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Agricultural Diversification DORAS - DELTA : Research report n°10 INCO: Topic 3 Agricultural Diversification: Technical, environmental and socio-economic aspects of raised bed systems in the Chao Phraya Delta DORAS CENTER Kasetsart University IRD Research funded by the European Union (INCO fund) 1 DORAS - DELTA : Research report n°10 Agricultural Diversification: Technical, environmental and socio-economic aspects of raised bed systems in the Chao Phraya Delta DORAS CENTER Kasetsart University IRD 2 Kasetsart University and IRD (2001) Agricultural diversification: technical, environmental and socio-economic aspects of raised bed systems in the Chao Phraya Delta, Kasetsart University, DORAS Center, Research Report n°10, 200 p. /Thailand / Chao Phraya / Mae Klong / raised beds/ water management/ water quality/ environment / pollution / soil / farming systems / cropping system / marketing / ISBN 974-553-971-6 Please direct inquiries and comments to: DORAS Center Kasetsart University Administrative building, 10th floor Bangkhen, 10900 Bangkok Thailand [email protected] or [email protected] Kasetsart University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 2001 Cover: (a) Manual work on grapes (b) Vegetable raised beds (c) Papaya trees on raised beds (d) Mechanical excavation Printed in Bangkok 3 PARTICIPANTS TO THE STUDY Research team: Emmanuel BOURDON, IRD - Department of Land Development, Didier Brunet, IRD - Department of Land Development, Gwenaelle Joannon, DORAS-DELTA, Dr. Roognapa Korpraditskul, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Kasetsart University Dr. François Molle, IRD - Kasetsart University Dr. Roland Poss, IRD - Department of Land Development Dr. Pongsan Srijantr, Kasetsart University, Department of Soil Sciences Collaborations: Thitima Muangklai, research assistant, DORAS-DELTA, Thiraporn Nathong, research assistant, DORAS-DELTA, Pranee Phongyangsong, master student, Department of Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, Wipada Plodkornburi, research assistant, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Kasetsart University, Tirarat Pophan, master student, Department of Environmental Sciences, Kasetsart University, Fuanglada Tebsatitsin, research assistant, DORAS-DELTA, Samruay Krutkun, Department of Land Development Suwanee Bhuthorndharaj, Department of Land Development Suvannang Nopmanee, Department of Land Development Pinpetch Boonsook, Department of Land Development 4 Report 1: Dry-season water allocation and management in the Chao Phraya Delta Annexe report: The impact of the access to irrigation water on the evolution of farming systems: a case study of three villages in the Chao Phraya Delta Report 2: Patterns of social interaction and organisation in irrigated agriculture: the case of the Chao Phraya Delta Report 3: Agricultural diversification in the Chao Phraya Delta: agro-economic and environmental aspects of raised bed systems These research reports are parts of a comprehensive comparative study between the Red River, Mekong and Chao Phraya Deltas. This project addressed three topics: 1) water management along the "water chain"; 2) social and institutional aspects of water resources management; 3) agricultural diversification in raised bed systems. Three companion reports are available for each of the three deltas Partners Vietnam Agricultural Sciences Institute, Hanoi (Vietnam) GRET (Groupe de Recherche et d' Echanges Technologiques), Hanoi/Paris Louvain La-Neuve University (Belgium) Kasetsart University (Thailand) IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) (France) Can Tho University (South-Vietnam) Mainz University (Germany) This research had been funded by the European Union, through its INCO-DC Project 5 ABBREVIATIONS Alk: alkalinity C: degree Celsius Ca: calcium cmolc/kg: centimole of charges per kilogram of soil Cu: copper DORAS: Development-oriented research on agrarian systems EC: Electrical conductivity ETP: evapotranspiration Exch: exchangeable Fig.: figure g: gram GIS: geographic information system ha: hectare IRD: Institut de recherche pour le developpement K: potassium kg: kilogram km: kilometer KU: Kasetsart University l: liter m: meter Mg: magnesium mg: milligram Mn: manganese N: nitrogen NPV: Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus P: phosphorus SS: Suspended Solid TS: Total Solid UK: unit of potassium UN: unit of nitrogen UP: unit of phosphorus Zn: zinc 6 Contents Part I General features of raised beds systems in the Chao Phraya Delta Part II Environmental aspects of raised bed intensive farming Part III Socio-economic and marketing aspects of raised bed intensive farming 7 Introduction In Southeast Asian deltas, as well as in other parts of the world, the raised bed technique is used to reclaim lowland clay soils with shallow water tables. Unlike traditional rice-based systems, which provide nowadays a fairly low income, raised bed systems allow the cultivation of cash crops with high added value, such as fruits, vegetables and flowers. The association of favourable environmental conditions in the delta (high water availability, strong sunshine all year round, fertile clay soils) and socio-economic conditions (proximity of Bangkok, development of urban and export markets, reliable transport infrastructures) encouraged farmers to develop cash crop productions on raised beds, which total approximately 100,000 ha at present. They constitute by far the largest agricultural wealth in the delta and are still expanding. It is therefore important to better understand how these systems function, what are their exact economic parameters, how is production linked to markets and what are the main constraints to their expansion. The increase in production and the intensification of cropping systems goes alongside an intensive use of fertiliser and pesticide. Water quality also turns out to be an important concern. Therefore, the environmental aspects of raised bed cultivation must also be investigated in order to assess their sustainability and the possible impact on health. This report first provides a general vision of the development of raised beds in the delta, examines their physical characteristics, the soil and water management. It further reviews a series of environmental aspects regarding grapes cultivation and lastly turn to socio- economic and marketing issues. 8 Part I General features of raised beds systems in the Chao Phraya Delta François Molle Pongsan Srijantr Gwenaelle Joannon Thittima Muangklai 9 1 Introduction The association of favourable environmental conditions in the delta (high water availability, strong sunshine all year round, fertile clayey soils) and socio-economic conditions (proximity of Bangkok, development of urban and export markets, reliable transport infrastructures) encouraged farmers to develop cash crop productions on raised beds, which total approximately 100,000 ha at present in the delta. They constitute by far the largest agricultural wealth in the delta and are still expanding. This chapter gives an overview of the spatial spread and physical characteristics of raised beds in the delta. 2 Location and spatial expansion 2.1 Land form The location of raised beds in the delta must first be understood based on a crude description of landform (Figure 1). The lower part of the delta, or the young delta, is a flat track of clay soils in which cultivation was basically limited to rice. At the same time, this area is called 'conservation area' because it is criss-crossed by a network of natural and excavated canals where water is available most of the year. To take advantage of the presence of water for year round cultivation of non-rice crops, raised beds must be constructed. In the flood plain, it is also possible to develop raised beds and they are sometimes encountered but they need much higher dikes in order to be protected from the flood. In the old delta and terraces, raised beds are sometimes found too, but mostly in lowlying depressions or heavy soils. In the upper and better drains parts, trees can be planted directly in the soil, without suffering from excess of water, and with less investment. However, they need to be linked to a perennial source of water, and a well or a farm pond are often used in addition to irrigation canals, the flow of which is sometimes interrupted. The young delta thus presents both adequate water conditions and soil types which require the transformation of land by the raised bed technique in order to accommodate non-rice crops. It encompasses the great majority of the raised beds of the delta. 10 FIGURE 1: LAND FORM IN THE CENTRAL PLAIN 2.2 Historical expansion Historically, raised beds have first been constructed along the lower reach of the main rivers for more than three centuries, particularly in Chachoengsao (Bang Pakong River), Bangkok (Chao Phraya River) and along the Mae Klong River. It is not sure whether raised beds have been initiated by Chinese migrants (as would the alias 'Chinese bed' suggest), or if they were the result of local innovation. The locations mentioned above all correspond to areas with significant Chinese settlements but they are also and foremost areas with adequate soils, located at the interface between saline and fresh water, which can benefit from the tidal effect for both irrigation and drainage. From a first concentration in the lower reach of the Mae Klong River, raised beds expanded along the Damnoen Saduak canal, after its completion in 1868. From Bangkok, they spread on the western bank of the Chao Phraya River, and later to the Rangsit area. Figure 2 shows the gross area of existing raised beds, together with a crude
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