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Women in Trades: the Missing 48 Percent Women NSW Occasional Paper March 2013 ISSN 2201-8905

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Women in Trades: the Missing 48 Percent Women NSW Occasional Paper March 2013 ISSN 2201-8905 Women in trades: the missing 48 percent Women NSW Occasional Paper March 2013 ISSN 2201-8905 Enquiries regarding research and analysis should be directed to Caroline Alcorso or Adam Smith. Enquiries about the Women in Trades Strategy should be directed to Tish Creenaune. Please contact them via email at: [email protected] Contents Executive summary 4 Introduction 5 Women in trades occupations over time 7 Gender segregation in other parts of the workforce 14 Women’s participation in technical and trades training 17 Women’s trajectory and experiences within trades occupations 23 Other research on gender and trades 32 Conclusion 34 Appendix 35 Women in trades: the missing 48 percent Executive summary This research paper explores the pattern of women’s employment in trade and technical jobs in Australia and specifically in NSW. In many technical and professional occupations women’s share of the workforce has been increasing over time. For example, women have made up 50 percent or more of professional occupations since the mid-2000s. There are more challenges in the construction, automotive and electro-technology trades where women have been the ‘missing 48 percent’ - less than two percent of the workforce - for the last 25 years. Deeply embedded cultural attitudes and practices influence how girls perceive work in non-traditional trades, how employers and workers view female workers, and how the jobs themselves are structured, often having been designed to suit men’s rather than women’s lives. Research suggests that the education Woman worker in an Australian and training system tends to reproduce the munitions factory circa 1944. labour market divisions between ‘women’s’ and ‘men’s’ jobs. As a result, breaking down divisions is important on many counts. As well as broadening the economic opportunities available to women in Australia, achieving the employment of more women in trades has the potential to challenge stereotypes and change gender relationships. For industry, it can create a dynamic new workforce that will bring different and improved ways of working. This paper identifies engineering, information technology and science technicians, and skilled animal and horticultural trades as occupations where women have increased their representation in recent decades. These new areas of employment opportunity supplement the traditional ‘female’ trades of hairdressing and cookery. The analysis also suggests that working hours and work-life balance may be key issues for future progress. 4 ● Women NSW | Women in trades: the missing 48 percent Introduction Fewer than two percent of construction, automotive and electrical tradespeople in Australia today are women. There were just 676 female carpenters, 931 female motor mechanics, 638 female plumbers and 1,432 female electricians nation-wide in 2011 within a total technicians and trades workforce of nearly 1.43 million people, just over 14 percent of the workforce.1 In the largest single trade occupation in Australia – that of electrician – women were just 1.3 percent of the total. Despite awareness of the issue and government and non-government initiatives since the 1980s, women today have a substantial foothold in only a handful of trade and technical occupations. These include hairdressing and cooking (both trades associated with women’s traditional domestic roles), medical technicians, and animal care roles such as veterinary nurse and animal attendant. Of the 212,000 women in trades and technical jobs nation-wide, nearly 46,000 are hairdressers and over 39,000 are cooks or chefs.2 (A full list is at Appendix Table 1A). Gender-based occupational segregation of the workforce is a feature of labour markets around the world. Australian patterns of workforce segregation in the trades seem remarkable but the percentages of women electricians, carpenters and mechanics in other English speaking countries are also low, ranging between two and three percent. How did this degree of male domination within the trades workforce develop? How has it been sustained, given women’s entry into so many other areas of social life, and over three decades of equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws and policies? In a period of trade labour shortages and successful government initiatives to boost the numbers of apprenticeships and traineeships, why haven’t market forces also generated a flow of women into trades? 1 ABS (2012) Census of Population and Housing 2011, figures generated using ABS TableBuilder and rounded. 2 While women outnumber men in the trade of ‘cook’, in the separate trade of ‘chef’, only 24 per cent or 14,000 are women. Women also outnumber men in several small trades including animal attendants and trainers, veterinary nurses, clothing trades workers and gallery, medical technicians and library and museum technicians. Women NSW | Women in trades: the missing 48 percent ● 5 This paper summarises research on women in trades which informs Women NSW’s approach to increasing the number of women in traditionally male- dominated jobs. The NSW State Plan contains a target to increase the percentage of women working in non-traditional occupations.3 A Women in Trades Strategy and an advisory NSW Council of Women’s Economic Opportunities develop and implement strategies to achieve this (see www.women.nsw.gov.au and below). 3 NSW 2021, the State Plan contains a target (1.3.4) which is ‘Increase the proportion of women employed in non-traditional occupations in NSW’. 6 ● Women NSW | Women in trades: the missing 48 percent Women in trades occupations over time The 25 years from 1987 to 2012 has seen some increase in the percentage of women in the occupational group ‘Technicians and Trades Workers’ in NSW. Women’s share grew from around 10 percent of tradespeople in 1987 to 15 percent in 2012. Some of the growth is due to the reclassification as trades of jobs previously classified in other categories, as will be explained below. Figure 1 shows the more recent period from 1997, while the earlier period is discussed on pages 9 to 11. Figure 1 Women’s percentage of technicians and trades workers, NSW, 1997 to 2012 15.0 14.5 Technicians and Trades Workers 14.0 13.5 13.0 12.5 12.0 11.5 Percentage women (%) 11.0 10.5 10.0 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 Year (12 months to May) Population: Employed people aged 15 years and over in NSW. Source: ABS Labour Force Australia, SuperTable E08, average across four quarters to May, Supercube data generated using Supercross and rounded. Which trades? Women’s representation by trades sub-group Women’s representation across the different trades and technical sub-groups has changed over the 15 years to 2012. As shown in Table 1, the two sub- groups showing the most growth in terms of women’s participation were ‘Other technicians and trades’ and ‘Skilled animal and horticultural’. Women increased their employment in the Other technicians and trades sub-group by 14 percentage points since 1996-7, now making up nearly half that subgroup. They increased their presence in Skilled animal and horticultural sub-group by 12 percentage points to 34 percent. Women NSW | Women in trades: the missing 48 percent ● 7 Women’s participation in the rest of the trades sub-groups fluctuated but remained relatively constant. In the core trades which are ‘non-traditional’ for women, such as construction, electrical and automotive, there was little change.4 Table 1: Women in technicians and trades sub-groups, NSW, 1997, 2007 and 2012 1996-7 2006-7 2011-12 Occupation % female Other technicians and trades* (incl. 34 42 48 hairdressers) Skilled animal and horticultural 22 22 34 Food trades 24 30 25 Engineering, ICT and science 23 24 25 technicians Electrotechnology & 3 2 2 telecommunications trades Construction trades 1 1 1 Automotive and engineering trades 1 1 0 Technicians and trades nfd** - - - Total technicians and trades workers 12 14 15 *Other technicians and trades includes wood tradesworkers and printing tradesworkers as well as hairdressers. **The nfd sub-group covers technicians and trades workers not further defined. Population: Employed people aged 15 years and over in NSW. Source: ABS Labour Force Australia, SuperTable E08, average across four quarters to May. Supercube data generated using Supercross and rounded. Analysis uses the ANZSCO classification system. 4 The NSW State Plan defines occupations as ‘non-traditional’ for women as those where women make up less than 25 percent of the workforce. 8 ● Women NSW | Women in trades: the missing 48 percent Figure 2 below compares two years only to show recent changes more clearly. Women’s share increase in ‘Other technicians and trades’ and ‘Skilled animal and horticultural’ is evident. Figure 2 Women in technicians and trades sub-groups, NSW, 1997 and 2012 Other Technicians and Trades Skilled Animal and Horticultural Food Trades Workers Engineering, ICT and Science Technicians Electrotechnology and Telecommunications Trades Construction Trades Automotive and Engineering Trades 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 96/97 11/12 Population: Employed people aged 15 years and over in NSW. Source: ABS Labour Force Australia, SuperTable E08, average across four quarters to May. Supercube data generated using Supercross and rounded. Analysis uses the ANZSCO classification system. Nfd category is not included. Back to 1987 The ABS introduced a new occupational classification system in 19965 so the data for the pre-1996 time period is presented separately. Table 2 shows NSW women’s representation in trades sub-groups in 1987. Although the occupational groups cannot be compared directly with those in Table 1 it is apparent that the percentages in hairdressing and food trades, and women’s absence from the core non-traditional trades for women was similar in 1987 to later decades.
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