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AERC Report Study No. 164 SOCIO

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AERC Report Study No. 164 SOCIO AERC Report Study No. 164 SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESURVEY OF VILLAGE MALANA IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA A Study Commissioned by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Government of India, New Delhi ARVIND KALIA D. V. SINGH ANIL KUMAR SUJAN SINGH AGRO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE HIMACHAL PRADESH UNIVERSITY SHIMLA-INDIA December 2018 (Please visit us at: www.aercshimla.in) AERC Report Study No. 164 SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESURVEY OF VILLAGE MALANA IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA A Study Commissioned by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Government of India, New Delhi AGRO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE HIMACHAL PRADESH UNIVERSITY SHIMLA-INDIA December 2018 (Please visit us at: www.aercshimla.in) HIMACHAL PRADESH UNIVERSITY SUMMER HILL, SHIMLA- 171005 Professor Sikander Kumar Vice-Chancellor PREFACE The socio-economic resurvey of a village like Malana is a unique undertaking aimed at bridging the information gap of panel data for studying closely the rural dynamics for better development policy for villages. That this resurvey happens to be the first study undertaken in the process of revival of continuous village studies is a matter of pleasure for AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla-5. Revival of continuous village studies after their discontinuation for some time shows the concern of Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare towards the present agrarian crisis in the country and will go a long way in using these villages as socio-economic research observatories. The invitation of Shri P.C. Bodh, Adviser, Agro-Economic Research, DAC&FW towards this is appreciable. The study is also important from the perspective of covering a unique village in Himachal Pradesh which is undergoing fast socio-economic change in its rather primitive existence for long time and the study will reveal the rural dynamics that have affected the village life during a quarter of a century, since 1991-92, when last time it was studied by AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla-5. What is going to be most interesting about this study is the fact that it is about a village with mysterious history of past existence in complete isolation from the larger territory of Kullu district and the rest of the State; and it was not before 80’s that the village began to have visible interface with the State Development Agencies and other factors of development. It was, perhaps, in view of this fact that the first study was carried out in 1991-92, which is serving as the bench mark study and the current repeat survey will throw light on various socio-economic development and the issues related to social, economic and ecological sustainability. Dr. D.V. Singh and Dr. Anil Kumar and Dr. Sujan Singh Research Investigators and ShriChaman Lal, Sr. Assistant deserve appreciation. This study is an indicator of the valuable services that the center has been rendering in its field of specialization. The findings of the study may be helpful to the policy makers and economic planners to frame suitable policies for implementation to meet the development need of the village. (Sikander Kumar) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present village study was undertaken at the instance of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi with the full financial support. We are thankful to Shri P. C. Bodh, Adviser AER Division of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and farmers welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, for his guidance, constant support and valuable suggestions in completion of the study. Sh. P.C. Bodh’s initiative in reviving the Continuous Village Study Approach on the line of Dr. S.M Jharwal Committee recommendation is appreciated. Our special thanks are due to Prof. Sikander Kumar Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, for his constant encouragement and guidance in completion of this report. We are grateful to DFO Parwati Forest Division, ShamshiKullu Sh. H. L. Rana for extending help in providing stay arrangement in Forest Department Inspection Hut at Malana during our field survey. Forest Guard, Mr. Gopal at Malana is also deserves thanks for his assistance in stay arrangement. We are especially thankful to villagers of Malana who attended us in field survey and stakeholders meeting and helped in providing necessary data. During field work the help rendered by Mrs. Swari Devi Aganwari Worker of Malana is highly appreciable. We are extremely thankful to her. The other important person who contributed and co- operated a lot in smoother conduct of the study is ShriBhagi Ram, Pradhan of MalanaPanchayat. We also thankful to Professor Anurag Sharma, Department of Geography, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla,fordevoting his precious time in going through the entire 1 st draft of the report and edited the entire text thoroughly. We are extremely thankful to Mr. AshishOjha, IPS Superintendent NCB, Sub- Zonal Unit Mandi H.P. for extending his support in providing lot of information on cannabis (Bhang) in Himachal Pradesh. We are grateful to Mr. Chaman Lal, Sr. Assistant for secretarial services and arrangements at all stages of the study. We also express our sincere thanks toDr. (Mrs.) Nisha Devi and Miss VamikaDarhel for giving their help & support from time to time during the study and word processing of the report by Mrs. MeeraVerma is also duly acknowledged. We would like to thanks Mr. Naresh Kumar Sharma, Driver (AERC), who accompanying with us in field work and photography of various scene related to the study. Dated: Authors CONTENTS Particulars Title Page No. Chapter-I Introduction 1-23 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Historical Profile 1 1.3 Present Scenario of Malana Village 2 1.4 Brief Review of Literature 3 1.5 Objectives and Methodology 14 1.6 Definitions and Concepts 19 1.7 Organization of the Report 22 Chapter-II An Overview of Village Malana 25-39 2.1 Location 25 2.2 People 28 2.3 Dress and Ornaments 28 2.4 Language and Dialects 29 2.5 Food Habits 30 2.6 Religion and Society 32 2.6.1 Religion and Caste System 32 2.6.2 Family System 33 2.6.3 Marriage 33 2.6.4 Birth and Death Ceremonies 34 2.6.5 Fairs and Festivals 34 2.6.6 Social Sanctions 35 2.7 Climate 36 2.8 Flora and Fauna 36 2.9 Road and Communications 38 Chapter-III Sustainabilities Issues 41-50 3.1 Mountain Specificities 41 3.1.1 Inaccessibility 41 3.1.2 Fragility 41 3.1.3 Marginality 42 3.1.4 Diversity or Heterogeneity 42 3.1.5 Niche or Comparative Advantage 43 3.1.6 Human Adaptation–Mechanisms 43 3.2 Mountain Specificities in Malana Village 44 3.2.1 Socio-Economic and Ecological Sustainability of Malana 45 village 3.2.2 Potential Attributes as Indicators of Sustainability of the 48 Mountain System in Malana Hills 3.3 Summing Up 50 Chapter-IV Social Dynamics 51-59 4.1 Demography 51 4.2 Educational Status 52 4.3 Literacy Rate in Malana 56 4.4 Seasonal Migration 56 4.5 Housing 57 4.6 Summing Up 58 Chapter-V Public and Social Institutions 61-73 5.1 Public Institutions and Facilities 61 5.1.1 Drinking Water Supply Scheme 61 5.1.2 Electrification 62 5.1.3 Medical and Public Health 62 5.1.4 The Malana Co-operative Society 63 5.1.5 The Malana Herbs Marketing Co-operative Society 64 5.1.6 Educational Institutions 65 5.1.7 Branch Post Office 67 5.2 JamluDevta Trust 67 5.3 Legal and Administrative Institution/System 70 5.4 Development Programmes 71 5.5 Government Aid to MalanaPanchayat 72 5.6 Summing Up 73 Chapter-VI The Economy of Malana 75-129 6.1 Land Holdings 75 6.2 Land Use Classification at Village Level 76 6.3 Land Utilization Pattern – Farm Level 78 6.4 Cropping Pattern 79 6.5 Changes in Cropping Pattern 81 6.6 Nature and Extent of Crop Diversification 83 6.7 Area and Production of Field Crops 84 6.8 Productivity of Field Crops 86 6.9 Returns from Field Crops 88 6.10 Cost of Cultivation and Net Returns from Field Crops 88 6.11 Status of Crop Production 90 6.12 Livestock Resources 91 6.13 Changes in Livestock Wealth 92 6.14 Cost of Livestock Rearing 94 6.15 Livestock Production 95 6.16 Gross Returns From Livestock 96 6.17 Net Returns from Livestock Rearing 97 6.18 Status of Animal Husbandry 98 6.19 Plants/Trees Wealth 99 6.20 Production from Support Land 100 6.21 Source of Support Land Products 103 6.22 Source-Wise Returns from Support Land 104 6.23 Cost and Net Returns from Support Land 105 6.24 The Issue of Illegality of Cannabis as a Common Pool 106 Resource 6.25 Status of Support Land Production 108 6.26 Subsidiary Enterprises 108 6.27 Returns from Subsidiary Enterprises 109 6.28 Status of Farm Implements 109 6.29 Labour Force and Occupational Pattern 110 6.30 Man Power Utilization 111 6.31 Components of Employment 113 6.32 Extent of unemployment 114 6.33 Household Durables 115 6.34 Family Income 117 6.35 Pattern of Income, Expenditure and Savings 120 6.36 Changes in Income, Expenditure and Savings 122 6.37 Malanis Dependence for Food and Non-Food Items 123 6.38 Food Items from Public Distribution System (PDS) 124 6.39 Components of Consumption Expenditure 125 6.40 Per Capita Consumption 126 6.41 Summing Up 128 Chapter-VII Summary, Conclusions and Suggestions 131-139 Bibliography 141-144 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No.
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