride to the dock in Labora? main laboratory building burned to the tory vehicles and be transported to the 284 Marine Laboratories Laboratory by water taxis in scheduled Director, Hawaii Marine Laboratory, Uni? trips. The laboratories are operative the versity of Hawaii, Honolulu 14, Hawaii. year around. Mail may be addressed to Contribution No. 191, Hawaii Marine Laboratory ; $gNM*?*&?9? The Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, and a portion of the adjacent shoreline protected by state law as a marine life refuge and study area. The buildings shown include the Jacques Loeb Laboratory (center), the Marinostat (right), and the pumphouse and storage tank for sea water (left). THE HOPKINS MARINE STATION OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY Donald P. Abbott, Assistant Director The Hopkins Marine Station is the staff members hold academic appointments oldest marine laboratory on the U. S. in the Department. The orientation of the Pacific Coast. Founded in 1892 and ori- work is primarily biological rather than ginally housed in frame buildings, the oceanographic. The activities of the lab? laboratory moved to its present site in oratory include teaching, research, and 1917. The station occupies a rocky prom- graduate training in several areas of ma? ontory on the southern shore of Monterey rine biology. Bay, and holds title to about 11 acres of The areas of interest of the present sci? land on and around the point. The area entific staff are as follows: physiology of is fenced, and both shoreline and waters algae, ichthyology, biological oceanogra? 1,000 feet to sea are protected by law phy, microbiology, physiology of marine as a marine life refuge and study area. invertebrates, marine invertebrate zoology, The marine station is open the year comparative biochemistry and immunol- round. Administratively, it operates under ogy of marine organisms, marine algae. its own director as a division of Stanford Additional staff members are appointed to University, and is financed partly through aid with summer teaching. A technical endowment income from the Timothy staff of eight includes an administrative Hopkins Trust. Academically, it operates assistant, secretaries, boat operator, and as a branch of the Department of Bio? maintenance and custodial personnel. logical Sciences of the University, and all Present facilities ashore include three Hopkins Marine Station 285 main buildings housing rooms for research invertebrate phyla are within easy reach, and teaching. These buildings are equip- among which the sponges, hydroids, sea with conducted in ped running seawater, anemones, bryozoam, polychaetes, molluscs, lead or plastic piping. The Alexander crustaceans, echinoderms, and tunicates a concrete Agassiz Laboratory, three-story are particularly conspicuous and abundant. structure built in 1917 and renovated in The commoner shore forms are listed in 1960, provides space and equipment for Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central Cali? and research the and teaching on biology fornia Coast by Light, Smith, Pitelka, marine and ecology of invertebrates, fishes, Abbott, and Weesner (Univ. Calif. Press). The concrete algae. two-story Jacques The echinoderms Strongylocentrotus, Den- Loeb Laboratory, constructed in 1928 with draster, and Patiria, and the echiuroid funds from the Rockefeller Foundation Urechis provide useful materials for the rooms and other facilities for ex? provides experimental embryologist. More than 50 work on the and perimental physiology species of fishes may be taken by dipnet of marine biochemistry animals, plants, along the shore, and many others are avail? and and houses the sta- microorganisms, able farther out. Bathypelagic organisms tion's sizeable A third specialized library. are obtained by midwater trawl in the main the constructed building, Marinostat, Monterey Submarine Canyon, which pro? in 1962 with funds from the National Sci? vides depths of more than a mile within ence contains facilities Foundation, special 7 miles of the station. The algal flora is for controlled environment studies in both rich and varied, and includes not only the and small work rooms. large laboratory larger brown kelps but also a host of features include six darkrooms and Special smaller forms listed in Marine Algae of a seawater refrigerated system, permitting the Monterey Peninsula by G. M. Smith to be raised under different re- organisms (Stanford Univ. Press). Approximately of and illumination. gimes temperature 80% of the algal species reported between Future call for the control of addi? plans Puget Sound and southern California oc? tional variables. Other structures include cur in the area. Identified specimens of a marine a greenhouse, shop, pumphouses, most species may be consulted in the G. M. sea water storage tanks, and outdoor con? Smith Herbarium at the station. The habi- crete for marine pools larger organisms. tats represented in the station area include Most of the present work of the station granite reefs and outcroppings, protected involves studies on shallow water and shore channels and tidepools, sandy beaches, and organisms. Skiffs are available for work offshore kelp beds, while within a radius offshore, and two diesel powered vessels of a few miles one may visit intertidal mud are available for work in deeper water. flats, brackish estuaries, brine pools, and The Tage, a 40.5-ft. launch equipped protected harbor floats and pilings. Ponds, with winch and 1,000 meters of 14-inch brooks and rivers are also accessible. is used for and cable, tow-netting, trawling, During the 10-week summer session the in A dredging Monterey Bay. larger vessel, station offers courses in the following the 135-ft. schooner Te diesel-powered fields: natural history of marine animals, of much cruises, con? Vega, capable longer marine algae, marine invertebrates, embry- tains laboratories for research and gradu? ology, ecological physiology, ichthyology, ate in training biological oceanography. physiology of algae, and comparative bio- 1963-64 this will During ship participate chemistry of marine organisms. Except for in the International Indian Ocean Expe- the offering in natural history, courses are dition. designed primarily for graduate students The shore and waters in the immediate in the biological sciences, but qualified vicinity of the laboratory provide a rich teachers and undergraduates are also ac- variety of marine life for study and inves? cepted. During the summer when nearly tigation. Representatives of most of the 100 students and staff are in residence at 286 Marine Laboratories the station, space for visiting investigators for reprints of published work done at the is very limited. During the remainder of station should be directed to the investi- concerned. the year, the resident staff and some 15-20 gator The is reached graduate students carry on their research. laboratory easily by Grey- hound bus Pacific or Visiting investigators are therefore encour- (to Grove) by plane (to Monterey Airport). The station does aged to come during the fall, winter, and not provide housing for students or inves? spring seasons. Funds for the support of tigators, but rooms, apartments, and motel visiting workers are not generally available facilities are available the year around from the station. within a few minutes walking distance of An information bulletin describing the the laboratory. All communications re- facilities and program in greater detail is lating to the use of space and facilities at available on request. The laboratory does the laboratory should be addressed to The not publish a journal of its own, nor does Director, Lawrence R. Blinks, Hopkins it issue sets of collected reprints. Requests Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California. The Vema, one of the ships of the Lamont Geological Observatory LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Paul R. Burkholder, Chairman, Biology Program The biology program of Lamont Geo- organisms which serve to illuminate prob? logical Observatory was initiated several lems in sedimentation, climatology, and years ago with intensive studies of marine various biological processes connected with plankton, especially the skeleton-bearing geologic development. This biology pro- Lamont Geological Observatory 287 gram has since been expanded in scope, world cruises. Through various coopera- as well as in its research facilities. General tive arrangements with other institutions, studies are carried on in labora? marine productivity and ecology of the sea tropical tories, as well as at stations in re? are being studied, with particular emphasis polar As a result of world-wide excursions, on the nutrition and metabolism of small gions. numerous collections of microorganisms, plants and animals. A large and well- plankton, and bottom animals are brought equipped building has been constructed back for study. Special reference collec? for research and in- biological graduate tions of core materials, foraminifera, living struction. In addition to continuing bacteria, and plankton organisms are avail? studies of cores and skeleton-bearing or? able at Lamont, and specimens of larger ganisms, there are programs concerned animals are kept in the collections of the with new drugs from the sea, and studies of American Museum of Natural History in life under extreme conditions of environ? New York City. ment, such as low temperature and great Visiting scientists of established reputa- pressure. tion, as well as promising young investi? Lamont located Geological Observatory, gators, are welcomed to the Lamont labo? in a rural is an community, governed by ratories and taken aboard ship for coopera- administrative board, and from its incep- tive studies in marine biology and ocean? tion has been affiliated with Columbia ography. Excellent facilities for pure cul? In addition to University. well-equipped ture work, biochemistry, and growth of all laboratories, the have biology programs kinds of small marine plants and animals available unusual facilities on collecting are provided in modern laboratories. Local Lamont's Vema and ocean-going ships, working collections of books and journals, Conrad, and several smaller vessels located as well as the libraries of Columbia Uni? in New York and Bermuda. of Programs versity are available to the staff. investigation currently include problems in Graduate students interested in the life ecol? radiobiology, biochemistry, taxonomy, sciences and cognate fields, who may wish and Because certain or? ogy, exobiology. to do research at Lamont, may enroll in of the and coral reefs ganisms plankton the Department of Zoology, Cognate Fields antibiotic and other unusual possess strong Program of the Department of Geology, chemical research on them properties, may etc, of Columbia University. Excellent op- result in new discoveries of in significance portunities exist in the areas of Geochem- and medicine. ecology istry, Geophysics, Submarine Geology, The staff includes biology some 25 per- Oceanography, and Planetary Sciences for of which seven with the Ph.D. sons, degree persons attracted to interdisciplinary re? have responsibility for carrying on research search. Various projects. forms of technical assis- The Lamont Geological Observatory and tance, maintenance, bookkeeping are may be reached by bus or automobile from the provided by institution, as well as the New York City, going north on route 9W facilities and of an excellent services ma- along the west side of the Hudson River chine shop. about fifteen miles above the George Wash? The Lamont campus is located along ington Bridge. The mailing address all the Hudson River, and its ships dock in year round is Torrey Cliff, Palisades, New nearby Piermont for brief periods between York. The Director is Maurice Ewing. 288 Marine Laboratories ^^'^{zf'k. Laboratory and Residence at Lerner Marine Laboratory, Bimini, Bahamas THE LERNER MARINE LABORATORY, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Robert F. Mathewson, Resident Director The Lerner Marine Laboratory, a field building, laundry building, commissary, station of The American Museum of Natu? power plant, and a laboratory building, ral History, is situated in The Bahamas, which can comfortably accommodate at on the island of Bimini, some 50 miles due any time more than 18 visiting investiga? east of Miami, Florida. This ideal locality tors, are the present structures which facili- was chosen by the laboratory's founder, tate the work of visiting investigators. Dr. Michael Lerner. He recognized that The laboratory is equipped with six con? the large (three square mile) shallow-water crete tanks of approximately 250-gallon lagoon enclosed by extensive mangrove capacity with continuously running sea? swamp which borders the eastern coast of water, a 15-foot circular concrete tank with the island, the deep waters of the Florida a capacity of approximately 1,000 gallons, Strait which abut the western shore, and six 50-gallon aquaria, twenty 25-gallon the vast expanse of water over the Bahama aquaria, and fifty 2-gallon aquaria. All Bank beyond the lagoon, would yield an tanks are housed under a roofed aquaria abundance of diverse marine flora and shed and are individually supplied with fauna for study. filtered sea-water. A recently installed sys? The Laboratory has grown from one tem constructed of stainless steel and PVC small limestone building and a typically- plastic pipe insures adequate pressure and porched Bahamian home, which are still volume for all projects. being used as administrative office and in? In addition to the aquaria, ocean pens vestigators' residence, respectively, to the are available for the study and mainte? outstanding marine laboratory in the Ba? nance of large marine animals. Three 50- hamas area. Three residence buildings, by 80-foot pens, with access areas from machine shop, carpentry shop, library dockside catwalks, floating rafts, or graded Lerner Marine Laboratory 289 banks have been constructed of greenheart The great diversity of marine flora and piling and stainless steel hurricane fencing. fauna that is found in abundance in this Study has been and is being carried on area permits a wide variety of study. Physi? with cetaceans in these enclosures. Two cal and biological oceanography have been 60- 30-foot shark with over- large X pens carried on at this Laboratory for many head observation platform, holding pens, years. and an overhead electric hoist and acces? While visiting investigators are encour- sory gear, have similar construc- basically aged to do their own collecting, assistance tion. These are available to visiting in? is often available by the staff collector, or vestigators working with large elasmo- local help can be procured at a reasonable branchs. Four similar are also avail? pens rate. A large fleet of floating craft is avail? able to maintain large marine teleosts for able for all studies. Six skiffs powered by Individual rooms are study. laboratory outboard motors; one flat shallow-draft equipped with water tables and running barge, outboard powered; one flat shallow- sea-water. draft barge, air powered (now under con- Basic laboratory materials, such as acids, struction) for working in mangrove swamp preservatives, etc, in reasonable amounts, and shallow water lagoon; one 26-foot sea- are provided by the laboratory. All other going launch, inboard powered; two 40- chemicals and materials are available at foot buoy boats, diesel powered?one cost. Centrifuges (clinical and refriger- equipped with laboratory and living space ated), pH meters, cold rooms, freezer for four scientists, one equipped with large (_70?C), cryostat (-40?C), spectropho- sea well, winch, boom, etc, for large fish tometer (Beckman DB), fluorometer (Far- collecting; as well as one 24-foot fishing rand), microtomes, oscilloscopes, amplifiers, boat which daily is crewed by two men distillation apparatus, autoclaves, are all who collect fish for general laboratory pur? available on a part-time basis. Where spe? poses. cific instrumentation is necessary for pro- The Director is Robert F. Mathewson; jected periods, it is required that the visi- the Liaison Officer, Anne H. Schiehl (Mi? tor bring these tools. Logistics are not a ami, Florida Office-1211 duPont Build? problem, as both airplane and surface craft ing). The administrative and service staff visit the island daily. Large freight is car? totals about ried in or out once a week. twenty. A schedule of rates for use of At present, a checklist of the flora and laboratory facilities will be made available fauna of the area is being compiled from upon ap- the five volumes of Collected Reprints of plication. work carried on in this laboratory. Re- Mailing address: Lerner Marine Labora? quests for these will be answered as soon tory, 1211 duPont Building, Miami 32, as the lists are completed. Florida. 290 Marine Laboratories INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI Robert L. Beutel, Administrative Assistant to the Director The Institute of Marine Science of the University of Miami embraces The Ma? rine Laboratory, The Department of Ma? rine Science (of the Graduate School), and the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Insti? tute. The Institute was established to provide, for the tropical Atlantic, the functions of the various temperate-zone marine research institutions?an oceanographic institute, a fisheries station, and a marine biological laboratory?with facilities for visiting in? vestigators and students from other uni- versities. Its location, at Miami, although geo- graphically approximately 26? North, is actually within the zoogeographical region of the West Indies. Because of this ideal location, the Institute was established in 1943 as a division of the University. In Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami the absence of any other marine tropical stations on the continent, it has developed reefs are accessible automobile or boat. a program which includes a full graduate by The Gulf Stream is within of the academic curriculum in the geophysical, sight Small boats are on hand for geochemical, biological, physical, and me- Laboratory. to shallow-water teorological sciences, as well as a year collecting trips localities, and facilities are for round research program. provided trawling and Two are For administrative and academic pur- dredging. seagoing vessels for offshore work. Two labora? poses, the Institute now includes three re? equipped contain search divisions?Physical Sciences, Bio? tory buildings running sea-water logical Sciences, and Fisheries Sciences? aquaria for maintaining animals. No com? checklist of the marine fauna is and the academic Department of Marine prehensive available as but the Bulletin Ma? Sciences for graduate studies. In practice such, of rine Science the and this does not interfere with interdiscipli- of Gulf Caribbean, includes a checklist flora nary communication. Senior scientists and (11:552-649) of and fauna of the investigators may recruit both assistants estuarine waters. Most and consultants from more than one divi? local forms of marine fauna can be readily identified consultation with staff mem? sion for their research projects, and stu? by bers and reference the dents are encouraged to study in breadth by to Laboratory Museum. as well as in depth. Total staff now num? bers approximately 214. Staff research in zoology includes a The Laboratory is situated within ready broad selection of topics, including coral reach of a wide variety of habitats belong- reef ecology, plankton, behavior, bio- ing to the West Indian Faunal region. chemistry, physiology, microbiology, de? Sand beaches, mud and turtle-grass flats, velopment, and systematics. Specialties of mangroves, coral rock shores, and living the research staff include the Octocorallia, Institute of Marine Science 291 Polychaeta, Chaetognatha, Stomatopoda, stitute grounds and at the Main Campus Copepoda, Anomura, Ophiuroidea, Aster- of the University. Hotel and motel ac- oidea, Gastropoda, and Cephalopoda. Ex- commodations are also available within a tensive research is carried out on the eco- short distance of the Laboratory. Funds lob- nomically important shrimp, spiney are available for the support of visiting and fishes. sea research is car? ster, Deep investigators. ried out over a wide area. The Institute sponsors a publication en- The Institute three comprises perma- titled the Bulletin of Marine Science of nent buildings of 36,476 square feet the Gulf and Caribbean, printed quarterly (gross), a temporary wooden building of and available at a cost of $2.00 per copy 4,000 square feet, a workshop of 3,902 or $7.50 per volume of four copies. feet and a struc? square refrigerated storage The maintains a museum ture. Laboratory with reference specimens of the West In- A full range of modern equipment and dian fauna and flora, as well as research instrumentation ranging from mass spec- collections of groups under active study by trometers to X-ray is photography pro- staff for demonstra- vided for research in all branches of ma? specialists. Specimens tion and teaching purposes are separately rine science. Arrangements can also be maintained. made for the use of the facilities of the are made on an School of Engineering, the School of Medi? Exchange arrangements individual and the is de- cine and the College of Arts and Sciences, basis, Laboratory sirous of the of its refer? including animal colony maintenance and increasing scope ence collection of the West Indian marine electron microscopes. Other facilities at the Institute include biota. instrument maintenance, electronics design The Institute of Marine Science of the Miami is located at 1 Ricken- and construction, carpentry, painting, University of backer Miami glass-blowing, printing and reproducing Causeway, 49, Florida, con- and a well-equipped photo-laboratory. venient to air, rail, bus, and steamship Living accommodations at a modest rate transportation, and in immediate proxim- are available for visiting investigators and ity to U. S. Highway #1, south of Miami. students in dormitories both on the In- The Director is Dr. F. G. Walton Smith. 292 Marine Laboratories THE MOUNT DESERT ISLAND BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Alvin F. Rieck, Director The Laboratory was founded by John S. Kingsley in 1898 as a summer school of biology for the undergraduates of Tufts College. From the beginning at South Harpswell, Maine, some investigations were carried on in addition to the teaching activities. The teaching activities were dis- continued after a few years, and the labo? ratory has been a research institution ever since. A non-profit corporation was formed by the investigators in 1913, and Tufts College transferred title of the property to this newly formed corporation, The Harpswell Laboratory. The Laboratory was moved to its present location at Salisbury Cove, Maine, in 1922, and in 1923 the name was changed from The Harpswell Laboratory to The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory. The land on which the Laboratory now stands A view from a laboratory window of the dock and was a from the Wild Gardens of gift live car facility at high tide Acadia, an organization instrumental in the establishment of Acadia National residence each summer. These investiga? Park. Some classes were at the new taught tors bring about 75 students, technicians, location, but they were discontinued just or research associates to work in their as- to World War II. prior signed laboratories. this fur- Presently, private laboratory Twenty-seven research rooms are avail? nishes research facilities and logistic sup? able, varying in size from small cubicles for from various institu? port investigators for one person to large rooms adequate tions who come to work on of problems for four-five people. Each laboratory has their own for research choosing. Priority fresh and salt water, electricity, and gas. is to those investigations for space given Special equipment available for use by all which the local fauna is particularly investigators is as follows: spectrophotom- suited. eters, centrifuges, deep freezes, refriger- The is by a Board Laboratory governed ators, refrigerated centrifuge, flame pho- of Trustees. These trustees elect an Execu? tometer, balances, and Warburg apparatus tive Committee that is for responsible (investigators use their own glassware). the business of the transacting Corpora? Modest collecting equipment is available tion. The Director is the executive officer for general use. A lobster boat takes in? of the and the gen? Corporation supervises vestigators and assistants to places for col? eral of the Laboratory's facil? operation lecting. ities. A partial checklist is being compiled. In animals available are restricted research activities general, to the cold water forms of the North At- Research activities are usually limited lantic. Tides at the Laboratory average to the summer months?June 15-September 10.5 feet, providing good opportunities for 15. About 33-35 senior investigators are in studying intertidal forms. Large live cars Mount Desert Island Laboratory 293 in the sea and small laboratory aquaria tors to early differentiation and immuno- are available for keeping forms after they chemical studies of regenerating grafts. are collected. Some studies are being made of the ultra- The Laboratory owns 17 cottages which structure of secretory cells. are usually reserved for investigators with The laboratory publishes The Bulletin young children. A use charge of about of The Mount Desert Island Biological $350.00 per season plus utilities is made Laboratory at three year intervals. It in? for each cottage. Housing for single people cludes general information about the and couples without children may be ob? Laboratory, lists of personnel who worked tained in the vicinity of the laboratory. each year, and short abstracts of research The Laboratory operates a dining hall for projects pursued each summer. It is not a the single investigators and students. scientific publication, but the medium of Renal physiology has been historically publishing information about the Labora? the predominant theme of investigations tory. at the laboratory's present location. How? The Laboratory is located on Mt. Desert ever, recently the group working in devel? Island near Bar Harbor, Maine. Bus serv- opmental biology has increased in size. A ice to Bar Harbor is available from Bos? few investigators are also working in ma? ton. The nearest convenient air service is rine microbiology. Presently, investigations to Bangor, Maine about 40 miles from the are being made of transport across gill Laboratory and limousine service is avail? membranes, ammonia excretion through able directly to Bar Harbor. gills, transport across gastric epithelium, The Laboratory has a modest assistance rectal gland secretions, bile pigments, res? fund for young investigators. This is piratory physiology of diving mammals, usually not adequate for both laboratory cerebrospinal fluid production, and car- costs plus living expenses during a re? bonic anhydrase activity in special organs search season. of the skate. Developmental biology stud? For specific information regarding fa? ies include mechanical analyses of cyto- cilities, please write The Director, Mt. kinesis, early differentiation, dynamics of Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salis- karyokinesis, regeneration, special inhibi- bury Cove, Maine. 294 Marine Laboratories National Oceanographic Data Center (Architect's Remodeling Plan) NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER Anthony R. Picciolo and William L. Molo The National Oceanographic Data Cen? sion. These recommendations were ap- ter (NODC) is of interest to the American proved unanimously by the Federal Coun? zoologist for three principal reasons: (1) cil on 28 June 1960. NODC is planning and developing the NODC was established as an adminis- storage and retrieval of marine biological trative component of the Hydrographic information, in quantitative and qualita- Office (now U. S. Naval Oceanographic tive form; (2) NODC has extensive files of Office) on 1 November 1960 and the Inter- physical oceanographic data which de- agency Agreement was signed by the Secre- scribe the marine environment in which taries of Commerce, Navy, and Interior, the marine species exist; (3) the services the Director of the National Science Foun? of NODC are available to the scientific dation, and the Chairman of the Atomic community and to the public. Energy Commission on 23 December 1960. For over one hundred years the United The oceanographic data holdings of the States has been acquiring and compiling U. S. Hydrographic Office, consisting of oceanographic data. Many scientists have more than 20,000,000 machine punched recognized the need for a central oceano? cards, data logs, reports, and other forms graphic data repository where data could were transferred to the NODC. be made available to all who needed them. NODC is managed in accordance with Based on a 1959 report of an Oceano? policies and procedures determined by an graphic Working Group, the Interagency Interagency Advisory Board. This Board Committee on Oceanography (ICO) rec- consists of representatives from each of the ommended to the Federal Council for Sci? supporting agencies plus two representa? ence and Technology that the National tives selected by the National Academy of Oceanographic Data Center be established, Sciences, and is probably one of the best and that it be sponsored, financed, and its informed groups on the Nation's oceano? policies determined jointly by the Navy, graphic activities. the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the The NODC Charter describes the areas Weather Bureau, the Bureau of Commer- of responsibility and functions of the Cen? cial Fisheries, the National Science Foun? ter. Primarily, the NODC is a central dation, and the Atomic Energy Commis- repository for the Nation's oceanographic Data Center 295 data. Part of its mission is: to receive, the University of Rhode Island, the infor? activities of the Bureau of Com- compile, process, and preserve oceano? mation mercial Defense Documen- graphic data for rapid retrieval; establish Fisheries, the Institution procedures for insuring that the accuracy tation Center, the Smithsonian AIBS and general quality of the incorporated Science Information Exchange, the data meet the criteria established by the Biological Communications Project, and Advisory Board, and to prepare data sum- the American Geographical Society. The maries, tabulations, and atlases showing NODC maintains liaison with governmen- annual, seasonal, or monthly oceanograph? tal, university, and private organizations ic conditions. which engage in any aspect of marine bio? NODC was established to function as a logical research. service activity for the Nation's scientific A closer cooperation will undoubtedly community and supplying their marine en? develop between the NODC and the insti? vironmental data and information require- tutions concerned when the biological pro? ments. Data are available for public use gram becomes fully operational. Exchange free of charge at NODC, or copies of the of data and ideas on processing biological data may be obtained at cost. data are encouraged and have been found The staff of NODC as of December 1962 beneficial to NODC; the NODC expects to included 40 professional oceanographers serve the data needs of the entire biologi? (including specialists in physical, biologi? cal community. cal, geological areas) and about 40 other The location of NODC within the Dis- personnel. trict of Columbia is convenient to the The major program at NODC of inter? many hotels, libraries, numerous govern- est to zoologists is the development of a mental and private organizations, and sev? holding-recall system for marine biological eral excellent universities in the Washing? data. At present, the marine biological ton, D. C. area, as well as to the resources program of NODC includes two distinct and collections of the U. S. National Mu? classes of data: digital data which are col? seum. A National Aquarium is planned lected and measured by sufficiently stand- for the Washington, D. C. area in the near ardized or comparable techniques to allow future. The Library of Congress, the recording and mechanical processing by American Institute of Biological Sciences, punched cards and magnetic tapes; and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the data, both digital and descriptive, which American University, Georgetown Univer? cannot at the present time be recorded and sity, the George Washington University, processed by mechanical methods. and the University of Maryland are among Standard punch card formats are being the many institutions in the nearby area developed to process biological data which of possible interest to marine biologist re- are amenable to machine processing. These searchers. A complete description of the include observations on primary produc- Federal Government's information serv- tivity, plant pigments, phyto- and zoo- ices, which includes many agencies in the plankton, benthos, radiobiology, etc. In Washington area, is given in the publica- order to handle the second broad class of tion, "Specialized Information Services in biological data, i.e., data not amenable to the United States," prepared by the Na? punch card techniques, a mechanized in? tional Science Foundation in November formation storage and retrieval system is 1962. under development. Present plans call for Study rooms are available at NODC free retaining the original data reports as a of charge to the visiting scientist. Advance microfilm record. notification is requested to reserve a study The biological activities of the NODC room and it is advisable to indicate, in are closely coordinated with those of the advance, the type of data and geographic Aquatic Sciences Information Group at areas of coverage required for study. Re- 296 Marine Laboratories productions of existing data or machine World Wide. (Appeared originally as SP listings or tabulations can be prepared at 12, Part II a.) cost. Arrangements can be made to main? Publication C-3, Catalog of Oceano? tain a fund or working account at NODC graphic Data, North Atlantic Ocean. (Ap? from which work costs could be extracted. peared originally as SP-12, Pt. II b, Inven- Reproductions are generally by photostat, tory of Oceanographic Data, North Atlan? Ozalid, or Xerox process. tic Ocean.) The NODC's Automatic Data Process- Under its charter, the NODC is respon? ing (ADP) facilities include both Electric sible for "acquiring by exchange, gift or Accounting Machine (EAM) equipment purchase oceanographic data of scientific and a high speed computer system. The value from domestic or foreign sources/' EAM equipment is located physically at The NODC now has working exchange NODC and consists of card punching ma- arrangements with 27 foreign nations, the chines, a card verifier, a sorter, a collator, International Council for the Exploration a tabulator, and a card reproducing ma? of the Sea, and the International Indian chine. The NODC is therefore well Ocean Expedition. equipped for performing "in house" the Data may be exchanged with the NODC non-computational phases of machine data in two ways: (1) For contemporary data, processing. All computational work is done the NODC will process contributed data, using a high speed IBM 1401/7070 com? preferably coded on NODC forms accord? puter system, which is currently housed at ing to NODC procedures, and provide the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office. The final listings and/or duplicate punch cards present NODC computer programs have in exchange for the data. Bathythermo- been written for this system; however, the graph slides will be processed by NODC NODC expects to maintain a machine pro? standard procedures and copies of the final gram library for use on oceanographic BT prints will be provided to the con- data. tributor. Basic NODC data forms (log The NODC publishes a General Series, sheets) and instructions are available on a Catalog Series, and a Manual Series. request. (2) For historical data or infor? Those available as of 1 January 1963 are: mation (publications, reports, atlases, etc.) Publication G-2, Oceanographic Vessels the NODC will exchange original or re- of the World. produced material in exchange for infor? Publication C-l, Reference Sources for mation of like kind. Oceanographic Station Data (Provisional). Participants in exchange arrangements Publication M-l, Conversion Tables, for may delineate specific areas for which they Use by the International Indian Ocean Ex- require information. The NODC, on the pedition. other hand, has no geographic limits and Publication M-2, Processing Physical and will accept data or information from all Chemical Data from Oceanographic Sta? oceans, seas, or estuaries. tions. NODC extends an invitation to all na? The following publications are current? tions and to all institutions, corporations ly in work: and individuals, both within and outside Publication G-l, Introduction to the the United States, to exchange oceano? National Oceanographic Data Center. graphic data and information of all types Publication C-4, Catalog of Oceano? with us, and we welcome the opportunity graphic Data, Indian Ocean. to be of service. Publication C-5, Catalog of Oceano? The mailing address for NODC is as graphic Data, North Pacific Ocean. follows: National Oceanographic Data The following publications were issued Center, Washington 25, D. C. originally under another series but are The Center is located in Southeast now out of print: Washington near the Anacostia River. The Publication C-2, Catalog of BT Data, Director is W. C. Jacobs. Institute of Fisheries Research 297 Institute of Fisheries Research ? Laboratories and offices in T-shaped building, upper left center. Shop, net loft and dormitories in the near two-story wing of building in center. Research vessel tied to pier. INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES RESEARCH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH GAROLINA A. F. Chestnut, Director A four-year grant from the Knapp Foun? Biological and oceanographic studies have dation, Inc, with matching funds from the been in progress. Educational activities State, made possible the Institute of Fish? have been limited to lectures and guidance eries Research. The grant from the Knapp in the graduate program. Special courses Foundation was "a tribute to Joseph P. and direction of graduate studies in marine Knapp's life-long interest in the better- biology may be offered by the Institute ment of mankind." On September 29, staff upon approval by the Administrative 1947, the Board of Trustees established the Board of the Graduate School. Institute as a branch of the University of The Institute is governed through estab? North Carolina. Professor Robert E. Coker lished administrative channels of the Uni? was appointed as director. Later, Mr. Wil? versity. Local administrative details are liam A. Ellison served as director from delegated to the director and senior staff. 1949 to 1955. An Executive Committee of seven members The basic purpose of the Institute is to appointed by the President of the Uni? conduct research directed toward a better versity determines basic policies. understanding of the complex problems of Through an agreement between the Uni? marine science. Four interrelated research versity and Department of Conservation activities were envisioned: biological, and Development, the Institute functions oceanographic, economic, and educational. as a scientific agency in an advisory capa- 298 Marine Laboratories city on problems relating to marine and photographic dark room, culture room, air- estuarine resources. conditioned laboratories, a small lecture room, and research collections of fish, de- Six senior scientists, a boat captain, mate- crustaceans, and mollusks. A re? engineer, two maintenance men, and a capod search library contains about 400 volumes, secretary comprise the permanent staff. 120 current periodicals, and over 10,000 Temporary research aides, usually stu? reprints and separates relating to marine dents, are employed during summer biology. In a nearby building, a two-story months. Other temporary research assist- wing of about 12,000 square feet contains ants or technicians assist in research pro- a shop with power tools, a net loft and grams supported by funds from granting dormitory space for about 20 men. A 47- agencies. foot, diesel-powered research vessel with Each senior scientist is responsible for sleeping accommodations for four is equip- the initiation and development of specific ped with a hydraulic power winch for research Current research in- programs. trawling and dredging. Four skiffs and cludes: life history, ecological studies, and runabouts, 15 to 20 feet in length, powered taxonomy of crustaceans, fishes and mol- by outboard motors are used for shallow- lusks; and oceanographic primary produc- water collecting. tivity studies of North Carolina sounds and Facilities for visiting investigators are estuaries; and laboratory studies on the in? limited in space and some modest sleeping fluence of environmental factors mer- upon quarters are available. istic structures in fishes. developing The research collections contain 3,646 A of fauna and flora is found in variety catalogued series of fishes, 1,556 series of the immediate coastal and estuarine areas. decapod crustaceans and 1,086 mollusks. Wharf stone sand and mud piling, jetties, These are available for research purposes flats, ocean beaches, sand dunes, oyster and for loan to individuals. reefs, and marshes provide habitat for The Institute is located five miles west crawling, burrowing, and sessile forms. of Beaufort Inlet on the north shore of The and open sea, sounds, rivers, canals, Bogue Sound, within the city limits of creeks abound in biota. pelagic Morehead City, N. C. The nearest air- The laboratories, offices, and library are port is at New Bern, N. C. about 30 miles housed in a one-story, frame building of distant, although a summer schedule of approximately 7,700 square feet. The flights is continued to the Morehead City- building contains standard biological Beaufort Airport. The Institute, located equipment, a continuous flowing salt-water on U. S. Highway 70, is readily accessible system, cold room, histology laboratory, by bus or auto. Oregon State University 299 DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY June G. Pattullo and James E. McCauley The Department of Oceanography at Oregon State University was established in 1959 to under take research and to offer graduate training in all aspects of ocean? ography. The Pacific Ocean off Oregon c *? has been inadequately explored due to its distance from laboratories with seagoing vessels. Oregon State University has a large and vigorous School of Science as well as all the other facilities normally found in a modern university; the current enrollment slightly exceeds 10,000 students. The De? partment is located on the campus in Cor? The Acona, an 80 foot oceanographic vessel oper? vallis, Oregon. Access to the ocean is ated by Oregon State University through the town of Newport; travelling from to the sea is less than campus open ing marine life under the ship; and pre? All influenced the two hours. these factors cision depth-determining and navigational Board of Education Oregon State Higher equipment. The ship was commissioned in Naval to and the Office of Research select May 1961. In the first year and a half of most this location. The latter provided operation it has cruised more than 15,000 the funds for initial of of staffing, supply miles and has been at sea about 50% of equipment, and support of research in the the time. research new department. Current sup? Research projects under way include port, in addition to continued generous studies of currents, water masses, and of Naval is funds from the Office Research, oceanographic fronts; detailed mapping of provided by the National Science Founda? the topography and sediments of the bot- and tion, the Atomic Energy Commission, tom; chemistry and radiochemistry of sea Research. the Air Force Office of Scientific water and of marine organisms; gravity Teaching costs, including teaching faculty and seismic work to determine the struc? salaries, come from the State of Oregon tures beneath the sea floor; and inventory Education. through the Board of Higher and ecological studies of flora and fauna The basic research tool for an ocean? obtained from the ocean waters and the ographer is a ship. The Department oper- sea floor at various trophic levels. Special- ates the R/V Acona, specially designed for ists are studying bacteria, phytoplankton, oceanographic research work. The Acona, zooplankton, nekton, and benthic organ? built in Portland, Oregon, with funds isms. provided by the Office of Naval Research, The departmental staff includes 31 re? is the first vessel constructed in the United search workers and technicians, eight office States for oceanographic work in nearly and supporting personnel, and the crew of thirty years. Special features include an seven on the Acona. In addition, twenty auxiliary bow engine, for maneuverability four of the thirty-two graduate majors as- at very low speeds; a deep-sea crane and sist in research projects one-third time, and winch with 18,000 feet of wire rope, for four other students are supported on fel handling equipment weighing up to a ton; lowships from the U. S. Public Health an underwater port and lights for observ- Service or the U. S. Fish and Wildlife 300 Marine Laboratories Service. The research and teaching staff in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, where a good includes sixteen professors representing a correlation exists between the changes that wide variety of fields. occur in the plankton species and changes in the and chemical The present area of study is the ocean to physical properties of the waters of the a distance of 165 miles off the Oregon bay. Weekly samples have been collected for more than three coast. The ocean off Oregon is a highly and are to be interesting and complex environment. years patterns beginning Offshore, the North Pacific Drift flows to? clearly discernible. ward the coast, and, when still several hun- Nektonic studies and ichthyofaunal stud? dred miles from the coast, divides to send ies have been proceeding for more than 18 one stream flowing north along Alaska, months, and a familiarity with the fauna another stream south along the California has been gained. Midwater fish species have coast. To the northwest lies the cold, low- been taken with an Isaacs-Kidd midwater salinity water of the Gulf of Alaska, con- trawl, and benthic fishes with an otter taining subarctic fauna. To the southwest trawl. The composition of the nektonic the water is warmer and saltier, and the fauna and the migrational habits of the populations differ from those in the Gulf. component members are being studied. is an area of between these Oregon mixing Benthic research includes a study of the two. species composition of the fauna of the Along the coast the surface currents fol? bottom of the ocean, and an inventory of low the winds, moving principally from the forms that are present. Benthic com- north to south in summer and south to munities are being defined, and the dy- north in winter. The summer flow is often namics of the populations are being stud? accompanied by intense upwelling of cold ied. Otter trawl and anchor dredge collec- water along the coast and coastal water tions have been made to depths of more temperatures drop to as low as 6? or 7?C. than 2200 meters. Deep currents (1,000 meters and below) Radioactivity studies are being made of along the coast are believed to be from the both benthic and nektonic organisms. In- south because the water at these depths is dications to date are that organisms on the relatively warm and salty. second trophic level, i.e., those feeding on Surface salinity fluctuates widely. Dur? algae, concentrate radioactive isotopes ing summer upwelling, the salinity of the more readily than those on higher trophic water along the coast may be 34?/oo while levels. offshore the southward-flowing discharge Collections to date are almost entirely from the Columbia River reduces it to less research collections. At the present time than 30?/oo- During winter the flow north- we are inventorying marine animals in all ward along the coast is of water of about categories with the aim of preparing check- 32?/oo> but local rainfall often reduces lists in the future. Publication of results nearshore values to below 30?/oo. is through existing journals, and collected The biological studies are designed to reprints are not available at this time. complement each other and to be part of The Department is presently housed in a broad study of the ocean. An intense the new Physics-Chemistry building on study of phytoplankton composition, physi? campus, and has full laboratory facilities, ology, primary production, and grazing set except that there is no provision for main- the groundwork for studies at higher taining living animals in the laboratories. trophic levels. Zooplankton are collected Funds have been granted by the Na? regularly at hydrographic stations, using a tional Science Foundation and by the Ore? Clarke-Bumpus net. Sampling for macro- gon State Board of Higher Education for plankton by meter-net tows has begun. construction on campus of a four-floor, In addition, there is under way a study 29,000-square foot oceanography building, of the dynamics of zooplankton population which should be completed by mid 1964. Oregon State University 301 Work will also be begun soon on a ma? eries and water resources. It will also house rine sciences laboratory at Newport, on a marine museum, a public aquarium, and Yaquina Bay. The city of Newport has an auditorium. leased approximately 50 acres of bay front Present work is conducted on a full-time land, just inside the harbor entrance, to basis, and no special summer programs the State Board of Higher Education. The either in research or training are under- Area Redevelopment Administration has taken. Whenever space permits, visiting granted funds of over $950,000 for con- investigators are welcomed both in the struction. The building will contain al? laboratories and on board the Acona. The most 34,000 square feet of floor space and staff would welcome inquiries from inter- will be supplied with running sea water ested scientists. for use in research in oceanography, fish- Address is Corvallis, Oregon. 302 Marine Laboratories Aerial view of immediate environment of Institute of Oceanography and Marine Biology, Oyster Bay, New York THE INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE BIOLOGY, OYSTER BAY, NEW YORK Walter E. Tolles, Director The Institute of Oceanography and Ma? the top of the photograph, Oyster Bay and rine Biology was established in 1959. Its estuaries are westward, and Cold Spring objectives are to establish and carry out Harbor is to the east. Thus, an extremely programs of pure and applied research in wide range of physical habitat is available the area named, and to provide facilities for study and instruction. for training, instruction and marine ex- The principal interests of the laboratory ploration. lie in the areas of a) The study of under- The accompanying photograph shows water ecological communities; b) The the immediate environment of the Insti? study of marine fluorescence; c) Electro- tute. Long Island Sound is to the north at physiology of fish and shellfish; d) The Institute of Marine Biology 303 development of quantitative methods for quarters. It possesses adequate space and facilities for the level of behavioral experiments; e) The develop? present activity, but does not have facilities for in? ment of instrumentation, principally op- visiting vestigators at this time. It is well tical and electrical, for physical oceanogra? equipped for work in all types of microscopy (except phy. interference) and for projects requiring At this time, the orientation of most of electronic, electrical, mechanical, and hy- the interests of the laboratory is toward draulic facilities. Small craft, diving equip? methods of of bio? physical quantitation ment, and underwater photographic equip? logical experiments. With growth and ment are at hand for underwater investi? the addition of interests and progress, gations. Portable generators allow experi? in the chemical of this competence aspects ments requiring substantial power to be field is expected. carried out on the water or at remote lo- The laboratory itself is in temporary cations. INSTITUTE OF MARINE BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RIGO John E. Randall, Director The Institute of Marine Biology ot the University of Puerto Rico was established on February 8, 1954. The main office and laboratory building is on the campus of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in Mayaguez at the western end of Puerto Rico. The field station is located on Magueyes Island, La Parguera, 22 miles southeast of Mayaguez. The island is about 18 acres in area and is separated from the *c shore by a narrow channel. The existing is small, the main room measur- laboratory I T0*m ing 22 by 35 feet, but is well equipped. A 40 by 100-foot laboratory building is under construction. There is also a maintenance Laboratory Building, Institute of Marine Biology, building and a dormitory with kitchen and University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico La Puerto eight rooms. The Institute has a 65-foot Parguera, Rico research vessel, the Carite, the 28-foot Peli- cano and several skiffs. number of small islets are lined with lux- La Parguera is in the dry southwest part urient mangroves. Dense beds of turtle of Puerto Rico. Because of the small grass (Thalassia) abound. Two miles to the amount of rainfall and the absence of east lies unique Bahia Fosforescente (Phos- rivers in the region, the sea is usually clear. phorescent Bay), famed for luminescence The location of the field station is particu? produced by dinoflagellates. A few miles larly advantageous in that it is close to to the westward is Cabo Rojo; here bold many different marine environments. Nu? rocky coast alternates with sandy beaches. merous well-developed coral reefs occur up Salt flats in this region harbor dense popu- to six miles offshore. The shore and a lations of brine shrimp (Artemia). La Par- 304 Marine Laboratories guera is primarily a fishing village, and Senior staff members include L. Almo- Puerto Real to the north of Cabo Rojo is dovar (algology), G. Bane (fishery biol? one of the two major fishing centers on the ogy), P. Glynn (ecology), J. G. Gonzalez island. Deep water (up to 500 fathoms or (biological oceanography), M. Diaz Pifer- more) may be found within five to seven rer (algology), J. Randall (ichthyology), miles of the laboratory. and G. Warmke (malacology). A six weeks course in marine ecology is The Institute hopes to add staff mem? taught in English at the field station in bers in the future in the fields of micro- summer, beginning about mid July. The biology, invertebrate taxonomy, and bio- course is designed for both students of the chemistry. An exploratory fishing program University of Puerto Rico and for visiting for pelagic fishes is in operation. students. It is an undergraduate course, A series of guidebooks on marine organ? but graduate credit may be given. isms of the West Indies is planned. Carib- Beginning in August, 1963 a curriculum bean Seashells by Warmke and Abbott is of Puerto will be offered at the University completed. One on fishes is in preparation to in bi? Rico leading a master's degree (J. Randall), as is one on corals (Almy and ology. A student may major in marine Carrion). biology. Some required courses are taught A book on tropical marine ecology en- in Spanish, some in English. titled "Comunidades Naturales" by visit? Current programs of research of the In? ing investigator Ramon Margalef has just stitute include systematics and ecology of been printed as a special publication of the marine algae of the Caribbean, coral reef Institute of Marine Biology. It is available ecology, systematics of marine copepods from the Institute at nominai cost. and productivity of inshore and offshore The Institute distributes bound volumes waters of Puerto Rico, biology of the West of its collected reprints on an exchange Indian topshell, biology and classification basis for comparable literature from other of West Indian fishes, classification of West marine stations. It would welcome an in? Indian opisthobranchs and other mollusks. crease in such exchange. Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory 305 ?.^NB^awp Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory THE SANDY HOOK MARINE LABORATORY, BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE L. A. Walford, Laboratory Director The central laboratory building is a Just two years ago the first of our staff converted 50-bed hospital which was given arrived here. During the first year, sub- to us by the U. S. Army. The building is stantial progress was made in the extensive well located and extraordinarily adaptable job of renovating the laboratory building to the requirements of marine research. It to adapt it to its new function. Accom- is sufAciently commodious to provide offices plishments of particular importance were library, laboratories, study collections, the installation of a sea water system for aquaria and shop, and to accommodate not laboratory experimental work and a micro- only the resident staff but also a consider- biology laboratory and micro-organism cul? able number of visiting biologists and ture facility. This is only the beginning graduate students. Ample docking facil? stage of an extensive long-term develop? ities are available at nearby piers. ment program. The laboratory is on the shore of Sandy The central laboratory plant now con? Hook Bay, into which several rivers empty, sists of a three-story main building and and is little more than one-half mile from annex with floor space of 27,000 square the open Atlantic Ocean. Thus it is within feet. There are also three smaller adjacent easy reach of a remarkable variety of eco? buildings in use, and in addition a build? ? logical situations oceanic, coastal, bay, ing housing six large sea-water tanks which estuarine. It is near principal transporta- have a total capacity of over 400,000 gal- tion facilities and several universities that lons. The development of this unique fa? for are engaged in oceanographic studies. Fi? cility is awaiting acquisition of funds it nally, Sandy Hook is near the center of one restoration and modification; is expected of the greatest concentrations of sport fish? to be ready in 1964. is central re? ing in the world, and one which draws The laboratory the marine the U. S. Bureau of from species of boreal, transitional, and search facility of Sport Wildlife. It is un- tropical life zones. Fisheries and operated 306 Marine Laboratories der a congressional act, Public Law 86-359, These characters have remained constant passed in 1959 which directs the Secretary despite wide fluctuations in temperature of Interior to: ". . . under take a compre? and salinity of bay water. The experimen? hensive continuing study of the migratory tal aquarium is furnished with equipment marine fish of interest to recreational fish- that is commonly used in fish rearing ac? ermen of the United States, including spe? tivities. Total capacity of all aquaria in cies inhabiting the offshore waters of the the main tank room is 5,200 gallons, in? United States and species which migrate cluding a 3,500-gallon concrete holding through and spend part of their lives in tank and two 250-gallon aquaria. In a the inshore waters of the United States. separate building we have six large con? The study shall include, but not be lim? crete tanks with total capacity exceeding ited to research on migrations, identity of 500,000 gallons. These tanks will be re- stocks, growth rates, mortality rates, vari? modeled and should be available for re? ations in survival, environmental influ- search in early 1964. both natural and includ? ences, artificial, At present, large numbers of actively- and effects of on the ing pollution, fishing feeding mullet, killinsh, and silversides are for of of species, the purpose development maintained. Other species of fishes which wise conservation and constructive policies have adapted well to aquarium life for at management activities." least one month include blackfish, eels, This charter is a landmark in the his? winter flounder, blowfish, pipefish, white tory of Federal work relating to conserva? perch, northern kingfish, toadfish, ancho- tion of marine fish resources on three vies, goosefish, and sticklebacks. Great dif? counts: First, it is a response to the grow? ficulty was experienced with maintaining ing concern of the general public through? adult striped bass, fluke, porgies, and blue out the nation in preserving the recre? fish, but this problem will be solved with ational values of the sea fish resources and time. their environments. the Second, Congress, Microbiology. The microbiological labo? in for research to this has providing end, ratory consists of three large, well ap- the of recognized necessity continuity?of pointed rooms at ground level. A media the view. it taking long Third, emphasizes preparation room is stocked with all re- that the research must be com? program agents commonly used to culture plank- prehensive. tonic organisms. There are chemical-resis- The Charter is as remarkable for what tant tables and benches, sinks, cabinets, it does not say as for what it does say. It etc. A good stock of pipettes, flasks, test- does not specify any local problems; it does tubes, graduated cylinders, beakers, clini? not designate any species of fish for spe? cal centrifuges (2), colorimeter, various cial attention; it does not prescribe any balances, hotplates, pH meter, vacuum sys? technique of conservation; nor does it limit tem, and precision thermometers is avail? the program to any particular line of re? able. search. The law does the for open way The service room houses a large steam seeking fundamental principles; it directs autoclave suitable for mass-culture work that the be national in and program scope and equipped with automatic controls. that it include all of concern to species Distilled water of unusually high purity is who fish in the sea for recreation. people supplied by a Loughborough Glass Still. Experimental aquarium. Sea water of An automatic pipette washer and baskets salinity 230/oo> temperature 54?F, pH 7.7, are available, also two large sinks, bac- and 6.0 ppm oxygen, located at a depth of teriological incubators and a 600?C muffle- 57 feet, approximately 50 feet from the furnace (for baking pyrogens from glass- bay is pumped under pressure to the labo? ware surfaces). ratory at 23 gallons per minute utilizing a A constant temperature room for grow- submersible pump and PVC plastic pipe. ing cultures is equipped with banks of Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory 307 40-watt cool, white, fluorescent lights ar? ities described are presently fully utilized. ranged in three tiers of nine lamps each. A number of small unequipped work These are discontinuously variable in in? rooms are available for individual re- tensity, and are connected to an automatic searchers. Arrangements can be made to timer for variation in diurnal cycle if de- provide working space for visitors who can sired. A shelf 3' X 10' fronts each tier and provide their own equipment and instru- will support thousands of test-tubes or ments. hundreds of mass culture flasks. The room A large tiled area, with table space, is maintained at 20?C. Space and a special sinks, and disposal unit, is available for table are reserved for a research micro? preserving, sorting field specimens, making scope and its equipment, routine micro? gross dissections of large fishes, and so scopy remaining in the preparation room. forth. Temperature is checked constantly by auto? As a U. S. Fish and Wildlife Facility, the matic recording devices. Cabinets for "dark- laboratory's major publishing medium is growth" of heterotrophic microorganisms the Fish and Wildlife Research Report and light-labile organisms (fish eggs) are series. Other Fish and Wildlife Service installed. Space is reserved for two re- publications are utilized, as are outside circulating marine aquaria, each contain? sources. We are most interested in arrang- ing six 5-gallon tanks and filtering appa- ing an exchange of any U. S. Fish and ratus. A cabinet for sterile inoculation of Wildlife Service publications for publica? cultures, equipped with visible and ultra- tions of other laboratories and agencies. violet sources of light and gas vacuum jets The laboratory has a small but growing has been built. library with a full-time librarian, and is Radiation laboratory. In the basement, developing on a broad plan to encompass a suite of six rooms is easily modifiable for all fields of marine science. radiation equipment and laboratories. The American Littoral Society, an ama- These rooms are in close proximity to the teur group with national headquarters at experimental aquarium and microbiologi- this laboratory, publishes the Underwater cal laboratories. One room formerly Naturalist. housed an X-ray unit and can be recon- A central reference collection of both verted to this purpose. Modification of vertebrates and invertebrates is being de? another room to a chemistry laboratory is veloped as time permits. We are engaged completed as described below. Office space in exchange of materials with other labora? is available for tabulation and analysis of tories in many parts of the world. Many data on the first and third floors of the local animals are represented in quantity, main building. but collecting additional specimens is a Chemistry laboratory. A small labora? simple matter because of our strategic lo- tory for general chemical analysis is out- cation. fitted with minimal standard equipment The laboratory is located in New Jersey and instruments. Standard reagents and on the Sandy Hook Peninsula on the Fort glassware are stocked. Hancock reservation. Mailing address is Other laboratory facilities. Most facil- P.O. Box 428, Highlands, New Jersey. 308 Marine Laboratories Sapelo Island laboratory and associated quadrangle buildings SAPELO ISLAND RESEARCH FOUNDATION, THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA MARINE INSTITUTE George H. Lauff The Sapelo Island Research Foundation mary objective of pursuing basic research was established in 1949 as a private, chari- on biological productivity in the coastal waters and marshes of the Island table, and non-profit organization through Sapelo the generosity of Mr. Richard J. Reynolds. region. It was originally incorporated as the Development of research quarters was Ceorgia Agricultural and Forestry Re? initiated early in 1954. Ample space for search Foundation, but the charter was laboratories and related services was im? amended in 1959 to rename the organiza? mediately available in buildings adjacent tion in light of the activities it supported. to a boat basin, while additional facilities It was envisaged as promoting basic re? for the comfort and work of the staff com? search in agriculture, forestry, and allied plement were also provided. The basic fields, and made the essentially unmolested plan of the laboratory and related build? environs of one of the major barrier islands ings on the "quadrangle" offered excellent of coastal Georgia available as a natural potential for future development. Within laboratory. the past nine years, increase in staff and of the research have Affiliation with the University of Georgia expansion program resulted from an invitation extended to the permitted efficient utilization of approxi? one-half of the University by the Foundation to propose a mately potential laboratory program which might utilize certain re- space. sources of the island. In 1953, financial The Sapelo Island Research Foundation Board of assistance was provided to support the is administered by an elected establishment of the Marine Biology Labo? Trustees; the research programs it supports Co- ratory, later reorganized as the University are the responsibility of the Research counsel of an in- of Georgia Marine Institute, with the pri- ordinator, assisted by the Sapelo Island, Georgia 309 vited panel of prominent scientists. The tidal creek systems separate the island from Foundation provides major financial and the mainland. Sounds and shallow bays facilities support for the operation of the lie along the< coast to the north and south. University of Georgia Marine Institute, or? Aquatic environments on the island also ganized under the Office of General Re? include several fresh-water ponds, as well search of the Graduate School. The Insti? as cypress and gum-bay swamps. Terres- tute is administered by its Director, work? tial habitats include old field environments ing in close cooperation with the Research and extensive areas of pine-palmetto and Coordinator and a Scientific Advisory pine-hardwood stands, some of which are Board appointed from the University staff. essentially virgin in character. Blackbeard a national wildlife borders The staff complement of the laboratory Island, refuge, consists of six resident senior scientists, Sapelo on the northeast. while two others have half-time teaching The biota of the area is poorly known appointments with academic departments at the present time, and no faunal check- on the University of Georgia campus. They list is available. Important species readily are supported by six technical and research obtainable include the following: Antho- assistants, and two secretaries. There is a zoa, Renilla reniformis; Crustacea, Uca maintenance and labor crew of ten. pugnax, U. pugiliator, U. minax; Gastro- Littorina Mo- Major research emphasis of the Sapelo poda, irrorata; Pelecypoda, Luidia clath- Island laboratory is related to the nature diolous demissus; Asteroidea, of the local habitats, the interests of the rata. The terrestrial fauna is, for the most of the environ? resident staff and visiting investigators, and part, typical semi-tropical ment. The vascular are cata- the facilities being developed. Current bio? plants being and a checklist has logical research centers on aspects of pro- logued preliminary been ductivity of the salt marsh, estuarine, and prepared. inshore communities, and includes bio- Excellent facilities exist for both labora? geochemical cycles of essential elements, tory and field studies. The physical plant animal-substrate relationships, and halo- is largely air-conditioned and includes phyte physiology. Geological interests in? modern offices, laboratories, radioisotope clude the entire barrier island system, but and chromatographic facilities, as well as particularly aspects of sedimentology and a running sea-water system. All research geochemistry. Visiting scientists have ac? laboratories are well equipped, major addi- tive programs in biochemistry of lumines- tions having been made within the last cence, marine microbiology, elasmobranch three years. The library includes more physiology, and ecology of fishes. Doctoral than eighty current journals, as well as students from several universities are pur- basic reference materials; the holdings and suing research in production ecology, ich- services of the University of Georgia libra- Field work thyology, paleontology, and geology. In ries are available on request. diesel addition, a broad spectrum project in sys- facilities include a sixty-five foot tematics of the regional biota has been research vessel equipped with a hydraulic inaugurated, and the development of a hydrographic winch, a heavy duty winch, and RDF botanical garden-arboretum is in progress. an ELAC fathometer, Loran, Numerous small as well The laboratory provides access to a equipment. craft, and col? diversity of aquatic and terrestrial habi? as standard biological geological available. A motor tats. The island is approximately ten lection equipment are for land miles long and four miles wide, and has pool is maintained transporta- over five miles of ocean front with associ? tion. are excellent ated sandy and silty beaches and dune Living accommodations most of developments. The continental shelf is and include fifteen housing units, or renovated broad and extends offshore fifty or more which are newly constructed bedrooms. Dorm- miles. Several miles of salt marsh-estuary- and have three or four 310 Marine Laboratories itory space for eighteen is available. A logical materials from the Sapelo Island fresh-water swimming pool, tennis court, area. Collection activities are now being and other outdoor recreation facilities are interisified and extended to enhance the research museum and limited col? readily accessible. teaching lections that have been established. Ex? Increase in resident scientific staff has change with other labora? eliminated seasonal fluctuations in arrangements largely tories on the southeastern Atlantic sea- the size of the research with the group, board would be welcomed. exception of summer assistants. Limited Sapelo Island is a private island acces- accommodations for visiting investigators sible only by boat or plane. It is located and graduate research are available. Re- approximately forty-five miles south of for research and financial sup? quests space Savannah, Georgia, and ninety miles north port are considered in relation to the over- of Jacksonville, Florida. Commercial air all research program. No formal academic lines also serve Brunswick, Georgia, where training is now offered, although field ex- air charter service to Sapelo is readily cursions of class groups are encouraged. available. The Sapelo Plantation Dock on The of Marine In? University Georgia the mainland is located just off Highway stitute has distributed two volumes of Col? 99, approximately nine miles northeast of lected to the Island Reprints date; Sapelo Darien, Georgia. Notice in writing should Research Foundation will initiate a mis- be given prior to any proposed visit. In- cellaneous series in the near publication quiries concerning accommodations, facili? future. Requests for establishing exchange ties, and related matters should be directed are solicited. agreements to the Research Coordinator, Sapelo Island During recent years, the laboratory has Research Foundation, Sapelo Island, accumulated an extensive collection of bio- Georgia. Scripps Institution of Oceanography 311 Aerial view of Scripps Institution, February, 1963 (Photo by United Aerial Survey) SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Carl L. Hubbs, Professor of Biology The oceanographic branch of the Uni? Tropical Tuna Commission. Close rela- versity of California has earned a world- tions are maintained with the Navy Elec- wide reputation as a major, year-round tronics Laboratory, with the expanding re? center for research and graduate training search activities of the San Diego Zoologi? in marine sciences, including various cal Gardens, the San Diego Natural His? phases of zoology. It is in La Jolla, on tory Museum, and other scientific insti? the "lower campus" of its outgrowth, the tutions, especially those engaged in the newly developing University of California, California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries San Diego. There is a substantial segment investigations. at the Navy Electronics Laboratory, about History and scope. The antecendent of 14 miles distant. In many respects, the sea Scripps was a field investigation of coastal is the Institution's chief laboratory. animals inaugurated in 1892 by William Closely associated, geographically and in Emerson Ritter, head of Zoology at the research, are other units of the University, University of California. On transfer to particularly the Institute of Marine Re- San Diego in 1903 this enterprise became sources, the Institute of Geophysics and the function of the Marine Biological As? Planetary Physics, and the new School of sociation of San Diego, a private organiza? Science and Engineering (including a De? tion locally supported, notably by Ellen partment of Biology, specializing in bio? Browning Scripps and E. W. Scripps. In chemical genetics); also, two biological 1912 this activity was integrated into the laboratories of the U. S. Bureau of Com? University, as the Scripps Institution for mercial Fisheries and the Inter-American Biological Research. In 1925, after the 312 Marine Laboratories functions of the station had expanded neering), Marine Biology Division, Marine under Dr. Ritter, and for two years under Physical Laboratory, Visibility Laboratory, Thomas Wayland Vaughan, to cover other Marine Life Research Group, and Applied marine sciences, its name was changed to Oceanography Group. Organized Research Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Programs are: Marine Life Research, Growth continued under Dr. Vaughan and Scripps Tuna Oceanography Research accelerated, from 1936 to 1948, under the (STOR), and Indian Ocean Investigation. distinguished Norwegian oceanographer Administration. Scripps Institution is Harald U. This Sverdrup. acceleratipn administered by a Director, responsible to to the was due largely realization, during the University President through the Chan- War that and after World II, proficiency cellor of the San Diego Campus. in is essential to national oceanography Major zoological research programs. security. Numerous zoological topics are included the of has As importance oceanography among the research activities of staff and the in- become increasingly appreciated, students. Various aspects of comparative stitute's and have scope activity expanded animal physiology are being emphasized. and under Carl Eckart (1948-1951) Roger Other investigations pertain to animal pig- the Revelle (1951-). From 1946 to 1962 ments, role of particulate matter in the Scripps faculty increased from 12 to nutrition of marine animals, productivity 25; the total personnel from 50 to approx? and grazing, accumulation of trace ele? imately 800 (including 110 ranking from ments, vision, bioluminescence, population Assistant Professor or Assistant Research dynaniics, and ecological analyses. Sys- Scientist upward); the State support from tematic, life-history, zoogeographical, and $64,000 to $1,500,000; the total financial oceanographic researches are being con- support, including research contracts and ducted on various groups, including Radio- grants, from $150,000 to $7,900,000, gross laria, Foraminifera, Chaetognatha, Cope- and square footage of permanent buildings poda, Euphausiidae, other Crustacea, from 42,854 to 220,788 (including space pelagic molluscs and tunicates. A special temporarily occupied by the School of Sci? topic is comparative cardiology, with par? ence and Engineering, but excluding ex? ticular attention to the aneural heartbeat tensive quarters at the Naval Electronics of cyclostomes. Many staff members of Laboratory); the research ships from one Scripps and associated laboratories work schooner to a fleet of 8 ocean-going vessels on the systematics, distribution, life-his? ranging in length from 65 to 180 feet and tory, population dynamics, and economics in gross tonnage from 99 to 2,079. of fishes, with some attention to other vertebrates. re? Marine biology at Scripps was markedly marine Paleoecological man as well advanced during the 1950's by a million- searches deal with prehistoric and their dollar grant from the Rockefeller Foun? as with other animals changing dation. environments. Plant physiology and micro- Instruction and research. The instruc- biology are strong cognate fields. Publications. Publications include: Bul- tional departments, exclusively graduate, the Institution Ocean? are Oceanography (including biological letin of Scripps of issued the Univer? oceanography, ecology, fisheries, and other ography, irregularly by collected from phases of environmental biology) and Ma? sity Press; annually reprints the rine Biology. There is, as yet, no special journals (Contributions from Scripps Oceanic summer curriculum, except for undergrad- Institution of Oceanography); Data uate and advanced high-school trainees. Observations of the Pacific; Report Research units are: Oceanic Research (in SIO Reference series); a descriptive course an- Division, Earth Sciences Division (associ? brochure on the Institution, are main? ated with the Department of Earth Sci? nouncements, etc. Exchanges ences of the School of Science and Engi- tained. Scripps Institution of Oceanography 313 Habitats and faunas. San Diego lies in the Navy in San Diego Bay. The 1000- the warm-temperate zone of the rich North foot pier at the La Jolla campus provides Pacific within reach of the cool- fauna, easy for instrumentation, for launching small fauna temperate (even richer, especially craft, and as the source of the ample salt- in central and of intertidally) California, water system. The Experimental Aquar? forms in the Gulf of California tropical ium, soon to be enlarged, is separate from San of (the cooperating Diego Society the Thomas Wayland Vaughan Museum- Natural maintains a field station History Aquarium, which is primarily for the pub? on the marine mammals Gulf). Among lic. There is a coastal preserve for inverte? whales mi? gray (Eschrichtius gibbosus) brates and algae, and a fenced marsh pre? and breed in grate alongshore annually serve in Mission Bay. The Oceanographic California other cetaceans Baja lagoons; Data Archives include, for example, more and seals occur; elephant (Mirounga angus- than 300,000 processed bathythermograph California sealions tirostris), (Zalophus records. The Scripps Library, especially and other are californianus), pinnipeds rich in oceanographic material, is expand- common on islands. The marine adjacent ing in basic and cognate fields, and is bird fauna is rich. Sea turtles (Che- being supplemented by the rapidly en- abound within reach to the loniidae) larging general library of the San Diego south. The rich shore-fish fauna includes campus. Extensive research and teaching numerous and ovoviviparous viviparous collections encompass marine vertebrates, of Sebas- teleosts, notably many species with emphasis on bathypelagic and Pacific todes and the A unique Embiotocidae. Coast fishes; invertebrates, predominantly blind goby (Typhlogobius californiensis) bathypelagic; marine-geological samples, is intertidal. Several hagfishes (Myxin- including refrigerated bottom cores; and are collected. shore- idae) readily Among sea-water samples from various depths. line sea sand invertebrates, urchins, dollars, Specimens are exchanged with other in- and other echinoderms abound, along with stitutions. Well-equipped shops include a of good representation other phyla. research and development functions. A The faunal resources at Scripps Institu? modern, general-purpose, multi-computer tion are particularly rich in the bathypel- system serves Scripps. A radiocarbon lab? agic area, which can be reached in two oratory, mass spectrometers, electron micro- hours and is widely available to the fleet. scopes, and various other laboratory facili? No inclusive local faunal list has been ties are in service. A large pool with tow- and a new for published. There are lists of the local ing equipment building research in have birds, reptiles, fishes, and algae, and the comparative physiology been funded for and the Brain Re? region is covered in monographs of various Scripps Institute the National Science pelagic invertebrates. search by Foundation. General facilities. The outstanding fa- cility is the Scripps fleet of eight ocean- Visitor facilities. Many visiting scientists going vessels plus locally operating smaller conduct research in the Institution, either craft. Two vessels are equipped to dredge independently or in collaboration with the to the greatest depths. A revolutionary staff. They are accommodated during the craft, the FLIP (Floating Instrument Plat? summer as well as other seasons, but there form) , which when shifted into stable, is as yet no regular summer session. Op- vertical position draws 300 feet, was re? portunities for visiting workers are expand- cently launched. Two ships, one for phys? ing as other units of the University, by iological research, are on the drawing moving to the upper campus, release boards. A radio station (WWD) provides space for Scripps Institution. Funds are contact with the daily fleet, which is op? occasionally provided for visiting scientists. erated and maintained our by own Marine Housing facilities, except for married stu? with Facilities, headquarters provided by dents, are very limited on the campus, but 314 Marine Laboratories are obtainable in adjacent communities. is in La Jolla (about two miles north of Meals are available on the campus. the village center, within the northern city Location and address. The Institution limits of San Diego). A & M Marine Laboratory, Fort Crockett, Texas as viewed from the Gulf of Mexico DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY A & M COLLEGE OF TEXAS Dale F. Leipper, Head of the Department The Department of Oceanography and Present plans call for the west wing to Meteorology was established by the Agri- be devoted entirely to research and the cultural and Mechanical College of Texas east wing to be used for teaching purposes. in 1949. Full curricula leading to the M.S. Beginning in 1963, the recently organized and Ph.D. degrees are available in the var? Texas Maritime Academy will occupy the ? ious oceanographic disciplines biological, east wing. and chemical, geological, meteorological, Research space is supplied with labora? physical. B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees tory benches and water tables. Each lab? are offered in meteorology. oratory has individual air conditioning In 1954, the Department established the which can be adjusted over a reasonable Galveston Marine Laboratory in Galves- temperature range. There are six special ton, Texas. In 1958, the laboratory was purpose areas: darkroom, "hot lab," radia- moved to its present location at Fort tion-counting laboratory, histology labora? Crockett, and in early 1962 the name was tory, hazardous material laboratory and changed to the A 8c M Marine Labora? low-temperature light room for algal cul? tory. Administration of the facility re? tures. In addition there is a large labora? mains with the Department of Oceanog? tory (30' X 60') designed for the culture raphy and Meteorology. of marine organisms. The air condition? in this is The laboratory is located in old Fort ing system laboratory designed Crockett at Avenue U and Sias Street. The to maintain 70 ? 2?F. There are six rooms to accommodate individual in? front of the building faces the Gulf of designed The basement houses a wood- Mexico which is about 300 yards distant. vestigators. electric The building, constructed in 1937, is a working shop, pipe shop, shop, machine air modern steel and masonry structure, 100% shop, refrigeration machinery, etc. fireproof. It is approximately 340 feet long, compressors, 50 feet wide in the center section and three Objectives of the A & M Marine Lab? stories high, containing approximately oratory are: (1) To conceive and execute 65,000 square feet of usable space. researches contributing to the understand- Virginia Institute of Marine Science 315 ing of the dynamic processes of and the of the laboratory and its research programs interactions between the living and the to extend the teaching potential of the non-living elements of the oceanic envi? Department of Oceanography and Mete- ronment; and (2) To utilize the facilities orology. ::--:'-^^B15l "^E^SS3^H^ :^M<^* Virginia Institute of Marine Science VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE William J. Hargis, Jr., Director The present Virginia Institute of Marine ment led the 1962 General Assembly to Science evolved from the Virginia Fish? restate the functions of the laboratory and eries Laboratory, founded in 1940 as to rename the laboratory the Virginia In? ac? part of the College of William and stitute of Marine Science. Academic Mary and the research agency for the tivities were also re-authorized. is a Board of Virginia Commission of Fisheries. The The Institute governed by of citizens Institute's original purpose was to under- Administration consisting eight take research useful in the management of of the state appointed by the Governor, of Fisheries of? the seafood and sport fishing industries. and the Commissioner (ex At the same time it offered an undergrad- ficio). Its major support is by appropria- Fund of the Com- uate and graduate program in marine sci? tion from the General of research are ence through the Department of Biology monwealth. Some phases and contracts from of the College of William and Mary, and supported by grants and gave general information to the public. federal, state, private agencies. Marine Sci? The demand for marine research by in- The Virginia Institute of dustrial, business, and recreational inter? ence is charged with the duties of conduct- and ests, as well as by the fishing industries and ing biological, chemical, geological, studies of the marine environ? the government, and the need for basic physical information about the marine environ- ment; of investigating problems of the com- 316 Marine Laboratories mercial and sport fishing industries; of are available without cost to interested in? seeking information for use, development, vestigators. and conservation of all marine resources, Research areas in zoology are as follows: including fisheries; and more broadly, of 1. Bio-deposition by filter-feeding or? in research in all marine sciences. engaging ganisms. Furthermore, it is specifically charged with 2. Ecological survey of benthos in es? a in Ocean? maintaining teaching program tuarine waters. ography through affiliation with institu- 3. Productivity of benthic communities. tions of higher learning within the state. 4. Study of the toxicity of industrial Under such an affiliation the Institute and wastes on marine organisms. the of William and College Mary operate 5. Artificial enrichment of the marine the School of Marine of- Science. Present environment. extend to the masters a Ph.D. ferings level, 6. Studies of the effects of thermal dis- program is planned for the near future. charges on benthic communities. The staff consists of a present Director, 7. Survey and study of life histories and named the Board of Administration, by ecology of Crustacea of Chesapeake Bay 5 Senior Marine Scientists, 12 Associate and the continental shelf. Marine Scientists, 8 Assistant Marine Sci? 8. Studies of ichthyoplankton of the entists, 7 Research Assistants, 22 Research continental shelf. Technicians, secretaries, an sum? auxiliary 9. Studies of morphology and develop? mer staff of five a full- visiting professors, ment of the embryos of marine fishes. time librarian, 8 administrative workers, 10. Studies of culture techniques for 9 maintenance and 5 personnel, employees laboratory rearing of marine fishes. for vessels. A number of operating large 11. Ecology of marine fishes. Research Aides are in summer. employed 12. Epidemiology of diseases of mollusks. Eighteen graduate students are in residence 13. Biology of molluscan parasites. at the Institute, twelve of whom hold half- 14. Selection and breeding of bivalve time Sixteen of the assistantships. major populations with desirable characteristics. research are members of the Fac- people 15. Development of techniques for lab? of the School of Marine Science. Asso? ulty oratory culture of bivalves. ciate in the Institute is held membership 16. Ecology, taxonomy, and biology of by scientists from other departments of mollusks. William and and the of Mary University 17. Etiological studies of diseases and Virginia. populations of marine organisms. The laboratories at Gloucester Point are 18. Bacteriological studies. located miles below fresh water 19. thirty-five Ecological and taxonomic survey in the York River and of thirty-three miles the plankton of the lower Chesapeake from the ocean, thus a wide variety of Bay, the continental shelf and the York aquatic environments is provided. The River. branch station at Wacha- permanent 20. Energy relationships in plankton on the eastern shore of and preague Virginia basic productivity of the Chesapeake offers ready access to salt marshes, lagoons, area. barrier beaches, and waters of open the 21. Systematics, host-specificity and zoo- Atlantic coast. geography of monogenetic and digenetic From these laboratories it is possible to trematodes. a endemic flora and fauna in study large 22. Embryological, biological and physi? waters a wide of having range salinities. ological studies of Urosalpinx cinerea and cruises are made from Regular the fresh other marine gastropods. waters of the York River to upper the edge 23. Study of the development of enzyme of the continental shelf off the Virginia systems in invertebrate embryos. coast. Check lists of animals of this area An outline of research programs now in Virginia Institute of Marine Science 317 progress is available upon request. work space must be made well in advance. Four buildings of masonry construction The laboratory has funds available for and a fifth located at con? Wachapreague several visiting investigators, and offers tain several laboratories, lecture special stipends to college teachers through a rooms, offices, and a constant-temperature Research Participation for College Teach? room. A is well-equipped general shop ers Program financed by the National Sci? available. In addition to such regular col- ence Foundation. We also offer an Under- as trawl, meter nets, lecting gear plankton graduate Research Participation Program and bottom the owns grabs, laboratory spe? sponsored by the National Science Foun? cial laboratory equipment required for the dation. research being undertaken. The Institute operates on a year-round There are well-equipped analytical basis, and in addition to research conducts chemistry and radio-biology laboratories. a graduate program. Courses at the grad? Several laboratories are furnished with uate level are described in the catalogue running sea-water and compressed air for of the College of William and Mary, Wil- maintaining marine organisms in aquaria. liamsburg, Virginia. research can be made Special equipment A limited number of and to reprints spe? specifications. cial of scientific are The Institute owns a number of small reports investigations available for distribution. Specific requests boats equipped with outboard motors, as should be directed to Miss Evelyn Wells, well as a 27-foot inboard launch for light Institute of Marine field work. The 55-foot research vessel Librarian, Virginia Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia. Con? Pathfinder, designed and built especially tribution series and special scientific re? for marine research, is active in the Bay are with other labora? and over the continental shelf. RV ports exchanged tories. Langley, a converted passenger ferry, The Institute has a small museum dis? serves as a large shallow water floating local marine animals, and to laboratory. Research stations are occupied playing open the There is also a collection all the way from fresh waters through the public daily. of marine invertebrates and fishes, as well Bay to the Gulf Stream some 100 miles off our coast. as extensive parasite collections accessible to interested scientists. The Virginia Institute of Marine Sci? ence provides living quarters for most of The Virginia Institute of Marine Sci? its students. Housing for others is not yet ence is located at Gloucester Point, Vir? available; however, the administration ginia, across the York River from York- assists visiting investigators and summer town on U. S. route 17. Connections may students to find adequate accommodations be had by bus from Washington, Balti? in the nearby community. more, Norfolk, and Richmond. Address The laboratory extends a special invi- all communications: Director, Virginia In? tation to scientists wishing to carry on in? stitute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, dependent research. Arrangements for Virginia. 318 Marine Laboratories Fisheries Research Institute field station at Porcupine Island, Iliamna Lake, Alaska FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON William F. Royce, Director The Fisheries Research Institute of the staff of 37 people from fisheries aide to University of Washington was founded in fisheries biologist III, and an administra? 1947 to study the salmon fisheries of tive staff of 13 people comprising secre- Alaska. Until 1955 the Institute was fi- taries, key punch operators, and typists. nanced by the Alaskan salmon industry. The research programs of the Institute Since then support has come from other today cover a variety of subjects. Some of outside sources through con tracts and the major research areas are: the determi- grants, and today the latter sources provide nation of optimum escapement level for the major part of the Institute funds. At individual lake systems for red salmon; the same time its research has broadened environmental studies of pink salmon to into other areas and other species of fish? determine mortality factors; artificial eries interest. Effective with the next bi- spawning channels for pink salmon; tag- ennium, the regular University appropria- ging of salmon on the high seas to study tion is expected to finance part of the re? the migratory habits and to determine the search faculty of the Institute. continental origin of salmon on the high Originally under the Graduate School of seas; guiding salmonoid fishes by light; the University, the Institute was made a shellfish toxicity; oyster pathology; and part of the College of Fisheries m June blood parasites of salmon. In addition, in 1958. Since then much emphasis has been conjunction with the Departments of Eco- placed on training graduate students in nomics and Law, the Institute is investi- fisheries science while carrying out its reg? gating the legal, economic, and biological ular research programs. aspects of Puget Sound salmon fisheries. The Institute has a total staff of some The Institute is located on the Univer? 60 members, consisting of a research fac? sity of Washington campus, Seattle, Wash? ulty of 10 people ranging from research ington. It has an easy access to both fresh instructor to research professor, a research water and salt water environments. Sev- Marine Biological Laboratory 319 eral field stations are maintained in Alaska This publication presents progress reports of research results. (see photograph). All stations can accom- The has also its modate visiting investigators, although the College just published first volume of Publications in Fisheries, Institute does not have funds to support them. New Series in the form of a book entitled Studies of Alaska Red Salmon, which is The results of the Institute's research are for sale at the University of from time to time in the form Washington reported Press. of circulars; finished reports are published Within easy reach of all major trans- in outside scientific or in a new journals portation means, the Institute is about 20 series of Publications in Fisheries of the miles from the Seattle-Tacoma Interna- University of Washington. Reprints of tional Airport, 5 miles from a train ter? these publications are available for distri? minal, and 4 miles from a bus depot. The bution and exchange. In addition, the Col? mailing address of the Institute is as fol- lege of Fisheries publishes an annual report lows: Fisheries Research Institute, Uni? entitled, Research in Fisheries, which has versity of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash? been issued in March every year since 1959. ington. MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS (Shown in frontispiece) Philip B. Armstrong, Director The Marine Biological Laboratory was coast line. There are numerous capes and founded in 1888 to provide a place where bays, sand and mud flats, open water and research each a biologists could carry on during protected inlets, having characteris? the summer months on marine forms, and tic population. It was for this reason that, where students could study these forms at previous to the founding of the Marine first-hand and receive training in scientific Biological Laboratory, the U. S. Fish and derived investigation. The Laboratory Wildlife Service erected its first station at Hole. directly from the Annisquam Laboratory Woods With the establishment of on the north side of Cape Ann. This was the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu? established in 1881 by the Women's Edu- tion in 1930, the biological interests of the cational Association of Boston and run in area were further broadened. Boston of cooperation with the Society The Laboratory is unique in its organi? ob- Natural History. In 1886 it became zation. The government of the institution vious that a more stable, independent, and is by professional biologists who are drawn should be from all over the permanent marine laboratory country, thus assuring a established devoted to both research and national scope for the Laboratory and Woods instruction. Funds were raised and complete freedom in its policies and oper- the new lab? Hole was picked as a site for ations from overriding institutionai con? to inves? oratory which opened its doors trol. The Corporation of the Marine Bio? in 1888. tigators and students July logical Laboratory has 500 members who Woods The Laboratory was located at elect a Board of Trustees, the governing unusual Hole on Cape Cod because of the body of the Laboratory. due abundance of marine fauna and flora, The Laboratory has traditionally oper- to the influence of the Gulf Stream from For a of the laboratories at Woods Hole Current from history the south and the Labrador see: Lillie, F. R. 1944 The Woods Hole Marine the north combined with a highly varied Biological Laboratory, Univ. Chicago Press. 320 Marine Laboratories ated as a summer research and educational staffs are drawn widely from this country institution attracting investigators and stu? and from abroad. These programs are de- dents from all over the United States and signed not only to develop the student's from foreign countries. The results of the basic information but also to bring to his aggregation of a large number of scientists attention some of the pressing problems in in the various fields of biology is most various disciplines and the techniques for salutory. The free interchange of ideas, solving these problems. Also the trainees the informal discussions, and the lectures carry out research projects under the di? and seminars develop a ferment of ideas rection of staff members as a part of the and a widening of the scientific vistas of program. Fellowship support is available the participants. All of this, in combina? for selected trainees in these programs. tion with active research and the possi- In 1962 a year-round program in syste? bilities of and new observing mastering matics and ecology was instituted to extend results in a most techniques, rewarding the systematic knowledge and the basic in? scientific for all involved. experience By formation of the ecology of marine organ? and the scientific ad- fostering stimulating isms of the Cape Cod region through a vancement of its as well as investigators continuous long range program of re? its students, the does more to Laboratory search, as well as to provide training in advance science than as a serving only systematics and ecology through research for research. When the summer is place assistantships, associateships, and postdoc- ended and the return to their investigators toral fellowships. The staff will also advise home institutions, these effects with go visiting investigators at the laboratory on them and are disseminated widely through? the biota of the region and its availability out the country. and adaptability for various research prob? Subject to this primary purpose of bring- lems. This program is under the direction ing together scientists from all over the of Dr. Melbourne R. Carriker, and is sup? world for research, teaching, and discus? ported by grants from the Ford Founda? sions, it is the policy of the Laboratory to tion, the National Science Foundation and foster to the maximum extent the use of the National Institutes of Health. its research facilities the baiance of during During the summer months, lectures on the Therefore, scientists are encour- year. topics of current biological interest are to take of the aged advantage Laboratory given by outstanding scientists. Included and its services the fall, and during winter, are the Friday Evening Lecture Series, the months. Scientists on sabbatical spring Forbes Lectures sponsored by the Grass leave or on which will ex? special projects Foundation honoring Dr. Alexander tend the winter, those through including Forbes, and a lecture by the Senior Lalor supported by foundations or corporations, Fellow. An informal seminar is held each can thus be accommodated. Where Labo? week, and at the end of the summer there is on a ratory space assigned year-round are general meetings at which investigators basis, commitments will be long-term present progress reports on their current avoided so that the of assignment space research. These meetings, and the lectures can be reviewed to ensure that periodically given in connection with the courses of the best is taken of the advantage being instruction, are open to all members of the research available. space Laboratory. There are eight summer training pro? The Biological Bulletin, now in its 123rd in grams operation at the Laboratory: in? volume, is published bi-monthly by the vertebrate zoology, experimental embry? Laboratory. It publishes papers on a wide ology, general physiology, marine ecology, variety of subjects of biological interest, marine neuromuscular botany, physiology, and abstracts of the Tuesday evening semi- fertilization and gamete physiology, and nars, the papers presented at the General comparative physiology. The training Meetings, and the Lalor Fellowship re- Marine Biological Laboratory 321 ports. Standards of acceptance of manu- for social and cultural activities. scripts for publication are set by the Edi- The success of the Laboratory depends torial Board. in a large measure on the effective oper? The George M. Gray Museum is being ation of its service departments. The bio? developed by the Systematics-Ecology Pro? logical collecting and supply department gram to contain as complete a collection has a permanent crew of experienced col- as possible of the local marine fauna and lectors, and operates several power boats, flora, and so arranged as to facilitate its trucks, and skiffs, all with the necessary use for scientific purposes by students and collecting gear and the equipment to trans? investigators. In the Museum will also be port the living marine forms to the Labo? kept records of the seasonal occurrence and ratory in good condition. It also operates geographical distribution of the various a fish weir in Buzzards Bay, and has the Woods Hole organisms, together with such necessary tanks to maintain animals at the other information concerning local condi? Laboratory. During the non-summer tions as is likely to be scientifically useful months the Supply Department collects to persons working at the Laboratory. and ships living animals on order to in? The two main research buildings are vestigators at their home institutions. four-story fire-proof structures with ap? The scientific services include apparatus proximately 140 laboratories which are de? and chemical supplies, glass-blowing, ma- signed for the maximum flexibility in pro- chine shop, carpentry, plumbing, and a viding the facilities for various types of special apparatus laboratory with technical research activities. Also included in these supervisory service. In this laboratory are buildings are photographic and experimen? included a Spinco ultracentrifuge, Spinco tal dark rooms, temperature-controlled preparative centrifuge, Perkins Elmer rooms, dry rooms, apparatus and chemical Tiselius electrophoresis apparatus, and re- a supply rooms, machine shop, the library, frigerated centrifuges. Also the laboratory and administrative and business offices. has electron microscopes with supervisory There is also an auditorium seating 545, service. and a lecture room accommodating 150. The radiobiological laboratories are op- The training programs are carried out in erated under the supervision of an experi? the original wooden buildings of the Labo? enced radiation physicist. There are ten ratory which were designed for this pur- service laboratories which include count- Also pose. they provide the laboratory fa? ing rooms with various types of counting cilities for the training program instruc- equipment; high level, low level, and car- tors. There are service buildings for the bon-tritium laboratories; preparation and Biological Supply Department and a car- waste storage rooms; and a radiation labo? penter shop. ratory with a cesium-135 irradiator which for Housing investigators, instructors, provides up to 5,000 r/min. and research students, assistants is avail? Application blanks for research space, able in apartment houses, several dormi- library readers desks, and housing, as well tories, and cottages. Also the Laboratory as the Annual Announcement can be ob? a hall which will operates dining seat 400. tained by writing to the Marine Biological A clubhouse on the waterfront provides Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 322 Marine Laboratories WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION (Shown in frontispiece) Mary Sears The Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti? special features are 20 controlled tem? tution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, was in- perature rooms; eight environmental corporated on 6 January 1930, under the rooms that can be set at temperatures be? Statutes of the Commonwealth of Massa? tween 0-60?F; deep-freeze rooms, for the chusetts "to prosecute the study of ocean? storage of specimens frozen at sea; a room ography in all its branches; to maintain a for storing and dissecting large (200-300 laboratory or laboratories, together with lbs.) marine animals; an isotope storage boats and equipment and a school for in? vault and laboratories for radioactive ex- struction in oceanography and allied sub? perimentation; and a large aquarium room jects." A grant of $3,000,000 from the with running sea water, at controlled tem? Rockefeller Foundation provided for the peratures. and original building, ships, endowment, Housed in these three buildings or in a and the land was with funds purchased number of small temporary wooden ones from the Carnegie Corporation. An inde? on the four Institution-owned lots on the research it pendent, non-profit institution, main village street, are such adjuncts as a is on contracts and today largely dependent paraffin-lined concrete tank for salt water from for its grants governmental agencies of 12,500 gallons capacity, a salt water financial support. pump, a tide gauge, a carpentry shop, an The Members of the Corporation and instrument shop, electronic laboratories, the Board of Trustees meet once a year. machine shops, a computor, a buoy labora? In the interim, the Executive Committee tory, plastics shop, and a hangar for the of the Board of Trustees meets every four Helio-Courier seaplane. In addition there to six weeks with the President and Direc? is a complete drafting, photographic, and tor, Dr. Paul M. Fye, for consultation and multilithing service for the preparation major policy decisions. and reproduction of charts and reports. There are 75 scientists with Trustee ap- On a nearby tract of 20 acres, high pointments and about 140 research assist- above Little Harbor, there is a large, pre- ants and technicians in residence through? fabricated warehouse (presently providing out the year. There are roughly 420 em- laboratory space); a wooden homestead ployees in all categories (including busi? used principally for the business offices, ness and administrative personnel, engi- but with several guest rooms for short- neers, machinists, ship crews, etc). term visitors; and the Director's house. Other wooden here sea? Woods Hole has a protected deep-water buildings provide harbor, which seldom freezes over, and sonal (5) or year-round (4) apartments, a men's summer and for affords shelter for sea-going ships. It is dormitory, space the course in Fluid within convenient cruising radius of the Geophysical Dynamics. An has Gulf Stream, the Sargasso Sea, the Labra- adjacent swamp been filled in to dor Current, and Grand Banks. provide offstreet parking. There are two brick laboratory buildings There are many advantages, particularly built in 1931 and 1954, facing Great Har? for a zoologist, in the close proximity to bor. A third building diagonally across the Marine Biological Laboratory and the the street overlooking the Eel Pond, pri? Biological Laboratory of the Bureau of marily for biology and chemistry, was Commercial Fisheries. These include in the summer opened of 1963. Among its many cooperative endeavors in prob- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 323 lems of mutual interest, the opportunity ably." The Crawford, a converted 125-foot for consultation and discussion of prob? Coast Guard cutter and the Chain, a for? lems with resident biologists and visitors, mer 213-foot Nayy salvage ship are also an unusually rich offering of lectures of equipped for work on the hiffh seas. The RV Atlantis II wide variety by distinguished investigators Gosnold, a 99-foot ex-cargo vessel, with and visitors, superb library facilities, and portable laboratory units on deck is out- the use of the MBL mess by summer visi? fitted for work on the continental shelf, tors to the institution. chiefly in biology and geology. The As- The Atlantis II, the second Institution terias, a 40-foot dragger, is equipped for vessel to be built specifically for oceano? inshore and estuarine work. A small sub- graphic research, was completed early in marine capable of submerging to 6000 1963, and will make her first major cruise feet is scheduled for delivery in August to the Indian Ocean in 1963. She has 1963. The CapJn Bill, a local fishing vessel, "twin propellers powered by a uniflow re- is chartered from time to time, primarily ciprocating steam engine. Her principal for ichthyological work. specifications are: overall length, 210 feet; The ketch Atlantis will become the waterline length, 195 feet; beam, 44 feet; summer training ship to provide field ex- draft, 16 feet; displacement, 2100 tons; perience for three summer courses offered cruising speed, 12 knots; range 8000 miles. for the first time in 1963. She has accommodations for a crew The vessels are manned by professional of 28 and a scientific party of 25. Among seamen, who assist with the handling of her special features are anti-roll tanks oceanographic gear. Radar, Loran, sonic and bilge keels for increased stability, a depth sounders are standard equipment. bow propulsion unit for maneuverability Ordinarily, the work on each cruise cen? and an underwater observation chamber ters about one particular program, so that in the bow. There are four fixed labo? the gear for that work is installed just ratories and deck space for portable labo? before putting out to sea and removed im? ratory units which can be used interchange- mediately after docking on return to 324 Fresh-Water Laboratories Woods Hole. To save time and money, Reworking of sediments by molluscs. equipment for the next trip can be in- Ecology of edible molluscs. stalled in portable laboratories on the Environmental cetology. dock and readied for sea before the vessel Coral banks on the Blake Plateau. reaches port. Priapulids from the North Atlantic. Contributions of scientists at the Insti? An R4D airplane, soon to be replaced tution are in scientific by a 4 engine R5D, is adapted chiefly for published regular and are bound in an meteorological work and for geological journals, reprints annual volume of Collected This mapping of coastal areas. The Helio- Reprints. Courier can be fitted with floats and is is distributed to about 1000 libraries the world. 1200 con? useful in local studies, especially since it throughout Nearly tributions are included in the can be safely flown slowly enough to track twenty-eight volumes issued whales or other large organisms at sea. to date. Visitors are welcomed at the Institution, The Institution has ship facilities to but due to limitations of reach almost any marine habitat, particu? space, ship-time, and financial for research, each larly in the western North Atlantic. Re? support case must be considered cent zoological programs have centered individually. In the summer of 1963 about 15 fellow- about the following topics: for seniors, and Indicator ships juniors, graduate species. students will be awarded for work under Structure and significance of Cephalo- the of a senior staff member; carida. supervision fifty-three students with a B.A. or a B.S. and Zooplankton physiology productiv- degree are enrolled in four courses in ity. the geological and physical sciences; and Pelagic larvae of intertidal gastropods. about 100 students are employed on re? Intertidal fauna of Barnstable Harbor. search projects. Light in the sea biolumines- (including Assistance is provided in locating rented cence). quarters in Woods Hole or Falmouth. The benthos between Bermuda and Deep Institution has only limited living accom? Woods Hole. modations for visiting investigators and Borers infesting wood at 3000 meters. students. Arrangements for housing should Sound production by marine animals. be made well in advance, as modest apart- Sound scattering by marine organisms. ments are difficult to locate. Fish behavior, distribution, taxonomy Address, Woods Hole Oceanographic In? and life histories. stitution, Woods Hole. Massachusetts. FRESH-WATER LABORATORIES CANAL ZONE BIOLOGICAL AREA (BARRO COLORADO ISLAND), SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Martin H. Moynihan When Gatun Lake was created in the island is reached by a 20-minute launch course of the constructing Panama Canal, ride from Frijoles, near the center of the area the flooded included a large hill, the Isthmus, accessible by trains which cross top of which projected above the water the 48 miles from the Atlantic to the level form to jungle-covered Barro Colo- Pacific in 80 minutes. The island's irregu- rado Island?3 miles wide, 3.5 miles long, lar shore line, approachable in many and almost 4,000 acres in extent. The places by dugout boat only, is approxi- Barro Colorado Island 325 mately 25 miles long. Cleared well-marked trails on the island extend an equal dis? tance. Except for about 15 acres of man- made clearings, the island is forested. Ap? proximately half the forest (typical "mon- soon" or "seasonal humid tropical") is in mature state, the remainder being second growth from 30 to 50 years of age. The dry season usually lasts about 4 months (January through April) during which time rainfall may be less than 2 inches a Hki month. Then rains usually increase until they reach a peak in November. Although the average annual rainfall is in the neigh- borhood of 105 inches, rain seldom falls continuously for more than a few hours. Temperatures are nearly always in the high 70's or low 80's, with little daily or seasonal variation. Humidity is high but variable. The known vertebrate fauna on Barro Colorado Island includes over 310 species of birds, 65 species of mammals, 22 lizards, 37 snakes, 5 turtles, 2 crocodiles, 15 toads, 16 frogs, 2 salamanders, a caecil- ian, and 22 fishes. Spiders, insects, and other arthropods are present in great va? riety. Land crabs and mollusks are com? mon. In 1923 Governor Jay Morrow of the Canal Zone set aside this island as a wild- life preserve under the administration of the National Research Council. Since July 16, 1946, as the Canal Zone Biologi? cal Area, the island has been a bureau of Aerial view of Canal Zone Biological Area (photo the Smithsonian Institution. Under the furnished by the Smithsonian Institution) aegis of the Institution, and in accordance with the Act of July 16, 1946, the Canal have availed themselves of the bureau's Zone Biological Area has as its purpose facilities. Their studies have covered such that of "setting aside such an area . . . to diversified projects as: interspecific rela- preserve and conserve its natural features, tions of formicariids in mixed species including existing flora and fauna, in as flocks; the behavior of sphingid and satur- nearly a natural condition as possible, thus niid moths; primate population and social providing a place where duly qualified organization; ptiliid beetles; microscopy of students can make observations and scien? insect blood; nonmarine mollusks; leaf- tific investigations for increase of knowl- mining beetles; temperature and humidity edge." gradients within the forest; tropical dis? reference During the past year research conducted eases with particular to the opu- in the Biological Area covered every linid protozoa of anurans; apical meri- branch of the tropical natural sciences ex? stems of tropical woody plants; stratigraph- of fossiliferous beds of cept anthropology. Since 1957 over 300 ic relations early scientists, representing a dozen nations, Tertiary age. 326 Fresh-Water Laboratories In a small clearing on the island there available to the Institution for scientific are cabins and a modest dormitory for research. Ecologically this area is in sharp lodging, electric lights and fans, a central contrast to the island, thus affording an dining room, showers, and other conven- opportunity to carry on studies of an en? iences. Although many investigations re- tirely different nature. Although investi? quire no laboratory other than a roof, gations which require extensive collecting there is a laboratory building for indoor or modification of natural conditions may work. This building contains a 3,000-vol- not be suitable for Barro Colorado Island, ume biological library, herbarium, animal it may be convenient for scientists to use specimen collections, laboratory supplies, the laboratory and living facilities there darkroom, dry storage rooms, and ample as headquarters while working nearby in working space. Glassware, preservatives, easily accessible areas which include true photographic chemicals, and other sup? rain forest, dry scrub, arid savannah, ex? plies may be purchased from the stock- tensive marshes, and several different types room. Limited equipment may be bor- of sub-tropical montane forest. rowed and small supplies of wood, wire, It is necessary to charge visiting scien? glassware, and other materials are avail? tists a reasonable fee for board, lodging, able for improvising equipment. Tents and use of the laboratory and available and camping equipment are available for equipment. Further information on this those who wish to camp out in the jungle. and on the facilities available in the Canal Scientists accredited by the Smithsonian Zone Biological Area may be obtained by Institution the to Canal Zone Biological addressing inquiries to the Secretary, Area also may conduct investigations on Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, the mainland in an area recently made D. C. THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL STATION Shelby D. Gerking, Director The Indiana Sta? haus University Biological and J. H. Voris were among the first tion is an arm of the Zoology Depart? in this fertile field of study. ment. It was established in 1894 by the Gradually the original character of the Board of Trustees as the first station of its research changed. More interest devel? kind to be located on a freshwater lake oped in the physical and chemical charac? in the United States. The loca- original teristics of water as well as the plants and tion was on Lake Wawasee near animals Syracuse, which lived there. Limnology thus Indiana; it was moved in 1899 to the pres? became the second line of research initi- ent site at Winona Lake, Kosciusko Coun- ated by Eigenmann at the turn of the cen- Dr. Carl eminent when that ty. Eigenmann, ichthy- tury science was in its infancy. ologist and evolutionist, was the first di? Basic research conducted at the Station rector. His in the purpose establishing through the years has played an important station was to study variation in animal part in developing the sciences of limnol? He felt this could be species. done com- ogy and fishery biology. The Station is in the more or less isolated best known petently lakes, for research on lake chemistry, where differences in environments should bottom fauna, sedimentation, and fish marked variations produce morphological populations. Dr. Will Scott (1920-1937), in animal of the same Dr. W. populations species. E. Ricker (1939-1950), and Dr. studies of variation David Thorough intraspecific G. Frey (1950-1959), successive di- of darters and minnows W. Moenk- rectors of by J. the Station during the years indi- Indiana University Biological Station 327 cated, were responsible for the basic in? equipped with analytical instruments de? vestigations in lake ecology. signed primarily for aquatic research. An During the early years, undergraduate aquarium room with both standing and and courses in bacteriol- graduate botany, running water will be used for experi? ogy, and zoology were taught, but from mental work on fish, insects, and other about the last was Em- 1903 only offered. aquatic invertebrates. These facilities, plus bryology, comparative anatomy, elemen- two temperature-controlled rooms, will tary zoology, and limnology attracted more allow experimental work to be performed than 100 students each summer. The teach? soon after the organisms are brought into ing function declined during the depres? the laboratory. Six smaller research lab? sion years and was discontinued in 1938. oratories, dark room, space for storing ref? Research, however, has been prosecuted erence collections of animals and plants, fish scale vigorously throughout the years to the processing room, and an area for present. Increasing consideration is being sorting bottom organisms are other sig? given to the prospect of reestablishing a nificant parts of the building. One-third program of course work at a field station, of the floor space, including the chemical and of expanding the research program. laboratory, will be heated for winter re? This desire has been hindered by the fact search. that the Winona Lake property is not suit- Other prospective developments at the able for these expanded activities. Crooked Lake site include a teaching lab? A search for a new location for the Sta? oratory, dormitory, kitchen-dining-recrea- tion began as ideas about the future of tion unit, and staff housing. Accommoda? summer courses and research interests were tions are being planned for approximately being crystallized. Northern Indiana again 100 persons when the teaching program is was a favored area because (1) the glacial under way. Courses such as algae, higher lake district offers a greater variety of en? aquatic plants, vertebrate ecology, and vironments than any other area of the ecology of aquatic insects will be aimed at state, (2) it is reasonably close to the base upper division undergraduates and grad? of instruction at Bloomington, and (3) uate students. Only courses designed to we wished to take advantage of the fund take advantage of field work will be of knowledge acquired over the years offered. Limnology is an obvious choice about the lakes and their surroundings. because of its interdisciplinary character, The result of this search was the purchase and because of the long-standing interest in by the University of approximately 20 the subject at Indiana University. The acres of wooded shoreline on Crooked teaching program should be in operation Lake, seven miles north of Columbia City. by 1965. The desirability of increasing this holding Crooked Lake is located in the heart of is and obvious, prospects for doing so are a belt of lakes extending about 75 miles under review at the present time. Con- from the northeast corner of the state in struction of buildings will begin in 1963, a southwesterly direction. The lake belt and our will shift operations from Wino? was formed by repeated retreats and ad? na Lake to Crooked Lake next summer. vances of the Saginaw and Huron-Erie A research building and boathouse will lobes of the Wisconsin glacier. Glacial be built with the aid of a grant from the lakes cross the northern third of the state National Science Foundation. The re? to the western border, though in the west search building is designed for the exam- they are less numerous than in the east. ination and of storage specimens as they About 1000 lakes dot the landscape, vary? are in from brought the field, and for ex? ing in area (largest is Wawasee Lake, 3000 work in perimental physiological ecology. acres), depth (deepest is Tippecanoe Lake, Facilities in the 60' build? X 40', two-story 123 feet), shoreline development, degree of include a chemical ing complete laboratory domestic pollution, bottom type, and other 328 Fresh-Water Laboratories limnological features. Crooked Lake itself ond-growth deciduous hardwoods can be used areas for Per- is 206 acres with a maximum depth of 108 as studying wildlife. the most feature of the north? feet. Oxygen remains in the deep water haps- unique ern Indiana is the sand throughout the summer, an unusual fea- landscape shifting dunes on the shores of Lake Michigan in ture among the lakes in the area. This the northwestern corner. The "dunes" is interesting oxygen distribution results in a a famous site for research in vegetational cold-water fauna living in the deep water and faunistic succession. Some prairie land along with a fauna characteristic of warm is found several miles to the south in this water in the surface layers. section of the state. All of the lakes, Streams abound in the region. The Tip- streams, and terrestrial habitats are within River traverses the northern third pecanoe easy driving range from Crooked Lake. of the state in a direction to southwesterly The regional fauna is reported chiefly in the Wabash River. The Missis- join Eel, volumes of the Indiana Academy of Sci? and numerous tribu- sinewa, Salamonie, ences and Investigations of Indiana Lakes taries also contribute water to the Wabash. and Streams, a journal published at irreg- The Great Lakes is drainage represented ular intervals by the University. the St. River across the by Joseph cutting The present research programs are par? Indiana border from and flow- Michigan ticularly directed toward the productivity to Lake The Mau- ing westerly Michigan. of lakes at various trophic levels. Several mee River once flowed from Lake Erie types of comparisons have been made be? to the Wabash River an during early gla- tween nearly barren marl lakes and ad? cial but has since reversed its course stage, vanced eutrophic lakes. Recent studies in? and drains the northeastern corner of the clude: factors responsible for metalimnetic state to its outlet at Ohio. All of Toledo, oxygen maxima; lake history as seen in the streams have a warm-water flora major changing species associations of clado- and but some of the smaller tribu- fauna, ceran and dipteran microfossils in the sedi? taries can be classed as trout marginal ments; competition and survival among streams with a biota of these waters. typical species of midge larvae; seasonal growth of The countryside is undulating as a result bluegill sunfish; studies of water beetles; of terminal moraines, secondary moraines, primary productivity; and aquatic fungi. eskers, and outwash plains. The soil is Visiting investigators will be most wel- mainly sand and gravel, but some "muck- come when our research facilities are com- land" has been exposed due to agricultural pleted. Arrangements can be made by drainage practices. The soil and configu- contacting the Director at the Department ration of the land are not well adapted of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloom- for agriculture, and sizable stands of see- ington. Iowa Lakeside Laboratory 329 THE IOWA LAKESIDE LABORATORY R. L. King, Director The Iowa Lakeside Laboratory is located on a tract of about one hundred acres on the west shore of Lake West Okoboji in Dickinson County, Iowa. The region lies east of the Great Plains in the Missouri Valley drainage area, near the boundary between the humid east and the dry west. It is just north of the terminal moraine of the most recent glacial advance, and shows typical knob and kettle topography inter- spersed with many bodies of water. Lake West Okoboji has sufficient area (3,700 acres) and depth (140 feet) to make it favorable for the study of physical and chemical limnology, as well as investiga? tions of animals and plants typical of deep lakes. There are many other lakes nearby which are less deep, such as Spirit Lake (5,600 acres), East Lake Okoboji (1,800 Assembling 10 meter core sampler. Iowa Lakeside acres), Silver Lake (1,000 acres), and an Laboratory. exceptional number of smaller bodies of water, including hanging bogs, large sloughs, and a large variety of glacial kettle have remained undisturbed. The birds of holes. Some of the latter contain perma- the area have received a good deal of nent ponds; others have summer dry study. The Little Sioux River and tribu? ponds. Lake Okoboji itself is unique in this brooks are This tary nearby. aquatic spec- geographic position of being a Great Plains trum offers an excellent opportunity for extension of the northern lake country. the of biota. study aquatic The opportunities for limnological study Some good stands of tall-grass prairies are many. Actually the biota of the lake persist on the flatlands of the region, while and the features of the lake have been elements of short-grass vegetation occur on neglected when compared with the well the knobs; oak woods flourish on protected known lakes of this country. The crus- slopes, particularly at lake margins. The tacea, aquatic insects, mollusks, rotifers, study of bryophytes has been a prominent annelids, and many other groups are well activity over many years. The area, with represented. The aquatic vegetation is ex? its ecological diversity, is remarkably rich ceedingly rich. The varied biota of all of in algal species and has been and continues the hundreds of smaller bodies of water to be a center of research in algology. An close at hand have been barely touched in adequate herbarium is maintained for terms of systematic study. local studies of vascular plants and bryo? The laboratory was established in 1909 a cheek collection of diatoms is phytes; by alumni of the State University of Iowa started. being under the leadership of Professor Thomas Many Great Plains insects have their H. Macbride, and now has become one eastern limits of distribution in the vicin- of the state educational institutions con? ity, and unusual species of ants are found trolled by the Iowa State Board of Regents. on the knobs and on the prairies which General administration of the laboratory 330 Fresh-Water Laboratories is conducted by the State University of specialties of the staff members. For the Iowa Extension Division. A scientific Ad- summer of 1963 the following courses are listedr visory Board with representatives of the Field Biology; Aquatic Ecology; three cooperating state schools (Iowa State Protozoology; Morphology of Algae; Field University, State University of Iowa, State Mycology; Helminthology; Plant Taxon? College of Iowa) advises on the educa- omy; Plant Ecology; and Independent tional and scientific policies of the lab? Study and Research. Three other courses oratory. have been offered from time to time: Field Dormitories for men and for women, Entomology, Biology of the Fresh-water several cottages for small families, and Fishes, and Biology of the Bryophytes. shower facilities are in an area adjacent The ten-week summer session is divided to the dining room. Housing and meals into two periods; each five-week course car- are furnished by the laboratory, since rea- ries five semester hours of credit. Students sonable facilities are not available nearby. register for one course only and meet with These needs are tended to by a resident that class every day for the entire day. custodian, staff of cooks, and business Registration may be made at any of the manager. three state schools. Classes range in maxi? Around a hillside overlooking the lake mum size from 6 to 12 students; these small are five very attractive stone cottage-type classes have the extreme virtue of close laboratories, each with two student and contact between class and instructor. two staff laboratories. These are basically Over the last several years the number equipped, with optical equipment and of students working on research toward materials suitable for the specialty studied. advanced degrees has increased greatly. Each is well lighted and cool; each has Space for a few visiting scientists is avail? running, untreated lake water. A large able and their presence is welcomed; how? lecture hall is within this grouping; ever, support for visitors is limited. The classes which require projection equipment research done by the staff, students, and meet here and larger groups meet here for visitors has centered almost entirely on special lectures. field studies which are appropriate for the Research facilities in limnology are in location and facilities. Active programs a newly built laboratory at the water's have been going on in algology, study of edge. This is available for workers in any bryophytes, prairie ecology, plant distribu? field where the newer gear and laboratory tion and taxonomy, life history studies of equipment would be useful. For work on helminthes, protozoology, myrmecology, the lake, the laboratory maintains several ecology and behavior of aquatic inverte? boats, from small punts to a 26-foot motor brates, and basic limnology. launch with winch. Water samplers, No publication is sponsored by the lab? Clarke-Bumpus sampler, underwater ther- oratory; many local studies are published in mometers, bathythermographs, photome- the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of are ters, etc, available for class and re? Science. Over two hundred papers have search use. come Laboratory cars are ready for from studies done at the laboratory, to transportation other sites nearby. rather equally distributed between plant The staff of the laboratory comes from and animal subjects. the faculties of the three institutions which Milford, Iowa is the mailing address and join in its operation. The courses offered nearest town. Bus connections are avail? in the ten-week summer session differ some- able, and air transportation is within one what from year to year, depending on the hour's drive. University of Michigan Biological Station 331 View over campus of University of Michigan Biological Station from ridge behind the campus THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN BIOLOGICAL STATION A. H. Stockard, Director The Station was founded in 1909, on its sary for an independent community of present site in the northern tip of the about 260 persons. The tract borders on Lower Peninsula of Michigan, near the two large inland lakes, Douglas and Burt, confluence of the upper three Great Lakes, and is surrounded by vast areas of State- Michigan, Huron, and Superior. Estab? owned wilderness and abandoned farm and lished by the University of Michigan, for pasture land. The entire region is dotted conducting instruction and research in by numerous glacial lakes and bogs in var? botany and zoology in a field situation, it ious stages of evolution, and contains many has followed this purpose throughout its streams, as well as plains, uplands, mor- fifty-four years of continuous operation. aines, and dunes. Sandy soils predominate, Originally a unit of the Summer Session, but there is some rich humus, and gravel it now is an administrative department of and clay deposits, sandstone and lime? the College of Literature, Science, and the stone outcrops add variety. The region is Arts. Its chief administrator is a director, in the transitional zone, between the boreal who is aided by an executive committee coniferous forests of Canada and the more composed of the dean of the School of southerly hardwood zone. Natural Resources and the chairmen of the With its varied topography, immense Departments of Botany and Zoology. wilderness areas and interzonal location, The physical plant consists of a 9,000- the region provides a wide range of natural acre tract of mostly wild forested land, habits and supports an assemblage of with a 30-acre campus containing 143 plants and animals that is rich in num? buildings and the service installation neces- bers of both taxa and individuals. Among 332 Fresh-Water Laboratories the plants are more than 100 families, 400 than 7,000 bound volumes and 20,000 eata- genera, and 1,000 species of phanerogams; logued reprints on biological topics, and 85 kinds of equisetales, club mosses, ferns others are available through loan services. and conifers; more than 250 species of Of the 100 residences, about 30 are oc- mosses and 75 species of liverworts; 175 cupied by faculty and other employees, genera and 600 species of algae, 150 species and the others are for students and in? of lichens, and vast assemblages of higher vestigators, with room for about 35 fami- fungi, slime molds and water molds. lies. Most are plain one-room houses, Among animals, the vertebrates include equipped, except linens and blankets, for 52 species of mammals, 150 or more of three single persons or a small family. birds, 16 each of reptiles and amphibians, There are five community shower build? and 75 of fishes. Of the invertebrates, ings and a laundry. A maximum of about sponges, hydras, turbellarians, nematodes, 260 persons can be housed, which is the gastrotrichs, bryozoans, and aquatic an- usual population in summer. The resi? nelids are abundant. The mollusks include dences are not equipped for the prepara? 76 species of snails, 14 of unionid clams tion of meals, but all occupants board at and a large number of sphaeriids. The the dining room. The University Health arthropods include many species of small Service maintains a branch at the Station, crustaceans and several of larger crusta- with a physician in residence. Spring and ceans, centipedes and millipedes; spiders, fall work also is encouraged, but the build? acarinids, phalangids, and rotifers are com- ings at present are not suitable for winter mon, and insects are plentiful, with 23 use. Plans are in rjrogress, however, for orders represented. Protozoans are abun? providing suitable winter quarters. dant, including all major groups of both Preserving its original aim, the Station free-living (except strictly marine) and pursues a program of instruction and re? parasitic forms. Helminth parasites, espe? search in biology during an eight-week cially the larval stages of trematodes, ces- session from late June to mid-August each todes, and nematodes, also are abundant. year, and it is available for research use The Station has fleets of boats and sta? at other times also. The instruction al pro? tion wagons, making collecting easy any- gram includes 18 to 20 courses in botany where in the region. It also has presses, and zoology. They cover all of the major driers, containers, preservatives, aquaria, taxonomic groups and ecological assem- and cages, for processing and caring for blages and all of the major environmental specimens. Herbarium and museum spe? media of the region. In addition, individ? cimens of most of the species are main? ual instruction is given to advance stu? tained for instructional purposes, but there dents in special fields of endeavor. Both is no effort to expand the collections for graduate and undergraduate students are general taxonomic research purposes. admitted to courses, but at least one year The 143 buildings, with a total of 73,000 of college biology is prerequisite for en- square feet of floor space, include 26 lab? rolling. The student enroliment usually oratory rooms in 16 buildings, a library, totals about 120, 40 undergraduates and an administration building with commu? 80 graduates. They come from many col- nity dining room, an assembly hall, 24 leges in Michigan, in other states, and in other service buildings, and 100 residences. foreign countries. All courses give Uni? The Station provides all of the usual chem- versity of Michigan credit, with full grad? icals, glassware, and other supplies, as well uate credit to graduate students. They as optical equipment, measuring devices, meet by the day rather than the hour; a collecting gear, aquaria, cages, boats, and two-semester-hour course meets one full vehicles for a full program of instruction day each week, and a four-semester-hour and research in both field and laboratory course meets two. Six to eight hours con- aspects of the environmental biology of stitutes a full load. the region. The library contains more The faculty consists of 16 to 18 profes- The University of Michigan Biological Station 333 sors who are specialists in the several as- also is productive. The number of topics pects of the Station's program. Like the under investigation by graduate students, students, they are from many sources; faculty, and postdoctoral scientists totals about half of them are from The Uni? well over 100 each summer, and each year versity of Michigan and the remainder are from 25 to 40 papers are published. The from seven to ten other institutions in number of such papers now exceeds 1,200. the United States and Canada. Chosen for The Station does not sponsor a publica? their ability in both teaching and research, tion, the regular professional journals their instructional programs are limited to being outlets for papers emanating from two days per week, leaving the remainder it; nor does it collect reprints for distri? of the week to be devoted to their own bution. research activities and those of their grad? Some funds for the support of both stu? uate students. dents and investigators have been granted The Station also accepts postdoctoral to the Station by the National Science and professional biologists as independent Foundation. investigators, on projects that are suited to The Station lies 6 miles east of Pellston, a field situation. From ten to twenty such Michigan, and 3 miles west on Riggsville persons usually can be accommodated, Road from its interchange with Interstate some with families. Living and working Highway 75. Buses and planes stop at Pell? - conditions for them are similar to those ston. The address June 15 August 31 is for faculty and students. The University of Michigan Biological Although considerable effort is devoted Station, Pellston, Michigan; otherwise, Ann - to instruction, the Station's research effort Arbor, Michigan (Sept. 1 June 15). 334 Fresh-Water Laboratories THE LAKE ITASCA FORESTRY AND BIOLOGICAL STATION, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA William H. Marshall, Director The Station was established in 1912 to provide field instructional facilities pri? marily in the forestry area. In 1935 its functions were broadened to include bi? ology, and since that time a Biology Ses- sion has been held each year, except for a brief period during World War II. For? estry instruction continues during part of the summer. The major objective of the Biology Ses- sion is to provide opportunities for instruc? tion and research in field biology. The ? ?" ??**i...." v*1*:-'* :"~ Jm\\. : ii.iiiiiMiiii philosophy underlying work at the Station Animal Ecology Laboratory, Lake Itasca Forestry is to exploit the field opportunities in the and Biological Station, University of Minnesota area by a fundamental approach to the and taxonomic many ecological problems tail grass prairie associations and to the available. During recent years emphasis north are the immense stretches of north- has been from formal instruction shifting ern bogs around the Red Lakes. Habitats towards and research, independent guided representative of the three major biomes and at two-thirds of the student present of eastern North America are thus easily are body graduate students. accessible. The Biology Session is a unit of the Uni? Check lists of mammals and birds of the of Minnesota Summer Session. It versity area are available. Until the supply is ex? is administered a Director who relies on by hausted these can be supplied free of cost. an committee the advisory representing The session stresses the field approach to of the Uni? major biology departments ecological and behavior problems. The va- of Minnesota, and which includes a versity riety of terrestrial organisms which can be from the of Wis- representative University studied is exceedingly rich because of the consin. location of the area in relation to tail grass The present staff consists of the Director, prairies, hardwood forests, and coniferous eleven professors, three teaching assistants, habitats on bog and upland. There is no a secretary, resident manager, and other difficulty in finding considerable areas of temporary employees. The teaching staff each habitat rather than relicts. The avi- selected of is annually by the Departments fauna is particularly rich. There are a the University directly concerned: Botany, number of forest insects which show strik- Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife, Plant ing fluctuations in abundance and the op- and and Pathology Botany, Zoology. portunities for studies in population dy- The Station is situated in Itasca State namics are outstanding. Park, a 50-square mile area which includes Concurrent with this rich ecotone situa- many lakes of different types and a unique tion is the fact that the area has been array of forests. Extensive stands of decid- heavily glaciated. This set the stage for a uous trees representing the northern hard large array of shallow and deep lakes, woods and several types of coniferous streams and rivers, as well as soil differ? stands on both upland and bog sites are ences that influence the basic productivity found in the Park. Forty miles to the west in many ways. Aquatic forms show great there are considerable areas of very fine diversity. Ohio State University 335 The Station has ten class laboratories in Collections of animals at the Station are five buildings and in addition buildings minimal and are used principally for teach? with individual laboratories for 25 research ing. Complete collections are available in the Minnesota Museum of Natural workers. Equipment for measuring envi? History in Minneapolis. The Station maintains a ronment and for doing microscopic work herbarium for to the is available. the Session, plants indigenous During Biology area. quarters for single students are available The summer mailing address is Itasca on the Station and meals are served in Biology Session, Lake Itasca P. O., Min? the hall. At other times of the dining year nesota. During the remainder of the year some cabin for research space is available mail should be addressed to the Director, workers. resorts can ac- Nearby provide Itasca Biology Session, 300 Coffey Hall, commodations for families. Limited camp- University of Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Min? sites with utilities are available on ground nesota. The laboratory is 240 miles north- the Station. west of Minneapolis and can best be There is no laboratory publication. Re? reached by U. S. Highway #71. Bus routes prints of articles published may be avail? include Itasca Park. The nearest airport able from the authors. is Bemidji, Minnesota, 40 miles distant. THE BIOLOGICAL STATION OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY L. S. Putnam, Director The Ohio State University Biological Station, founded in 1896, was first located near Sandusky, Ohio. In the beginning the station was utilized by advanced students and teachers from the university for sum? mer research. In 1900, courses of instruc? tion in botany and zoology were instituted, and the summer teaching program became active. In 1918 the laboratory was moved to Put-in-Bay, Ohio, on South Bass Island; in 1925 it was moved to Gibraltar Island as a permanent location. At this time it The Biological Station of the Ohio State Univer? also received its present name. The station sity has always encouraged research and teach? ing in field biology, but places emphasis secretary, and four technical and main? on the aquatic habitat of Lake Erie by tenance men. stressing limnology and fisheries biology. The immediate habitat is Lake Erie, a Franz T. Stone Laboratory is operated co- eutrophic lake which, with its shores, bays, operatively by the Department of Botany, and tributary streams, offers a wide variety the Department of Zoology, and the Na? of aquatic situations. The islands of West? tural Resources Institute of the Ohio State ern Lake Erie and access to the Ohio main- University. The administrative officers are land make available many terrestrial areas Dr. Charles A. Dambach and Dr. Loren S. as well. Most mid-continental plants and Putnam. animals can be obtained for study and The staff of Stone Laboratory consists of research. eight senior scientists, two assistants, one The physical facilities consist of a large 336 Fresh-Water Laboratories classroom and office building, a research zoology, ornithology, field entomology, field building, three dormitories, refectory, boat botany, algae, mycology, plant physiology, house, and shop. Mobile equipment in? aquatic botany, and field plant ecology. cludes three vessels (42 feet, 37 feet, and Students range from college upper class- 25 feet L.O.A.), row boats, and outboards, men through graduates. Many of the a 36-passenger bus, a carryall, and a truck. graduate students engage in thesis research. It has a wide variety of collecting equip? The program is designed to give training ment, aquaria, and holding cages for speci? to professional biologists and teachers in mens. General optical and other types of the field-related aspects of the science. equipment normally used in taxonomic, While the major research interest of the behavioral, and physiological studies are station continues to be in the areas of kept in stock. Working collections of the limnology and ichthyology, there are also local fauna and flora are maintained. The active studies being conducted in ornith? laboratory maintains a small library. ology, invertebrate zoology, entomology, The instructional program is conducted and botany. Independent research workers during the summer quarter (June 15 to are welcome. Information about arrange- August 30). Courses are given by the De? ments for space and housing can be ob? partment of Botany and the Department tained from Dr. L. S. Putnam at the F. T. of Zoology and Entomology of The Ohio Stone Laboratory, Put-in-Bay, Ohio, from State University. These include: limnol- June 15 to August 30; during the regular ogy, ichthyology, fish ecology, animal school year at the Department of Zoology physiology, parasitology, aquatic entomol? and Entomology, The Ohio State Univer? ogy, invertebrate zoology, herpetology, field sity, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio. PYMATUNING LABORATORY OF FIELD BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH C. A. Tryon, Jr. Pymatuning Lake, Wildlife Sanctuary, may be admitted. Linesville, Pennsylvania is located 80 miles Courses in plant and animal ecology and north of Pittsburgh. It is in western Craw- in limnology are offered. Field trips are ford County with part of the Lake being taken to other parts of the continent. in Ohio. Pymatuning Laboratory is in the Research chiefly deals with studies of southwestern lobe of the boreal flora char? trophic dynamics in aquatic and terrestrial acteristic of much of Canada. It overlooks ecosystems, including emphasis on both in? a very productive reservoir which is avail? dividual and population energy flows. able for instruction and research but is not The Station consists of three laboratory open to the general public. Nearby are buildings, a mess hall, sleeping cabins, a extensive swamps and marshes, as well as boat house, and a library. All necessary wooded uplands. Lake Erie to the north equipment for field work in ecology, and and the Allegheny National Forest are for collecting specimens, is available. Labo? within easy travelling distance. ratory facilities include equipment for ra? Pymatuning Laboratory is open for dioisotope work and for chemical analysis classes from May 1 to September 1, and of soil and water. provides facilities throughout the year for The staff consists of three permanent research. Pymatuning's programs are de? faculty members and one to several visiting signed primarily for students at a gradu? investigators. ate level, whether degree or non-degree, Pymatuning Special Publications in Ec? although well-qualified undergraduates ology is published by the Laboratory. Laboratory of Limnology 337 The Laboratory of Limnology, University of Wisconsin THE LABORATORY OF LIMNOLOGY AND ASSOCIATED FIELD UNITS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Arthur D. Hasler, Director As a consequence of a generous grant in Mendota, a study that culminated in from the National Science Foundation, his classic treatise, "The Work of the Wind in a Lake." limnological research was given significant Warming Together with who him in encouragement through the construction Chancey Juday, joined 1905, they measured the dissolved gases of in 1962 of the Laboratory of Limnology 150 lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, and on the campus-shoreline of Lake Mendota. in addition studied the quantity and This development solved the needs of an chemical composition of the plankton. the research expanding group, background Limnology in Wisconsin began on Lake of which rests upon a foundation of both Mendota; however, from 1925 to 1938 the tradition and in practical development base of operations was shifted to the high- aquatic research at Wisconsin. land lake district in northeastern Wiscon? During the formative years following sin, with the establishment of the Trout 1875, observation and description led to Lake Laboratory in a county (Vilas) of an understanding of many of the basic 350 lakes. From the lakes of the north? mysteries of aquatic ecology. Prof. E. A. eastern district came the classic studies on Birge found fascination in the planktonic the transmission of solar radiation (See Crustacea and the cycles of temperature Ch. 1, by D. G. Frey in North American 338 Fresh-Water Laboratories Limnology, University of Wisconsin Press, ing the summer months; Cladophora is 1963). abundant on the shores and festoons the Cooperation among many departments large aquatic plants during June. The are of the of the University, including Botany, Me- larger aquatic plants mainly Vallisneria is most abund? teorology, Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, submerged type; followed Zoology, and Bacteriology, has been a fea- ant, by Ceratophyllum, Myrio- and three of ture of limnological research at Wisconsin. phyllum, species Potamoge- Working agreements with state agencies, ton. De? such as the Wisconsin Conservation Lake Mendota has approximately 11 and the State Board of Health, partment species of limnetic Crustacea; the popula? have broadened the of our research scope tion during one year is likely to be domi- immeasurably. nated by three cladocerans of the genus as Experimental limnology, emphasized Daphnia and, among the copepods, two the stands the foun? by present staff, upon members of the genus Cyclops, in addition dation of assembled descriptive knowledge to Diaptomus and Diaphanosoma. Two here and elsewhere. Its have principles other cladocerans, Chydorus and Lepto- been to studies of water move? applied dora, appear in considerable numbers. ments, water chemistry, fish and plankton Chironomus and Chaoborus dominate the and the of nutrient-rich production, lifting deep bottom fauna whereas in the shallow deep waters to the surface with bubbles of areas molluscs and insects are abundant. air. compressed Similarly, experimental The fish fauna of Lake Mendota is com- techniques have been applied to the study prised of approximately 59 species in 21 of the orientation of fishes Ch. 2, (See by families; of these, 50 in 18 families A. D. Hasler in North American Limnol? species are well documented while the remainder ogy)- are questionable. The families Cyprinidae, The of is a divi? Laboratory Limnology with 14 species represented, and Centrar- sion of the of This Department Zoology. chidae, with a total of 8 species, make the section has three four professors, post-doc? greatest contribution. The yellow perch, toral associates, seventeen stu? graduate Perca flavescens (Mitchill), and the white dents at the Masters and Ph.D. level, and bass, Roccus chrysops (Raf.), are dominant a secretarial and maintenance staff of three. among the pelagic fishes and provide for Financial has come from federal support an important sport fishery. The cisco, and state and individual agencies, generous Coregonus artedii LeSueur, has undergone gifts. catastrophic die-offs in recent years, and is Lake Mendota lies in the valleys of the now a rare species. The yellow perch and pre-glacial Middleton and Yahara Rivers, the white bass are studied most extensive- which were dammed with glacial drift dur? ly, especially their movement, activity, re- ing the Pleistocene. For many years the productive behavior, population dynamics, lake has been under the influence of the and homing behavior as related to olfac- rich agricultural area which surrounds tory and sun orientation. Madison; today Mendota is biologically a Research stations located on Trout lake. Detailed faunal highly productive Lake, among the small lakes of Chippewa lists for various have been cata- groups County, and on the Brule River in Doug- within a list of the logued publications las County permit the study of waters of the and 1946. laboratory (Juday Hasler, ranging from the largest fresh-water lake Trans. Wis. Acad. 36:469-490; and in Has? in the world (Superior) to small dystroph- ler, op. cit.). ic bog lakes. The only known meromictic The algal flora of Lake Mendota is of or permanently stratified lakes in the state, the cyanophyte-diatom type. Large blooms in addition to several bogs, ponds, and of Gloeotrichia and Lyngbya develop dur- artificial flowages, occur nearby. Fish of a Laboratory of Limnology 339 unique nature whose distributions are lim? through the use of a modern system of ited within the state include: the muskel- data acquisition. A 12 year study of water lunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill; the movements in Lake Michigan is leading to ? lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Wal- increased interest in it an interest to be baum); the lake sturgeon, Acipenser ful- shared with investigators at the Milwaukee vescens Rafinesque; and several species of campus of the University. the genus Coregonus. New studies center on chemical lim? An integrated program of research and nology, owing to an increased program in teaching in the fields of physical and bio? water chemistry involving the Depart? logical limnology continues. The physi? ment of Sanitary Engineering. Studies on the ology of fishes is a major interest of the influence of algae upon denitrification bacteria laboratory. A number of our projects deal by aquatic are under investiga? tion. with the more basic aspects of fisheries biology, in particular homing mechanisms. An attractive formed-concrete building Apparatus and methods for tracking mi- cantilevered over the waters of Mendota gratory fishes are being developed. A sat- has recently been completed. The new isfactory solution would help to solve both Laboratory of Limnology provides offices, the problems of homing of white bass in laboratories, conference rooms, a library, Lake Mendota as well as the study of sal? and supporting facilities for a staff of 35 mon and other migratory species on the people, as well as adequate fish-holding high seas. Studies of the diel migration of and storage facilities. The basement level Daphnia and the related feeding of white encloses a boat slip opening to Mendota bass are being conducted by artificially between concrete entrance piers. A large manipulating light intensity and quality in shop, rooms for gear and boat storage, fish the field. Of a somewhat different nature holding tanks, small rooms for recording are programs dealing with the microbio- instruments, motors, and batteries, and a of vitamin and the logical assay B12, sea? shower room with locker facilities complete sonal succession of filamentous algae in the lower floor. Lake Mendota. The first floor includes laboratories for In the northern lakes and streams, the graduate students and visiting personnel, ecology of such fishes as the muskellunge, for paleo- and latitudinal-limnology, hy- black bass, rainbow trout, and walleye are drobotany, and microbiology. A dark of central interest, and current studies will room, culture room, isotope room, instru- provide a basis for future management ment room, and chemical laboratory are recommendations. Other fishery problems also included. The second floor consists of receiving attention include the ecology of laboratories for the study of the behavior the white bass, studies on larval fishes, and and physiology of fishes, zooplankton and the winter movements of perch in ice- benthos, physical limnology, and fishery covered Lake Mendota. biology. Offices of the director, secretaries, Basic studies in physical and chemical a library, large aquarium room, graduate limnology are likewise important in our laboratories, and offices for investigators program. A knowledge of water move? are welded into a working unit. The labo? ments in isolated basins is basic to the ratory was designed, not only for the needs problem of disposal of atomic waste; and of the students and faculty, but also to radioisotopes are presently being used to meet those of visiting investigators. Hon- measure water movements in small experi? orary professorships and grants for visiting mental lakes. Work on problems of physi? investigators and post-doctoral students are cal limnology is underway in the Antarctic available periodically. in collaboration with the Department of Research papers and monographs are Meteorology. Internal waves and heat published in the world biological and lim- propagation in Lake Mendota are studied nological literature. Reprints are available 340 Fresh-Water Laboratories upon request and are offered as exchange. petent advice in most scientific disciplines A collection of Wisconsin fishes, birds, through association with groups in sup- and mammals is maintained in the mu? porting sciences. Besides Lake Mendota, seum of the Department of Zoology, Birge the lower lakes of the Yahara system are Hall, Madison. The Milwaukee Museum within ready access. A series of small ponds has collections of other groups. in the nearby Arboretum of the Univer? The Laboratory of Limnology is located sity has been used for experimental stud? on the south shore of Lake Mendota in ies. A modest research laboratory at Trout the heart of the main campus of the Uni? Lake, Boulder Junction, Wisconsin oper? versity. This unique situation, i.e., a cam? ates the year around, and mobile units en- pus laboratory embodying the advantages able studies in outlying areas. of a summer field station, in addition to Inquiry should be made to the Director: those of a large mid-west campus, provides Prof. Arthur D. Hasler, Laboratory of the investigator with adequate housing Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madi- and cultural opportunities, as well as com- son 6, Wisconsin. Alberta Biological Station 341 MOUNTAIN LABORATORIES THE ALBERTA BIOLOGICAL STATION, UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA D. M. Ross, Head, Department of Zoology The Alberta Biological Station was established in 1949 by the joint action of the University of Alberta and of the De? partment of Lands and Forests of the Province of Alberta. The moving spirit behind the venture was the late Dr. R. B. Miller, former Head of the University's Department of Zoology. It was established primarily as a base for Dr. Miller's re? search on trout; subsequently it also be? came a center for research on big game, upland game, and wildlife in general. The Station has continued to be sup? ported both by the University and by the Provincial Government. It is administered by a committee with representatives from the Department of Zoology of the Univer? sity, and the Fish and Wildlife Division of the Provincial Department of Lands and Forests. The Station is located at an elevation of 4,500 feet in the foothills of the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, about 70 miles southwest of Calgary, Alberta. It is in the transition zone between extensive stands of aspen and balsam poplar and montane coniferous forest. High-altitude alpine meadows and alpine tundra, as well Alberta Station, Turner Alberta, as low-altitude are acces- Biological Valley, grasslands, easily Summer, 1962 sible. As the Station is situated in a Pro? vincial Forest Reserve, the nearby area is relatively undisturbed and thus maintains quired. Arrangements can be made to a fluorishing flora and fauna. house visiting investigators or research as- The facilities are basically designed for sistants in the permanent buildings or in field ecological studies. Four permanent tents for which floors and frames exist. buildings are established at the site, three Limited funds are available to support used mainly as living quarters and one ex? visiting investigators. clusively as a laboratory. A diesel gener- Representatives of the vertebrates, cer? ator provides electricity, but it is hoped tain of the invertebrate groups, and the that a power line will be extended to the common plants of the region are kept in Station in the near future. Microscopes the collections of the Department of Zool? and other equipment are made available ogy of the University, and are available from the Department of Zoology as re- for study. There is no printed publication 342 Mountain Laboratories from the laboratory, but an annual report the nearest town, Turner Valley, Alberta. giving full summaries of work carried on The nearest airport and main line railway at the Station is prepared. Copies of these station are at Calgary. Addresses: May to reports may be borrowed for a limited September?Alberta Biological Station, time on request to the Department of Turner Valley, Alberta. October to April Zoology. ?Alberta Biological Station, Department The Station can be reached only by ear of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmon- over a graveled forestry road 20 miles from ton, Alberta, Canada. William Chambers Coker Building of Highlands Biological Station THE HIGHLANDS BIOLOGICAL STATION, INC. Thelma Howell, Executive Director The parent organization of the High- tion changed to the Highlands Biological lands Biological Station, Inc, was the Station. Highlands Museum of Natural History, The primary objective was to provide a founded August 14, 1927, by a group of regional research station where competent laymen. Prompted by a number of biolo- investigators may be brought together in gists from the southeastern part of the mutually helpful relations. The emphasis United States who had suffered from the at the Station has always been on research. lack of a biological station in the area, the The corporate powers of the Station are Founders saw the magnificent opportunity vested in a Board of Trustees. An Execu? for the establishment of a biological sta? tive Committee of seven members acts for tion in the Southern Appalachians. On the Board of Trustees in the formulation recommendation of fifteen scientists, repre? and execution of plans and policies ap- senting thirteen important institutions, the proved by the Board. organization was incorporated on July 21, A new research laboratory, made pos? 1930, as the Highlands Museum and Bio? sible by a grant from the National Science logical Laboratory. On September 30, 1949, Foundation, was completed in May 1958, the charter of the corporation was and named for the late distinguished bota- amended and the name of the organiza- nist, William Chambers Coker, a former Highlands Biological Station 343 corporation president and director of the for the study of the distinctive nature of a laboratory. The Coker building contains whole complex of gorges. The gorges con- research cubicles for 18 investigators; the stitute an altitudinal transition between Reinke Library, named for the late Edwin the flora and fauna of the Piedmont and E. Reinke, first director of the laboratory; Coastal Plain provinces on the one hand executive offices; storeroom; and photo? and the mountains on the other. A study graphic darkroom. Central heating per- of the ecology of these gorges is currently mits use of the building throughout the supported by an NSF grant. year. The program consists of studies involv? The original research laboratory, built ing two phases, the first being inventory in 1931 and named the Sam T. Weyman and descriptive and the second analytical Building, was remodeled in 1958 and con- and experimental. In addition to floral verted into a dining hall-kitchen. The and faunal surveys, the research to date dining hall seats 50 people, and is operated has included studies of significant margi- from June 1-August 31. nal, transitional, and isolated populations. Four cottages are available for housing. The research program in the gorges pro? The Highlands Biological Station is in vides support for independent investiga? the southern section of the Blue Ridge tors, both post-doctoral and pre-doctoral, Province, commonly called the Southern whose research programs are concerned Appalachians. The region is one of great with the biota of the gorge areas and antiquity, for the Appalachians represent which require the facilities of the High- an ancient land mass repeatedly raised lands Biological Station as a base of oper- into mountains and continuously eroded ations. before the newer Appalachians were born. In addition to the research program in While other areas of the continent were the gorges, the National Science Founda? glaciated, submerged, and exposed to great tion has made it possible for the Station climatic changes, the Southern Appala? to support other research projects of inde? chians offered a refuge for many species of pendent investigators. plants and animals. Institutions and agencies which render Important studies have been made in financial support to the Highlands Bio? several areas of the Southern Appalachians, logical Station are: Champion Paper and notably in the Great Smoky Mountains, to Fibre Company, Coca-Cola Bottling Com- (a) determine patterns of forest distribu? pany of Asheville, Duke University, Em- tion, (b) look for clues to the question of ory University, Florida State University, how forests developed, and (c) study the National Science Foundation, North Caro- animal communities and associations and lina State College, State of North Carolina, account for their distribution. Although University of Florida, University of Geor? biologists have long known that phyto- gia, University of North Carolina, Univer? geographically important relict popula- sity of Tennessee, Vanderbilt University, tions of liverworts and mosses and vascu- Wesleyan College (Georgia), and the Wm. lar plants were present in the gorges of the C. Brown Company. southeastern escarpment of the Blue Ridge US Highway #64 passes through the Mountains, no extensive studies have been town of Highlands. The nearest train serv- made to determine the role of a headwater ice is Seneca, South Carolina; nearest bus escarpment complex in regional animal service Franklin, North Carolina; nearest and plant distribution. airports Asheville, North Carolina and Near the Highlands area, the southeast? Greenville, South Carolina. ern region of the Blue Ridge escarpment Requests for use of the facilities, for (located in southern Transylvania, Jack? grants and for information should be ad- and Macon son, Counties, North Carolina, dressed to the Executive Director, High? and northern Pickens and Oconee Coun? lands Biological Station, Highlands, North ties, South Carolina) offers a unique area Carolina. 344 Mountain Laboratories JACKSON HOLE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH STATION, UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING L. Floyd Clarke, Head, Department of Zoology and Physiology The Jackson Hole Biological Research Station, administered by the University of Wyoming under agreement with the New York Zoological Society, is available for ,,1ft ilii use by research workers in the biological .^#f! sciences from June 1 to September 10, and at other times during the year by special arrangement. The New York Zoological Society, in cooperation with the Jackson Hole Preserve Inc, and the Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, operated the Biological Research Station from 1947 to \?^>,^\, 1953. Since 1953 the University of Wyo? ming has assumed the responsibility for the administration of the Station as a part of an expanding program of research in biological science. The Grand Teton Na? tional Park cooperates in the research ac? tivity. The Station is staffed by a director and an assistant director who also participate in the research activities, a permanent caretaker, and an assistant during the sum? mer months. In effect the research investi? gators constitute the staff, and many have The Teton Mountains which are in the immedi- graduate students as assistants. An advisory ate vicinity of the Station board appointed by the President of the University of Wyoming assists the director. The Station is located in Grand Teton several kinds; and commu- National Park, in a grove of lodgepole aspens, alpine nities. Since the of most of pines adjacent to the Snake River, one composition these mile east of the Jackson Lake dam, 33 communities has not been studied, miles north of Jackson, Wyoming, and 20 the opportunities for general ecological miles south of the south entrance to Yel- studies are practically unlimited. Such lowstone National Park. The Station is studies could be purely qualitative in na? designed to accommodate research workers ture, or they could be quantitative in in those particular biological fields for scope and involve studies of population which the Jackson Hole area furnishes op- dynamics. An extensive area to the north portunity for substantial and significant of the Station has been designated by the research. A wide variety of biotic com? U. S. Forest Service as the Teton Wilder- munities occurs within reasonable working ness Area. This area affords undisturbed distance from the Station. This includes conditions, since the grazing of domestic sagebrush, mountain grasslands; stream- stock and the cutting of timber are not side communities, such as willows, cotton permitted. woods and marshes; coniferous forest of The area surrounding the Station is big Jackson Hole Biological Research Station 345 game country with bighorn sheep, moose, many aspects of fish production, and man- elk, and deer, as well as many species of agement are in need of further study. fur-bearing animals. The U. S. Forest The facilities at the Research Station are Service and the Wyoming Game and Fish also satisfactory for laboratory study in Department have built a number of ex- physiology and development which can be closures which can be used as control areas correlated with field ecological and life in making studies of the effects of both history studies. domestic livestock and wildlife on the The Station buildings are of log con- ranges. struction and include well-equipped zool? Other studies which could be made in? ogy and botany laboratories, and ten clude: general life history studies of par? dwelling units provided with light-house- ticular species of either invertebrate or keeping facilities. A fee is charged for use vertebrate animals; altitudinal and sea? of living accommodations; no mess ac- sonal distribution studies; studies of be? commodations are provided. Available are: havior, territories and social organizations; a library containing the most essential bio? studies of reproduction and growth; and logical references; an herbarium; a collec? both plant and animal taxonomy. tion of mammals and birds; a shop; a boat The region offers an abundance of re? with outboard motor; a pickup truck, and search opportunities in the field of aquatic passenger ear. Electricity, heat, refriger- biology. Rocky Mountain lakes, particu? ation and telephone are provided. larly alpine lakes, present many limnologi- Reprints of publications resulting from cal problems in need of intensive and long- work at the Station are available in lim? term study. These lakes lie at elevations ited numbers. In most cases the individ? ranging from 6,000 to over 13,000 feet. ual investigators have arranged for distri? Many aspects of stream ecology, a subject bution and exchange of their own publica? which has long been neglected in the field tions. Checklists of animals of this area of hydrobiology, can be studied, literally are available through Grand Teton Na? at the front door of the main laboratory. tional Park and Yellowstone National The Snake River, the largest stream in the Park. area, runs right by the Research Station. Research workers at the Station may Medium sized streams are convenient for register for credit at the University of study, as are smaller creeks and brooks. Wyoming. Grants for research have been Students of fishes and fisheries will find supplied in some cases by the New York a wealth of research opportunities in the Zoological Society and in others by home area. The life histories of most of the institutions or other agencies. non-game fishes of the area are virtually The Station is easily accessible by air- unknown, and many aspects of the ecology plane or automobile. All inquiries should of the native game fishes are very much in be addressed to L. Floyd Clarke, Depart? need of long-term investigations. Fisheries ment of Zoology, University of Wyoming, management in the lakes and streams, and Laramie, Wyoming. 346 Mountain Laboratories Mammalogy class from Montana State University Biological Station on a field trip in Glacier National Park. (Credit for photograph, Mr. Summer Dow) THE MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL STATION Richard A. Solberg, Director The Montana State University Biologi? miles. The maximum depth is approxi? cal Station is located on Yellow Bay on mately 300 feet. The shore line of the the east shore of Flathead Lake at the lake varies considerably from precipitous, base of the northern end of the Mission rocky shores on the east side to a sloping Mountains, 90 miles north of the main sandy bottom at the south end of the lake. university campus at Missoula. The Sta? The Swan and Flathead Rivers empty into tion also has land on Bull Island and on the lake at the north end, and the latter Polson Bay, and owns the two small Bird river drains the lake at the south. Islands. Flathead Lake lies in the Flat? The Station was founded in 1899 by Dr. head Valley, which was glaciated in the M. J. Elrod, Professor of Biology at Mon- Pleistocene, at the southern end of the tana State University. The laboratory was Flathead and Purcell Trenches of the originally directed toward providing op? Rocky Mountains. The valley, bordered portunities for high school and college in- by mountain ranges showing marked dif? structors to carry on field work in the bio? ferences in geological structure, lies about logical sciences. The Station continues to 40 miles west of the Continental Divide concentrate on presenting upper division and 100 miles south of the Canadian Bor- courses and graduate work in the fields of der. This valley and the adjacent valleys botany and zoology that are related to the and mountains form one of the upper taxonomic and ecological approaches to reaches of the Columbia River Drainage. the study of these disciplines. The Station The headwaters of the Mississippi and stresses research programs primarily con? Hudsonian Drainages are easily accessible cerned with the fauna and flora of North? in Glacier National Park. western Montana. Flathead Lake is an oligotrophic lake Former directors of the Station were: with a definite thermocline during the Dr. Elrod, until 1933; Dr. J. W. Severy, summer months. It is approximately 35 until 1940; and Dr. G. B. Castle, until miles long with an average width of 7 1962. Dr. R. A. Solberg was appointed Montana State University Biological Station 347 acting director in 1962. Various members in Zoology are also available. Students in- of the Zoology and Botany Departments terested in earning a master's degree of Montana State University, as well as through successive summers at the Bio? noted scientists from many regions of the logical Station should write to the chair- United States, have been active in teaching man of either the Department of Botany and research done at the Station. or Zoology of the University for informa? The first permanent Station structure tion. was a brick laboratory, built in 1911-12, Each summer finds independent re- which is now used for a student store, stu- searchers using the Station facilities for dent offices, and a social center. The area their respective projects. These have in- at present contains over 60 individual cluded such areas of study as bird nesting buildings, including 12 staff and faculty habits and lake microbiology. A checklist cabins, 35 student cabins, general commis- of birds and mammals of the area is avail? sary, 5 buildings containing teaching and able from the Department of Zoology, research laboratories, and numerous main? Montana State University, as well as check- tenance and buildings facilities managed lists of unique taxonomic groups of other by a year-round resident custodian. animals. The Botany Department of the The Station is a unit of the State Uni? University has information available con- versity Summer School, and is adminis? cerning flora of the vicinity. Collections of tered by the University through the Dean fauna and flora are available for research of the and College of Arts Sciences. and teaching through these departments. in the Habitats vicinity of the Station The academic staff is composed of pro- from range lakes and valleys at 3,000 ft. fessors in addition to teaching assistants. altitude, to mountain peaks of 10,000 ft. The non-academic staff contains one full- altitude. Plant associations include palouse time resident maintenance man, a summer and prairie; sagebrush; montane, coast, assistant, a full-time secretary, a full-time spruce-fir forests; sub-alpine meadows; and chef, three assistants, and a student store tundra. Aquatic environments include eu- operator. and trophic oligotrophic lakes, glacial pot- The facilities and active cooperation of holes, ponds, swamps, bogs, streams, and many state and federal agencies are avail? rivers. All aspects of northern Rocky able to the staff and research workers of Mountain ecology are represented in close the Biological Station. Research projects proximity to the Station. Major research are conducted independently and in co? has centered around the following areas: operation with biologists and naturalists in limnology, mammalogy, invertebrate zo? Glacier National Park, at the Rocky Moun- ology, ornithology, entomology, algology, tain Laboratory in Hamilton, at the Na? systematic botany, and ecology. The resi? tional Bison Range at Moiese, with the dent faculty has varied in number from Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit on the five to eight, depending on the number Missoula campus, and with the State Fish of grant-supported Institutes being held at and Game Department in various sectors the Station during any one summer. of the State. Both long-range and short- Qualified students who are officially en- term research projects are feasible under rolled in the Graduate School may take these arrangements. course work and do research at the Station Further information is available from toward a master's degree. Master's degrees the Director, Biological Station, Bigfork, are offered in Botany, Zoology, Wildlife Montana (in summer); Department of Technology, and Teaching of Biological Botany, Montana State University, Mis? Sciences. Credits applicable toward a Ph.D. soula, Montana (in winter). 348 Mountain Laboratories The Mountain Lake Biological Station Main Laboratory THE MOUNTAIN LAKE BIOLOGICAL STATION, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA James L. Riopel, Director The Mountain Lake Biological Station Lake a program of courses and research is located in the Allegheny Mountains of for the Master's degree from the Univer? southwestern Virginia. The Station is fi- sity of Virginia. The Ph.D. degree is not nanced and controlled by the State and given during the Summer Session, but the University of Virginia. It was estab? credit towards that degree can be obtained lished in 1930 as a branch of the Uni? for work done there. Credit is also trans- versity of Virginia to provide facilities for ferable to other institutions. advanced instruction and research in field The teaching staff at Mountain Lake biology and related areas. consists of eight instructors who are in? Courses at the Station are offered under vited to the Station from universities the Summer Session of the University of throughout the country. With the rotating Virginia. There are two five-week terms curriculum, a different staff is in residence and four graduate courses are given each each summer. At the same time, staff con- term. Different courses are offered each tinuity is maintained by inviting instruc? summer so that the curriculum is diversi- tors to return when their courses are of? fied and serves the interests of a larger fered again. The remaining personnel group of students. Zoological courses fre- varies from year to year. In 1962, there quently given are ecology, entomology, were present: 11 senior scientists, 7 re? herpetology, ichthyology, helminthology, search fellows, 1 research assistant, 1 secre- mammalogy, ornithology, and protozo- tary, 1 librarian, 1 caretaker, 3 cooks, and ology. Student enrollment in most courses 4 maintenance men. is limited to 12. The physical plant consists of 24 build? Students may undertake at Mountain ings. The main laboratory building con- Mountain Lake Biological Station 349 tains 4 classrooms, 2 photographic rooms, Station property, and over 100,000 acres 3 stockrooms, 15 private research areas, a of woodland are available for study. library, herbarium, constant temperature The Station is surrounded by many rich room, an auditorium, and a seminar room. and diversified habitats which offer excel- In addition, a smaller laboratory building lent opportunities for study of aquatic and is now being equipped to provide research terrestrial organisms. Several mountain facilities and living accommodations dur? streams, a small natural lake, mixed decid- ing the off season. This building will be uous forests, rocky ridges, a sphagnum bog, ready for use by June 1963. Comfortable and stands of red spruce, hemlock, and lodging is provided in individual cottages white pine, are among the many interesting which have one or two bedrooms. Most of habitats within walking distance of the the cottages have an open fireplace in the Station. living room, and all have electric lights, No specific research areas of zoology are hot water, and private bathrooms with stressed at Mountain Lake, nor can it be showers. All meals are served in a com? said that the area is especially unique in mon dining room. the organisms present. Studies recently Equipment at the Station for instruc- published from work at the Station include tional and research purposes includes such such diverse subjects as: taxonomy of Heli- items as automobiles, boats, collecting ozoa; life history of trematodes; helminths equipment, traps, seines, field glasses, and of mammals; epizootic ostracods and microscopes. Also available are micro- branchiobdellids of crayfish; chromosomes tomes, incubators, embedding ovens, auto- of aquatic pulmonate snails; taxonomy, claves, photometers, and many other items life history and ecology of crayfish; sex in? used in general work. The Station usually duction in wood roaches; initiation of provides for all stains and reagents used function of the islets of Langerhans in tad? in research, if notified in advance by visit? poles of the frog during metamorphosis; ing investigators. Funds are available from and ecology of cave salamanders. the National Science Foundation to sup? Mountain Lake is located 20 miles from port research at Mountain Lake during the Blacksburg, Virginia, and may be reached summer months, or for shorter periods at by highway. Bus service is available to the other times of the year. Application for town of Christiansburg, which is 28 miles these awards should be made to the from the Station. A commercial airport is Director. located in Roanoke, 60 miles from Moun? The actual site for Mountain Lake is tain Lake. A Station vehicle is available on a wooded ridge at 4,000 feet on top to meet persons at either of these locations. of the divide between the Atlantic and During the summer months, the mailing Mississippi drainage areas. The Station address is the Mountain Lake Biological includes property 1,200 acres, and has an Station, Route 1, Pembroke, Virginia. additional 1,500 acres adjacent to the Sta- From September to June, all mail should ton set aside recently as a scenic area to be directed to the Department of Biology, be preserved in its natural state. The Jef- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, ferson National Forest also adjoins the Virginia. 350 Mountain Laboratories A field crew near timberline on the way to the Alpine Tundra Research area. (Near Science Lodge Mountain Research Station) SCIENCE LODGE MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO John W. Marr, Director, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research Science Lodge Mountain Research Sta? and high altitude acclimatization is im- tion is a year-round field establishment in possible at lower elevations. Science Lodge the central Rocky Mountains. It is located can be reached by traveling 17 miles west at 9,500 feet elevation on the east slope of Boulder to Nederland on highway 119, of the Front Range in northern Colorado, the north 7 miles on highway 160 and twenty-five miles from the campus of Colo? finally 1 mile west on a gravel road. rado University in Boulder, and forty-five The administration of Science Lodge is miles from Denver over paved highways. the responsibility of the Institute of Arctic Extensive research areas at elevations from and Alpine Research, an official agency of 5,500 feet to 13,000 feet are accessible from the University of Colorado. The Institute Science Lodge in less than one hour of assumed administration of Science Lodge travel time in all seasons. The variety of in 1951, after it had functioned for over easily accessible mountain habitats makes 30 years as a summer field class establish- Science Lodge an excellent center for in- ment, and made it a center for year-round troducing people to mountain landscapes field research activities. It is now used ex- and teaching methods of field research. tensively by the Institute in its programs The Lodge is conveniently located for of research, research education, seminars changing from conventional clothing, and symposia, and to provide accommoda- equipment and vehicles to the specialized tions and facilities for visiting scientists types essential for field work in the higher and graduate students. mountains. Science Lodge provides effi- Most of the staff of the Institute of Arctic cient living accommodations for scientists and Alpine Research are concerned with working at higher elevations because most the activities at Science Lodge and reside people do not rest well above 9,500 feet, there at times during the year. A manager- Science Lodge Mountain Research Station 351 caretaker lives at the Lodge on a full-time area there is a very great number of basic basis to provide continuity of operations habitats including a diversity of organisms, at the facility throughout the year. The parent materials, soils, and climates. Five Institute staff is presently composed of the distinct but adjacent climax regions and following personnel: a director, an associ- their transitional ecotones are to be found ate director, administrative assistant, man- in this area, and all can be reached in less ager of facilities, four research associates, than one hour from Science Lodge. These two secretaries, five research assistants, a regions are: the Great Plains grassland, field technician, two laboratory and field lower montane forest, upper montane for- assistants, and a visiting scientist. During est, subalpine forest, and alpine tundra the summer the staff includes several main- climax regions. Probably the most unique tenance men, a cook and her assistant, and feature of this area is the extensive, well additional research assistants. However, developed, yet relatively accessible alpine the number and composition of the Insti? tundra, some of which has gentle topogra- tute staff varies somewhat with the season phy and deep soil; most of the research at and year. Science Lodge is concentrated in this por? tion of the The Institute is governed by a Council landscape. composed of several professors and admin? The entire study area is relatively free istrative officers of the University. The from use by tourists, ranchers, lumbermen, Director, appointed by the President upon and sportsmen, especially when the close the recommendation of the Council, super- proximity to a large population center and vises the affairs of the Institute including the good transportation to the area is con? Science Lodge. sidered. There are no permanent homes or ranches within three miles of Science The research programs are largely con? and disturbance to research instal- centrated in the Front Range, and most Lodge, lations is of the projects emphasize an ecological infrequent. approach in which the ecosystem is the Science Lodge consists of 200 acres of basic unit of study. Hence the projects do land surrounded by the Roosevelt National not necessarily separate the ecosystem com? Forest. Facilities include the Alpine Lab? ponents (plants, animals, environment fac? oratory (a new 27 room winterized build? tors, and ecological processes) for research ing), housing for 70 summer and 25 winter purposes. Some of the projects presently residents, a central dining room for resi- in progress include studies of environment dents who do not have cooking facilities in four climax regions, radiation ecology, in their cabins, and office, maintenance, re? pattern and process of fallout radiation in search, and service buildings. Three small an alpine watershed, plant and animal in? buildings are located on the Niwot Ridge teractions, energy exchange between or? Alpine Tundra and Ecotone Research ganisms and their environment, cytotax- Area, one at 12,300 feet elevation, one at onomy of the alpine flora, and genesis of 11,700 feet elevation and one at 11,000 feet patterned ground. Research projects more elevation, for use by researchers. Niwot specifically in zoology are a study of the Ridge can be reached from Science Lodge behavior and life history of the pika, and in less than 30 minutes via an Institute a study of small mammal populations in maintained road four miles long. Research alpine tundra habitats. Several other zo? equipment, instruments, special field gear, ological projects of scientists not on the and vehicles for all season mountain travel, Institute staff are in progress within the including over-snow vehicles, are available Science Lodge area. at Science Lodge. In the immediate vicinity of Science Two projects of interest to scientists at Lodge, an 80 square mile segment of land- Science Lodge are the Mountain Library, scape has been delimited for long-range a collection of mountain literature, and the investigation. Within this relatively small Front Range collections, a representative 352 Mountain Laboratories collection of plants, animals, and rocks. filled. However, new facilities including facil? These projects are in their early stages, winterized housing, summer camping and additional research and service and much work remains before they will ities, be of more than limited benefit to re- buildings, have been planned and will be constructed as rapidly as funds become searchers. The Institute sponsors a con- available. Since Science Lodge is a non- tribution series of Institute publications facility, nominal charges varying which are available to all interested profit per? with the status of the visitor are made for sons and organizations, preferably on an housing, research space, and equipment. basis. exchange Further information about Science Lodge The Institute cooperates with visiting Mountain Research Station and the In? investigators who can benefit from the use stitute of Arctic and Alpine Research can of its facilities, knowledge, and experience. be obtained from: The Director, The Insti? At the present time, living accommoda- tute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Hale tions for visiting scientists at Science Lodge Science Building 102, University of Colo? are limited, and many requests cannot be rado, Boulder, Colorado. Deep Canyon Desert Research Area 353 A view of the Philip L. Boyd Desert Research Center near the mouth of Deep Canyon, River? side County, California. The air-conditioned laboratory and living quarters are on the right with the cistern and generators housed in the buildings on the left. DESERT LABORATORY DEEP CANYON DESERT RESEARCH AREA AND THE PHILIP L. BOYD DESERT RESEARCH CENTER rodolfo ruibal, Chairman Control Committee The University of California established north and east of Deep Canyon is the the Deep Canyon Desert Research Area at low-lying part of the Colorado Desert the western edge of the Colorado Desert whose lowest point is the Salton Sea, 78 near Palm Springs, California. This 10,000 meters (235 feet) below sea level. acre preserve, including the lower gorge of The average annual rainfall in this re? Deep Canyon itself, is located at the base gion is approximately three inches. This of the Santa Rosa-San Jacinto Mountains rain usually falls in the winter months some 75 miles from the Riverside Campus although Deep Canyon is also subject to of the University. The area has been set occasional summer floods. The mean max? aside to provide wild land where biologists imum temperature in July is 41? C and can make continued studies of native des? the mean minimum temperature in Janu- ert plants and animals in an undisturbed ary is 4?C. environment. The Area includes the following desert The Deep Canyon Area has a range of habitats, which are listed together with elevations from 250-1,550 meters (700 to their most characteristic vegetation: 4600 feet). Mt. San Jacinto with an eleva- Higher elevations (4,000 feet) tion of 3,600 meters (10,800 feet) is 40 Pinyon (Pinus monophylla); miles by road to the west. Immediately Juniper (/. californica). 354 Desert Laboratory Desert hillsides and plateaus of about 10,000 acres is thus being created. Mojave Yucca (Yucca); The area is not a teaching facility, but Agave (Agave). is administered entirely for research. The Alluvial fan Control Committee for Deep Canyon does Creosote bush (Larrea); not administer any research funds for indi? Sandbur (Franseria); viduals. Ocotillo (Fouquieria); In the spring of 1962, an air-conditioned various cacti. building containing a research laboratory Desert wash and living quarters was completed at the Smoke tree (Dalea); Deep Canyon Desert Research Area. This Palo Verde (Cercidium); new facility, The Philip L. Boyd Desert Re? Desert Willow (Chilopsis). search Center is available to qualified in? Intermittent stream and water permanent vestigators for either long-term studies hole within the area, or as a base for studies California fan palm (Washingtonia). in the surrounding desert or mountains. The is with elec- The presence of permanent water holes laboratory equipped gas, and water, as well as dis- in Deep Canyon is a major factor in bring- tricity, running and The ing about a summertime concentration of secting microscopes lamps. living consist of a bath and animal life and year-round populations of quarters bedroom, all the kitchen amphibians (Hyla and Bufo) and of big- kitchen, air-conditioned; includes a and The horn sheep (Ovis canadensis), which range refrigerator range. at elevations from 1,000 to 4,000 feet on laboratory is located near the mouth of and accessible the eastern slope of the Santa Rosa Moun? Deep Canyon is readily by tains. road from Palm Desert. Water is avail? able from a it Along the western rim of Deep Canyon well, and is pumped to a is the Palms-to-Pines Highway, State High? cistern for storage. Electricity as 110 or way 74, which in conjunction with State 220-volt current is available from gener- Highway 111 provides access to both the ators. Facilities are sufficient to accommo- higher elevations of the Upper Sonoran date from two to four resident researchers. (Pinyon-Juniper Association) and Transi- The use of the living quarters and of the tion (Yellow Pine Forest) life zones, and laboratory is free of charge. to the lower portions of the Colorado Des? Research on various aspects of desert ert (Lower Sonoran), where habitats such biology is currently being undertaken by as sand dunes and alkali flats are available. Lloyd Tevis, Resident Research Biologist, In addition to University ownership of at the Philip L. Boyd Desert Research Cen? about 4,000 acres, the Bureau of Land ter. The administration of the area is by Management, U. S. Department of Inte- a Control Committee. Currently, Chair- rior, has recently agreed to retain 6,400 man of the Committee is Dr. R. Ruibal. acres along the eastern and southern Anyone interested in utilizing the area or boundaries of the area in public owner? the laboratory should write to: Control ship and to manage them under a co- Committee, Deep Canyon Desert Research operative program to aid the research Area, Division of Life Sciences, University studies of the University. A protected area of California, Riverside, California. Institute for the Study of Natural Species 355 SPECIAL LABORATORIES THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF NATURAL SPECIES, THE GATHOLIG UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Ross H. Arnett, Jrv Director The formal organization of The Insti? tute for the Study of Natural Species took place early in 1961 when the Rector of The Catholic University of America estab? lished it as a part of the Department of Biology. The Institute, however, has been in effective operation since 1957 when the first mobile laboratory unit was used in the field. With its headquarters in the bio? logical laboratories at the University in Mobile laboratory unit in operation at the Pena D. each summer is Washington, C, spent Blanca study area in southern Arizona. in the field studying and sampling natural of and animals. populations plants are being undertaken on various groups of The purpose of this Institute is to study beetles and on the speciation in one group in the field, by observation and experimen- of plants. Several students have gathered tation, those groups of organisms about data used in their doctorate dissertations, which there is still so little known that or have made use of specimens collected ordinary laboratory study is impossible. during the summer work of the Institute. This is accomplished by taking staff mem? The monograph series Studies on Specia? bers and students into the field with suf? tion is sponsored by the Institute and is ficient laboratory equipment so that ex? published by The Catholic University of perimental study may be possible. The America Press. The laboratory is sup? actual laboratory is a specially outfitted ported and administered by The Catholic truck (see illustration) equipped with a University of America and has received 110 v. gasoline generator, self-contained funds from The National Science Founda? water supply, sink, gas stove, and space tion, The American Philosophical Society, for microscope study, dissecting, and the and private sources. The present staff in? preparation of material. The truck also cludes specialists representing the fields of draws a well-equipped trailer which pro? Invertebrate Zoology, Vertebrate Zoology, vides comfortable living quarters for the and Systematic Botany. When in the field, staff and students, as well as space for the operation of the mobile units is car- rearing organisms. Field manuals for iden? ried on with the help of faculty members tification of specimens, portable tape re- and graduate "students. corders for the recording of data while For the past several years the Institute in the field, and weather instruments are has been operated in Texas, southern Ari? among the special facilities available. The zona, and northern Mexico. Because of use of this unit is open to any qualified the mobile nature of the laboratory almost person as funds permit. As the demand any area of North America may be studied. increases, more mobile units are con- However, a specific site is selected, and templated. studies are made in a single area for sev? The work of the Institute falls into three eral seasons as needed. It is for this rea- categories: research, training, and publica? son that many types of experimental tion, At the present time, research studies studies may be made that cannot be made 356 Special Laboratories at any other laboratory. The work of the amount of time may be spent on research. biologists so far associated with the labora? In this way, the laboratory provides many tory has been confined to the arid and advantages over the conventional "camp- semi-arid regions of North America, but ing" type of field work. Also, by having it is by no means limited to such studies. laboratory equipment at hand, facilities As research plans are developed and more are available so that full advantage may units become available, other areas will be be taken immediately of any interesting investigated. The emphasis is placed, how? discovery, instead of having to wait until ever, on the comparative study of popula- the following season to continue the study. tions of organisms with the hope of arriv- At the present time, most of the operating ing at a better understanding of the fac? expenses are covered by specific grants to tors and mechanisms of speciation, and by the University. Those who may desire to so doing, gain a better understanding of use these facilities should make advance the principles of natural evolution. Inso- arrangements with the Institute. far as studies fall within this particular In addition to these researches, arrange? phase of biology, the laboratory is open ments have been made with the University to any project or approach. to grant qualified graduate students formal At the present time, the beetles of the credit for work accomplished during the Pena Blanca region, near Nogales, Arizona, field trips for that portion of study which are under study. Several populations of is not directly a part of their dissertation beetles are being studied. A check-list of research. the beetles is being prepared. Detailed The monograph series Studies on Specia- weather data have been collected and cor- tion provides a suitable outlet for research at the related with the changes in the fauna and Institute. This publication is open flora of the area throughout the summer to others as well. The immediate results season. By means of marking techniques, of these researches are published in The the movements and habits of these beetles Coleopteristsy Bulletin sponsored by the are under study. Progress of the develop? Department of Biology, or in other suit? ment of the gonads during the reproduc? able journals. All of these publications tive stages has been studied by making fre- are available for exchange, either from the quent dissections of samples in the mobile individual, through the University Libra- laboratory. This has yielded many valu? ries, or may be purchased from the Press. able data and has resulted in the discovery The insect collection and the herbarium of structures and functions previously un- maintained by the Department of Biology known in any beetles. These kinds of constitutes the principal collections of the studies have also provided significant Institute. The beetle collection amounts samples for further study in the laboratory to over 250,000 specimens with numerous at the University during the winter months. types. The herbarium, already notable be? The statistical analysis of population cause of the collections of the Arctic Insti? samples is emphasized. Desk calculators tute, with its many types, is being ex- are available for use in the field or at the panded by the plant material collected dur? University. The University also has avail? ing these summer studies. All of these able an IBM which is computer system specimens are available for study by spe- being employed in these studies. cialists upon request, and are also avail? The future sites of study will be de? able to qualified graduate students. Ex- termined according to the demand for changes will be made on an individual use of these facilities. Every effort is made basis. Because of the close proximity of the to minimize chores and to United "housekeeping" States National Museum, only spe- provide comfortable quarters in even the cialized collections are maintained, and all most remote of areas so that the maximum type-specimens of insects are eventually de- Laboratory of Radiation Ecology 357 posited in the U. S. National Museum col? is still in an active stage of development lections. and those interested in this novel approach the months of During June through Sep? to population studies are urged to contact tember, the Institute's address is: mailing the Institute for further details. It is hoped P. O. Box 128, Nogales, Arizona. The per? that by team work effort, specific problems manent address is: Department of Biology, may be studied concurrently from several The Catholic University of America, Wash? different approaches, and in this manner ington 17, D. C. Further information re- much can be accomplished toward the dis? garding the current activities of the Insti? of facts that not otherwise tute, including details of cost, and specific covery might be assembled for Thus, the facilities or space available may be ob? many years. tained by writing to either address. It Institute is a mobile symposium in the should be emphasized that this laboratory making. LABORATORY OF RADIATION ECOLOGY, AEC SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT The laboratory is located eighteen miles hardwoods along the streams. A Forest southeast of Augusta, Georgia and 14 miles Service Laboratory is located adjacent to south of Aiken, South Carolina within the the Ecology Laboratory. In addition to the Savannah River AEC Reservation. The Savannah River, five small streams, natural nearest airport is Augusta, Georgia; all ponds, and a large artificial impoundment visitors must first contact the laboratory are available for aquatic studies. The res- by letter or telephone to obtain a visitors ervation is located on the upper coastal pass at the administrative building. plain physiographic province with a mild By contract with the Atomic Energy temperate climate which favors year-round Commission, the Institute of Radiation field work. Ecology of the University of Georgia is In addition to basic equipment for bio? conducting research in Radiation Ecology logical work, the laboratory has special on the AEC Savannah River Reservation. facilities for work with radionuclide tracers The permanent laboratory (which operates and for experimental work on the effects through the year) was established in 1961, of ionizing radiation. Extensive facilities following ten years of exploratory studies are available for maintaining wild animals of the fauna and flora of the reservation for experimental purposes. Field experi? by staff and students from several uni- mental facilities are being developed, in? versities. Approximately 250,000 acres are cluding large enclosures for small mam? included in the reservation, from which mals. Conditions are especially good for the public is excluded. Only a very small experiments involving the use of tracers part of the area is directly affected by the in the field. operation of atomic energy facilities. Ap? In addition to biological work relating proximately one-third of the reservation is to the environmental aspects of atomic former croplands now undergoing natural energy, research in basic functional ecology succession or planted with pines which will of populations and in game and fish popu? be harvested on a continuous yield basis lation biology is being emphasized. by the U. S. Forest Service. Two-thirds of Facilities and limited financial support land area is in natural forests, ranging are available for pre-doctoral and post-doc- from scrub oak and long leaf pine stands toral investigators who wish to carry out on the dry sandhills to moist bottomland research or obtain special training in tracer 358 Special Laboratories technics. However, only U. S. citizens may cludes AEC documents and other impor? work within the restricted area. No living tant material in the atomic energy field. accommodations are maintained, but hous- For further information, contact Dr. ing can be readily obtained in Aiken, Au- Eugene P. Odum, Director, Institute of gusta, or other nearby towns. Radiation Ecology, Biological Sciences A list of publications and reprints of pa? of Athens, pers is available from the director. A Building, University Georgia, or Dr. Frank B. library of key books and papers and a Georgia, Golley, Director, reference museum are being developed to Laboratory of Radiation Ecology, AEC supplement material available at the Uni? Savannah River Operations Office, Build? versity campus. The Savannah River Plant ing 772-G, P. O. Box A, Aiken, South maintains a technical library which in- Carolina. WJ^^^ ~**?J 1 v ". ?'?' Aerial view of the Main Laboratory complex of the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory showing 12 of its 27 buildings. Upper left: Morrell Park Laboratory. Lower left: Animal Health Research Laboratory. At right is the Main Laboratory, which houses a large part of the Labora? tory 's research program. ROSCOE B. JACKSON MEMORIAL LABORATORY Earl L. Green, Director1 The purpose of the Roscoe B. Jackson search with genetically controlled experi? Memorial Laboratory is to increase knowl- mental animals. Populations of inbred, hy? edge of development, growth, reproduc- brid, and mutant-bearing mice, of inbred tion, physiological and psychological be? and mutant-bearing rabbits, and of five havior, and inborn ailments through re- breeds of dogs, along with some rats and 1 guinea pigs, are the principal sources of The assistance of Alan P. Russell and Jean Da- research animals. visson in the preparation of this article is gratefully acknowledged. The Laboratory, located in Bar Harbor, Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory 359 Maine, was founded in 1929 as a private, hereditary anemia in mice. The discovery non-profit research laboratory by Dr. C. C. of obese and of dystrophic mutant mice in Little, who continued as its director until the Laboratory's strains created new fields his retirement in 1956. Initially the re? of research by providing the first experi? search work of the Laboratory was devoted mental animals for studying these diseases. to the basic aspects of the cancer and the A testicular teratoma found in one inbred radiation problems for which inbred strain added another phase to the cancer strains of mice were most valuable. In the research program. These are but a few ensuing years, research has grown to cover examples of the numerous types of investi? many other areas in which genetics and gation now in progress at the Laboratory. genetically controlled strains are vital. Summer training programs for precol- These include muscular dystrophy, tissue lege students and for college, graduate, and grafting, immunology, blood anomalies, medical students are conducted by the morphogenesis, teratology, behavior, cell Laboratory. A short course in medical ge? biology, and cytology. netics for members of medical school facul- The Laboratory has 35 staff scientists ties is given each summer in collaboration with doctoral degrees, 90 research and with The Johns Hopkins University School technical assistants, an administrative staff of Medicine. The precollege program of of five, and other supporting personnel to nine weeks provides a research apprentice- make a total of 300 employees. There is ship for each student, since each works no formal organization of the staff into de? intimately with a staff member on a re? partments or divisions. Rather, the func? search project of his own choosing. The tional units of the Laboratory are the re? 10-week program for college, graduate, and search projects, numbering about 50, each medical students is also devoted to provid? with space, personnel, and budget. New ing a personal research opportunity for projects are added and old ones dropped each student. In addition, the Laboratory as staff members develop new leads and receives predoctoral and postdoctoral fel- new interests. A given staff member may lows, usually six or eight each year. be concerned with two or three projects at Visiting investigators may come to the the same time. Laboratory at any time throughout the The basic research of the Laboratory is year for a period of collaborative work and unified by the strong thread of genetics study with a staff member. The essential which extends through all its projects. feature of the visiting investigator program About one-half the staff members are ge- is that each must be sponsored by a staff neticists; the others are biochemists, physi- member, who provides space and facilities ologists, immunologists, psychologists, em- for the investigator. No fee is charged for bryologists, and pathologists. Each staff such cooperative projects. member selects and develops his own re? The Laboratory produces about 1,000,- search projects, limited only by the space, 000 mice per year for use in its own re? funds, and animals available. search projects. Another 1,000,000 mice One of the staff members has carried out are produced and, after first being observed an intricate breeding system to uncover for unusual types which may be valuable and isolate the genetic factors which gov- new genetic mutations, are distributed to ern histocompatibility in the mouse. research workers elsewhere. In order to Others have worked on the immunological accomplish this large scale production, the and biochemical characterization of im- stocks of mice are organized into five units. mune antigens. Another has developed The Foundation Stocks contain about 30 new, simple, chemically defined media for inbred strains of mice which are propa- the growth of cells in culture. Still an? gated to continue the strains and to supply other has found a way of curing a type of breeding pairs to the second unit, the 360 Special Laboratories Pedigreed Expansion Stocks. Here 17 of visiting investigators, a summer residence the inbred strains are expanded through adapted to house precollege students, and for three generations and supply breeding cottage-dormitories college, graduate, and medical students in the summer. pairs to the next unit, the Production The annual is about Stocks, where mice of inbred strains and operating budget 2.5 million dollars. Funds to cover each hybrids between certain inbred strains are year's expenses are derived from three produced in large numbers. All of the sources: grants-in-aid for research and strains have been inbred by at least 20 gen? training, 60%; sales of animals, 35%, and erations of brother-sister matings, some for contributions, 5%. over 100 generations. The Laboratory is owned and governed A fourth unit, the Mutant Stock Center, by a Board of Trustees of 60 members. maintains over 130 named mutations in From its membership the Board of Trus? the mouse and carries out studies on al- tees elects a Board of Directors which lelism and linkage. Among the mutations formulates policy. The Trustees also elect are a great variety affecting coat color as a Board of Scientific Directors to guide well as neuromuscular, skeletal, and me? and review the Laboratory's research tabolic characteristics. pro? gram. The Tumor Stocks Center, the fifth unit, The Main Laboratory complex is on propagates about 30 transplantable tumors State Route 3 about one mile south of the of the mouse. The tumor and mu? stocks town of Bar Harbor on Mt. Desert Island, tants are a rich but as un- yet relatively which is connected to the mainland by a source of research material, avail? tapped bridge. Bar Harbor may be reached by able to at other in- qualified investigators Northeast Airlines from Boston to Bangor stitutions. and by limousine from Bangor to Bar Har? The principal buildings of the Labora? bor; or one may travel by private ear on are in tory located three places. The Main the Maine turnpike, taking Route 3 from Laboratory, south of Bar Harbor, is a mod? Augusta, Maine. The Laboratory is lo? ern brick and aluminum building erected cated on the edge of Acadia National Park in 1949-50 following a forest fire in 1947 overlooking Frenchman's Bay in a setting which demolished the previous laboratory. of year-round beauty. The Morrell Park Laboratory, just south Additional information about the Jack- of Main the Laboratory, is a brick build? son Laboratory may be obtained by re- feet ing of 30,000 square erected in 1959-60 questing copies of the Annual Report, the for the production of mice for research. Summer Bulletin, the Handbook of Ge- Hamilton a Station, cluster of buildings netically Standardized Jax Mice ($1.00), near Cove 10 Salisbury about miles from or by asking to be put on our reprint ex? the Main Laboratory, is devoted to work change list to receive the 60 or more re- with rabbits and dogs. In addition the prints of scientific papers published each Laboratory has a few small cottages for year. Address: Bar Harbor, Maine. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 361 BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR, THE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Donald L. McKernan, Director and the Staff of the Bureau INTRODUCTION now participate in nine International Fish? ery Commissions with some 25 to 30 na- The Bureau conducts a comprehensive tions, and are active in many other inter? of research, and program development, national activities with FAO, UNESCO, services for the commercial fishing indus- and other international organizations. of the United States. The of try purpose Much of our research is done in close co- these diverse activities, many of which are operation with other nations, often on the carried out cooperatively with industry high seas far from our own shores. Basic and with the States, is to strengthen the research is an important part of our inter? fishing industry and conserve the resource. national and domestic research programs. The of the Bureau consists organization Our purpose is to understand the inter- of a Headquarters Office in Washington, actions of the resource with its environ? D. five Offices, and two Area C, Regional ment, to learn how to harvest fishery re- Offices. The Office includes Headquarters sources for maximum sustainable yield, the Office of the Director and four staff and eventually to farm our natural waters divisions: Administration, Resource De? to increase the yield of useful protein. Industrial Research, and Bio? velopment, Scientific studies of the living resource logical Research. Field programs are un? in its environment are carried out at re? der the supervision and control of Re? search laboratories on all coasts of the 1 Wash? gional Offices in Region at Seattle, United States, and on the Great Lakes. In ington; Region 2, St. Petersburg Beach, Alaska, Hawaii, and on the Atlantic, Pa? Florida; Region 3, Gloucester, Massachu? cific, and Gulf of Mexico coasts are 19 setts; 4, Ann Arbor, and Region Michigan; Biological Laboratories and 5 Exploratory Alaska. To meet Region 5, Juneau, spe? Fishing and Gear Research Bases. In the cial Area Offices have been estab? needs, Great Lakes area are a Biological Labora? lished in California at Terminal Island, tory and an Exploratory Fishing Base. and in Hawaii at Honolulu. Most of the work of the coastal labora? As the population of the world con- tories forms a part of the Federal Govern- tinues its dramatic increase, many nations ment's National Oceanographic Program. are turning to the sea to harvest much- Oceanographic programs include studies needed supplies of protein food. This has of physical and chemical oceanography; intensified two problems of the United biological productivity of the waters; dis? States industry: increasing competition for tribution, abundance, and migrations of our coastal resources with the high-seas fishes, crustacea, and mollusks; and iden? fleets of other nations, a competition which tification and ecology of plankton organ? has raised difficult conservation problems; isms, especially fish, crustacean, and mol- and a need to increase the efficiency of our luscan eggs and larvae. Special work in? own fishing fleets to meet foreign competi? cludes studies of diseases of fishes and mol? tion. To solve these problems on a friend- lusks, and development of serological ly yet equitable basis, the Bureau is be- techniques to identify fish populations. In coming involved more deeply each year in the estuarine environment we are learning International Fishery Conventions. We how to control shellfish predators, and are 362 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries studying the effects of pesticides on marine nal from the University of Washington. animals. In fresh waters our scientists have It shares space with a Technological Labo? developed methods to control the preda- ratory and an Exploratory Fishing and tory sea lamprey in the Great Lakes; they Gear Research Base. Construction of ad? are investigating spawning and survival of ditional laboratory and office facilities is salmon in rivers and lakes; and are devel? scheduled for 1963-64. The new building oping methods to pass migrating adults will include experimental hatchery and and young anadromous fishes safely over wet-laboratory facilities. dams. Marine mammal investigations in? The Biological Laboratory conducts re? clude studies of biology and management search on salmon in the North Pacific of fur seals and whales. Investigations of Ocean, the Bering Sea, and in the Colum- the fisheries themselves are many and va? bia River and other fresh waters of the ried, concerned with the dynamics of fish- Pacific Northwest. The studies are de? ery populations and the effects of fishing signed to provide basic knowledge on the upon the stocks; yields under different in- life history and environmental require- tensities and methods of fishing; and de? ments of the five species of Pacific salmon. velopment of techniques for optimum fish? Factors influencing survival and produc? ing strategy. These are but a few of the tivity receive special attention. Bureau's diverse and complicated investi? The International North Pacific Fish? gations of the ecology of fishery popula? eries Convention between Canada, Japan, tions and the effects of man's activities and the United States designates longitude upon them. 175? W as a line separating Asiatic and The Bureau publishes more than 300 North American stocks of salmon. The scientific and technical reports each year. Japanese agreed to abstain from high seas These range from highly specialized scien? salmon fishing east of this line while scien? tific papers to popular articles in trade tists sought methods for identifying the journals and national magazines. Articles continental origin of salmon caught on on biological research appear in national the high seas and, thus, to determine the and foreign scientific journals and in the distribution and degree of intermingling following publication series of the De? of salmon of Asian and North American partment of the Interior: Fishery Bulle- origin. tin, Special Scientific Report?Fisheries, Research includes studies of (1) the and Commercial Fisheries Review. high seas environment and how it affects In of support this program the Bureau the distribution of salmon at sea; (2) mor- is now engaged in a large construction tality of salmon at sea; (3) identifying the to old program replace laboratories and origin of salmon found at sea by tagging, research and exploratory vessels, and to immunology, morphology; (4) migrations; new facilities where needed. provide (5) growth; and (6) physical oceanography. Where is space available, visiting scien? The laboratory operates the research tists will be welcomed at our laboratories vessel George B. Kelez, a converted U. S. and on our Brief summaries of our ships. Navy AKL-type ship, 177 feet long. programs follow. Salmon research in fresh water is con- cerned with life histories, times of biological laboratory, seattle, migra- washington tion, distribution, behavior, spawning, nursery area requirements, environmental Clinton E. Director Atkinson, effects, and predator-competitor relation? Salmon Research ships. The Columbia River system, which sup- This is situated laboratory on Portage ports valuable commercial and sport fish? Bay across the Lake Washington Ship Ca- eries for salmon and steelhead trout, has Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 363 Biological Research Vessel George B Kelez. Photograph taken for dedication ceremonies held July 20, 1962, Seattle, Washington. been modified extensively by dams. More Address the Director, Bureau of Com? than 70% of original salmon spawning mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, areas have been blocked, and major eco? 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle 2, logical changes are taking place. Produc? Washington. tion of chum salmon in a controlled-flow Fish Passage Research artificial channel is under obser- spawning Dr. Gerald B. Collins, Director vation on Abernathy Creek near Long- view, Washington. Spawning requirements The Fish Passage Research Program is of chinook and silver salmon and the ef? devoted to studying the Pacific salmon dur? fects of flooding and silting are being stud? ing its fresh-water life cycle, particularly ied at a field station at Mill Creek, Cali? the effect of the changing environment in fornia. A field station at Shea Creek on the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Original? the Yakima River near Ellensburg, Wash? ly these salmon migrated up free-flowing ington, is set up for salmon predator- streams to spawn. Now they encounter a competitor research. A new program to series of low-head dams and impound- study salmon in the estuarine environment ments, increasing water temperatures, pol- is commencing on the Columbia River lutants, loss of spawning beds through in- Estuary. undation, impassable dams such as Grand Special programs include compiling a Coulee, and lack of water caused by in? compendium of salmon literature and de? creasing irrigation demands. When the veloping techniques for identifying indi? juveniles migrate to sea, they no longer are viduals and stocks of salmon by chemical afforded the protection of high, rapidly- or dietary marking during early life. flowing turbid water from spring runoff. Service units provide technical assist? Instead, these waters are now controlled ance in biometrics, audio-visual presenta- by the series of dams, which not only tions. literature research, and translations. create areas of clear slack water for easier Proximity to the College of Fisheries and predation, but also result in an increased Fisheries Research Institute at the Univer? mortality rate of the young fish passing sity of Washington is a decided asset. over the spillway or through the turbines. Space for visiting scientists is limited at The condition now exists in the Columbia present, but consideration will be given to River and is planned for the Snake River. applications. The aim of this laboratory is to apply 364 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries knowledge gained from studying changes program aims primarily to conserve and in migration behavior in those rivers, such improve management of the Alaska fur as the Columbia, where the environment seal herd, and to study whales and whal- has been altered, to future river develop- ing. The results, in part, are used by the ments. The present research is in cooper- North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, rep? ation with fishery agencies of Washington, resenting four nations, and by the Inter? Oregon, Idaho, and California. national Whaling Commission, represent? Briefly, the program has the following ing 18 nations. objectives: The permanent staff includes eight bi- 1. Effect of impoundments created by ologists, all headquartered in Seattle. At dams on fish migration (recruitment, sur? various times, members of the staff carry vival, escapement, limnological effects, per- out research at the field laboratory on St. manent residence in the impoundment, Paul Island, Alaska; at sea on the North size, condition and age of fish); Pacific Ocean collecting fur seals or mark? 2. collection of downstream migrants ing whales; at one of the commercial from streams and rivers (guiding fish away shore-whaling stations in California; or from areas of high mortality); with Eskimo whaling crews in Arctic Alas? 3. passage of migrant fish at dams (im- ka. In the summers of 1960 and 1961, proving fish passage facilities, new tech? American biologists visited fur seal breed? niques, energy studies, physical limitations ing grounds in the USSR while Soviet bi? of fish, and reducing injury and mortality ologists were on the Pribilof Islands, breed? in spillways and turbines); ing grounds of the seal herd in Alaska. 4. adaptability of salmon to new en? The laboratory maintains close working vironments created by dams (racial be? relationships with the Bureau of Sport havior and physiology, homing instinct, re? Fisheries and Wildlife, especially with a action to temperature and oxygen changes). biologist specializing in studies of sea otter, Facilities include the headquarters office walrus, polar bear, and marine birds. It located at the U. S. Naval Air Station, also cooperates with various departments Seattle, Washington; Fisheries-Engineering of the University of Washington and with Research Laboratory at Bonneville Dam the Washington State Museum on the uni? (description in U. S. Fish and Wildlife versity campus. circular 98); Fish Behavior Labora- The laboratory has facilities for statisti- Seattle tory-2725 Montlake Blvd., (de? cal analysis (including an IBM key in Scientific scription Special Report? punch); for examining stomachs and re? Fisheries No. Reservoir 271); Studies, productive tracts; for veterinary research; Washington Hotel, Weiser, Idaho; and and for anatomical studies of teeth, skulls, numerous field stations. Facilities for visit? baleen plates, whale ear-plugs, eye lenses, can be ing investigators made available at and pelage. It has a library on marine each of the field laboratories and they are, mammals, a reference collection of organ? of course, welcome at the Seattle office. isms found in marine mammal stomachs, Address the Bureau of Com? Director, and a synoptic collection of cetacean para? mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, sites. It has no aquarium, public museum, U. S. Naval Air Station, Building 67, special instruments, or special set-ups. In Seattle 15, Washington. a sense, its "workshop" is the ocean and shores. Marine Mammal Research adjacent The St. Paul Island branch Ford Wilke, Director laboratory is open from about June to October. Here Another Biological Laboratory in Seattle biologists collect or examine specimens in is a center for research on pinnipeds (ex? the fur seal kill, a harvest which includes cept walrus) and cetaceans, Its research annually about 60,000 males and 30,000 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 365 females. Fifty thousand seal pups are Ocean and nearby navigable inlet; off- tagged in September. Extensive collections shore bars; marshes; several large rivers of data for population dynamics studies with extensive estuarine areas; and several are made annually. large sounds of salt and brackish water? and to fill By arrangement, important provides unusual opportunities for marine scientific or educational the biolo? needs, research. gists will collect, or help visiting special- The permanent staffs consist of 28 scien? ists to collect organs, tissues, skeletal parts, tists, 8 scientific assistants, 6 administrative blood, entire bodies, and photographs of and clerical assistants, and 6 maintenance marine mammals. men. Facilities for visiting scientists are The Seattle laboratory is three miles available, but limited. northeast of the University of Washington. The office Since the laboratory is on military ground, fishery laboratory provides for research and administrative visitors are asked to obtain an entry pass space per- sonnel and houses a dark- at the gate, or telephone the Director in photographic a and a scale- advance. Address the Director, Bureau of room, 4,000-volume library, room. Facilities for Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora? reading conducting chemical and tory, U. S. Naval Air Station, Building analyses biological experi? ments also are and include water 192, Seattle 15, Washington. provided, tables supplied with running sea water, biological laboratories, beaufort, gas and compressed air outlets, and fume north carolina hoods. Scientific studies, directed toward the solution of basic and Fishery Research biological fishery are divided into three Fred C. June, Acting Director problems, programs. These are concerned with determining the Research Radiobiological cause and predictability of variations in Dr. Theodore R. Rice, Director abundance of blue crabs, menhaden, shad, and bass; of fish On a small island, located one-half mile striped problems passage over dams; and estuarine and coastal from Beaufort, North Carolina, stands the hy- studies. second oldest Government marine research drographic station in the United States. Since its The radiobiology laboratory, located in a includes a establishment in 1899, this Laboratory has separate building, counting an an been in continuous operation. Most of the room, algal-culture room, experi- and two constant original wooden buildings recently were mental-aquarium room, rooms. Also there are replaced by brick and concrete block struc? temperature sepa? rate rooms for chemical and tures, which include a fishery laboratory, a analyses The radiobiology laboratory, a small dormitory physiological experiments. work, spon- for visitors, a residence for the Director, a sored in part through a cooperative agree- small warehouse, and a maintenance build? ment with the Atomic Energy Commission, is concerned with accumulation and reten- ing with wood- and metal-working shops. Other research facilities include nine tion of radionuclides by marine organisms small outdoor concrete tanks, and two 30 and sediments; application of radioisotopic methods to studies of estuarine and X 40 foot concrete ponds, each supplied ecology and determination of the with running sea water; a 30 X 40 foot pond culture; effects of radiation on marine fresh-water pond; a 30 X 80 foot tidal organisms. visitors the laboratories pond; two motor vessels (a 26-foot launch Summer to may and a 50-foot cabin cruiser); and several reach Beaufort by air. During the remain- skiffs equipped with outboard motors. der of the year there are regular ly-sched- The diversity of habitats surrounding uled flights to New Bern, North Carolina, the laboratory?the adjacent Atlantic and bus transportation is available from 366 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries New Bern to Beaufort. Dormitory facil? logical Laboratory (Fishery Research), ities for three or four persons are available Pivers Island, Beaufort, North Carolina, for official visitors. Requests should be or the Director, Bureau of Commercial placed in advance with one of the labora? Fisheries Biological Laboratory (Radio- tory directors. Address the Acting Direc? biological Laboratory), Pivers Island, tor, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bio- North Carolina. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratories, Beaufort, North Carolina (Radiobi- ological Laboratory is on the waterfront, right foreground) BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, peratures and salinities, and composition BRUNSWICK, GEORGIA of bottom sediments. Coastal Georgia is characterized by a William W. Anderson, Director series of heavily wooded offshore barrier This Laboratory is engaged in studies of islands, numerous passageways between the ocean waters adjacent to the coast of the islands, large sounds, and a 10- to 15-mile- United States from Cape Hatteras, North wide, rich, marshy estuarine area between Carolina, to the Florida Straits. Included the islands and the mainland. This marsh is a biological inventory to determine the area is cut with numerous salt water rivers, presence, identity, distribution, and inter- creeks, and guts. Normal tidal rise and relationships of marine forms of the area. fall is approximately six feet, but in the Special attention and effort are directed to fall this may reach 10 to 11 feet. Five fish larvae and juveniles, life histories of fresh-water rivers enter the ocean in important species, and systematics of se- Georgia's 90 miles of coast?the Savannah, lected groups of fishes in the western Ogeechee, Altamaha, Satilla, and St. Marys. North Atlantic Ocean. More limited ef- The fauna is typical of the South At- forts are directed to the biochemistry of lantic coast of the United States. The the waters to establish distribution and dominant fish group is the croaker family concentrations of nutrients, trends in tem- (Sciaenidae) and the most abundant large Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 367 and 2,000 square feet for storage and shop facilities. A permanent staff of 15 (2 Ph.D.; 5 M.S.), including the Resident Di? rector, is conducting a research program devoted primarily to estuarine ecology. Special emphasis is placed on studies of cyclic changes in animal populations, the biology of commercial shellfish, and the effects of pollution due to agricultural chemicals. The Laboratory is located on a 15-acre ballast rock island in the center of a com? plex of shallow communicating bavs, a Federal Building, Brunswick, Georgia, U. S. Bu? and the Gulf of Mexico. Several reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory sound, occupies one-half the top floor. small rivers entering the area have a 4,000 square mile drainage basin. Habitats vary from fresh-water rivers to the Gulf crustaceans are shrimp (Penaeus) and crabs open with a Fresh- (Callinectes). salinity approximately 32?/oo- and salt-water marshes are extensive and The Laboratory occupies approximately less than half of the shore line is devel? one-half the top floor of the Federal Build? oped. The bottoms are predominantly ing in Brunswick, Georgia. In addition to clean hard sand with mud only in the standard chemical and biological labora? deeper channels. The fauna is extremely tory facilities there are and photographic diverse, and few are darkroom and relatively species space equipment, X-ray found in abundance. equipment, drafting room, library, and an Standard avail? excellent reference collection of fishes from laboratory equipment is able, including fluorometer, the general study area and from the Gulf spectropho- and for Carbon-14 of Mexico and the Caribbean. There is no tometer, facilities stud? ies. There is a darkroom and running sea-water system. photographic a The wet and can be well-equipped shop. laboratory Working space equipment has a for one or two visitors for short continuously flowing, plastic-pipe provided water with a flow of sea There are no accommoda- system gravity periods. living water to 120 linear feet of concrete water tions at the but Laboratory, reasonably- tables. A 36-foot work boat hotels and restaurants are available diesel-powered priced is for and The Federal is located equipped trawling dredging. nearby. Building There are several small? on Gloucester Street in Brunswick. outboard-powered er collecting boats. Address the Director, Bureau of Com? Sea-water salinity fluctuates with the mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, single daily tide and typically ranges from P. O. Box 280, Brunswick, Georgia. the spring lows of 15-20%0 to 25-28%o in BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, late fall and winter. Water temperatures GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA range from 10? to 30?C. Average summer and winter air temperatures are 27? and Dr. Philip N. Butler, Director 13?C respectively. Temperatures below The Laboratory consists of nine build? 0?C rarely occur. ings with approximately 5,000 square feet A limited amount of research space is of working space devoted to offices, dry available (no fees) to qualified workers as laboratory rooms, and administration; well as dormitory facilities (nominal 1,000 square feet of wet laboratory rooms; charge) for men. Applications for space 368 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries should be made well in advance of the residential and shopping facilities. Pensa? time desired. cola airport (EAL, NAL) is 15 miles from Pensacola Beach is a Nearby typical the laboratory. summer vacation area with expensive hous- Address the Bureau of Com- ing facilities in season. Pensacola, serving Director, mercial Fisheries a metropolitan area with a population of Biological Laboratory, 75,000, is 12 miles north and has ample Gulf Breeze, Florida. 1. Mainlaboratory building 2. Residence 3. Guest house Iur?at3of Coas&ercialFisheries 4. C&retakerhous? Biological laboratory 5. Shop Sabirte Island 6. Salt vraterlaboratory Gulf Breez?, Florida ?. Boat hoaae Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, Facilities include a fully-equipped chem? GALVESTON, TEXAS istry laboratory, large controlled-tempera- ture rooms, recirculating and constant flow Milton J. Lindner, Director sea-water systems, culture rooms, physio? The Laboratory is on the Gulf of Mexi- logical apparatus, a good marine library, co, and in a residential area of Galveston a 40-foot diesel vessel and smaller boats (population 71,000). A large sea-water sta? for estuarine work, and modern oceano? tion four miles from the main laboratory graphic apparatus for field sampling. Off- is built over an estuarine lagoon. Hotel shore work on the continental shelf from and motel accommodations in Galveston Brownsville to the Mississippi River is con- are excellent and reasonably priced. The ducted from larger chartered vessels. climate is suited to year-round field ac? The research program is concerned with tivity. the life history and dynamics of several Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 369 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Texas species of shrimp, physiology and behavior 7,000 square feet of space for biological of shrimp and local estuarine fishes; ecol? and chemical laboratories, library, confer? ogy, distribution, life histories and abund- ence room, offices and storage. In Janu- ance of estuarine species; oceanography of ary 1962, funds were appropriated for re? the continental shelf as it affects the fauna, search on estuaries in the eastern portion including hydrographic and biological as? of the Gulf of Mexico. The research pro? pects; methods for controlling blooms of gram, no longer associated with red tide, marine protozoa; chemistry of sea-water; became known as East Gulf Estuarine In? and related problems that may bear on the vestigations. The chief objectives are to above research. Quantitative biology is study the ecology of estuarine organisms stressed. and the effects of urbanization, industriali- Arrangements for a limited number of zation, and engineering upon resident visiting investigators in marine biology or biota. The research program is largely oceanography may be made. By air, one fundamental and is designed to include deplanes at Houston and travels 50 miles the following projects: Hydrology-Plank- by limousine to the Laboratory. Galveston ton, Chemical Environment, Faunal Pro? is also served by major railway and bus duction, Circulation Dynamics, Benthic companies. Communities, and Engineering Effects. Address the Director, Bureau of Com- The staff consists of nine scientists, clerk- mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, stenographers, a librarian and a vessel Fort Crockett, Galveston, Texas. captain. A field station was established at St. The center of investigation is Tampa Petersburg Beach to conduct research on Bay, one of the largest and most produc- the Florida red tide. A two-story building tive estuaries connected with the Gulf of and a dock-side garage incorporate some Mexico. Visiting investigators can make 370 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries arrangements by writing the Director, Re? shellfish stocks include clams, scallops, raus- ? gion 2, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, sels, and oysters the American and the St. Petersburg Beach, Florida. introduced European species. There are extensive fisheries for lobsters and marine worms. Other bottom invertebrates such BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, as starfish and sea urchins abound. BOOTHBAY MAINE HARBOR, The research facilities of the Laboratory include a sea-water which Bernard E. Skud, Director system provides over 200 gallons per minute. There is an This is the largest year-round marine array of tanks and water tables of various laboratory on the United States coast of sizes and shapes for experimental work. the Gulf of Maine. The original facility A recent addition to this system includes was established in 1905 as a hatchery for a controlled temperature and salinity unit, lobsters and groundfishes. Hatchery ef- delivering 100 gallons of water per hour forts were abandoned in the 1940's, and at temperatures from 0?C to 30?C and various marine research projects were sub- salinities from fresh to 30 ?/00. The dry stituted. Several recent additions and ren- and wet laboratories contain a refrigerated ovations have expanded the research facili? centrifuge, tissuematon, electrophoresis ap? ties. paratus, and other experimental equip? ment. A modern darkroom The staff numbers 35 employees: 15 bi- photographic wide for ologists, 10 technicians, and 10 in various provides flexibility experimental studies as well as for needs. supporting services. Research efforts are publication services are also available at the divided into two major components. The Drafting Vessels are limited to a 40-foot larger is the Herring Program, concerned Laboratory. research and several with the biology of Clupea harengus and vessel, Phalarope II, its utilization in the Maine sardine in- smaller outboard craft. The wharf facili? ties are and anchor- dustry. The other is the Clam Program excellent, deepwater is available for vessels. concerned with the soft-shell clam, Mya age large sea-going The Maine of Sea and Shore arenaria, and the surf clam, Spisula solidis? Department Fisheries a marine on sima. Herring research includes studies of operates aquarium the Federal and conducts a re? age and growth, abundance and avail- property, search and on lob? ability, biostatistics, diseases, migration, management program sters and clams. behavior, and serology. Clam research in? for scientists in the lab? cludes studies of environmental require? Space visiting is but limited to two or ments, laboratory rearing, feeding, repro? oratory available, three individuals. can be ob? ductive cycles, basic physiology and various Housing tained in the local population parameters. readily community. The Laboratory, centrally located in the No public transportation serves Booth- Gulf of Maine, affords the opportunity of bay Harbor, thus automobile transporta? studying estuarine and marine habitats. tion is necessary. Commercial airlines from The fauna is rich and varied. Herring Boston serve Portland, Maine. Arrange? are the dominant pelagic species, but many ments can be made to transport visitors ? other fishes, such as mackerel, are abun? to the Laboratory a distance of 50 miles. dant, and larger species of shark and tuna Address the Director, Bureau of Com? are also available. Groundfish populations mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, are varied and plentiful. The numerous Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 371 Albatross IV, commissioned 1962 BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, mental studies, the Laboratory has a broad program of studies of benthic fauna, plank? WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS* ton, and hydrography. The areas of in? (Shoivn in frontispiece.) terest include the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank, a portion of the Atlantic Dr. Herbert W. Graham, Director Coastal Shelf with highly productive fish? ing banks. The program of the Bureau of Commer? The staff consists of 25 cial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at laboratory profes- sional scientists and a staff of Woods Hole is concerned with research on supporting 40 which includes subprofessional scien? the offshore commercial groundfish of the tific personnel, administrative staff, and North west Atlantic: their life histories, maintenance personnel. ecology, and conservation. Principal spe? Physical facilities include two buildings, cies under study are cod, haddock, silver two research vessels, and a deepwater dock. hake, redfish, flounder, and sea scallop. The laboratory building is a three-story Particular emphasis is placed on the study structure with 24,000 square feet of floor of population changes in these and associ? space, 33 research rooms, large tank room, ated species of groundfish. These studies conference room, library, administrative involve assessment of the effects of fishing offices, and walk-in refrigerators. The first upon the various stocks and the effects of floor rooms are supplied with running salt the environment. As part of the environ- water. The second building houses a pub? * The history of this laboratory is described in lic aquarium of 16 tanks in which local Galtsoff, P. S., 1962, The of the Bureau of Story species of fishes are exhibited, an experi? Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods mental tank area, and maintenance shops. Hole, Massachusetts. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fish? The seawater in this building is filtered eries, Circular 145, Washington, D.C. and temperature controlled. 372 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries The Albatross IV, based at the Labora? tory, is a 1,000-ton modern fishery-oceano- graphic research vessel with accommoda- tions for 16 scientists. It is equipped for all kinds of oceanographic and groundfish research and makes regular cruises to the area of interest, each cruise about lasting %m two weeks. The Blueback is a 40-foot motor vessel used for inshore collecting. The Laboratory is operated on a year round basis and no special accommoda- tions are provided for summer investi? gators. Scientists working on problems re? lated to the are wel- laboratory program Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Lab? come to use facilities when these can be oratory, Milford, Connecticut made available. They may also participate in the cruises of the Albatross IV, but di- Construction of the lab? version of the vessel from its regular sched- industry. present was in 1940. ule usually cannot be made. oratory building completed The has made Living accommodations are available in Laboratory significant contributions to the of Woods Hole and in the nearby town of knowledge tempera? ture, and tolerances of Falmouth, although rates are very high salinity, turbidity adult and of during the tourist season which extends oysters; gametogenesis, spawn? and of these and other from about the 15th of June to the 1st of ing, metamorphosis mollusks. Studies of environ? September. Woods Hole is two hours from pelecypod mental and tolerances of bi- Boston, Massachusetts, by bus or ear. requirements Address the Director, Bureau of Com? valve larvae have reached a point where establishment of commercial hatcheries mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. seems feasible. Considerable progress has also been made in developing methods for control of the various predators and corn- of shellfish. biological laboratory, petitors The Laboratory has facilities for all connecticut milford, phases of research in marine biology. Warm and cold running sea water is piped Dr. James E. Hanks, Director to a number of water tables and can be Naturally-occurring populations of oys- provided throughout the building for ex? ters and clams have supported fisheries in periments in trays or aquaria. Large out- Long Island Sound for centuries. The door tanks are also available, with either Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and tidally exchanged or continuously-pumped the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, are sea water, for experimental or storage use. the major species. Some softshell clams, Supplemental algal food, suitable for Mya arenaria, and black mussels, Mytilus most filter-feeding invertebrates, is pumped edulis, are harvested by local shellfisher- to the research rooms from a 2,000-gallon men. culture tank. In addition, a collection of The first permanent assignment of a full- approximately 80 species of marine algae time biologist and establishment of a labo? is maintained in bacteria-free culture. Sev? ratory were in November, 1931. This small eral of these are reared, using continuous program was concerned with biological culture techniques, so that as much as 48 problems facing the Connecticut shellfish liters per day of unialgal, bacteria-free Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 373 algal suspension are available for experi? thic conditions in Long Island Sound from mental work. soft mud to sand and rock bottoms. Al? Workshop facilities are located on the though large sections of the local inshore grounds, and experienced personnel can waters are devoted to oyster production, construct most types of specialized labora? many natural areas exist where benthic tory equipment on order. marine communities and predator-prey The laboratory's 50-foot research vessel ecology can be studied. Salinities range operates on a year-round basis in Long from 27-30 ?/oo in the open Sound to 10- Island Sound. It is outfitted with standard 12 ?/oo in areas of river discharge. hydrographic gear, in addition to dredge Facilities are available at no charge equipment for sampling benthic orga? throughout the year for one or two visiting nisms. The vessel has a 10- X 14-foot re? investigators. Living accommodations are search laboratory on the main deck, sup? not available at the Laboratory, but con- plied with A.C. and D.C. current, which venient room rental arrangements can be can accommodate a complement of four to made locally. Requests for the use of facili? six scientists. Several smaller outboard- ties and an outline of the research program powered boats are available for inshore contemplated must be submitted three work. The laboratory has standard SCUBA months in advance of desired occupancy. equipment including an air compressor The Laboratory can be reached by air- unit, and there is a trained diver/biologist line, train, or bus service to Bridgeport and on the staff. New Haven, Connecticut. A limited library of reference and re- Address the Director, Bureau of Com? print material is maintained at the Lab? mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, oratory. Complete library facilities are Milford, Connecticut. available through Yale University and the biological laboratory, Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory at New Haven, Connecticut, only a few miles oxford, maryland away. James B. Engle, Director The research program has three objec- tives: (1) basic studies of the physiology Marine biological research in Chesa? and ecology of larval and adult pelecypod peake Bay by the Bureau of Commercial and gastropod mollusks, in particular in Fisheries and predecessor agencies dates the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, back almost 100 years. Present investiga? hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and tions, concerned directly with shellfish bi? oyster drills, Urosalpinx cinerea and Eu- ology, ecology, and culture, began in 1944. pleura caudata; (2) development of tech? Since 1960 the work has been based at niques to improve the culture of commer? newly constructed facilities near Oxford, cial shellfish under controlled and natural Maryland. Early investigations were short- conditions; and (3) development of term intermittent observations on unusual methods for mechanical and chemical con? mortalities, and were efforts to demonstrate trol of shellfish predators. systems of culture such as methods of seed The staff consists of eight fishery biolo- production, transplantation, and feeding of gists; two microbiologists; and supporting oysters. The present program includes administrative, maintenance, and clerical basic marine biology and ecology; survival, personnel. growth, and condition; and methods of cul? The Laboratory is located on Milford ture and management. Close liaison is Harbor in a distinctly estuarine environ? maintained with State research and man? ment. Within a modest distance are salt- agement agencies and the shellfish in? marsh areas, natural salt-water ponds, a dustries. number of tidal estuaries, and various ben- The principal early efforts of the investi- 374 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries tions are available in the town of Oxford within walking distance of the Laboratory, which is situated on the Tred Avon River one mile south of the town. Oxford is 10 miles west of Easton, Mary? land. Interstate buses connect Easton with all sections of the country. Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D. C. are the nearest rail and air terminals, and Easton can be reached by bus from both cities. The staff is composed of 12 professional scientists and an equal number of support- ing aids and technicians. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Lab? A small substation (3,000 square feet of oratory, Oxford, Maryland floor space), located on a seaside bay, Chin- coteague, at Franklin City, Virginia, con? gations included ecological and biological tains most of the facilities listed for the surveys, precise area population studies, Oxford Laboratory. The salinity is oceanic and general hydrographical observations. (32 %)o) most of the time. There are no More recently, studies of factors affecting re- accommodations for extended research by production, growth, survival, recruitment, visiting investigators, although scientists and were the of genetics added to program are invited to use the laboratory as a start- research. is to re? Strong emphasis given ing place for field collection trips. It is search on of shellfish mortalities, problems isolated and not accessible by public car- including identification, life histories, con? rier. trol of and the predators, micropathogens, Boats equipped for general hydrograph- effects of environmental changes. ical and biological sampling are assigned to There are other mollusks and crusta? each laboratory. ceans of commercial significance in this Address the Director, Bureau of Com? area. In Chesapeake Bay the soft clam Mya mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, arenaria, the hard clam Mercenaria mer? P. O. Box 278, Oxford, Maryland. cenaria, and the blue crab Callinectes sap- idus, are harvested in con- commercially BIOLOGICALLABORATORY, siderable quantity. ANN MICHIGAN The Laboratory is located on a typical ARBOR, estuary with a from fresh to salinity range Dr. James W. Moffett, Director oceanic water. It is an excellent breeding, nursery, and feeding ground for many This laboratory, located about 40 miles sport and commercially important fishes. west of Detroit, near the intersection of In the ocean adjacent to this area and in highways 1-94 and US-23, can be reached seaside bays, are surf clams (Spisula solidis- by bus, railroad, or via commercial airlines sima), hard clams, crabs, and many fish to Detroit Willow Run or Metropolitan air- species of recreational and commercial im- ports. Field biological stations are located portance. in Wisconsin at Ashland; in Ohio at San- Floor space of 10,000 square feet includes dusky; and in Michigan at Ludington, laboratory facilities for chemical, micro- Marquette, Millersburg, and Northville. biological, and physiological research. Run? Field activities are supported by three re? ? ning sea water is available in some rooms. search vessels, 45 to 60 feet long the A limited amount of space is available for motor vessels Cisco, Siscowet, and Musky visiting investigators. Living accommoda- II. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 375 The laboratory's biological research is directed primarily toward development of a basic understanding of Great Lakes fish ? stocks the life history, ecology, and inter- relations of different species; factors of fluc- tuations in growth and abundance; and the effects of the environment and of vary? ing rates of exploitation. Since 1949, a major portion of the effort has been con? cerned with studies of the effects of preda- tion by the sea lamprey, Petromyzon ma- Architect's sketch of Bureau of Commercial Fish? rinus, on fishes in Lakes Superior, Huron, eries Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan and Michigan; the development of The Great Lakes have a connected water methods for its control; the experimental of control methods; and the area of 95,170 square miles. Each lake application rehabilitation of stocks of lake trout, Sal- stratifies thermally and has at least partial velinus namaycush, which the sea lamprey ice cover in winter. Other physical, chem? to commercial extinction. A ical, and biological characteristics vary brought second field of has been the widely among the five lakes and to a large major study relation of recent in extent within each of them. The deepest pronounced changes the of certain waters and the and largest, Lake Superior, has an average limnology shifts of depth of 487 feet (maximum, 1,333); an accompanying major species abundance. area of 31,820 square miles; average maxi? of Com? mum surface water temperature, 66?F; dis- Address the Director, Bureau solved solids, 60 p.p.m.; and an annual mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, 1220 East P. O. Box commercial fish production of less than 1 Washington Street, Ann pound per acre. Corresponding data for 640, Arbor, Michigan. Lake Erie, the shallowest, are: average 58 feet depth, (maximum 210); area, 9,930 BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, square miles; average maximum surface AUKE ALASKA water temperature, 78?F; dissolved solids BAY,, about 200 and fish p.p.m.; average pro? Dr. George Y. Harry, Director duction about 7 pounds per acre. Fishes produced in the Great Lakes are primarily This laboratory serves as research head? from the genera Coregonus, Perca, Stizos- quarters for the Bureau in Alaska. It is tedion, Salvelinus, and in recent years, located in Southeastern Alaska 12 miles Osmerus; total commercial production north of Juneau, the State Capital. Com- (U. S. and Canada) is seldom less than pleted in 1960, the two-story building 100,000,000 pounds per year. houses facilities for controlled experiments Federal research in fisheries and limnol- relating to the biology and physiology of ogy on the Great Lakes has been continu? fish and shellfish in fresh and salt water. ous since establishment of the laboratory Nearby Auke Lake and Mendenhall Lake in 1927. Since its inception, the work has serve as natural fresh-water experimental been carried out in close cooperation with areas, while adjacent Auke Bay is used for the University of Michigan, and the facil- estuarine studies. ity's headquarters have been on the Uni? The Laboratory also houses a growing versity campus. The original small staff reference collection of over 300 species of has increased to a current full-time comple? fresh- and salt-water fishes and shellfishes ment of 90, of whom 50 are fishery biolo? native to Alaskan waters. Other facilities gists. include a comprehensive scientific library, 376 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Auke Bay, Alaska a complete water chemistry laboratory, cation as a forest insecticide on salmon photographic dark room, and statistical survival in southeastern Alaskan streams. section with IBM card processing equip? The area adjacent to the laboratory in? ment. The building also contains office cludes a variety of ecological situations in and laboratory space for about 30 scientists terrestrial and aquatic environments. Al? and 12 supporting personnel. In addition, pine tundra, Sitka spruce rain forests, gla? the Bureau maintains an 86-foot power cial out-wash plains, glaciers, and perma- barge fitted out for oceanographic investi? nent snow fields all lie within easy access gations now being conducted throughout from the laboratory. Clear and glacial Southeastern Alaska waters by laboratory lakes, ponds, short coastal streams and personnel. rivers provide a variety of fresh-water en? Other investigations currently under way vironments for study. The many estuaries, include studies of the physical, chemical, islands, and miles of beaches afford numer? and biological factors affecting the fresh? ous opportunities for those wishing to water and early marine survival of Pacific study intertidal and marine environments. salmon, studies of the population dynamics Visiting investigators are welcome. Lab? and biology of the commercially important oratory facilities usually are available from shrimp species and king crab in Alaska, June to the end of August, a time when and a study of the effects of DDT appli- many resident biologists conduct their Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 377 studies at various field stations located throughout the State. Living accommoda- tions may be obtained either in Juneau or in the smaller communities of Douglas or Auke Bay. Reservations for housing should be made well in advance of the pro- posed field season. Often arrangements can be made through the laboratory staff to ? bup rent from resident biologists spending the summer at outlying field stations. Investi? gators considering southeastern Alaska as a study area should include at least 25% addition to their cost-of-living budget over Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Lab? La California other regions of the United States. oratory, Jolla, Juneau can be reached by air or water commercial but not directly by ear. Several BIOLOGICALLABORATORY, airlines and a state-operated marine high? LA CALIFORNIA way system provide regularly scheduled JOLLA, service. Ferries with automobile facilities Dr. Elbert H. Ahlstrom, Director connect with the Alcan Highway at Haines, and there is ferry service from This laboratory at present is housed in Prince Rupert. a two-story white frame house on the Address the Director, Bureau of Com? campus of the University of California at mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Ocean? P. O. Box Auke Alaska. 1155, Bay, ography. A new modern laboratory for which plans are almost completed should BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, be ready for occupancy in early 1964. The San Diego area has become one of STANFORD, CALIFORNIA the leading fishery research centers in the Dr. O. E. Sette, Director United States. Within easy commuting dis? tance of each other are two laboratories This laboratory is engaged in the study of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the of ocean-wide, medium-term in the changes Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commis? conditions in the Pacific oceanographic sion, Scripps Tuna Oceanography Re? the that cause and Ocean, processes them, search, and the Marine Life Research Pro? the effects have on the abundance of they gram of the Scripps Institution of Ocean? Pacific marine fish The Lab? populations. ography. All except the last-named will be uses and oratory published unpublished housed in the new laboratory. In addition, time-series data on the ocean, atmosphere, the new building will provide generous and fisheries. It does not in collec? engage facilities for visiting scientists interested in tion of data, but is an extensive assembling studying marine life. of and "library" published unpublished The Laboratory is investigating popula? data of this description. tion dynamics of pelagic fishes, particularly The Laboratory is located in the School the Pacific sardine and ecologically associ? of Sciences on the Stanford Uni? Biological ated species including northern anchovy, is versity campus. No space available for Pacific mackerel, and jack mackerel. Re? visiting scientists. search on the sardine and related species Address the Director, Bureau of Com? forms part of the California Cooperative mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (Cal- 450 B Jordan Hall, Stanford, California. COFI). 378 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries In its investigation of the habitat of pel- the research staff: (1) operations research agic fishes in the area of the California to develop an optimum fishing strategy Current system, the laboratory operates a based on the integrated experience of all 133-foot research vessel, the Black Douglas. segments of the tuna fishing fleets and the Cruises, varying in length from a day to results of biological and oceanographic re? a month, are made off the coasts of Cali? search; (2) oceanographic research to se- fornia and Baja California, Mexico. cure information about the tunas and their Particular emphasis has been placed on environment, to understand the distribu? of factors success investigation underlying tion of tunas, and eventually make pos? or failure of year broods of pelagic marine sible predictions of variations in avail- fishes. Another in? problem being given ability; and (3) research on responses and creased attention is the interactions of behavior of tunas, to provide scientific in? fishes within the same level ? trophic par? formation to improve fishing methods. the interaction of Pacific sardine ticularly Laboratory scientists work in close coopera- and northern As one anchovy populations. tion and frequently in collaboration with result of the bio-oceanographic cruises, this scientists of the Scripps Institution of has accumulated one of the laboratory Oceanography, the Inter-American Tropi- more extensive collections of larval marine cal Tuna Commission, and the California fishes in the world. Most of these have Department of Fish and Game. A part of been identified. the laboratory's oceanographic research is The Laboratory is situated on the south? done under contract to Scripps Institution. ern California coast about 15 miles from Service functions in oceanography in? San Diego and 35 miles from the Mexican clude preparation and distribution of border, easily accessible by auto, bus, train monthly sea-surface temperature charts of and plane. A variety of housing is avail? the eastern Pacific, useful to tuna fishermen able. The climate is classified as Mediter- in locating concentrations of tuna, and to ranean with mild summers and mild win- marine scientists studying changes in the ters. The average temperature is 65?F. oceanic environment. The laboratory also Rainfall averages about 9 or 10 inches a has a cooperative endeavor with the Uni? year, most of which falls in winter. versity of California in producing a series Address the Director, Bureau of Com? of topographic charts of the ocean floor for mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, regions of the eastern Pacific. The ocean? P. O. Box 271, La Jolla, California. ographic research is directed at analyses of physical, chemical, and biological data, and historical BIOLOGICALLABORATORY, sea-temperature observations to detect features of the environment that SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA have value in predicting time and space oc? currence of tunas, Gerald V. Howard, Director Research on tuna behavior is centered The Bureau established this laboratory on the phenomenon of schooling. Studies in 1959 as its center for oceanographic and are under way of the vertical distribution research on biological the tunas of the of tuna in relation to thermocline depth eastern Pacific Ocean and for studies of and of underwater visibility to determine tuna fishing operations. The primary func? variations in success of purse seine sets as tion is to apply oceanographic and bio? this may be related to avoidance. Labora? logical findings to specific problems of the tory experiments with juvenile scombroids tuna fishing industry. Included in the pro? are being conducted to learn about visual are gram service functions as well as basic stimuli associated with schooling. research in oceanography and biology. Observations at sea are made from re? Three principal investigations occupy search vessels assigned to other Bureau lab- Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 379 oratories, oceanographic vessels operated average, and (3) areas in which additional by Scripps Institution and chartered tuna observations are needed. Computing facili? clippers. The Laboratory anticipates op- ties are being used in these studies. erating its own ocean research vessel within A recent study of all oceanographic data three to four years. available from a three-million-square-mile The San Diego laboratory is housed in area around the Hawaiian Islands, plus Building 331 of the U. S. Navy Electronics heat budget considerations, led to a de- Laboratory at the tip of Point Loma in scription of the oceanographic climate of San Diego. In the summer of 1964, it will the area and an hypothesis that the major move to a new laboratory building, under observed annual changes are due to advec- construction by the Bureau on the campus tion effects. A two-year period of intensive of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, observations in the area is planned in University of California at San Diego, La order to test the hypothesis (as well as Jolla, some 15 miles north of Point Loma. some of the assumptions in the heat budget Address the Director, Bureau of Com? calculations) and to measure the rates at mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, which oceanographic processes occur. P. O. Box 6317, San Diego 6, California. Owing to the seasonal nature of the oc? currence of skipjack, the Hawaiian Islands constitute a natural laboratory for the study of the relationship of skipjack to their environment. It has been observed that the availability of skipjack is directly related to dynamic features of the ocean? ographic climate; studies are in progress to attempt to learn the nature of this associa? tion. Extensive studies of the life history of this species are also in progress. Observation of tuna at sea, through un- derwater observation has Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Lab? ports, suggested Biological lines of hitherto For oratory, Honolulu, Hawaii inquiry impossible. example, skipjack exhibit a pattern of ver? tical bars when in contrast to biological laboratory, feeding, their usual pattern of horizontal stripes. honolulu, hawaii This suggests a form of communication; i.e., the behavior of other be John C. Marr, skipjack may influenced upon observing this barred Area and Laboratory Director pattern. Skipjack prove to be easily condi? The research program of this laboratory tioned to respond to stimuli, and experi? is designed to increase our knowledge of ments are in progress to determine their biological and oceanographic processes in sensory acuity and other factors governing relation to high seas fishery resources, espe? behavior character. cially the tunas, in the Pacific Ocean. Other problems include the identifica? Work in progress is grouped as follows: tion of discrete population units, or sub- oceanography, trade wind zone oceanogra? populations. Results thus far show the ex- phy, skipjack ecology, albacore ecology, be? istence of several distinct subpopulations havior, and subpopulations. of skipjack in the Pacific basin. It would All oceanographic station data available be particularly useful to find a character? from the Pacific Ocean are being examined istic known to be under genetic control to determine (1) average conditions, (2) and capable of defining subpopulations. annual and seasonal variations from the Blood-group systems constitute such a 380 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries characteristic; several blood-group systems of fishery laboratories and museums all are recognized in tunas. over the world. Most effort has been expended on skip- 2. Contributions to the monographic se? jack and albacore tunas, but these studies ries Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. now are being expanded to include yellow- Sections on clupeoid fishes, benthic Iniomi, fin and bigeye tunas, billfishes, and some and argentinoid fishes have been prepared pelagic sharks. and editorial assistance has been furnished. The existence of special facilities of the At present sections on halfbeaks, needle- Laboratory may be noted, including (1) its fishes, and cod-like fishes are being pre? location in the trade wind zone of the Pa? pared. cific, (2) the local availability of several 3. Studies on continental slope and abys- species of tunas, (3) underwater observa- sal fishes of the suborder Ophidioidea. tion ports in the research vessel Charles H. 4. Studies on bivalve mollusks of the Gilbert, (4) extensive collections of zoo? family Tellinidae. plankton and bathypelagic fishes, and (5) 5. Studies of the mainly fresh-water fish experimental facilities for studies of be- family Percidae. havior-physiology on pelagic predators. The Ichthyological Laboratory does not Visiting investigators are welcome. Hous? direct a field program. Personnel from the ing is available in Honolulu, but it is rela? laboratory have cooperated with field pro? tively expensive. grams of other Government agencies and Address the Area Director, Bureau of private institutions and worked in the Commercial Fisheries, P. O. Box 3830, North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico and Honolulu, Hawaii. Caribbean, the North Pacific, and the Tropical Central Pacific. No ICHTHYOLOGICALLABORATORY, accommodations are available for visitors. D. WASHINGTON, C. Address the Director, Bureau of Com? mercial Fisheries Dr. Daniel M. Cohen, Director Ichthyological Laboratory, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, This laboratory occupies space in the D. C. Natural History Building of the U. S. National Museum in Washington, D. C. BIOLOGICALLABORATORY, WASHINGTON, D. C. The present professional staff consists of Thomas S. Austin, Director two ichthyologists and one malacologist. Acting The of the are sev? objectives laboratory Research at this laboratory is directed eral: revisional research in (1) original to broad geographic aspects of fisheries and technical systematic zoology; (2) provide oceanography in the Atlantic Ocean. A information on fish, fisheries, and sys? special responsibility of the Laboratory Di? tematics to the Fish and Wildlife Service, rector is to plan and coordinate the entire other Government and the agencies gen? Oceanography Program of the Bureau. eral liaison between the Bureau public; (3) The largest current activity is the Tropi? of Commercial Fisheries and the Smith- cal Atlantic Fishery-Oceanography Pro? sonian Institution. gram, concerned with the equatorial At? research under- Major projects presently lantic as a system for the production of are: way food resources. Specific aspects of research 1. A study on the systematics of scom? are: (1) physical and chemical properties broid fishes, particularly the large, tuna- of environment; (2) processes of organic like forms. This is being carried on in co- production; (3) zooplankton fauna and its operation with personnel of the Smith- role in the marine ecosystem; (4) nekton sonian Institution and with the assistance community and its relationship with ad- Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 381 jacent trophic levels; and (5) distribution, variety of reasonably-priced accommoda- abundance, and biology of the tunas of the tions is available in Washington, D. C, Tropical Atlantic. The research vessel Ge- and in the adjacent suburbs of Virginia ronimo is fully assigned to this program in and Maryland. 1963. Full assignment of the Geronimo The Laboratory is in proximity to sev? and a second research vessel is scheduled for eral other Government agencies and fa? 1964 and thereafter. The program, during cilities with oceanographic missions: Na? 1963, is part of the International Coopera- tional Oceanographic Data Center (one tive of the Investigation Tropical Atlantic, block away), Navy Hydrographic Office, in which some seven nations are scheduled National Museum, Geological Survey, to participate. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Weather Bu? The Environmental Oceanographic Re? reau, and Bureau of Mines. Convenience search has the Program principal objective of contact with these organizations and of of for developing techniques describing access to their large supplies of ocean? and the distribu- explaining geographic ographic data (hydrological, biological, tions of marine in sedentary organisms bathymetrical, geological and meteorologi- terms of environmental conditions. Species cal) are definite assets. are selected to demonstrate dis? contrasting The Laboratory is located in Building tributional characteristics; information on 74, Washington Navy Yard Annex, Wash? their environmental is ob? requirements ington 25, D. C. Entrances to the Navy tained field and charts are drawn by study; Yard Annex are at 8th and M Streets, to show the distribution of en? limiting S. E. and at 1st and N Streets, S. E. vironmental factors. Address the Director, Bureau of Com? The Instrumentation Oceanographic mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Program has the functions: following (1) Building 74, Naval Weapons Plant, Wash? instruments for the servicing laboratory, ington 25, D. C. (2) development of new instruments for the Bureau, and (3) coordination of ocean? EXPLORATORYFISHING AND GEAR RESEARCH ographic instrumentation development BASES within the Bureau, and with other Govern? ment agencies. Five Exploratory Fishing Bases, located the United are The Geronimo is a 143-foot ocean-going throughout States, devoted to studies for tug converted for research. Navy dock- improved utilization of fish? eries resources. ing facilities are available adjacent to the The mission for each base laboratory on the Anacostia River. The is fundamentally research and develop? Laboratory is designed for a staff of about ment in exploratory fishing and gear re? nineteen investigators and ten technicians. search. Each base is more or less centrally There are accommodations for two visit? located in the area for which it is respon- ing investigators. General research facil? sible. ities are centralized laboratories for proc? Ultimate objectives of the exploratory essing preserved biological collections, for fishing programs are to define, on a sea? chemistry, and for oceanographic instru? sonal basis, the quantitative and qualita- mentation development and testing. There tive distribution of marine resources hav- is a small library, a conference room, and ing a potential for commercial utilization nineteen individual offices or office-labora- and to provide an appraisal of the com? tories for professional staff. There is no mercial value of these resources. Explora? special provision for maintenance of living tory fishing vessels are equipped with marine life. Emphasis is on facilities for standard and experimental capturing de- data processing and analysis. There are no vices and instrumentation useful in naviga- living accommodations for visitors, but a tion, fish detection, and fish capture, 382 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Objectives of the gear research programs provided at the bases themselves, but are are to improve harvesting techniques and generally available in the adjacent areas. devices, and to demonstrate their applica? Physical facilities at each base house per- tion to industry. Studies are conducted on sonnel and equipment used in exploratory fish behavior, and the mechanics and per? fishing and gear research, and provide some formance of fish-catching devices. This in? general and shop working areas. All five formation is applied to designing, modify? bases are readily accessible by boat, rail ing, and increasing the effectiveness of fish? bus, and private vehicle, with the possible ing gear. exception of the Region V base at Juneau, Due to the specific nature of the pro? Alaska, where accessibility can be seasonal- grams, very limited biological research fa? ly limited. cilities are available at the exploratory Accounts of the basic research programs fishing bases. Field collection of indige- conducted in each geographical region fol? nous species on a cooperative basis is in- low. In addition to the included programs, vited. Catches usually contain a variety projects specific to particular areas or fish? of fishes and invertebrates and opportu? eries are conducted from time to time. nities for ecological studies are particularly For example, the Region II Exploratory good. Facilities aboard exploratory vessels Fishing Base (Pascagoula, Mississippi), is are available on a first come basis. Cruises currently conducting a two-year explora? and areas to be explored are scheduled tory fishing survey of the spiny lobster well in advance. Address the Base Direc? (Panulirus) resource and potential in the tor of the pertinent Exploratory Fishing Atlantic and Pacific Oceans adjacent to Base for information on cruises designed Panama. This survey is being done under to explore a particular species or geo- a contract with the United States Agency graphical area. Living facilities are not for International Development (AID). Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 383 Exploratory fishing vessel lohn M. Cobb. The 93-foot Cobb conducts exploratory fishing and gear research in the Northeastern Pacific and is based at Seattle, Washington. EXPLORATORYFISHING AND GEAR RESEARCH Vessel: John N. Cobb. Home port: BASE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON Seattle, Washington. 93-foot wooden ex? ploratory fishing vessel equipped for com? Dayton L. Alverson, Director mercial scale fishing operations. Can ac- Area stressed: Northeastern Pacific. commodate up to two visiting investigators. Habitat investigated: Bottom explora- Address the Director, Bureau of Com? tion of Continental Shelf and slope to mercial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and 2000 fathoms; coastal and oceanic mid- Gear Research Base, 2725 Montlake Boule- waters. vard East, Seattle 2, Washington. 384 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries The Exploratory Fishing Base, Pascagoula, Mississippi exploratory fishing base, pascagoula, Silver Bay. Home port: Brunswick, mississippi Georgia (Exploratory Fishing Field Sta? tion). 96-foot steel North Atlantic trawler Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Director equipped for commercial scale fishing op- erations. Can accommodate up to four Area stressed: Gulf of Mexico, Carib- visiting investigators. Primary area of op? bean Sea, and the southern North Atlantic eration is the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean. Ocean. Habitat investigated: Bottom explora- George M. Bowers. Home port: Panama tion of Continental Shelf and slope to City, Florida (Gear Research Field Sta? 2,000 fathoms; coastal and oceanic mid- tion). 73-foot wooden shrimp vessel waters. equipped for gear research and develop? Vessels: Oregon. Home port: Pascagou? ment including underwater diving observa? to two visit? la, Mississippi. 100-foot steel, West Coast- tions. Can accommodate up type combination trawler equipped for ing investigators. Primary area of oper? commercial scale fishing operation. Can ation is the Gulf of Mexico. accommodate up to four visiting investiga? Address Director, Bureau of Commer? tors. Primary areas of operation are the cial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Cen? Gear Research Base, Post Office Drawer D, tral Tropical Atlantic Ocean to Brazil. Pascagoula, Mississippi. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 385 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Regional Office, Region 4 Headquarters of the Exploratory Fishing Base, Ann Arbor, Michigan exploratory fishing and gear research and available accommodations. Primary base, ann arbor, michigan area of operation is the Gulf of Alaska. Address Director, Bureau of Commercial Melvin L. Greenwood, Director Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and Gear Area stressed: Great Lakes, principally Research Base, P. O. Box 2481, Juneau, Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. Farm Alaska. and reservoirs in central ponds, lakes, exploratory fishing and gear research United States. base, gloucester, massachusetts Habitat investigated: Bottom and mid? water areas of the Great Lakes, farm Keith Smith, Director lakes and reservoirs. ponds, Area stressed: North Atlantic Ocean, Vessel: Kaho. Home port: Saugatuck, north of North Carolina. 65-foot steel ex? generally Michigan (vessel base). Habitat Bottom vessel for com? investigated: explora- ploratory fishing equipped tion of Continental Shelf and coast- mercial scale Can ac- slope; fishing operations. al and oceanic waters. commodate to two up visiting investiga? Vessel: Delaware. Home Glouces? tors. port: ter, Mass. 148-foot steel trawler equipped Address Director, Bureau of Commercial for commercial scale fishing operations. Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and Gear Can accommodate two to four visiting in? Research Base, 5 Research Drive, Ann Ar? vestigators. bor, Michigan. Rorqual. 65-foot vessel for inshore ex- EXPLORATORYFISHING AND GEAR RESEARCH ploration and gear research. BASE, JUNEAU, ALASKA Address the Director, Bureau of Com? mercial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and Warren F. Director Rathjen, Gear Research Base, State Fish Pier, Area stressed: Gulf of Alaska and North Gloucester, Mass. Pacific Ocean. SUMMARY Habitat investigated: Bottom explora- tion of Continental Shelf and slope; coast- The foregoing descriptions of our varied al and oceanic mid-waters. studies of the living resource in its environ? Vessel: No permanent vessel in oper? ment represent only a part of the entire ation. Field work carried out with char- Bureau program. We operate five Fishery tered vessels which may vary in size, type, Technological Laboratories and two Tech- 386 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing Base, Gloucester, Massachusetts showing the station and the M/V Dela- xvare moored at the adjacent pier. nological Stations, which conduct scientific vide up-to-date information on fishery studies of nutritive value of fishery prod? landings; imports; production; holdings of ucts, develop methods for improving qual- frozen, canned, or other processed fishery ity and attractiveness, and are active in products; and provide a daily market news research on fish meal and oil, and on fish service to the domestic industry. The Bu? protein concentrates for human food. reau manages the Pribilof fur seal herd The Bureau assists the industry with and reservation and enforces high seas market promotion, carrying out test kitch? fishery regulations. It is responsible for en research, staging fish cookery demon- administration of three financial programs strations, cooperating with the States in including a Vessel Loan Program, a Fish? the National School Lunch Program, and ing Vessel Construction Subsidy Program, generally educating the consumer in a va? and a Mortgage Insurance Program. These riety of ways. Economic research and serv- highlights give a general impression of the ices are concerned with transportation and diversified and comprehensive program consumption of fishery products, fisher- provided by the Federal Government for men's cooperatives, and the effects of for? the commercial fishing industry of the eign competition. Statistical services pro- United States.