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Social Psychology? Psychology ‐ What Are Attributions? ‐ What Is the Fundamental Attribution Error? Social Thinking: ‐ What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Module 37

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Social Psychology? Psychology ‐ What Are Attributions? ‐ What Is the Fundamental Attribution Error? Social Thinking: ‐ What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Module 37 5/6/2014 Class Objectives Social ‐ What is Social Psychology? Psychology ‐ What are Attributions? ‐ What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? Social Thinking: ‐ What is Cognitive Dissonance? Module 37 Social Thinking What is Social Psychology? Social cognition is the area of social psychology that explores The scientific study of how people how people select, interpret, think about, influence, and relate to remember, and use social other people. information. ‐ Social psychologists are especially ‐ Essentially, it is the way in interested in the ways that social which individuals think in situations influence behavior. social situations. One important social cue is the face Person perception refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of The faces were of candidates in the 2000, 2002, and others. 2004 U.S. House and Senate elections. ‐ Respondents' ratings accurately predicted the outcome for about 70 percent of the elections. Todorov and his colleagues (2005) examined the ways that Those faces gave away information about the perceptions of faces can influence candidates that was meaningful to the perceivers. political elections. ‐ Including the degree of perceived competence 1 5/6/2014 Attributions are explanations Our Thoughts for behaviors or events. About Others...and Internal attribution (dispositional attribution): A description of the cause of a behavior Ourselves. as originating from within the person According to the Attribution Theory, we External attribution (situational attribution): usually attribute others’ behavior A description of the cause of a behavior either to their internal dispositions or as coming from events or situations to their external situations outside the person Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to attribute other people’s behavior to dispositional Hmmm…. Do We Always (internal) causes rather than to Make the Right Attribution? situational (external) causes. Example- ‐ if Alice saw Bob trip over a rock and fall, Other factors can influence our Alice might consider Bob to be clumsy or interpretation as well, and there are two careless (dispositional). important errors or mistakes we tend make ‐ If Alice later tripped over the same rock when assigning these attributes. herself, she would be more likely to blame the placement of the rock (situational) Self-Serving Bias People’s tendency to take credit for When explaining others’ their successes but to blame others or behavior we often make the situation for their failures the fundamental attribution error. But, Example: A student who gets a good when we explain our own grade on an exam might say, "I got an behavior we tend to be A!" while a student who does poorly sensitive to how it on an exam might say, "The teacher changes with situation. Studies have shown that if we look at behavior from the point of view of the gave me an F!" actor rather than the observer, we can better appreciate the situation. 11 2 5/6/2014 Fundamental Attribution Error or Self-Serving Bias? When Jasmine reports that her Did you get it? wallet was stolen from her car, her roommate says, “Well, it serves you right! How could you be so stupid Identify the attribution! as to leave your wallet there!?!” Fundamental Attribution Error Fundamental Attribution Error or or Self-Serving Bias? Self-Serving Bias? When Jasmine reports that her When Greg was able to avoid a car wallet was stolen from her car, her accident, he felt it was due to his roommate says, “Well, it serves you excellent driving skills. When he right! How could you be so stupid did have an accident, he blamed it as to leave your wallet there!?!” on the other driver’s reckless driving behavior. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR Fundamental Attribution Error or Self-Serving Bias? When Greg was able to avoid a car Does Attitude Effect accident, he felt it was due to his excellent driving skills. When he behavior? did have an accident, he blamed it on the other driver’s reckless driving behavior. SELF-SERVING BIAS 3 5/6/2014 Attitudes Affect Actions Attitudes are beliefs and feelings Attitudes can be changed by central route that predispose a person to persuasion: ‐ interested people focus on the arguments and respond in a particular way to respond with favorable thoughts. objects, other people, and ‐ This occurs when people are naturally analytical or interested in the issue. events. Peripheral route persuasion ‐ people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness. If we believe a person is mean, we may feel ‐ People are influenced by celebrity dislike for the person and act unfriendly. endorsements and make snap judgments 19 In the Korean War, Chinese Not only will people communists solicited cooperation stand up for what they from US army prisoners by asking believe, they will also them to carry out small errands. Once they had complied with come to believe an idea small errands they were likely to they have supported comply to larger ones. The Foot-in-the-Door - Some made radio appeals or false confessions, others informed on fellow prisoners or divulged Phenomenon works by first getting military secrets. a small 'yes' and then getting an - When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay even bigger 'yes.' with the captors and many soldiers returned home believing communism was good for Asia Cognitive Dissonance An individual's psychological Why do actions affect discomfort (dissonance) caused by attitudes? conflicting ideas. ‐ We feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do. One explanation is that when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we ‐ It is one of the most influential and experience tension. This is called extensively studied theories in social cognitive dissonance. psychology, made famous by Leon Festinger 4 5/6/2014 Cognitive Dissonance Festinger infiltrated a group that was expecting the end of We can reduce cognitive dissonance by either changing our behavior to fit the world on Dec 21, 1954. our attitudes or changing our When that prediction failed, attitudes to fit our behavior. the movement did not disintegrate, but grew You might feel guilty after you throw instead. out your soda can but quickly relieve that guilt by deciding, “Recycling is By sharing cult beliefs with others, not really that important.” they gained acceptance and thus reduced their own dissonance Module 38 Social Influence Answer the following question on a ‐ Class Objectives: piece of paper…we’ll get back to it later! ‐ Conformity and obedience ‐ Social facilitation If you could do anything humanly possible ‐ Group Think with complete assurance that no one would know it was you and you wouldn’t be held responsible, what would you do? The Power of Social Influence Conformity Conformity and Obedience A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group The greatest contribution of social standard. psychology is its study of attitudes, Normative social influence is the influence beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way others have on us because we want them they are molded by social influence. to like us. Informational social influence refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right. ‐ As a result, we may conform because we have come to agree with the group. 29 5 5/6/2014 Obedience This is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority. ‐ Stanley Milgram’s work showed that ordinary people are willing to comply with the requests of others, especially if they see the others as legitimate You are seated in front a shock generator whose 30 switches deliver varying authority figures levels of shock in 15-volt increments (15 Volts --- 450 Volts) Every time the student gets a question wrong, you must deliver a shock. For each subsequent mistake, the shock voltage increases by 15 Volts. How much would you shock someone if an authority figure told you to? What Would You Do? What Did Milgram Find? When this question was posed to psychology majors at Yale University – people predicted Obedience was highest when: that only 1% of the population would go to the extreme ‐ The person giving the orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure What actually happened? ‐ The victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in No one stopped before reaching 300 Volts! another room • The average maximum shock delivered was 360 Volts Ultimately, about 65% of people went all the way ‐ There were no role models for defiance – no other to 450 Volts! subjects were seen disobeying the experimenter Working in Groups Social Facilitation- An individual's performance improves because the presence of others creates arousal, which produces energy. • The presence of others improves performance Group Performance on a simple or well-learned task. • The presence of others impairs performance When you work as part of a group is on a complex or new task. your performance better or worse than when you work alone? 6 5/6/2014 What you do well, you are likely to do even better in front of an audience… especially a friendly audience. What you normally find difficult may seem all but impossible when you are being watched. Who’s watching? Social Loafing refers to each The presence of others can person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because arouse people, can diminish their of reduced accountability feelings of responsibility, or both. for individual effort. What happens when you give all of The larger the group, the your power over to the group? more likely it is that an individual can loaf without detection. Back to the question! Deindividuation What did you write down? Did you The process by which individuals lose their personal write down something that you identity the sense of personal responsibility in the wouldn’t have done if people knew it context of a group.
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