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XV CANARY ISLANDS WINTER SCHOOL OF ASTROPI{YSTCS Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife

t7 -28 I Xr I 2003

"Puyloud und Mission Definition in Spuce Sciences"

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t XV Conory lslorrds Winler School ol Aslrophysics I NMGSGEtreM $'; a, t 3 I IrF ? .fi., V MICHAEL Poster advertising the XV Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics. THIERRY APPOURCHAUX The IAC has organizedils XV Canary lslands Winter School of Astrophysics, from the 17th to the 28rh of November, at the Conference Centre in Puerto de la JosÉ MtctJEL RoDníeuez Cruz (Tenerife), with the support of the Canary lslands Government, the Spanish ESPINOSA Ministry for Science and Technology, the European Solar Magnetometry Network (ESMN) and the (ESA), and with the collaboration of the lsland Governmenl of Tenerife and Puerto de la Cruz Town Council. This yea/s Winter School lectures are to be given by ten experts in space Vis¡t our missions. There are 75 participants from 19 countries that are currently preparing, web page t@c or have recently completed their doctoral thesis in a subject related to the theme of this School. The school will include visits to the lnstituto de Astrofísica de h ttp ://ww. ¡ ac. e {gab¡ n e te/¡ac no t¡c ¡ a dd ¡g ¡ ta I 1 . htn Canarias in La Laguna and to the Teide Observatory (Tenerife). \#o rh@ 2 Special 2003 Special 2003 3 CONTENTS DIRECTOR'S WELCOME

page 3 pages 20 & 21 PTO|. FRANCISCO SÁNCHEZ Director's Welcome THE CONQUER OF SPACE: (Director of the IAC) FRANCTSCO SÁNCHEZ (rAC) a questioned success? pages 22 & 23 Our knowledge of the Universe is based on information that, coming from outside pages 4 & 7 MERCY OF CIRCUMSTANCES XVCANARYISLANDS ATTHE our planet, we are capable of obtaining and interpreting. For this reason, School of Space Astronomy pages 24 & 25 WINTERSCHOOL astronomical will continue to be the key in the 21"t VALENTTN MARTTNEZ PTLLET (rAC) FORACLEANORBIT observation century. Even OFASTROPHYSICS though the Eafth's atmosphere is a limitation, it is starting to be surmountable by and Mission ANTONTO APARTCTO (ULU rAC) pages 26 & 27 "Payload going it. Definition in Space FRANCISCO SÁruCUrZ lOirectorof the IAC) EARTHANDSPACE: outside of Earlh and Space are, therefore, complementary;they involve Sciences" movies sets astrophysicists more in "space.'The lnstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (lAC) pages I & 9 is an example of it, and it is logical that some of our Canary lslands Winter School "Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields pages 28 & 29 of Astrophysrbs- like this one, the fifteenth- would be dedicated to the planning of ORGANIZING and Particles in Space" Lecturers at the "Canary lslands Winter missions and their payloads. COMMITTEE: space John E. Beckman A dance of Particles School of Astrophysics" Ramón García López ANDRÉ BALOGH Other events On January of this year, the Commission of European Communities published a Francisco Sánchez (The Blackett Laboratory, lmperial Publications green book about European space politics. ln it, the need to maintain a high transfer College, United Kingdom) of knowledge and information between the different generations of scientists and SECRETARIAT: pages 30 & 31 engineers was emphasized, since these are long-term projects. ln spite of the Lourdes González pages 10 & 11 Snapshots increase in the productivity of the space industry, a grow¡ng ageing of the Nieves Villoslada "Planetary Observations and Landers" population of Space experts has been noticed. Grazing the Planets Francisco Sánchez ANGIOLETTA CORADINI (CNR-lASF, ltaly) This edition of the CanaryWinter School of Astrophysrbswill help the participants to deepen their knowledge in spec¡fic fields of space Astrophysics, creating a pages 12 & 13 platform of communication between young scientists and experts in space "Basic steps in designing a space mission techniques. and making a proposal" From theory to reality... Moreover, just as in past years, the IAC does not want the relat¡onship with the ÁlvRno crMÉNEZ participants to end at the conclusion of this edition. For this reason, we encourage OTHER COURSES (RSSD.ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands) you to stay in touch with us through the email ln AND LECTURES: address [email protected]. addition, you will page: always find updated information at our web http://www.iac.es. OUR THANKS TO "X ray and Gamma pages 14 & 15 instrumentation" "EUV and UV lmaging and Spectroscopy rho To conclude, I would like to thank the professors and the students for their - The Island Government XAVIER BARCONS from Space" participation, as wellas the entities that, with their help and sponsorship have (Cabildo) of Tenerife (lnst¡tuto de Física de The ultraviolet Universe made the lslands Winter School of Astrophysi6s" possible for one more - Puerto de la Cruz Town Cantabria (CSIC-UC), Spain) "Canary RICHARD HARRISON INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE CANARIAS year. Council (Rutheford Appleton Laboratory, United - The Canary lslands "Spacecraft and ground Director: Francisco Sánchez Government segment" Kingdom) Head of the Director's Support Unit: Luis A. - Spanish Ministry for Science GERHARD SCHWEHM and Technology (ESA-ESTEC, pages 16 & 17 Marlínez Sáez Publications Carmen del Puerto . ESMN The Netherlands) "Design lssues for Space Science Officer: Text, Format and Editing: Cannen del Puerto, - ESA Missions" Bibiana Bonmatí Ranero 'Visible l¡ght telescopes and High Design ),Karin English Text: Karin Ranero instruments for space YVES LANGEVIN observations" Mailing List and Distribution: Ana M. Quevedo Wh¿t uriU you flnd i¡r this Special Issue? (Université Paris-Sud, France) MICHAEL PERRYMAN Original Design: Gotzon Cañada (ESA-ESTEC, Poster Design: Ramón Castro (SMM/IAC) The Netherlands) pages 18 & 19 Electronic Edition: Inés Bonel Tbis speci¿l issue of IAC Noticiac is dedic¿ted to THIERRY APPOURCHAUX, "Space I nf rared Astronomy" Drawings: Golzon Cañada the XI/ Winter School and (ESA-ESTEC, Heirs to the Hubble Group Photographs: Miguel Briganti (SMM/IAC) cont4ins reports of interviews vrith some of The Netherlands) MARK McCAUGHREAN Image Processing: Gotzon Cañada the i¡rvited leéturers (Ir¿g€s 8-19), JOSÉ MIGUEL RODRíGUEZ (Astrophysikalisches lnstitut Potsdam, Deprisito Legalz TF-3 35/87 previous issues, ESPINOSA (|AC-GTC, Spain) [SBN:. 0213/893X as i¡r SOME FIGURES: Germany) as well as their individu¿l a.nswers to a set of common questions N. Lecturers: 10 on various topics Gages 2o,-27). N. Students: 75 tr\¡rther infom¿tion on this arxd previous Winter Schools N. Countries: 19 is also inaluded. N. Applications: 137

The reproduction of any text or f¡gure contained ¡n this bulletin ¡s.permitted, cit¡ng /4C Notlclas of the lnstituto de ' Á"úáiGi"" oá Canarias" and its aulhor' rh@ rh@ 4 Special 2003 Special 2003 5 until now, which appears in Figure 1) Express mission, similar to the Mars School of Space Astronomy includes a series of missions with a launch mission but without a surface probe. Mars expecled before 2013. The XV Winter Express will reach the red planet this School focuses on the needs of future Christmas. Venus Express will be missions and useful payloads included in launched in 2005, making the most of its VALN\TTÍN TWARTÍWSZ PTLLET, AAilONTO APARTCTO E FRANCTS& SÁNGTEZ) this programme. The ESA's scientific respective planetary window. @ga'tzas d tlexvámy tsla* n¡a frml d@Vae) programme covers a great majority of the space sciences (only second to NASA's, ln this group, we must include the The Earth's atmosphere, which allows for margin for error. The environment in space, sharing many common points with it). Using mission, which should have been the existence of life on our planet, and the an almost perfect vacuum, is not this programme as a starting point for the launched in January but, for one of the day-night cycles, which regulate it, are the necessarily harmful, but it entails different school we hope: different difficulties related to space main limitations that astronomers technology than the one used commonly missions mentioned at the beginning, has encounter when studying the Universe. on Earth. The great majority of materials 1.- To cover all aspects of astronomy as a been postponed and will be launched to a Our atmosphere distorts the luminous wave that astronomical instruments in classic space science. new destination at the start of 2004. fronts of the objects that we study and, even observatories are made of, experience 2.- f o offer a perspective of the future worse, in some cases prevents these losses (outgassing) that would because the school will focus on the topics Group V: lt will include Bepi-Colombo, waves from reaching our ground-based contaminate the instruments when in a that the European and international cornestone mission which will head toward telescopes because it absorbs them. vacuum, requiring a careful selection of community will put its effort on in the next Mercury, and the Solar Orbiter that, as its Moreover, the duration of night (or day!) these materials. This vacuum does not few years. name implies, will orbit the Sun with imposes limits on the amount of allow the thermal control of the instruments 3.- To provide a reference frame for the perihelion at Mercury and aphelion at Ve- astronomical observing time, thus limiting to be carried out by convection, like Earth- reach of a school as general as this one. nus. The launches of these missions are the accuracy of our measurements. There is based ones; thus, the heat dissipated by expected between 2012-2013. The only one way to completely evade these the instruments must be eliminated by The ESA's scientific programme is divided propulsion technology needed to arrive harmf ul conditions f or astronomical radiating it to deep space. into three sections: Astrophysics, the Solar that close to the Sun (electric propulsion), in investigation: going to outer space. System, and Fundamental Physics. The a little over a year, has recently been Although we began by discussing effects employed for the Smart-1 technical mission latter f ocuses on the detection of Anton¡o Aparicio Valentín Martínez Pillet Access to space, mainly via satellites, that allow for the development of life on gravitational waves, a new window in the on its trip to the . allowed, for the first time, the observation of Earth, and that are no longer out in space, study of astrophysical objects that will not the Universe in X-rays, UV or certain the converse also exists. Highly energetic be dealt with directly in the school due to All these clusters of missions, grouped by windows of the far lR. Our current idea of the radiation existent in space (like cosmic time restrictions. technical rather than scientific Cosmos would be less complete had we rays, solar protons, etc.), and that does not resemblances, present an ambitious not had access to these spectral windows. make it to Earth's surface, creates a very To understand the proposed programme atmosphere that will impact the advance of For a long t¡me, space missions were aggressive environment f or the we must be familiar with the contents of the astrophysics in the near future in a similar fundamentally dedicated to the scrutiny of instruments, that must be considered CV2O2O programme. The following way to how present missions have. the Universe in these ranges, and to a during the design process. These missions will be included in the Technological development will be certain extent, things remain the same. conditions make space missions, and the Astrophysics section: necessary: low-consumption detectors, However, other missions like the Hubble apparatus used in them, significantly Space Telescope (HST) or the Solar and expensive. Equipment used in space could Group l: lt includes the Herschel and Planck Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) have cost at least 10 times as much as an Earth- missions for the study of the infrared and Hari¿o¡ts 20ú0 ¡EU5 shown how valuable observing the based instrument of similar function. How microwave universe (Herschel), and the Tite Plan no much more a 10 meter space telescope Universe in the visible range is, as cosmic background radiation f ield ¡v atmospheric effects are present. Space would cost than a 10 meter Earth-based (Planck). From a technical point of view, allows for the continuous observation of telescope is mere speculation. these lwo missions have been tied with astronomical objects (for example, from the Eddington mission, which focuses on the =a Lagrangian points in the Sun-Moon-Earth Our School will offer young researchers a search for extrasolar planets, and stellar System), and the achievement of a level of complete vision of the space sciences, from seismology. AII these missions will be grasp au38t detail limited only by the quality of our the identification of its benefits to the launched in the period from 2OO7 to 2008. ¡nstruments. Regarding the study of bodies of its difficulties. Fundamentally, the School 'tig; in the Solar System (planets and is scientific in . The stafiing point at all Group ll: GAIA (cornerstone mission of interplanetary medium), the access to times will be establishing how scientific ESA) is dedicated to astrometry (successor rJ:: i,lr space allowed astronomy to go from being motivations define space missions and of Hipparcos) and galactic mapping. GAIA a merely observational science, to having their instruments. However, this foundation is expected to be launched in 201 1. ULYSS:S HSf an experimental component, allowing must include the technical limitations HI 1YC E \9 direct access to objects under study. We imposed by outer space, and how its Group lll: JWST, the successor of the HST. went from observing the Martian channels environment can have an impact on This mission, headed by NASA, will have with a telescope to landing on Mars. The scientific reach. ¡mportant European contributions, like the st) advantages are huge. However, difficulties launch on an Arianne5, and the equipment also exist. Cosfnic Vision 2020 for the mission. lt will be launched in 2012. $esa

Space access is only possible with the use The inherent difficulties of the accessibility ln the Solar System section, we include two of extremely expensive launchers, and a of Space demand long-term strategies different groups of missions: ultralight optics, and an efficient software Figure 1. D¡agram of the old percentage of success that is barely from the agencies in charge of their to analyze and compress massive' scientific programme of the ESA has recently acceptable.. When placing our instruments exploitation. ln May of 2002 the European Group lV: A group of planetary exploration quantities of data. The success of the Horizon 2000+ that in space, we must consider their Space Agency launched the Cosmic including the Mars Express mission, CV202O programme depends, to a greal been resttuctured and broadened in Cosmic Vision 2020. inaccessibility, and the impracticality of Vision 2020 (CV202O) programme'.This launched this year, that counts with the extent, on the existence of a broad existent fixing or improving them. There is little or no programme (a revision of the one surface element Beagle-2, and the Venus community of scientists and engineers w@ rh@ 6 Special 2003 Special 2003 7 that, using their knowledge of the current will be presented in these lectures. The two taken in our Solar system. These types of telescopes specialized in different spectral in-f light missions, are capable ol missions used as reference will be XMM- missions are key for the future use of ranges to in-situ measurers. However, their developing these technologies Newton and lntegral; however, we will not potential available resources, and are part specificity and importance need a special successfully. Our school is designed to be lose sight of subjects ¡mportant for the near of the backbone of all space agencies; we segment. a contribution in the education of this future, such as the focalization of gamma refer to the in-place measurements of the community. We have a panel of first-class rays. Another spectral range used as interplanetary medium and the solid The Winter School will count with other professors that have participated in reference for space missions is the UV bodies of the solar system. enriching contributions, and will allow missions as important as Ulysses, SOHO, region. These observations have been awareness of the current status of the Rosetta, Mars Express, lntegral, HST, lUE, used to study the complex dynamics of the The interplanetary medium is mainly a CV2O20 programme. Firstly, the XV Winter ISO and others. This heritage constitutes solar atmosphere, activity in cold and hot plasma in constant interaction with the School will be inaugurated by Prof. A. the most solid foundation of the future stars, and emission in active galactic magnetic fields of the Sun and the different Giménez (director of RSSD ESA/ESTEC) European space programme. nuclei. One of the missions to have most planets. This environment (where all who will teach us the tricks of proposing a successfully used this part of the spectrum satellites, space stations or manned mission to the space agency and not losing School Contents in imaging and spectroscopy has been the exploration shuttles) can be described by strength in the process. Finally, Prof. José Mi- SOHO satellite; it represents one of the complex processes of interaction between guel Rodríguez Espinosa (IAC-GTC, Spain) will The contents that will be presented are leading areas f or EuroPe. The charged particles, magnetic and electric present the Spanish Telescope GTC of 10.4 divided into three categor¡es. ln the first pla- permanence of this success will depend on fields, static and oscillatory, that generate meters to discuss its complementarity with ce, we have two contributions dedicated to the Solar Orbiter mission, which will have MHD shocks in the interplanetary medium space missions. the definition of the basic components of a great UV capabilities. However, or the aurora by means of the interaction space mission, starting with the launchers, successors to the role that the HST has with with interplanetary ionospheres. We, From Space and from Earth their capacities, the possible orbits toward regard to this spectral region are also therefore, talk about in-situ measurements, ,t the different destinations. (Prof. Yves starting to be identified. All of this will be a since our instruments are immersed at the The Canary lslands are strongly associated Langevin, IAS France), following with the part of the contents in this section of the location of study. Thus, the nature of this in the astronomical world with the excellent programming aspects of missions (Dr. G. school. equipment is essentially different from that Earth-based observatories located there. Schwehm, ESA, The Netherlands). These talked about in the rest of the course. The Just remember that the Spanish Telescope aspects include the needs for service mo- The following spectral region, the visible importance of this section is confirmed by GTC is being constructed at the ORM (la dules (the satellite bus), operational range, has had a more limited use in space, the progress achieved by missions like the Palma). However, our school has a theme matters (telemetry and its reception) and and is relatively new. The great possibilities Voyagers in the past, or Cluster in the in which the exceptional circumstances of aspects. knowledge of observation of this spectral region from present. role organizational The the islands do not seem to have a major Figure 4: lnstruments for expenditures that our students will acquire in these Earth, without the risks and (but remember the tracking station in space must be strong and lessons is what allows us to define which associated with space missions, have We conclude with one of the main subjects Maspalomas and the discouraged ideas of compact. Notice the process of making these planetary Figure 2. Artistic impression of types of missions are possible and which slowed down the in the space sciences: shuttle launchers in our archipelago). Do exclusive use of retractive f (including the NGSI in one of ¡ts poss¡ble ones are not. Tempting ideas like whether types of observations rom space. exploration asteroids and Earth-based and Space-based astronomy optics and spectral designs with a primary it is possible to send a probe outside of the However, the benefits of space observation ). ln a recent past, the study of compete? lt is actually the exact opposite. assortment wheels. segmented mirror. lts launch ¡s Solar System, will be answered here. The being commented are setting the use of this planets was also accomplished by Earth- Complementing is the norm, not the expected in 2012. ESA specific themes include aspects as showy spectral range in space in motion, be it to based observational institutions. exception. Earth-based observatories will collaborates in this mission as the use of nuclear propulsion in space see the hidden face of the Sun (Solar Nowadays, these activities are minor if we always be a perfect place to test ideas and directed by NASA. and how missions are planned in ESA and Orbiter) or to perform very accurate compare them to the studies done from technology that can be used in space NASA. photometry/spectroscopy that allows for orbital satellites and planetary probes. The (although at a more reduced scale). A the detection of extrasolar planets study of planets is accomplished by high perf ect example of the ways they The second group is mainly focused on the (Eddington/GAIA). The adaptation of resolution, direct-observation telescopes complement each other are the segmented useful loads of missions, that is, the numerous instrumental techniques aboard satellites, spectroscopy in different mirrors, that were first used on Eañh, then instruments needed for each mission. The developed on Earth for this spectral range spectral ranges, and radar techniques (si- proposed for Space. A great majority of contributions were defined on the basis of a (spectroscopy, polarimetry, intederometry) milar to the ones used for teledetection of astrophysical research can be achieved simple, but effective, division in spectral to be used in space, with its limitations, will Earth's atmosphere). However, it also from Earth, and only certain areas need ranges. More specifically, the regions be another one of the attractive aspects of includes in-situ geology via surface probes platforms in space. Projects of telescopes selected were the X and l ray zones (Prof. the lessons. and, in the case of the Moon, obtaining based on Earth of 50 to 100 meters in X. Barcons, lnstituto de Física de samples for its study on Earth. ln the case of diameter presently being studied, cannot Cantabria), the UV region (Prof' R. The last spectral range that we have Mars, obtaining these samples represents be compared with projects in Space. Earth- Harrison, RAL, UK), the visible range (Dr. chosen is the lR region. The ESA has the step preceding sending manned based telescopes will continue developing Michael Perryman and Dr. ThierrY created, and continues developing, spacecraf t to this planet. Planetary real-time correction techniques of Appourchaux, ESA-ESTEC, The important missions for this spectral range missions create a great media impacl, atmospheric effects like those based on Netherlands) , and finally the near lR region like lSO, Herschel and others. One of the motivated by the human desire to explore adaptive optics. These developments will up to the thermal and microwave region techrlical oddities of observing these the unknown. The most recent cases have alleviate the noxious effects produced by (Dr. McCaughrean, AlP, GermanY). wavelengths is eliminating the thermal been the five missions sent to Mars, making the atmosphere in astronomical emiósions produced by the telescopes in the most of its relative proximity with Earth observations. lts complete elimination will, Every one of these spectral ranges allows this. region, and the need to cool them as this past summer. The ESA launched the however, only be possible from space, for the study of different physical processes, muqh as possible to reduce the emissions. Mars Express mission. More missions are creating a specific need for space missions. and has its own characteristics in terms of Cryogenics used for this purpose limit the exploring our planets. Galileo has recently The assessing committees of agencies will detectors, optical components, and image lifetime of the missions. However, constant finished its study of Jupiter, and Cassini- determine what is sufficiently justified in the f ormation techniques and spectral technological advances, are motivated by Huygens is on its way to its destination: the development of a new mission. With the Figure 3. Artistic impression analysis. The gamma and X ray regions of the need to study the omnipresent red shift of Saturn.. Missions to Venus and Winter School we are attempting the next of the Solar Orbiter close to the spectrum are only accessible from of cosmological objects. ln this field, the Mercury will follow, and, without a doubt, so generation mission proposers, the Sun, and inpufting data. of space and constitute one of the traditional stellar mission, JWST (directed by NASA) will more missions to Mars, until it is evaluators, main equipment investigators ¡ncentives when proposing new space will be emphasized during the lectures' conquered. These types of missions have a and managers that can successfully missions. The main concepts of spatial clear connection with the rest of the subjects achieve these missions. resolution and optics, completely different The last subject to be studied in the School talked about in the School, since we use than those used for longer wavelengths, is comprised of the direct measurements rh@ rh@ B Special 2003 Special 2003 9 Course: "MEASUREMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND PARTICLES lN SPACE" atmosphere, the solar corona, are filled realdangerto astronauts in orbit. I believe with complex and unstable magnetic that ESA and NASA do care about space Prof. André Bologh fields that lead to frequent, explosive weather, by commissioning studies into Loborotory, lmperiol College The Blockeit ejections of large amounts of solar mate- the way they occur, the potential damage UNITED KINGDOM rial. When such an event, called a Coronal that they can cause and also into how their Mass Ejection, hits the Earth's occurrence could be predicted. The magnetosphere, sudden and large objective of the lnternational Living With changes are seen in the space a Star programme, undertaken jointly by environment that can damage Earth- NASA and ESA, is to build up a knowledge A DANCE OF PARTICLES orbiting satellites, disrupt radio base and a better understanding of the ANDRE BALOGH was born in Hungary. He left his homeland communications and introduce large sur- complex ways in which the Sun affects the in 1956 and continued his Eorth is shielded from solqr rqdiotion by the mognetosphere, whose ges in electricity power lines. Large Earth, its environment and, ultimately, education in France and in mognel¡c field trops port¡cles coming from the Sun. During periods of magnetic storms (large amplitude ourquality of life. Britain. He joined the Cosmic low solor octiv¡ty, the solor winds lhql excile these portiales in the upper disturbances) are generated in the Ray Group in the Physics Eafih's magnetic field and displays of Department of lmperial oimosphere creole ourorqe. However, every eleven yeors, there is o College, London as a Fellow of aurorae (northern light), normally seen Would it be interesting to go to the stoge of greot solor octivity. During this perlod, the solor wind becomes the European Space Research only at high northern latitudes, can be bow shock region in the outer Organisation (ESRO). From offect very energeiic ond con disrupt sotellite communicotions ond admired at mid-latitudes as well. heliosphere? Can ESA go there? 1966, he was a member of the electric lines. The Cluster ll mission, lounched by ESA on July 2000, os o research staff that worked on replocement of the previous foiled mission, is composed of four solelliles, energetic part¡cle detectors for We rely more and more on a whole range The solar wind is contained within the ESRO3 early scientific nomed ofter differenl donce styles, which will observe the effects of of satellites, parlicularly in geostationary heliosphere. At present, we can make satell¡tes, ESRO 2 and HEOS the heightened solqr octivity in such periods. Studying this phenomeno orbit, and disruption of services can have estimates about how far the termination 1, both launched in 1968. HEOS-I was the first European mission prepore for lhe etfects wide-ranging economic and social shock is, where the solar wind slows down in lhe mognetosphere, the will help us to satellite with an orbit that André Balogh of fulure solor eruptions. consequences. There is nothing that we to subsonic speeds. Beyond this reached into interplanetary can do to prevent these space storms termination shock, we expectthatthere is space. Since then, André (just as we can't controlthe excesses of a heliopause, similar to the Balogh has designed and led the weather), but precautions need to be magnetopause near the Earth and, ¡nstruments on board several What is the most interesting result proceeds steadily, constantly scientific space missions, the taken, by building protective systems into beyond this, we also expect (but this is not eneryetic part¡cle telescope on obtained so far by the Cluster flotilla? increasing the understanding of a wide vulnerable satellites to prevent costly certain) that there is a bow shock formed ISEE-3/ICE (1978), the range of phenomena first listed, but not damage. Space storms and highly by the interaction with the Local magnetometer and the ESA's four spacecraft Cluster mission is resolved by previous missions. What is energetic solar flares can also present a lnterstellar Medium. NASA's Voyager energet¡c part¡cle an¡sotropy fulfilling its promise to bring a new really expected of Cluster is that telescope on the Ulysses spacecraft have been travelling to the miss¡on, launched ¡n 1990 and perspective and understanding on the gradually a more complete, better outer reaches of the heliosphere since st¡ll returning observations underlying physical processes that control understood picture of the their launch in 1977, but haven't yet from ¡ts high heliolatitude orbit the structures and dynamics of the Earth's magnetosphere will emerge, a full colour reached the termination shock which may around the Sun, and the Even though the picture, compared to the black-and- magnetometer on ESA's four- magnetosphere. be at least 100 AU from the Sun (a hundred spacecraft Cluster mission in magnetosphere has been well explored white imagethat had been formed bythe times the distance between the Sun and the magnetosphere. He has over the past forty years, Cluster is the first many single spacecraft observations. the Earth). lt would be interesting to cross also participated in several other magnetospheric and mission which aims at resolving the these outer boundaries of the heliosphere planetary missions, as well as inherently three-dimensional space plas- for two reasons. One is that they are in studies of future missions. ma processes, such as the interactions What is space weather? Who thought to control the access of galactic ln 1993, he proposed a "WHAT IS REALLY between particles and waves and the should care about it? Does ESA care cosmic rays into the heliosphere, the Mercury Orbiter mission concept to ESA that has now EXPECTED OF structu re of magnetospheric boundaries, about space weather? other is that it would provide a test of the become the Agency's CLUSTER IS THAT the bow shock and the magnetopause. No interpretation of our remote BepiColombo planetary GRADUALLY A MORE single discovery stands out from the Conditions in the Earth's space measurements of the interstellar cornerstone mission. His BETTER COMPLETE, results of Cluster, but there are many environment are controlled by the medium. There have been proposals to scientific ¡nterests are the UNDERSTOOD PICTURE magnet¡c fields in the solar important results that relate to resolving the interaction between the solar wind and build an interstellar probe, but it is unlikely OF THE system, from the solar corona nature of plasma waves generated near the the Earth's magnetic field. When solar to be implemented and launched in the MAGNETOSPHERE to planetary magnetospheres, boundaries, the motion of the boundaries conditions are steady, the next teh years, and then we will have to puzzle WILL EMERGE, A FULL and in resolving the of themselves and the three-dimensional m.agnetosphere provides an effective wait thirty years the origin of Mercury's internal COLOUR PICTURE, or more before it reaches structures associated with the sheet of shield against small changes in the solar the boundaries of the heliosphere. magnetic field. He is Professor COMPARED TO THE of Space Physics in the plasma in the centre of the geomagnetic wind and its properties are generally BLACK.AND-WHITE Although technically feasible, neither Physics Department of of these results could be predictable. But the Sun is rarely quiet. IMAGE THAT HAD BEEN tail. None ESA nor NASA has plans at present to lmperial College London and is obtained by either single- or double Particularly during the years around so- undertake such a mission. engaged in teaching FORMED BY THE MANY Artist's impression of the CLUSTER satellites: spacecraft missions. Overall, the lar maximum activity, for several years undergraduate and graduate SINGLE SPACECRAFT Rumba, Salsa, Samba and Tango. @ ESA students. OBSERVATIONS.'' exploitation of the Cluster observations every 11-yearcycle, the Sun and itsouter r#o Special 2003 1 1 10w Course: "PLANETARY OBSERVATIONS AND LANDERS" Yes, space missions can be ESA is going to Mars, in 2005 to considered as the "ground truth" of Venus and in 2012 lo Mercury. Prof. Angioletto Corodini ground-based observations. ln other Should ESA send a mission to - CNR IASF words, possibility collecting the of the planets beyond Mars or data very close to the planet to be concentrate on the inner Solar studied helps in understanding the Systems? main phenomena characterizing it. However, parlicularly if the mission I think that Europe is already able to GRAZING THE PLANETS consists of a "fly-by," it gives us a send spacecraft beyond Mars. view that is limited in time. So, However the problem is cost and missions to a planet are necessary energy. At present, ESA has not in order to decipher the main developed, as far as I know, a RTG For o long time, monkind thought thot Mors horboured life, thot the phenomena responsible for its (nuclear battery system) that is Moon wos o very pr¡m¡tive object ond Europo wos only one of Jupiter's evolution, while ground-based necessary if a complex exploration, inhospiiqble moons. However, in the post 30 yeors, our views of the Solor obseruations are needed to follow the like Galileo and Cassini shall be System hqve chonged thonks to continuous iechnologicol qdvonces. temporal evolution of such pedormed. This is the main obstacle, Nowodoys, we ore owore thot the Moon hos been exposed to violent phenomena. The Rosetta mission is that could probably be overcome bombqrding for millions of yeors, lvh¡ch hove scqrred its surfoce w¡th a good example: only one will with a serious and continuous impoct crqlers, wh¡le Mors is o cold ond or¡d plonet w¡th q hostile be visited, and not for a long time. investment. environment but o very interestlng post, ond Europo hos on oceon, However, for the first time it will be ond it is covered in ice. These discoveries ore the result of plonetory possible to look directly at how, Probably the best would be to ANGIOLETTA CORADINI was m¡ss¡ons ond lqnd¡ngs, l¡ke thot of Mors Pothfinder, which, os its nome where, and in which conditions the participate in the outer Solar System born in Rovereto (ltaly), on July lst 1946. Since she indicotes, its poth" on July Ath 1997, coinciding purposely with exploration with reliable and resilient Angioletta Coradini "found activity starts. This will help in the began her scientific act¡vity, the United Stotes' Independence Doy. interpretation of all the comet partners. she has been involved in many fields relating to the planetary observations made by means of the sciences, such as lunar new large telescopes, such as the VLT. samples, the origin of planets path toward and planetary satell¡tes, the Rosetta is a mission coord¡nated observations on its geology of interior planets, the by the European Space Agency the Sun. On its way, a trip lasting thermal evolution of planets (ESA), wh¡ch is to be launched on 10 years, the probe will fly by at and satell¡tes, the remote detection of volcanic regions February 26,2004,with an Ariane least one asteroid. in the IR, data processing and 5, from the base of Kourou, in use of the information the French Guyana. This mission Will your instrument on board obtained by multispectral imaging, and the thermal is named in honour of the famous Rosetta obtain the same science evolution of comets. trilingual Rosetta Stone, which return f rom Churyumov- She obtained her Ph.D. in of the Gerasimenko Wirtanen, Physics at the University of was key in the deciphering as from in 1970. She continued Egyptian hieroglyphics, and the the comet that was to be to complete her post-doctoral history of ancient Egypt. Until it observed before the mission was studies in the same university and at the ltalian National was discovered, the EgYPtian delayed? Research Council. She was uimages,) were cons¡dered the D¡rectot of lFSl (lnstituto

RICHARD HAHRISON: track: Venus, with its runaway greenhouse 20w other scientific activities, is constantlybeing questionedby society, question. and Space science,like "There are so many answers to this effect, and Mars, which turned into a cold place years especially when a catastrophe occurs. In fact, many citizens wonder whether the Let me start from an astronomical viewpoint. We very dry after a few hundred million only have two windows ¡nto space from the of water rich episodes. The finite nature of our (a conquer of Space has been worthwhile, in spite ofthe cost, in human lives couple surface of the Earth - the visible and the radio little oasis of life generates enormous interest in windows. The rest of the electromagnetic exobiology: was there life on Mars? if so, most ofhundreds of deaths in about 50 yean), economically (the millions ofdollars destined spectrum is lost to us because of absorption by likely life appeared everywhere in the Universe (for the space debris generated). for this field), and of a different nature example, the.Earth's atmosphere. We are looking at the where water was present for even a "short" However, many conclude that the profits are obvious: society has benefited by universe through a 'keyhole'. lf we want to study period (again, hundreds of million or yearsl). Are the universe fully, we need to include there planets around other Suns? if so, do they acquiring knowledge and technology. universe. There are practical benefits. For leads outwards, so as to establish our species in example, one major area of interest these days is more than one place. When I present space ''MUCH OF THE G the topic of 'space weathef . ln effect, the giant missions to the general publ¡c, I have a distinct Rosello ASTRONOMICAL WORK plasma clouds thrown at us by the Sun, and the feeling that the Skinner box syndrome creates a streams of energetic particles that can come psychological need of finding an outlet, even if it MAY HAVE L¡TTLE Arione 5 THE CONQUER OF SPACE: f rom solar flares, are clearly of interest because is distant in space and time." DIRECT IMPACT ON THE (olumbio of their detrimental impacts on ¡ndustries PERSON IN THE q queslioned success? concerned with navigation, communication, MARK McCAUGHREAN: STREET BUT ¡T HAS power distribulion, satellite control etc... and we "Before answering that, you have to separate ALWAYS BEEN al want to understand our local space environment human and economic losses right at the start: cÉ fii as much as we want our terrestr¡al weather they are quite different things. The human losses MANKIND'S DESIRE TO Bearing in mind the human and econom¡c losses in accidents and reports. There are also huge benefits from are real but I personally feel it's wrong to label EXPLORE HIS studying the Earth from space, from studies of them as tragic, for example. Astronauts are SURROUNDINGS AND Ariane 5, etc.), other kinds of problems ¡n space (Columbia, Rosetta, our weather to disaster monitoring, from studies generally extremely rational people who WE WANT TO EXPLORE of atmospheric changes (such as the ozone understand the risks associated with spaceflight missions-both manned and unmanned-¡ustified OUR UNIVERSE.'' how are such layer and global warming) to prospecting. ln and are will¡ng to accept them in return for the nowadays? addition, we are all increasingly using space for excitemenl and opportunity of their job, much as communications, navigation, wealher forecasts generations of other explorers have in the past. etc. ln effect, the economic demands are there As long as there are brave and skilled people ANDRÉ BALOGH: of funding, a relatively modest fraction of for us to remain in space, the scientific demands willing to take such calculated risks, I see no "Human tragedies in space, such as the Colum- resources spent on research and development and the fundamental human need to explore reason why we as a society should be afraid to let bia disaster in February this year, always lead to in general." ensure lhat we will continue to expand into space, them do so. the question: is it all worth it? And of course there and the range of practical applications and spin- On the so-called economic losses in space, the is no clear answer to this question' Fortunately, ANGIOLETTA CORADINI: offs is growing all the time." key thing is to remember that rockets and have been few such accidents, only the "The problem w¡th human exploration is that a there satellites are not literally stuffed with Euros and ..ASTRONAUTS Challenger disaster in 19BG was of comparable certain risk is surely present for the Astronauts. ARE YVES LANGEVIN: sent into oblivion. Of course, they do cost lots of magnitude. Human spaceflight remains a risky However, a honest risk assessment and a "One should clearly separate the issues. The money, but that money ¡s spent on the ground GENERALLY undertaking. As has been shown by the careful serious approach to the safety of the crew can Shuttle and Ariane programmes were funded so employing highly skilled engineers and EXTREMELY RATIONAL investigalion carried out by the Columbia help in accepting this risk. The recent accidents of as to send men to low Earth orbit (Shuttle) or scientists in government labs, universities, and PEOPLE WHO Accident lnvestigation Board, the launchers and were also generated by an underevalu.ation can telecom relay satellites to the geostationary orbit commercial enterprises. Thus almost UNDERSTAND THE vehicles, the Shuttle and the lnternational Space the risk in presence of an accident. This public for (Ariane). Their development problems have independent of any results, th¡s money plays a Station, are technically very complex systems increase the disaffection of the general RISKS ASSOCIATED impacted science missions, not the reversel in part in fostering an informed, well-educated probably imposs¡ble to eliminate all the the manned space exploration. As far as and it is particular, WITH SPACEFLIGHT is concerned, I ROSETTA as a spacecraft was fully society whlch can also develop more fuel- potential failure mechanisms. All that can be automatic space exploration TO public ready to go when its launch was postponed due efficient cars, disease-beating drugs, and the AND ARE WILLING done is to minimise the risks by careful and guess and hope that it is perceived by the to cold feet at Arianespace on the potentially like, which are of direct benef it to the populace. ACCEPT THEM IN expensive safety procedures. But if we want to as a way to extend to space our ability to enjoy the disastrous impact on commercial markets of You could then argue that we should just build RETURN FOR THE see the adventure of human spaceflight learning and studying of the Universe without the another failure following the ECA f lop in weather satellites, for example, rather than continue, we must accept the risks, while paying colonizing it. The images collected during EXCITEMENT AND years November 2002. instruments for observing star formation and the for the best safety that's technically possible. space missions ¡n the last twenty were OPPORTUNITY OF It is clear that space missions are now required Big Bang, but I personally believe that's short- The case of robotic, unmanned scientific able to open new worlds to everybody." by the major science goals of Solar System sighted. ln our increasingly mundane and profa- THEIR JOB, MUCH AS spacecraft is rather different. Here we have to Exploration as well as Astronomy. Do we need to ne modern society, I think it's important that we GENERATIONS OF trade off the risks of failure aga¡nst the costs of Áwano cMÉNEz: ¡mprove our understanding of the Universe allocate t¡me and resources beyond the purely OTHER EXPLORERS missions and their scientific objectives. The "l think we can still do a lot of high-quality scientif ic which surrounds us? My answer is of course an pragmatic, to activities which can give us a world would be a different place without the early research in Space, without the need for manned HAVE IN THE PAST. AS unqualified yes. The origin of the Universe, of the broader sense of place, perspective, and scientific missions that prepared the way for the missions; but access to space is not merely LONG AS THERE ARE " THERE ARE MANY Solar System, of our planet and of life on our inspiration. This might mean preserving wild commercial exploitation of space that we now justified by scientific research. There are two BRAVE AND SKILLED REASONS TO additional components of space activity of planet are questions which have fascinated places and wild animals, it might mean funding take for granted. Now, however, we are PEOPLE WILLING TO CONTINUE SPACE importance for our Society: exploration and mankind since the dawn of times. They are more classical music and sports clubs, or it might interested in the further exploration of space and ever when one EXPLORATION AS A applications. Exploration requires the inclusion critical than considers the mean building tools with which we can reveal the TAKE SUCH the Solar System, and in the use of spaceborne problems and planetwide scope of the facing us secrets of our universe. The cost-benefit ratio for CALCULATED RISKS, I SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY, telescopes f or making of astronauts in space adventure astronomical today, from global warming to ecological crises such things is almost impossible to analyse in a observations of the universe that are impossible applications can certainly benefit from it in some SEE NO REASON WHY BUT CLEARLY THE such as water resources (an issue which is likely hard-headed accounting way, but the value of without going into space. There are many cases, like the use of the Space Station. WE AS A SOCIETY MISSION RISKS MUST to generate major conflicts before very long). ln realising just occasionally that we're more than reasons to continue space exploration as a Of course, we have to be conscious of the fact MINIMISED TO this respect, it is interest¡ng to look at the two mere cogs in a machine can be immeasurable." SHOULD BE AFRAID TO BE activity, but clearly the mission risks that any programme that includes astronauts to scientific neighbour planets which went on the wrong LET THEM DO SO." ENSURE THAT THE must be minimised to ensure that the objectives access space is necessarily more expensive OBJECTIVES CAN BE can be met. The cost of space science is than one that does not." MET.'' relatively high, but remains, at its present levels 22I'ho h- Special2AA3 In l954,the United States of America and the Soviet Union put several launch sciences in Europe is not comparable with the funding authority (similarly to NASA) would make w23 one in the United States, with a similar gross possible a major increase driven mainly by practice forthe Intemational YearofGeophysics, whichwas to be prografirmes into product. Moreover, science allows for the technology, but beneficial to science." celebrated beginning July 1957 and ending at the conclusion of 1958. On October assurance of industrial stability and the continuity of a launch rate at times when private MARK McCAUGHREAN: 4,h Ig57 ,the Russians put the first artificial satellite{h e Sputnik I - in orbit, fulfilling initiative could go through difficulties." "l wouldn't pick out the space sciences news Thss- made it public the prophecies of science fiction. The Soviet agency- separately from the natural sciences in general through the following press release: (*) Ever does hold a profound interest to a large fraction of today's scientists were inspired by FACE OF POLITICAL population. governments achievements since that day, the Space Sciences have continued to develop, with more or less of the Thus, individual such as the Moon landings of the TIMESCALES, WHERE do support space research, but usually at 1960s and 1970s, for example, or more RAPID, HIGH PROFILE foúune, and always tied to political and economical situations. modest recently, by the stunning images levels. There are many reasons why and scientific RETURNS ARE one might consider insights turned out by interplanetary probes and space research to be a key REQUIRED." area for investment for the future - one has only the HST. to consider areas such as space weather and We live in a time where our lives depend more and AT THE MERCY OF CIRCUMSTANCES external impacts on the Earth-environment, and more on the technology that surrounds us, and Earth observation from space to monitor ozone yet an ever-decreasing fraction of the population depletion and global warming. So, perhaps our actually understands this technology: this is a problem is one of education, i,e. getting the right dangerous state of affairs. lt's not that everyone messages across to the politicians and the should have a science degree perhaps, but it is Are the efforts made by nations involved in the space sc¡ences public. The current funding is not sufficient and a important that those of us living in democratic, sufficient? Why should these nations increase their space modest increase would make a significant technologically-sophisticated societies should difference." have a basic grasp of the scientific method, so budgets? that we can at least understand the background YVESLANGEVIN: to such crucial and complex issues as global "As outlined hereabove, there are important warming, genetically-modified foods, nuclear ANDRÉ BALOGH: the space budget is usually not a large f raction of scientific and psychological reasons to increase power, and human embryo research, and then "There will always be more good space science any nation's budget, the only exception was at these budgets. As far as Europe is concerned, make our decisions accordingly. Otherwise, mission proposals than can be funded. Costs the time of the Apollo programme, when up to 4% there are other impoÍant reasons to do so: political pressure groups and commercial have increased, because in most disciplines we of the budget of the Un¡ted States was devoted to - With our aging populations, we will never be able interests will make these decisions for us, no are at the third generation of scientific missions, sending their astronauts to the Moon." to compete with China or lndia on labor intensive doubt f requently to our detriment." requiring increasingly complex and refined activities. The only chance of preserving our payloads and platforms to meet ever more ANGIOLETTA CORADINI: standard of living is to maintain a technological rigorous scientific objectives. lf the funding "Recently all the European nations, both as sin- advantage. This requires apparently non available is not increased in line with the required gle countr¡es and as ESA members are productive investments in cutting edge fields. there will be fewer decreasing their investment in space. The USA With its long history of disastrous wars, Europe ''A VIGOROUS SPACE complexity and sophistication, missions, and fewer high priority scientific is doing the opposite. This will bring Europe to a is not keen on investing massively in the military. SCIENCE PROGRAMME subaltern position with respect to the US. This technology ..WE objectives can be satisfied. NASA tried the Space is an alternative which is LIVE IN A TIME DOES NEED A STABLE and it was will also drastically reduce the competitiveness much better accepted and which provides the "cheaper, faster, better" approach WHERE OUR LIVES BUDGET AS A FIRST cheaper and faster missions carried a of space industries, that are now producing a stringent constraints required to improve indus- found that DEPEND MORE AND REQUIREMENT, BUT greater risk of failure and could only satisfy large amount ot high-tech products. These high trial capabilities. MORE ON THE GENUINE PROGRESS relatively simple scientific objectives, so in the tech products are extremely ¡mportantto allow a - The European Union is nearly on a par with the TECHNOLOGY THAT REOUIRES AN end these missions, on the whole, did not turn out nationlo be industrially competit¡ve, thus US in terms of economic capabilities. lf one attractiñg foreign investments. " high tech SURROUNDS US, AND INCREASED BUDGET.'' to be "better,', but, in fact, worse. There is considers investments, the ratio is always room for efficiency gains, but many sim- now of more than 1 to 4 in the military, and I to 5 in YET AN EVER- ple recipes, such as lhe reusable platforms, did Áwano cMÉNEz: space technology. This is in part due to the DECREASING not deliver what they promised. A vigorous "Evidently not, but this is easy to say for those of present structure of space funding in Europe, FRACTION OF THE space science programme does need a stable us that are hooked on space research, and want through a multinational agency (the European POPULATION budget as a first requirerñent, but genuine to do more and get farther. I guess that if you ask Space Agency). As any budget increase has to ACTUALLY progress requires an increased budget. At this someone about what their tax money goes to, get unanimous approval, it is no surprise that UNDERSTANDS THIS political as whether it to efforts in status quo is the most likely answer. point, this becomes a argument, and should be dedicated The only TECHNOLOGY: THIS lS (')M-H. Enc¡cloped¡a H¡storia Grática del to set their priorities over the much space activities, the s¡tuation could be different. solution to get such a technological drive is to nations need A DANGEROUS STATE S,g/oXX Ed¡ciones Urb¡ón. Madrid, 1982. wider range of their responsibilities. However, However, I think that financing of the space involve directly the European Union. A single Vdure6. Page.238. OF AFFAIRS." 2A,IA@ É I Special 2aa3 quickly, and higher altitude spacecraft and identify mitigation options. The w25 had acquired as much importance as it has in the most recent Never can use fuel to modify orbits for eventual Committee members include, ESA, processes destined to reduce the years: recycling, selection, depuration. ..Many deorbit through atmospheric drag. NASA and the nationalspace agencies of amount ofresidue have emerged, due to Nature's incapacity to reabsorb many of However, spacecraft with higher orbits Italy, the UK, France, China, Germany, them. On the other hand, many different campaigns have been created to raise than about 2000 km cannot be deorbited lndia, Japan, Ukraine and Russia. ln effectively, and it is recommended that 2003, Committee presents people's awareness aboutthis need. Space shouldnotbe any less and, neveftheless the IADC they are placed in 'graveyard'or disposal Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines to the it isbecoming an invisiblewasteland formany, which could cause serious problems, orbits. For example, many geostationary Scientific and Technical Subcommittee shouldn't we begin to beginning with the space missions themselves. Consequently, spacecraft are already boosted into a of the UN Committee on the Peaceful have a "sustainable" space industry? higher disposal orbit at end of mission. Uses of OuterSpace (UNCOPUOS). This One can imagine, in the distant future, a is a major step in the development of an situation where there is active removal internationally agree debris mitigation from orbit of satellites and upper stages. policy." FOR A CLEAN ORBIT All of the activities of debris mitigation put a significant cost overhead on future missions but this is probably YVES LANGEVIN: to the With regard to the amount of space debris generated up unavoidable. Much of the discussion of "Science missions in space do not go to .'PLANETARY MISSIONS present t¡me, what steps are be¡ng taken in, for example' the design space debris related matters is Earth orbit, where the problem is most LAND OR ORBIT OTHER of future scientific missions in space? coordinated through the lnter-Agency accute. Planetary missions land or orbit PLANETS, WHERE THE Space Debris Coordination (IADC) other planets, where the junk aspect is JUNK ASPECT IS Committee, which is an international definitely marginal. Astronomy missions DEFINITELY government forum for the worldwide go to the Lagrangian points (L1 or L2), 2 MARGINAL.'' ANDRÉBALOGH: allow to send the satellite back down to the coordination of activities related to the million km away from the Earth. "Many scientific space missions are ground, when its scientific missions end." issue of man-made and naturaldebris in Furthermore, the launching rocket also launched into orbits that will remain space. The main purpose of the goes out of the Earth influence. Therefore, relatively stable even after the spacecraft Committee is to exchange information, there is no impact from these missions on has ceased to function. lt is difficult to Áwano cMÉNEz: facilitate cooperation, to review progress the space debris issue." devise a fail-safe way of disposing of such "Space debris is a growing problem, with spacecraft. This is true of many other solutions. As always, debris controls satellites, such as those in geostationary increase the cost of missions but space orbit from which used spacecraft can be ecology is fundamental. On the one hand, displaced, but not otherwise destroyed, we have to ensure that it is not growing, and as that could prove even more dangerous on the other, we must find solutions for by generating a large number of smaller accumulated garbage. Fortunately, fragments. Some of the orbits used by future science missions will be placed in spacecraft are inherently unstable; these new orbits, in the so-called Lagrangian willgenerally bürn up safely in the upper points that do not have this problem yet." atmosphere, unless they are very large, butthen they may constitute a hazard on re-entry, ratherthan in space. Forthetime RICHARDHARRISON: being, there is no good solution to "spacecraft and rocket upper stages their ,,FOR THE TIME BEING, overcome the increasing amount of often remain in space well after THERE IS NO GOOD debris in space, but, at least for the near scientif ic use. Break-uP due to SOLUTION TO future, natural hazards, such as explosions, even collisions, result in OVERCOME THE micrometeorites, probably constitute a smaller-scale debris. Debris mitigation ¡NCREASING AMOUNT greater danger than man-made objects. procedures are being pursued but can OF DEBRIS IN SPACE, This does not mean that no effort should inerease the costs of missions. For BUT, AT LEAST FOR be made now to try and find appropriate example, components that could THE NEAR FUTURE, solutions to reduce the amount of man- conceivably cause explosions should be NATURAL HAZARDS, made debris in space. passivated at the end of useful life, such SUCH AS as the burning of propellant, and MICROMETEORITES, perlormed in deployment activities can be ..SPACE PROBABLY DEBRIS IS A ANGIOLETTACORADINI: a way that does not eject materials, e.g. CONSTITUTE A GROWING PROBLEM, "The problem shall be carefully analyzed: bolt catchers for explosive bolts. GREATER DANGER wtTH soLUTtoNs." mitigation actions on newly developed Satellites and upper stages can take THAN MAN-MADE introduced, that will advantage of atmospheric drag to reenter OBJECTS." satellites can be 26l'#P 2015. After that, this question requires some lifetime 1 producers in search of the best setting for their movie. In the of 0 years, the JWST will have finished w27 Scientists are often thought. With the advent of adaptive optics, its mission by 2021, i.e. 18 years from now. case of astronomy, there are two great sets: Earth and Space. The shots to be taken which correct for atmospheric turbulence, However, the first serious discussions of the in each are a function ofthe requirements ofthe script. Space's main advantage is Earth-based telescopes have regained then NGST took place in 1989, i.e. 22 years attractiveness. Their cost per m2 is much lower before a 201 1 launch. Thus, all things being absence of an atmosphere, which allows for a privileged vision of the Cosrnos; the than a space telescope. Among the large Earlh equal, we should be planning for its successor however, its physical conditions do not allow for the sending ofjust any telescope. based programmes which are already in already. exploitation orwell advanced, one can mention However, From Earth, on the contrary it is possible to have telescopes that study the scheme looking that far into the future, it's not the VLT (four 8 m class telescopes), ALMA (a yet clear whether there will indeed be any further of our universe at our disposal. In any case both are ideal sets for Astronomy, large interferometer for submm wavelengths, general-purpose optical/infrared space programmed complementing each other, creating a film couple. as a worldwide collaboration for a observatories such as the HST and JWST. lt first light around 2010) and SKA (square seems more likely at present that efforts will have 'SPACE kilometer array, for cm radio wavelengths, concentrated on specific high-priority goals, OBSERVATORIES ARE beyond 2010). Space observatories are where specialised techniques are necessary. MANDATORY FOR ALL mandatory for all wavelength ranges which are Prime SPACE: examples of this are the Darwin and WAVELENGTH RANGES EARTH AND blocked by the Earth's atmosphere (mainly Terrestrial Planet (TPF) projects ESA Finder of WHICH ARE BLOCKED water vapor, but also COr): X-rays, UV, many and NASA, respectively, which are aimed at mov¡e sels regions in the lR, submm wavelengths... detecting and taking spectra of earth-like BY THE EARTH Furthermore, space observatories provide planets, searching for evidence of life. As a ATMOSPHERE.'' continuous coverage, which is not the case for baseline, Darwin and TPF use a small flotilla of Eadh based telescopes (unless a network of at passively-cooled telescopes to create a long- How willfuture space telescopes complement large ground-based least 3 such telescopes can be used). baseline infrared interferometer, which is telescopes and the very large telescopes now being planned? lnterferometry in space is considered as a very needed to yield the required spatial resolution promising course. and contrast to see an Earth-like planet close to The big issue is indeed whethervery high spatial its parent star. However, the field of view of such resolutions should be reached through 50 m to an observatory will be tiny, meaning that it will be X-ray and gamma-ray ranges. ANDRÉ BALOGH: cover the UV, 100 m ground based telescopes or by essentially useless for, say, cosmology need to combine such "Ground-based telescopes continue to improve Certainly, there is a interferometry in space. There are many experiments. with ground-based observations in pedormance, both in terms of size and the way observations associated questions, such as the maximum That's not to say there won't be equivalent to minimise atmospheric effects. from the next generation telescopes to provide they are able size beyond which adaptive optics does not missions focusing on cosmology, but it may well for all astronomical the best coverage possible, and thus the best This means that arguments work any more. ESO (the European Southern be that the Big Questions to be answered in scientific interpretations possible. This means space telescopes must be very carefully Observatory) has launched a study so as to de- astronomy in the 2020-2030 timeframe will coordination of planning, observations and clear examined. However, there are astrophysically fine what is the best course for 2020 and beyond. require a series of dedicated missions, rather gamma rays, X- access to archives and software for joint ¡mpoftant wavelengths, such as As you can see, there is still some time to decide." than one, general-purpose observatory. (EUV) infrared analysis. With the Web and the so-called GRID rays, Extreme Ultraviolet and lmportantly, the same may well be true on the which can only be observed with a space-based technologies, such combinations and GUESS THAT THE MARK McCAUGHREAN: ground: lhere is already some degree of "I to fulfil collaborations can be very productive. ln parti- telescope. Such telescopes will continue "lf you mean 100 metre telescopes on the ground discussion as to whether a filled-aperture 100 NEW GROUND BASED cular the SOHO-spacecraft JOPs, Joint an important role alongside the improved and optical/infrared space telescopes beyond metre diameter telescope is indeed the answer TELESCOPES IF THEY " Programmes, which often involve ground-based telescopes. Observing the JWST, then that's perhaps a little too to all our desires. Star and planet formation BUILT IN SPECIAL ground-based ARE other spacecraft and hypothetical: let's get the JWST built first! studies may well be better off with a longer- observatories, have been a superb test-case for PLACES, LIKE ANGIOLETTA COBADINI: Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that no-one baselineversion of the VLTI, forexample. "l guess ground based telescopes if the planning, execution and exploitation of this ANTARCTICA, BUT that the new is yet talking about a general-purpose ln any case, it'll be interesting to see what the new places, but kind of multi-disciplinary scheme. This is how I CHARACTERIZED BY they are built in special like Antarctica, successor to the JWST, even though it's generation of astronomers will be making of pollution and by see things going in the future. ln addition, one LIMITED LIGHT characterized by limited light probably time to start doing so. Why? Because these facilities: l'll be getting ready to retire in not forget that with spacecraft we can ob- excellent seeing can become competitive with must large space missions take a long time to realise. 2026." POLLUTION AND BY AN without the problems of the day-night orbital T1 telescopes." serve Assuming a launch date in 201 1 and the goal EXCELLENT SEEING cycle and we can make observations from CAN BECOME Áwano cMÉNEz: differing vantage points. Thus, there are many COMPETITIVE WITH "Astrophysical space missions planned by ESA facets of space-based observations not open to ORBITAL T1 complement the efforts made in Earth-based the ground-based instruments and we can TELESCOPES.'' observatories in a very careful way. With the exploil these effectively, in collaborations "WITH THE EXISTINIT existing limited budget, it would not be very wise between space and ground based instruments. LIMITED IT to put in orbit space missions that do more or less To give an example, the NASA STEREO BUDGET, the same that could be achieved with Earth- spacecraft will detect Ea¡1h-directed solar mass WOULD NOT BE VERY based telescopes, especially with ongoing large eje-ctions by viewing the Earth-Sun line from both WISE TO PUT IN ORBIT telescope projects. This is why space sides. Ground-based and other space-based SPACE MISSIONS THAT programmes are focused on regions of the instrumentation atornearthe Earth, can be used DO THE SAME MORE (from to electromagnetic spectrum inaccessible from to view the ejection site directly above) OR LESSTHAT COULD global study the physical processes of the eruption in Earth or measures that require BE ACHIEVED WITH whole sky, or continuous in detail, as well as to measure the effects at the observation, of the EARTH-BASED time." Earth. I feel that we will all see a shift towards greater collaboration in mission and instrument TELESCOPES, ESPECIALLY WITH RICHARD HARRISON: operátion to the benefit of science." "The basic problem of only having two observing ONGOING LARGE windows from the ground (visible and radio) YVESLANGEVIN: TELESCOPE demands that we mainta¡n space obseruations to "l am not too much of a specialist in Astronomy, PROJECTS.'' but it is clear that there is room for both until 201 0- TÑ LECTURBRS AT THE ''CANARY ISLANDS 28 Special 2003 WINTER SCHOOLS OF ASTROPHYSICS'' X. Globular Clustcrs (1998) - EGIDIO LANDI DEGL'INNOCENTI !ffi29 (University of Florence, Italy) - IVAN R. KING (University ol Califomia, USA) - GAUTHIER MATHYS (European SoL¡thern I. Solar Physics (1989) Vl. Thc Structure of the Sun (1994) - STEVEN R. MAJEWSKY (University of Observatory, Chile) Virginia. USA) - JAN OLAF STENFLO (Siviss Federal Ilnstitt¡te - VITTORIO (Astronornical - OSCAR VON DER LÜl'lE (hrstitute of Astronomy, Ziirich, - JOHN N. BAHCALL (Listitutc for Advanced Sttrdy. Princetort. CASTELLANI of Technology, Srvitzerland) Obselvatoryof Capodirnonte, Italy) Srvitzcrland) Nerv Jersey, USA) - RAFFAELE GRATTON (Astronornical - EGIDIO LANDI ((lnstitute of Astronomy, - TIMOTHY M. BROWN (l"ligh Altitudc Obselvatory, NCAR, XIII. Cosntochemistr¡': the melting pot of Observatory of Padova. Italy) elenents (200 Florence, Italy) Bouldc'r, Colorado, USA) I ) . REBECCA A. W ELSON (IIIStiN¡te of - DOUCLAS O. GOUGI-I (lnstitute of Astronomy. Canibridge, - JORGEN CHRISTENSEN-DALSGAARD (lnstitute of Physics Asttonomy, Cambridge, United Kingclom) -JOSÉ cERNICHARO (Str.ucture of Mafter United Kingdom) and Astronorny, Univelsity of A|hus, Denmark) - MICIIAEL W. FEAST (Capc Toivn University) Insritute, CSIC, Spain) - CÓnAlt SCHARMER (Stockholm Observatory, Srveden) - DOUGLAS O. GOUGH (lnstitute ol Asttonomy, Carnbridge, - RAMON Barcelona, CANAL (University of -DONALD R.GARNETT (Steward Observatory, - HUBERTUS wÓHL lKiepenheuer Institute. Freibulg, Gelmany) United Kingdour) Spain) University of Arizona, USA) - PIERRE MEIN (Observatory of Meudon, Francc) - .IEFFREY R. KUHN (National Solar Observatory. Sacranrento - WILLIAM E. HARRIS (Macmaster University. -DAVID (University Texas Peak, Ne*, Mexico, USA) Canada) L. LAMBERT of at ll. Physical and Observational Cosmologv(1990) - JOI{N W. LEIBACHER (National Solar Obscrvatory, Tucson. Austin, USA) -NORBERT Arizona. USA) XI. Galaxies at high Redshift" (1999) LANGER (Utrecht University, The OTHER Netlierlands) - VALODIO N. LUKASH (Space Researclr lnstitute, Moscorv, - EUGENE N. PARKER (Enrico Felmi lnstitute, University of -FRANCESCA Russia) Chicago, Illinois, USA) - JILL BECHTOLD ( University of Alizona, MATTEUCCI (University ol EVENTS Trieste, - FIUBERT REEVES (CEN Saclay, France) - YUTAKA UC'HIDA (University of Tokio, Japan) USA) ltaly) -MAX PETTINI (lnstitute of Astrononry, - BIRNARD E. PAGEL (NORDITA, Cppenhagen, Deutnark) - GUSTAVO BRUZUAL (ClDA, Venezucla) Sunday 16th: University ol Cambridge, United Kingdonl) - ANTI-IONY N. LASENBY (Cavendish Labolatoly. Caurbridge, VlI. lnstrunrentation for Large Telescopes: - MARK E. DICKINSON (Space Telescope Registrat¡on and -GRAZYNA STASINSKA (Observatory ol Paris- United Kingdom) a Course for Astrononters (1995) Institutc, Baltimore, USA) Welcoming Meudon. France) cockta¡1. - JOSE LUIS SANZ (University of Cantabria, Spain) - RICHARD S. ELLIS (Calitbrnia Institute of Tuesday 18th: BERNARD JONES (University Sussex, United Kingdorn) - JACQUES M. BECKERS (National Solar Ol¡servatory. NSO- -GARY STEIGMAN (Ohio Sate University, - of Technology, USA) Vis¡t to the lnst¡tuto de (Astrophysical Obscrvatory, Tartu, Estonia) NOAO, USA) USA) - JAAN EINASTO - ALBERTO F'RANCESCHINI (University ol Astrofísica in La Laguna. (University Basle, Ss'itzerland) - DAVID GRAY (University of Western Ontario. Canada) - ANDREAS G. TAMMANN of Padova. Italy) Public lecture by Prof. André - MICHAEL IRWIN (Royal Greenu,ich Observatory, Cambridge, XIV. Dark Matter and Dark Energv in thc - KEN FREEMAN (Mount Stronrlo Balogh: "Space Storms" at the Formation S¡'stems(1991) United Kingtlorn) Unilerse (2002) IlL Star in Stellar Observatoly, Austlalia) Science Museum. - BARBARA JONES (Center for Astrophysics and Space - STEVE G. RAWLINCS (Oxfbrcl Universiry Welcoming reception at the - PETER BODENHEIMER (Lick Observatory, Calilbrnia. USA) Sciences. University ol Calilomia San Diego, La Jolla, USA) LAWRENCE M. KRAUSS (Case Western Kingdom) lnstituto de Astrofís¡ca. - RICHARD B. LARSON (Yale University, USA) - IAN S. McLEAN (University of Calitbrnia, Los Angeles, USA) ,United Reserve Univelsity, Ohio, USA) - STMON WHITE (Max-Planck Thursday 20th - I. FELIX MIRABEL (CEN Saclay, France) - RICIIARD PUETTER (Center fbl Astrophysics ar.rd Space Insriture for PHILIP MAUSKOPF (University ol Walcs, Astlo¡rhysics, Working v¡s¡t to the Te¡de - DEIDRE HUNTER (Lorr,ell Observatory, Arizona. USA) Sciences. University ol Califbrnia. San Diego, La Jolla, USA) Gernrany) Cardiff, United Kingdorn) Obse rvatory (Tenerife). - ROBERT KENNICUT (Stcrvard Observatory, Arizona. USA) - SPERELLO Dl SEREGO ALIGFIIERI (Arcetri Astrophysical JOIIN PEACOC'K (Royal Observatory o1' Xll. Spectropolarimetr)' Tuesday 25th: - JORGE MELNICK (ESO, Chile) Obselvatory. Florence, Italy) in Astrophysics Edinburgh, United Kingdom) (2000 V¡sit to the Monje Winelodges - BRUCE ELMEGREEN (IBM, USA) - KEITH TAYLOR (Anglo-Australian Obscrvatoty. Epping ) BERNARD SADOULET (University ol Thursday 27th: - JOSE FRANCO (UNAM. Mexico) Laboratory. Australia) California, Berkeley, USA) - ROBERT R.J. ANTONUCC'I (University of RENZO SANCISI (Bologna Aslronor¡ical OÍficial closing d¡nner. Santa Bárbara, USA) Astronomy (1992) Stellar Astrophysics for the Local Group: a First Obscrvatory. Italy) lV. Infrared Vlll. - ROGER D. BLANDFORD (National Solar Step to the Universe (1996) Obaservatory. USA) BRIAN SCLIMIDT (The Australian National Univcrsity, Australia) - ROBERT D. JOSEPII (University of Hau,aii, USA) - MOSHE ELITZUR (Univer.sity of Kenrucky - CHARLES M. TELESC'O (NASA-MSFC, Alabarna, USA) - ROLF P. KUDRITZKI (University of Munich. Gerrnany) USA) PETER SCHNEIDER (University of Bonn, - ERIC E. BECKLIN (University of Calitbrnia, Los Angeles, -CLAUS LEITHERER (Space Telescope Science Institute. - ROGER H. HILDEBRAND (Enrico Ferrrri Gennany) USA) Baltirnore, USA) lnstitute. University of Chicago, USA) JOSEPH SILK (University ol Oxfirrd, United - GERARD F. GILMORE (lnstitute of Astronorny, Cambridgc, - PHILIP MASSEY (Kitt Peak National Observatory. Tucsort. - CIHRISTOPH U. KELLER tNarional Solar Kingdont) United Kingdom) USA) Observatory, USA) - FRANCESCO PALLA (Astrophysical Observatory, Arcetri, - BARRY F. MADORE (Extragalactic Database lnfiared Italy) Processir.rg and Analysis Center (IPAC), NASA/JPL & Caltech, - STUART R. POTTASCH (University of Groningcn, The Pasadena, USA) Nctherlands) - GARY DA COSTA (Univelsity of Australia, Camberra, - IAN S. McLEAN (University of Califbrnia, Los Angeles, USA) Australia) - THIJS DE GRAAUW (University ol Gloningen, The - CESARE CHIOSI (Univcrsity ol Padua. Italy) PUBLICATIONS Netherlands) - MARIO L. MATEO (University ol Michigan, USA) - N. CHANDRA WICKRAMASINCHE (University of Wales, - EVAN SKILLMAN (University of Minnesota, USA) CANARY ISLANDS WINTER SCHOOLS OF ASTROPHYSICS Cardiff, United Kingdom) IX. Astrophysics rvith Large Databases in the Internet Age Cambridge University Press has published the following volumes on previous Winter Schools. V. The Formation of Galaxies (1993) (tee7) 1. Solar observations: Techniques and interpretation. F sÁNCHEz, M. coLLADos - SIMON D. M. WFIITE (lnstitute ol Astronomy, Carnbridge, - GEORGE K. MILEY (Leiden Observatory, Netlierlands) & M. vÁzouEz. 2. observational and Physicat cosmotogy. E sÁNCHEz, M. coLLADos & R. REBOL). United Kingdorn) - HEINZ ANDERNACH (University of Guanajuato, Mexico) 3. star Formation in stellar systems. G. TEN)R\)-TAGLE, M. pRtETo & F. - DONALD LYNDEN-BELL (lnstitute of Astronomy, - CHARLES TELESCO (University of Florida, USA) )ÁNCHEZ. 4. tnlrared Astronomy. A. MAMqASO, M. pRtETO F. SÁNCHEZ. Cambridge, United Klngdom) - DEBORAH LEVINE (ESA, Villafranca clel Castilo, Madriri, & 5. The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies. C. MUñOZ_TUñóN A f. SÁNCHEZ. - PAUL W. HODGE (University of Washington, USA) Spain) 6. The Structure of the Sun. I ROCA-CORTÉS & E - BERNARD E. J. PAGEL (NORDITA, Copenhagen, Denntark) - PIERO BENVENUTI (ST-SCF, MLurich, Germany) SÁNCHEZ. 7. lnslrumentation for Large Telescopes. J.M. RoDRíGUEz-ESplNosA, - TIM DE ZEEUW (University of Leiden, The Netherlands) - DANIEL GOLOMBEK (Space Telescope Institute, Baltimore, A. HERRER7 & F. SÁNCHE.. B. stellar Astrophysics for the Local Group. A. ApARtclo, HERRER) F. - FRANQOISE COMBES (DEMIRM, Observatory of Meudon, USA) A. & sÁNCHEz 9. Astrophysics with Large Data Bases. M. France) - ANDREW C. FABIAN (lnstitute of Astronomy, Camblidge, K:DGER, L 1ÉREZ-FOURNON & E /0. GIObUIAT CIUSIETS. I, PérCZ-FOUTNON, C. - JOSHUA E. BARNES (University ol Harvaii, USA) United Kingdorn) MARTíNEZ ROGER & E SÁNCHEZ.'ÁNCHEZ 77. Galaxies at High Redshift. l. Pérez-Fournon, - MARTIN J. REES (Institute of Astronorry,.Cambridge, United - HERMANN BRUNNER (lnstitute of Astrophysics, Postdarn, M. BALCELLS, E MOHENO-\NSEFIIS & E SÁNCHEZ 12. Astrophys¡cal spectropolar¡metry. J. TRUJILL) Kingdorn) Gerrnany) BUEN1, F MoRENo-tNsEFrls a r. sÁNcnii.- r,,#3 30T,hP 1 XV CANARY ISLANDS WINTER SCHOOL OF ASTROPHYSICS ''PAYLOAD AND MISSION DEFINITION IN SPACE SCIENCES'' SNAPSÉIOTS

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