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Aspectos Jurídico Penales De Los Desórdenes Públicos En Espectáculos Deportivos

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Aspectos Jurídico Penales De Los Desórdenes Públicos En Espectáculos Deportivos UNIVERSIDAD DE VALENCIA FACULTAD DE DERECHO PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO: 072A Tendències Actuals del Dret Penal ASPECTOS JURÍDICO PENALES DE LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: Álvaro Palacios Martínez Dirigido por: Dr. D. Javier Mira Benavent (Profesor Titular de Derecho Penal de la Universitat de València) Valencia, octubre de 2015 ÍNDICE ABREVIATURAS………………………………………………………………………………… 1 INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………….……………. 15 PRIMERA PARTE: LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN LOS ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS EN LA HISTORIA DEL DEPORTE Y DEL PROCESO CODIFICADOR PENAL ESPAÑOL………………………………………………..……….… 25 CAPÍTULO I. APROXIMACIÓN HISTÓRICA A LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN LOS ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS…………………………………… 25 1. BREVE REFERENCIA A LA HISTORIA DEL DEPORTE……………………………….…….…. 25 1.1. LA RELEVANCIA DE LA PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA DE LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN LOS ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS……………………………………………………… 25 1.2. LOS ORÍGENES DEL DEPORTE…………..…………………………………………….. 26 1.3 LA VIOLENCIA EN LOS JUEGOS Y ESPECTÁCULOS GRIEGOS………..….……………… 29 1.4 LA VIOLENCIA EN LOS JUEGOS Y ESPECTÁCULOS ROMANOS………….……………… 31 1.5. LA VIOLENCIA EN EL DEPORTE DE LA EDAD MEDIA……………………………..……. 34 2. ASPECTOS JURÍDICOS RELEVANTES DE LOS JUEGOS OLÍMPICOS………………..……….. 37 2.1. ORGANIZACIÓN JURÍDICA DE LOA JJ.OO. DE LA ANTIGÜEDAD………………….…….. 37 2.2. LA TREGUA SAGRADA DESDE SUS ORÍGENES HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS…………..…… 41 I 3. EL DEPORTE CONTEMPORÁNEO……………………………………………………………. 50 3.1. BREVE REFERENCIA A LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL DEPORTE CONTEMPORÁNEO…………..… 50 3.2. LA VIOLENCIA EN EL DEPORTE CONTEMPORÁNEO: ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS……………. 54 3.2.1. Ibrox Park, Glasgow, UK. 5 de abril de 1902…………………………..……… 55 3.2.2. Burden Park, Bolton, UK. 9 de marzo de 1946………………………………… 58 3.2.3. Estadio Nacional de Lima, Perú. 24 de mayo de 1964………………….…..… 59 3.2.4. Estadio Monumental de River, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 23 de junio de 1968……………………….……..…….…….…………………..… 62 3.2.5. La Guerra del Fútbol. Honduras-El Salvador. 1969………….…….…..……… 64 3.2.6. Ibrox Park, Glasgow, UK. 2 de enero de 1971……………………..………… 68 3.2.7. Zamalek Stadium, El Cairo, Egipto. 17 de febrero de1974………….……….. 70 3.2.8. Estadio Central Lenin, Moscú, RU. 20 de octubre de 1982………………….. 71 3.2.9. Valley Parade, Bradford, UK. 11 de mayo de 1985……………………..……. 75 3.2.10. Heysel Park, Bruselas, BE. 29 de mayo de 1985…………………………… 79 4. MARCO JURÍDICO ACTUAL DE LA VIOLENCIA EN EL DEPORTE…………………………….. 84 4.1. ÁMBITO EUROPEO……………………………………………………………………… 84 4.2. EL CASO ESPAÑOL…………………………………………………………………….. 89 II CAPÍTULO II. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DE LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS EN LA CODIFICACIÓN PENAL ESPAÑOLA………………………………………………………………………..…… 95 1. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………………….. 95 2. EL CÓDIGO PENAL DE 1822………………………………………………………………. 95 3. EL CÓDIGO PENAL DE 1848………………………………………………………………. 102 4. EL CÓDIGO PENAL DE 1870……………………………………………………………… 106 5. EL CÓDIGO PENAL DE 1928……………………………………………………………… 111 6. EL CÓDIGO PENAL 1932…………………………………………………………………. 113 7. EL CÓDIGO PENAL DE 1973……………………………………………………………… 115 8. EL CÓDIGO PENAL DE 1995………………………………………………………………. 116 9. LA REFORMA DEL CÓDIGO PENAL DE 1995…………………………………………….… 119 10. RESUMEN EVOLUTIVO……………………………………………………………………… 127 III SEGUNDA PARTE: ANÁLISIS DE ALGUNOS ELEMENTOS TÍPICOS ESENCIALES CAPITULO III. EL BIEN JURÍDICO PROTEGIDO EN LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN LOS ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS…………………………………… 131 1. CUESTIONES INTRODUCTORIAS………………………………………………………… 131 2. PERSPECTIVA DOCTRINAL Y JURISPRUDENCIAL………………………………………… 140 2.1. LA PLURALIDAD DE BIENES JURÍDICOS PROTEGIDOS EN LOS DELITOS CONTRA EL ORDEN PÚBLICO……………………………………………….. 140 2.2. CONCEPTO DE PAZ PÚBLICA Y ORDEN PÚBLICO……….………………………..…. 145 2.3. LA PROBLEMÁTICA DEL CONCEPTO DE PAZ PÚBLICA…………………….………… 153 2.4. EL BIEN JURÍDICO PROTEGIDO EN LA FALTA DEL ARTÍCULO 633…….…………..… 157 4. TOMA DE POSTURA Y CONSIDERACIONES CONCLUSIVAS……………………….….…… 162 CAPITULO IV. LA PROBLEMÁTICA EN TORNO AL SUJETO ACTIVO DE LOS ARTÍCULOS 557, 558 Y EX 633 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL…………..… 173 1. EL SUJETO ACTIVO EN EL ARTÍCULO 557. AUSENCIA DE DEFINICIÓN………………..… 173 2. LA DEFINICIÓN DE “GRUPO” EN EL CÓDIGO PENAL…………………………….……… 174 3. EL SUJETO ACTIVO EN EL ARTÍCULO 557 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL 2015……………….…. 176 4. EL SUJETO ACTIVO EN LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN LOS ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS DE LOS ARTS 558 Y 633 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL…………… 179 !IV 4.1. LA PROBLEMÁTICA SOBRE LA IDONEIDAD DEL INTRANEUS COMO SUJETO ACTIVO EN LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS…..…..… 180 4.2. LA SUPERACIÓN PRÁCTICA SOBRE LA IDONEIDAD DEL INTRANEUS COMO SUJETO ACTIVO EN LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS………… 185 5. CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LA REFORMA OPERADA POR LA LEY ORGÁNICA 1/2015, DE 30 DE MARZO, POR LA QUE SE MODIFICA LA LEY ORGÁNICA 10/1995, DE 23 DE NOVIEMBRE, DEL CÓDIGO PENAL…………………………………………….… 190 CAPÍTULO V. LA CALIFICACIÓN JURÍDICO PENAL DE LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS ………………………. 191 1. LA DIFÍCIL CALIFICACIÓN JURÍDICA ENTRE EL DELITO DEL ARTÍCULO 558 Y LA FALTA DEL ARTÍCULO 633………………………………………………………….… 191 1.1. LA DELIMITACIÓN ENTRE EL DELITO DE DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS DEL ART. 558 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL Y LA FALTA DE DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS DEL ART. 633 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA JURISPRUDENCIAL…..… 195 1.1.1. Ámbito electoral………………………………………………………………..… 196 1.1.2. Ámbito deportivo………………………………………………………………… 198 1.1.3. Ámbito cultural……………………………………………………………….….. 203 1.1.4. Ante menores de edad……………………………………………………..…… 209 2. ALGUNAS CONSIDERACIONES DE LA DOCTRINA……………………………………..….. 201 CAPÍTULO VI. CONSIDERACIONES PENOLÓGICAS SOBRE LAS INFRACCIONES CONTRA EL ORDEN PÚBLICO EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS………….……… 217 1. PENAS PRINCIPALES…………………………………………………………………..…. 217 1.1. LAS NUEVAS CONSECUENCIAS PENOLÓGICAS DEL “NO MODIFICADO” ARTÍCULO 558 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL………………………………………….……….… 217 V 1.2. LA PENA PREVISTA EN EL DESPENALIZADO ART. 663 PUESTA EN COMPARACIÓN CON LA SANCIÓN PREVISTA EN EL ART. 36.1 DE LA LEY 4/2015, DE 30 DE MARZO, DE PROTECCIÓN DE LA SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA………………..…… 222 2. PENAS PRIVATIVAS DE DERECHOS…………………………………………………….…. 226 2.1. LA PRIVACIÓN DE ACUDIR A EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS EN EL ARTÍCULO 558 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL………………………………………………. 226 TERCERA PARTE. ANÁLISIS PRÁCTICO SOBRE EL MARCO DE COMPETENCIA JURÍDICO PENAL DE LOS DESÓRDENES PÚBLICOS EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS EN ESPAÑA…………………….…… 237 CAPÍTULO VII. ANÁLISIS DE LA REPERCUSIÓN SOCIAL DE LAS CONDUCTAS VIOLENTAS EN LOS EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS……………..… 237 1. CUESTIONES PREVIAS……………………………………………………….…………… 237 2. LA DIMENSIÓN DEL DEPORTE EN ESPAÑA…………………………………….……….… 239 2.1. LAS FEDERACIONES DEPORTIVAS NACIONALES E INTERNACIONALES………….….… 239 2.2. LAS FEDERACIONES DEPORTIVAS TERRITORIALES.…………………………..……… 245 2.3. LOS EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS FUERA DEL ÁMBITO FEDERATIVO.…………………….… 251 CAPÍTULO VIII. ESTUDIO SOBRE LA VIOLENCIA EN LOS EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS PROFESIONALES……………………………………………….. 255 1. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 255 2. UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LA VIOLENCIA EN EL DEPORTE DE ÁMBITO NACIONAL A TRAVÉS DE LOS DOCUMENTOS DE LA COMISIÓN ESTATAL CONTRA LA VIOLENCIA, EL RACISMO LA XENOFOBIA Y LA INTOLERANCIA EN EL DEPORTE………… 257 VI 2.1. LOS GRUPOS DE RIESGO…………………………………………………………..… 260 2.1.1. Individuos desplazados o “visitantes”………………………………….….….. 260 2.1.2. Individuos no desplazados o “locales………………………………………… 262 2.1.3. Individuos totales integradores de grupos de riesgo…………………..….… 263 3. EL MARCO SANCIONADOR DE LA LEY 19/2007, DE 11 DE JULIO, CONTRA LA VIOLENCIA, EL RACISMO, LA XENOFOBIA Y LA INTOLERANCIA EN EL DEPORTE…………………………………………………………………….……. 264 3.1. LAS SANCIONES A CLUBES Y EMPRESAS…………………………….……..…….… 270 3.2. LAS SANCIONES A ESPECTADORES….………………………………………….…… 277 3.3. DETENIDOS Y EXPULSADOS EN EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS………………………….…. 277 3.4. EL “QUEBRANTAMIENTO” DE LA PROHIBICIÓN DE ACUDIR A LOS EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS…………………………………………………………… 281 CAPÍTULO IX. ESTUDIO SOBRE LA VIOLENCIA EN EL FÚTBOL BASE Y AFICIONADO……………………………………………………… 285 1. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………..… 285 2. MÉTODO Y FUENTES…………………………………………………………………..… 290 2.1. LA VIOLENCIA VERBAL…………………………………………………………….… 293 2.2. VIOLENCIA FÍSICA……………………………………………………………….…… 306 2.3. OTRAS CUESTIONES………………………………………………………………… 333 CAPÍTULO X. INCIDENCIA APLICATIVA DEL ARTÍCULO 633 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL EN LA COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA………………………….….. 339 1. OBJETO DE ESTUDIO Y FUENTES…………………………………………………….….. 339 2. METODOLOGÍA…………………………………………………………………………… 340 3. DATOS Y ANÁLISIS……………………………………………………………………….. 348 4. CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………….. 355 VII CAPÍTULO XI. LA LEY DE SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA EN MATERIA DE ORDEN PÚBLICO EN LOS ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS………………….…… 363 1. ANTECEDENTES LEGISLATIVOS DE LA LEY DE SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA…………..…… 363 2. LA LEY 4/2015 DE PROTECCIÓN DE LA SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA Y LA REFORMA DEL CÓDIGO PENAL OPERADA POR LA LEY 1/2015…………………… 368 3. LA LEY DE SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA Y LOS DESÓRDENES EN ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS……………………………………………………….… 370 4. ÁMBITO DE APLICACIÓN DE LA LEY DE SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA…………………….… 375 5. EL ÁMBITO DE APLICACIÓN DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA PRÁCTICA……………….……… 378 6. LA LEY DE SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA LEY 5/2014, DE 4 DE ABRIL, DE SEGURIDAD PRIVADA………………………… 381 7. LA LEY DE SEGURIDAD PRIVADA EN LOS EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS (EL FÚTBOL COMO EJEMPLO)……………………………………………………………… 385 8. EL RÉGIMEN SANCIONADOR DE LA LEY DE SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA EN LOS ESPECTÁCULOS DEPORTIVOS…………………………………………………….… 389 CONCLUSIONES FINALES………………………………………………………..……
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