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Psycho Analytic Theory ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Subject PSYCHOLOGY Paper No and Title Paper No 5: Personality Theories Module No and Title Module No 8: Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud Part-I Module Tag PSY_P5_M8 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. Biographical Sketch 4. Influential figures in Freud’s life 4.1 Ernst Brucke 4.2 Jean Martin Charcot 4.3 Josef Breuer 4.4 Wilhelm Fliess 5. Instincts and Psychic Energy 5.1 The sexual/life instinct 5.2 The death instinct 5.3 Ego instinct 5.4Psychic energy 6. The Levels of Consciousness 7. The Structure of Personality 7.1 The Id 7.2 The Ego PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 5: Personality Theories MODULE No. 8: Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud Part-I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.3 The Superego 8. Summary PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 5: Personality Theories MODULE No. 8: Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud Part-I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you shall be able to Get a glimpse into the life of Sigmund Freud, around which the realm of psychoanalysis is built. Understand Freud’s concept of instincts and learn about the life and death instincts. Study the three levels of consciousness. Understand Freud’s structure of personality and the interaction between the id, ego and the superego. 2. Introduction One of the most comprehensive approaches to personality and its development was formulated by Sigmund Freud (1920, 38, 40, 49). His insistence that behaviour is determined by the interplay of events and conflicts within the inner life (intrapsychic events) of the individual is central to his approach and to that of other dynamic theories. For Freud, all behaviour is motivated. No chance or accidental happenings cause behaviour; all acts are determined by motives. Every human action has a cause and a purpose that can be discovered through psychoanalysis of thought associations, dreams, errors and other behavioural clues to inner passions. Freud developed theories of personality based upon clinical observations and in-depth case studies of individual patients in therapy. His ideas were complex and touched many different issues. With respect to personality, however, the following topics are most central: . Instincts and psychic energy– Instincts represent a dynamic, or motivational principle postulated by Freud to explain the driving forces behind people’s actions. The motivation to seek pleasure and to reduce tension is derived from the psychic energy that springs from their basic instincts. Levels of consciousness– Levels of consciousness describe Freud’s earliest attempt to map out the nature of human mind in terms of the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious (the topographic model). Structure of personality – Freud’s structural model divides personality into three major systems –id, ego and superego that interact to govern human behaviour. Anxiety and ego-defense mechanisms –Anxiety and ego-defense mechanisms are an important part of Freud’s personality theory, as they are fundamental to the development of neurotic and psychotic behavior. Psychosexual stages of development – Psychosexual stages are an innate sequence of developmental stages that strongly shape the nature of our personality. Each stage is characterized by a particular erotogenic zone that serves as the primary source of pleasure. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 5: Personality Theories MODULE No. 8: Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud Part-I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Biographical Sketch Sigmund Freud was born to Jacob and Amalia Freud at the end of the romantic age in 1856, in the town of Moravia of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. When Freud was born, his father was 40 years old and his mother (the elder Freud’s third wife) only 20. The father was strict and authoritarian. As an adult, Freud recalled his childhood hostility, hatred, and rage toward his father. He wrote that he felt superior to his father as early as the age of 2. He spent majority of his life in Vienna, where, being a Jew faced much hostility and this climate has had a profound effect on his thought. After matriculating from the University of Vienna he dabbled in medicine, philosophy, physiology, marine biology, psychiatry and neuropathology. Interested in neurology, he studied further under the famous neurologist Jean Charcot in France. His educational background explains Freud’s scientific tendencies and empiricism. He set up his practice in 1886, in Vienna. The same year he married Martha Barnays and the couple had 6 children. Although he began with neurology, he gradually began developing his own methods of treatment like free association and dream interpretation. As a practicing psychiatrist, he became interested in hysteria and neurosis. Around 1990 he began developing the psychoanalytic theory. In the following years Freud modified his theories and broadened it. His correspondence and involvement with other thinkers of his time like Franz Brentano, Ernst Brucke, Joseph Breuer, and Wilhelm Fliess greatly impacted his theories and his convictions. He was also influenced by Nietzsche, Darwin, Lamarck, Haeckel and Spencer, among many others. The term psychoanalysis appears ten years after he began his practice. The Wednesday psychological society meetings that began in 1902 marked the beginnings of the psychoanalytic movement. In 1908 it was renamed the Vienna psychoanalytic society. Due to the persecution by the Nazis, Freud had to leave Vienna for London. He was a chronic smoker and succumbed to buccal cancer in 1939. Although he did not originally intend it, he developed a full-fledged psychological system of thought and has come to be known as the father of psychoanalysis. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 5: Personality Theories MODULE No. 8: Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud Part-I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Influential figures in Freud’s life Apart from the influence of the setting of the period he was born into, i.e., the highly aristocratic, extremely suppressive and anti-Semitic space and time at the end of the romantic age, Freud and his theory-development was influenced by several personalities and the kind of educational experience he got. The most important influences are as follows: 4.1 Ernst Brucke Freud’s inclination towards science, materialism and mechanism comes from his studying under Brucke at the University of Vienna. Brucke argued that all natural phenomena must be explained in physical and chemical terms and that no spiritual or other-worldly forces could be invoked to account for the real world (McAdams, 1994). “And being a mechanist, he preferred scientific explanations based on machine models. A machine is a complex system that uses energy through work” (McAdams, 1994). And this is clearly reflected in Freud’s presentation of the human mind as an energy system and its working according to the law of conservation of energy. 4.2 Jean Martin Charcot Freud studied hysteria under this famous neuropathologist in France. Charcot treated hysteria through hypnosis and documented how physical symptoms resulted not from physical abnormalities but mental ideas and thoughts. Working with Charcot was a turning point in Freud’s career, taking him into the mental realm. 4.3 Josef Breuer Breuer was a physician and helped Freud get settled with his practice. They worked together on patients with hysteria; the case of Anna O is particularly famous. Freud credited Breuer for the psychoanalytic treatment method of “the talking cure” which Breuer used in this case. They collaboratively published the work Studies in Hysteria in 1895. Later they had a fall out due to some disagreements on the role of sexuality. 4.4 Wilhelm Fliess During the late 1890s and early 1990s, when Freud worked in isolation and through self-analysis perfected his major ideas, he developed a close friendship with Fliess who was a nose-throat specialist. They would exchange letters and ideas but parted as enemies. The contribution of Fliess’s ideas to psychoanalysis is a debated issue but Freud himself acknowledges that Fliess was more responsible for the psychoanalytic idea that all human beings are, at some level, bisexual (McAdams, 1994). 5.Instincts and Psychic Energy According to Freud, personality is a complex energy system and the ultimate cause of all activity is the drive or instinct. The source of the instincts is the chemo-physical state of the organism and they represent the bridge between the physical and the mental realms. The source might be an excitation within the body caused due to some deficiency or any other disturbance of the inner balance. The aim of any instinct is to remove the excitation and restore the inner equilibrium by discharge of energy. Two primary instincts: Eros (life instincts) and Thanatos (death instincts). The form of energy by which life instincts perform their work is called ‘libido’. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No. 5: Personality Theories MODULE No. 8: Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud Part-I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.1 The sexual/life instinct: Eros is a set of drives that deal with survival, reproduction, and pleasure. Despite the label Eros, not all life instincts deal with erotic urges per se (Carver &Scheier,
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