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Cannabis and Social Change in the Indian Himalayas Author(S): Prasenjeet Tribhuvan Source: Journal of Ethnobiology, 38(4):504-516

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Cannabis and Social Change in the Indian Himalayas Author(S): Prasenjeet Tribhuvan Source: Journal of Ethnobiology, 38(4):504-516 Cannabis and Social Change in the Indian Himalayas Author(s): Prasenjeet Tribhuvan Source: Journal of Ethnobiology, 38(4):504-516. Published By: Society of Ethnobiology https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-38.4.504 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2993/0278-0771-38.4.504 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Ethnobiology 2018 38(4): 504–516 Cannabis and Social Change in the Indian Himalayas Prasenjeet Tribhuvan1 Abstract. An indigenous crop, cannabis and its parts have traditionally been used in some regions of the Indian Himalayas for food, clothing, and enjoyment in the form of a socially consumed intoxicant. Cannabis has become engendered in social transformations and has been historically subsumed within the socio-cultural life of the region, where it has been a “humble” object (Miller 2009) of great utility, but hardly influential. However, in the last couple of decades, cannabis has been important in transforming the local economy, challenging the socio-cultural order, and influencing individual life trajectories in parts of the Indian Himalayas. This paper illustrates how cannabis becomes a “transgressive” object, one that is possessed of a force that shapes human life (for better and worse), and challenges and transforms social institutions and practices in the region. The socio- cultural, historical, and material aspects of cannabis play significant roles in such a transformation. While illustrating how the history of colonization and global circulation of cannabis is inscribed with contradictory meanings, the paper suggests that much (although not all) of cannabis’s present power in the Indian Himalayas can be attributed to historical and present interpretations in the global West. The paper examines the engagement between local community and cannabis, and explores how this engagement ushers in social change in the Indian Himalayas. Keywords: cannabis, Himalayas, globalization, India, change Introduction re-organization of social life and individual Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) engenders biographies? social transformation in some regions of Social change can be perceived through the Indian Himalayas. An indigenous crop, sustained, noticeable transformations in a cannabis and its parts have been tradition- society’s value systems, organization, and ally used for food, clothing, and enjoyment structures, reflected in its evolving system of in the form of a socially consumed intox- social relations (Berger 1971). Such change icant. Cannabis has been historically is engendered by a combination of natu- subsumed within the socio-cultural life of ral, political, economic, and socio-cultural the region where it has been a “humble” phenomena working in tandem. Gener- object (Miller 2009:18) of great utility, but ally an organic and gradual process, some hardly influential. However, in the last factors can significantly expedite social couple of decades, cannabis has been change and introduce abrupt discontinu- responsible for transforming the local econ- ities and exceptions in human life. Society omy, challenging the socio-cultural order, in many parts of the Indian Himalayas and influencing individual life trajectories has experienced gradual transformations in parts of the Indian Himalayas. Why and in the past five decades owing to larger how has cannabis been primarily respon- socio-political processes working in tandem sible for rapid social change in the Indian with the domestic environment and local Himalayas in recent years? How did this aspirations of inhabitants. During this time, otherwise humble object, indigenous to cannabis has largely influenced the nature, the region and traditionally used for food, extent, and momentum of social transfor- clothing, and pleasure, become trans- mation in parts of the Indian Himalayas, as gressive for the local society leading to local society negotiates with new opportu- 1Department of Sociology, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi University. ([email protected]) Cannabis and Social Change in the Indian Himalayas 505 nities and threats that this familiar plant has and ubiquity. In the last couple of decades, ushered into the region. especially after the mid-nineties, cannabis Cannabis is indigenous to exten- has lost its humility in most parts of the sive parts of lower- to mid-altitude (up to Himalayas. While its utility has increased 3000 m) areas of the Indian Himalayas manifold for individuals and families, so and has been historically cultivated for has its ability to cause distress to individuals various purposes. In Himachal Pradesh, and produce agitation in society. Cannabis cannabis and its products have been used is no longer strictly subsumed within local for food, clothing, medicines, and recre- social structures and relationships, and it ation. Branches of the plant have been used has radically reconfigured these through to produce hemp fabric for coats to keep domestic ties and global exposure. It is an warm during harsh winters. Hemp is also influential social “actant” (Latour 2005:21), used to make footwear, owing to its dura- possessed of an almost human-like ability bility and ability to weather harsh physical to affect the society. In doing so, canna- and climatic conditions. Parts of the plant bis has become a “transgressive” (Taussig are regularly used in local food preparations 1999:20) substance within regions of the and cannabis seeds are used to prepare Indian Himalayas, with a great ability to spicy chutney to be had with local bread transform and unsettle local society. made of fermented rice called sidhu, espe- cially for warmth in winters. Sharma (1977) Method has documented several medicinal uses of This article is based on ethnographic the plant in villages of Himachal Pradesh. fieldwork conducted in the Parvati valley Oil from cannabis flowers has been used to of the Kullu district, in the Himalayan ease muscle pain, especially for menstrual state of Himachal Pradesh, for a period of cramps in women. Buds from the plant about fourteen months as a part of doctoral are boiled in milk and used as a cure for research in sociology. My field site was impotency. Cannabis leaves are used as constituted by areas of material engagement a de-wormer and diuretic to cure upset with cannabis among the communities in stomach and diarrhea. Cannabis has been the Parvati valley and regions surrounding used to wean people away from alcohol, the valley. These sites consisted of multiple which is considered to be the more harm- locations, including villages, market areas ful of the two. In addition to this, hashish or towns, and cannabis plantations, mostly (locally known as charas), produced from within the Kullu district. Multiple sites of buds of the cannabis plant, has always been fieldwork usually share a relationship with used for its psychotropic properties. It has each other that bind them together to form traditionally been consumed in social gath- a coherent whole, which collectively forms erings, smoked in hookahs or chillums (local a source for ethnographic data (Hannerz smoking pipes) along with cups of tea and 1996), and such was the case in this study. snacks. Cannabis, on occasion, assumes a Residents and visitors in all villages where sacred character as a favorite intoxicant of fieldwork was conducted were engaged Shiva, an important Hindu deity. in relation to production, consumption, Cannabis’ use was so regular, yet ordi- and trade of hashish obtained from locally nary, that people did not find any need to grown cannabis plants. I focused my atten- record the uncontroversial practices of its tion on the local community, in which use. In Miller’s (2009:18) terms, cannabis almost every household is entrenched in has been a “humble” object in the hill soci- the hashish trade, which has connections eties of Himachal Pradesh, subsumed under with the domestic and global cannabis a web of social relations in such a manner market. Owing to the illegality of the trade, that its influence was only limited to its utility my fieldwork required some amount of Journal of Ethnobiology 2018 38(4): 504–516 506 Tribhuvan sensibility and presence of mind and, most universe. Society is made up of networks significantly, support from local cultivators of both humans and objects, wherein both and producers. Although it was difficult act upon each other; this process of acting to access the field initially without being and being acted upon is not unidirectional. suspected of either being an undercover This conception of the human-object rela- police officer or a large-scale drug dealer, tionship paved the way for a different view I garnered trust within the group of local of the anthropological concepts of agency, dealers in due course. actors, and what comprises social action. My fieldwork was interspersed with Latour (2005) asks, if social action is to be visits to Kullu, the main administrative only considered as action that is informed town in the region, to collect data on by intention and meaning, how do we cannabis related offenses. I also inter- account for the many actions undertaken viewed police officials to understand the by objects that alter the state of affairs in administration of cannabis-related issues in personal and public spheres? He calls for the region.
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