Tropical Agricultural Science
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 39 (2): 137 - 143 (2016) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Short Communication Effectiveness of Various Botanical Traps against Apple Snail, Pomacea maculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) in a Rice Field Syamsul, R. B.1, Muhamad, R.1*, Arfan, A. G.1,2 and Manjeri, G.1 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan ABSTRACT The adverse effects of molluscicides applied for the control of the invasive apple snails, Pomacea spp., have led to the search for eco-based cultural, mechanical and biological control techniques. Therefore, a field study on the relative effectiveness of locally available and cost effective plant-based traps against Pomacea spp. was conducted. Results showed jackfruit skin (9.03 ± 0.60 / m2 and 6.03 ± 0.60 / m2) and damaged pomelo (9.00 ± 0.61 / m2 and 5.78 ± 0.74 / m2) were relatively more effective than tapioca leaves, water spinach leaves and old newspaper. Snails also displayed preference for fresh materials as compared to rotten materials. Thus, incorporating these findings in rice fields during early susceptible growth will ease the collection and destruction of snails. Keywords: Apple snail, Pomacea, rice, botanical trap INTRODUCTION are serious pests of many aquatic Invasive apple snails, Pomacea maculata macrophytes including rice (Hayes et al., Perry, 1810 and Pomacea canaliculata 2008; Horgan et al., 2014). These invasive Lamarck, 1822 (Gastropoda; Ampullariidae) snails were introduced into Malaysia around 1991 and spread to all rice growing areas ARTICLE INFO of the country, causing heavy losses to rice Article history: Received: 19 August 2015 yields (Yahaya et al., 2006; Arfan et al., Accepted: 26 January 2016 2014). Snails mostly feed on young rice E-mail addresses: seedlings and their severe damage could [email protected] (Syamsul, R. B.), [email protected] (Muhamad, R.), result in complete loss of rice crop (Teo, [email protected] (Arfan, A. G.), [email protected] (Manjeri, G.) 2003). In Malaysia, growers often spend * Corresponding author ISSN: 1511-3701 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Syamsul, R. B., Muhamad, R., Arfan, A. G. and Manjeri, G. approximately RM 425 per hectare to the management of apple snails in rice control snails (Yahaya et al., 2006), whereas field by facilitating their easy picking and global cost of apple snail infestation could destruction, thus reducing damages to rice. reach billion of US$ (Horgan et al., 2014). In an attempt to control snails, growers MATERIALS AND METHODS mostly apply chemicals which are often Study site not specific molluscicides. These random The study was conducted at a 0.405 hectare chemicals are more preferred due to their farmer managed rice field in Kodiang, easy application and fast action (Schnorbach Kedah (6° 21’ 55.19” N, 100° 20’ 21.31”E) et al., 2006). However, the adverse effect during the months of August-September, of chemicals on men and their environment 2014. The field is under the management of always necessitate for alternative cultural, MUDA Agricultural Development Authority mechanical and biological control measures (MADA). Rice variety MR220CL1 was to manage apple snails (Yusa, 2006). To cultivated by direct seeding. date, the effectiveness of botanical traps as an alternative control measure in the Botanical Traps collection and destruction of snails have been evaluated in different countries with The attractants used in this study were varying success (Joshi et al., 2001; Teo, jackfruit skin (Artocarpus heterophyllus 2003). However, such studies are still L.), tapioca leaves (Manihot esculenta lacking in Peninsular Malaysia, with the only Crantz), water spinach leaves (Ipomoea available work done by Amzah and Yahya aquatic Forssk.), damaged pomelo (Citrus (2014). Lettuce, jackfruit, papaya fruit maxima Merr.) and old newspapers (Figure and leaves, cassava leaves, sweet potato, 1). The attractants were selected according tapioca, taro, water melon and aubergines to their local availability throughout the are some of the botanical materials used as rice growing season and cost effectiveness. baits against apple snails, which are mainly All the attractant materials were filled into to ease in their collection and killing so individual containers of 17 cm x 12 cm x as to manage their population below the 5.5 cm size and covered with wire mesh to threshold levels (Glover & Campbell, 1994; prevent attractant materials from floating Fukushima et al., 2001; Cagauan, 2003; Teo, into the field. All traps set up were fully 2003). Therefore, considering the potential submerged in the rice field to enhance their of botanical traps in managing apple snail attractiveness to snails (Fukushima et al., populations, the relative effectiveness of 2001). various locally available and cost effective botanical traps was thoroughly evaluated against Pomacea spp. in a rice field. The results of the study could be utilised in 138 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 39 (2) 137 - 143 (2016) Plant-Based Traps for Apple Snails Experimental Design, Data Collection and et al. (2012) and Marwato and Nur (2012) Analysis based on the external morphology of the The experiment was conducted in a apple snails. Randomised Complete Block Design Data collected for the level of (RCBD). The rice field was divided into attractiveness of different traps were four blocks depending on the source of analysed using two-way analysis of irrigation in the field. In each block, all variance. The means, with significant five attractants were randomly placed at differences, were separated using Least four locations (replicates) with a one meter Square Difference (LSD). All the analyses distance between the individual attractants were done using SAS 9.3 statistical package to avoid their interference in attracting the (SAS Institute Inc. 2009). snails. The observations were started one week after sowing of rice and continued up RESULTS AND DISCUSSION to week four as snails are more destructive Species Identification to young rice seedlings than older seedlings All the snails collected during the study (Sanico et al., 2002). The observations were were identified asP. maculata according to taken twice in a week i.e., day one (fresh their shell morphology Cowie et al. (2006), attractant) and day four (rotten attractant). Hayes et al. (2012) and Marwato and Nur Materials were deemed as rotten when it (2012). The presence of at least four apple deteriorated in shape after being set as traps. snail species (P. canaliculata, P. maculata, The attractants were replaced with fresh P. scalaris and P. diffusa) has been reported materials every week. On each observation, in Southeast Asia, with former two being the total number of apple snails attracted most abundant and widely distributed were counted, identified and classified (Rawlings et al., 2007; Hayes et al., 2008). as juveniles and adults according to their Higher abundance and wider distribution of life stages. The identification was done P. canaliculata in comparison to P. maculata according to Cowie et al. (2006), Hayes Figure 1. Different attractants used in the study (a) damaged pomelo; (b) tapioca leaves; (c) jackfruit skin; (d) water spinach (e) old newspaper Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 39 (2): 137 - 143 (2016) 139 Syamsul, R. B., Muhamad, R., Arfan, A. G. and Manjeri, G. in invaded areas including Malaysia have the relative attractiveness of tapioca leaves, also been reported (Yahaya et al., 2006; water spinach and old newspapers (P < 0.05). Rawlings et al., 2007; Hayes et al., 2008). Moreover, juveniles showed significantly However, recent studies in Peninsular more preference for fresh jackfruit skin Malaysia confirmed the abundance and (10.06 ± 0.60 / m2), damaged pomelo (9.81 wide scale distribution of P. maculata as ± 0.71 / m2) and tapioca leaves (7.69 ± 0.10 / compared to P. canaliculata (Arfan et al., m2) as compared to rotten traps of respective 2014). materials (P < 0.05; Figure 3). Moreover, no significant difference was recorded between Level of Attractiveness of Different fresh and rotten traps of water spinach and Botanical Traps Against Juveniles and newspapers in attracting juveniles (P > Adult P. maculata 0.05; Figure 3). However, the adult snails Results showed that all the materials only showed significant difference between used have the potential to attract juvenile fresh (6.50 ± 0.61 / m2) and rotten (5.06 ± and adult snails (Figure 2). However, 0.50 / m2) jackfruit skin (P < 0.05; Figure jackfruit skin (9.03 ± 0.60 / m2 and 6.03 4). Previous studies also highlighted the ± 0.60 / m2) and damaged pomelo (9.00 potential of various botanical materials ± 0.61 / m2 and 5.78 ± 0.74 / m2) showed such as lettuce, cassava, sweet potato, taro, significantly higher attractiveness for both tapioca, giliricidia and papaya to attract juvenile and adult snails, respectively (P < apple snails with varying success (Glover & 0.05), although no difference was recorded Campbell, 1994; Cowie, 2002; Teo, 2003). between them (P > 0.05). Similarly, no Comparatively higher preferences for water significant difference was also recorded in melon, lettuce, aubergines and tomato in Figure 2. Relative effectiveness of different attractants against juvenile and adult P. maculata *Means followed by the same letters (small letters = juveniles; capital letters = adult)