Law Enforcement Bulletin

If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. r' .~ '-r.-'"" :' ,, • .. .. • : , .. -") 122834- u.s. Department of Justice 122839 National Insliwte of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this c~ material has been granted by FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis sion of th0 ~ owner. ·,'T.T , ',. .... -- - " , ='- , .. -·f January 1990 Volume 59 mrr= Number1 Law Enforcement Bulletin Features 2 The Future of Law Enforcement: Dangerous and Different J ;;. ~ 'fs ~ ,(, By Alvin and Heidi Tottler T The Changing Face of America ~ 3 S- 6 By Robert C. Trojanowicz and David L. Carter \;) :2 The Futuw of Policing 13 By William L. Tafoya 18 Public Law Enforcement/Private Security: ;t;;' ~ 3 7 Page 13 A New Partnership? l By Terence J. Mangan and Michael G. Shanahan A Look Ahead: Views of Tomorrow's FBI I;) :z ~3 fs' 23 By Richard C. Sonnichsen, Gail O. Burton and Thomas Lyons Tomorrow's America: 28 Law Enforcement's Coming Challenge [""l ":) 8' 3 a By Rob McCord and Elaine Wicker 0'- (71. I Departments 1 Director's Message 27 Focus on NCIC Page 18 12 Focus on Identification 33 Focus on Forensic Science United States Department of Justice Editor-Stephen D. Gladis Federal Bureau of Investigation Managing Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski Washington, DC 20535 Art Director-John E. Ott Assistant Editor-Alice S. Cole William S. Sessions, Director Production Manager-Andrew DiRosa The Attorney General has determined that the publication of this periodical is neces The FBI Law Enforcement Sulletin sary in the transaction of the public busi (lSSN-0014-5688) is published monthly by nec;s required by law of the Department of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 10th Justice. Use of funds for printing this peri and Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Wi:jshington, The Cover: Voyager symbolizes one DC 20535. Second-Class postage paid at f}xample of the advantages and abso{ute odical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. Washington, DC. Postmaster: Send address necessity of planning for the future. The· changes to Federal Bureau of Investigation, Editor wishes to thank ,the FBI's Office of FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Washington, Planning, Evaluation and Audits and the Published by the Office of Public Affairs, DC 20535. Behavioral Science Instruction/Research Milt Ahlerich, Assistant Director Unit for he/ping to prepare this issue. ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 The Future of Po/icing By WILLIAM L. TAFOYA, Ph.D. n August 1982, law enforce second, to facilitate social change.2 tive, ongoing social nonn and value ment executives gathered in the For law enforcement officers, this shifts, periods of refonn in policing, I FBI Academy auditorium to means not only protecting civil the research that addresses the hear Alvin Toffler speak. In his rights but also ensuring that all law phenomenon of resistance to or speech, Toffler suggested that be ful means of dissent and petitioning ganizational change, and the im cause change was taking place so of government concerning griev plications for law enforcement of rapidly, tremendous social pres ances are pennitted and protected.3 maintaining the status quo. sures were occurring and will con This will help secure the ideals of tinue to fennent and explode unless democracy and facilitate an orderly Historical Perspective opportunities were created to transition into what Toffler has Historically, the role of law relieve those pressures.! referred to as a "third wave" enforcement has been to maintain According to Toffler, law en society.4 the status quo. However, this does forcement, like society, has two In support of these ideals, this not mean that this is what "should possible courses of action. The first article addresses major societal be" in the future. Reliance on cur is to cling to the status quo; the change from an historical perspec- rent practices will not prepare law January 1990 113 enforcement for the future. There function a positive image. There value shlfts.8 In 1980, he followed fore, to be able to deal with change, fore, systematically shifting public up with The Third Wave, in which law enforcement must understand perception, and the self-image of the he expanded his views and drew an the process of change. police themselves from "crime analogy between the waves of the Toffler's comments offer a fighter" to "social engineer," ocean and the three major changes challenge to law enforcement and seems appropriate.5 of society: The Agricultural suggest that unless the police are If law enforcement ad Revolution, the Industrial Revolu viewed by the public as amicable, ministrators do not plan properly tion, and the Technological Revolu they will be perceived as adver today, they may be forced to reas tion.9 saries. They must be viewed as in- sess the way their agencies. carry out According to Toffler, the first wave, the Agricultural Revolution, swept aside 45,000 years of cave dwelling about 8,000 B.C., and .. .Iaw enforcement must anticipate tomorrow in mankind shifted from a nomadic ex "an imaginative, analytical, and prescriptive istence based on hunting and gather manner. ing to domesticating animals, farm ing, and settling on the land. The second wave, the In dustrial Revolution, began about tegral to the neighborhood and as their responsibilities tomorrow." For indis,sensable members of the com example, California's 1978 1760, and mankind moved from the field to the foundry. The transition munity, not as an army of occupa Proposition Thirteen triggered a from plough to punch-press was tion. decade of so-called' 'cutback filled with consternation. In fact, One need only reflect back management" for law enforcement from 1811 to 1816, bands of two decades to be reminded of how and other agencies nationwide. workmen, called Luddites, des destructive civil unrest and social Such reappraisals are likely to come troyed machinery because they injustice can be. Law enforcement a.bout as a result of the kind of initia believed their jobs were at risk from has made important and laudatory tives Toffler has called "an the technology of the day. Machine strides to heal those wounds, but ticipatory democracy. ' '6 power, they feared, would replace there is more to be done. Law en Economizing measures, manpower. With the exception of a forcement administrators must not referenda, and trends, such as social few Third World countries, the In allow themselves to be content with nOlm and value shifts, accreditation, dustrial Revolution provided the past achievements. If law enforce education and training, and con economic base for second wave ment stops to congratulate itself for solidation,7 will bear close scrutiny the progress it has made thus far, it from now through the tum of the society. About 1955, the Technologi could drift backwards. century. If changes in these areas cal Revolution began, signifying the In addition, isolated and some continue at their present rate and third wave. Since that time, the times tragic events tend to direction, they are likely to lead to American work force has shifted dramatize and exaggerate the ex major, unanticipated changes in from blue collar to white collar. In citement of policing. For some both the role and organizational barely three decades, a parade of police officers, the service function structure of policing. Perhaps the high technology has marched into is something begrudgingly tolerated most important, most subtle, and the home. while waiting for the hot pursuit and most likely to be overlooked by The driving force for this shift in-progress calls. In fact, many police administrators is the shift in is information; the economic base police officers believe that the ser social norms and values. for third wave societies is the quest vice function should not be part of for knowledge. The ubiquitous their responsibilities. This belief is Changes in Society microcomputer, ushered in just over compounded by the lack of a con In his 1970 classic, Future a decade ago, has turned Western certed effort on the part of police Shock, Alvin Toffler discussed the society inside out. In the wake of administrators to give the service world's major social norm and 14/ FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin - this micro millennium, a new Substantial improvements in ganizational structure and autocratic "disease" has been discovered, law enforcement have taken place management styles that typify so cyberphobia-fear of computers. since the mid-1960s,11 but most ef much of law enforcement.2o In ef Computer phobes today express forts to change have fallen short of fect, the study concluded that "the remarkably similar views about their intended goals or have failed traditional managerial methods are computers as 19th-century Luddites all together. 12 In fact, law enforce not serving to motivate officers. "21 expressed about mechanical ment, being characteristically high One reason for this phenomenon devices. ly resistant to change and intolerant may be traced to a decline of un of organizational dissent, has been questioned obedience to authority.22 Changes in Law Enforcement about as flexible a:-; granite. 13 Until about 15 years ago, most A rough correspondence to police recruits were men who had Toffler's wave analogy can be Organizational Change served in the Armed Forces. These drawn with respect to the historical There is a vast body of litera men were accustomed to unques changes in law enforcement.

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