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Origins of the United States of America the COMING of INDEPENDENCE 1

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Origins of the United States of America the COMING of INDEPENDENCE 1 Origins of The United States of America THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 1. Britain’s Colonial Policies a. Colonies largely ignored by the British Parliament b. British Parliament increase taxes in the colonies to support the British Troops stationed in the colonies c. “NO Taxation without Representation” THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 2. Growing Colonial Unity a. New England Confederation – initially formed for protection from Native Americans – soon faded b. The Albany Plan of Union • Benjamin Franklin proposed the colonies join forces to help raise naval and military forces, make war and peace with Native Americans, regulate trade with them, tax, and collect customs duties. • Plan eventually turned down by King George III THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 2. Growing Colonial Unity continued… c. The Stamp Act Congress • 9 colonies prepared a strong protest, called the Declaration of Rights and Grievances in response to increased taxes in the colonies • Boston Massacre (1770) • Boston Tea Party (1773) THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 2. Growing Colonial Unity continued… d. First Continental Congress • 12 of the 13 colonies sent representatives to discuss the Intolerable Acts sent by the Parliament • All 13 colonies agreed to form committees to boycott all goods from Britain • Planned on a Second Continental Congress to meet during May of 1774 THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 2. Growing Colonial Unity continued… e. Second Continental Congress • All 13 colonies sent delegates • John Hancock designated President of the Congress • This Congress fought the British during the Revolutionary War Alexander Hamilton Aaron Burr, Sir My Shot The Story of Tonight The Schuyler Sisters Farmer Refuted You'll Be Back Right Hand Man A Winter's Ball Helpless Satisfied The Story of Tonight (Reprise) Wait For It Stay Alive Ten Duel Commandments Meet Me Inside That Would Be Enough Guns and Ships History Has Its Eyes On You Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down) What Comes Next Dear Theodosia Non-Stop Introducing Alexander Hamilton… THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 2. Growing Colonial Unity continued… f. The Declaration of Independence • Five Men Assigned to Write – Benjamin Franklin – John Adams – Roger Sherman – Robert Livingston – Thomas Jefferson • Adopted on July 4, 1776 THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 2. Growing Colonial Unity continued… f. The Declaration of Independence continued… • The Declaration severed ties with Great Britain and created a unique nation • Up to this point in history, NO political system had ever been formed on the principles of equality, human rights, and representative government that derived its authority from the will of the people. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: “DUNLAP BROADSIDE” • 200 were said to be printed • 25 are known to exist today • The most recent one found sold for 8.14 million dollars at an auction • This copy of the “Broadside” was found at a garage sale in the back of an old picture. • This was what was printed in newspapers and sent out at the time. • John Dunlap printed this version – this was an act of sedition punishable by hanging DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: FORMAL COPY Formal copy of the Declaration of Independence was written and signed in 1777. •This copy actually contains all the 13 colonies •The original copy contained only 12 of the 13 colonies signatures – New York was a hold out •Designed by Mary Katharine Goddard DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE… The Declaration of Independence we all know… • Actually signed by everyone on August 4, 1776. • The Title has a few errors in spacing • Misspelling of British = Brittish in the document • John Hancock signed the largest for two reasons: 1. So King George III could read the signature – the king had poor eyesight 2. He was the President of the Second Continental Congress YOU’LL BE BACK… THE CRITICAL PERIOD 1. Articles of Confederation a. “a firm league of friendship” among the States b. Congress was a unicameral body made up of delegates chosen by the State (delegates could be chosen however the State wanted to choose them) c. Each State had one vote, no matter their population THE CRITICAL PERIOD 1. Articles of Confederation continued… d. No executive or judicial branches, that would be handled by committees in Congress e. Weaknesses: • No power to tax • Could only raise money by borrowing from the states • Couldn’t regulate trade between the States • Congress could only exercise their powers only if 9 of the 13 states allowed them THE CRITICAL PERIOD 2. The Critical Period, the 1780s a. States grew jealous and suspicious of one another b. Often refused to support the new central government c. Made agreements with foreign governments without the approval of the National Government d. Each state formed their own militias THE CRITICAL PERIOD 2. The Critical Period, the 1780s cont… e. States taxed other states goods and sometimes forbid trade with another state completely f. States began to print their own money, sound credit vanished g. Shays’ Rebellion caused the State Legislature of Massachusetts to ease the burden of debtors SHAYS’ REBELLION 1. Former revolutionary officer, Daniel Shays led an armed uprising of farmers. a. Demand for farm products drops b. Prices Fall c. Veterans had been discharged with certificates instead of cash d. Former soldiers were unable to pay debts accumulated during the Revolution e. John Adams was the President at this time. f. Adams created the “Riot Act” which outlawed illegal assemblies. 2. State troops finally ended the rebellion after rebels attacked state courts and a federal arsenal. Shays fled to Vermont. • George Washington and John Hancock come out of retirement to help with this problem. CREATING THE CONSTITUTION 1. The Framers a. 12 of 13 states sent delegates to the Philadelphia Convention (Rhode Island did not) it was quickly decided that the Articles were so bad they could not be amended. The delegation agreed to write a new plan of government b. The average age of the delegates was 42, and nearly half were only in their thirties. CREATING THE CONSTITUTION 2. Organization and Procedure a. Meetings were held behind closed doors b. George Washington was the presiding officer c. James Madison led the floor debates and kept notes on what went on. Considered the “Father of the Constitution” CREATING THE CONSTITUTION 3. Virginia Plan a. 3 branches b. Bicameral legislature - which would choose the executive and national judiciary. c. Representation would be based on population (large populated states favored) CREATING THE CONSTITUTION 4. New Jersey Plan a. Unicameral legislature b. Equal votes for each state (small populated states favored) c. Federal Executive would be created of more than one person d. The Federal Executive would be appointed by Congress e. The Federal Judiciary would be appointed by the Federal Executive CREATING THE CONSTITUTION 5. Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) a. Bicameral legislature b. Representation in the Senate would be equal for all the States c. Representation in the House would be based on population • Small states feared that larger states would dominate them under the Virginia Plan. CREATING THE CONSTITUTION 6. Three-Fifths Compromise: a. For purposes of representation and taxation, slaves were to be counted as 3 for every 5 there actually were b. Eventually abolished with the adoption of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution • Southern states wanted to count slaves as part of the state population. Northern states did not. • Each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person when figuring representation in Congress. CREATING THE CONSTITUTION 7. Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise: a. The national government would regulate foreign and interstate commerce b. Congress was not allowed to tax the export of goods from any State • Southern states wanted to protect their agricultural exports and the slave trade from regulation by Congress. c. Congress could not act on the slave trade for at least 20 years (until 1808) THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY 1. Disputes over slavery during the Convention arose because slavery was far more common in the agricultural South than in the more industrial North. 2. However, slavery was legal in every states except Massachusetts. CREATING THE CONSTITUTion 8. Sources of the Constitution a. William Blackstone – “Commentaries on the Laws of England” b. Baron de Montesquieu – “The Spirit of the Laws” c. Jean Jacques Rousseau – “Social Contract” d. John Locke – “Two Treatises of Government” e. The framers own experience 9. September 17, 1787, 39 delegates agreed to the new plan of government and sent it to the states for ratification RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION 1. The Fight for Ratification a. Federalists – favored ratification and strong national government and stressed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation • Alexander Hamilton • James Madison* • Many of those who attended the Constitutional Convention FEDERALISTS 1. Supporters of ratification for the new Constitution to the United States of America 2. They argued that the Articles of Confederation were weak and needed to be replaced. Alexander Hamilton was a leader among the Federalists FEDERALIST WRITINGS 1. These were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, all using the pen name, Publius. 2. They consisted of 85 political essays, written between 1787 and 1788, and were soon published across the nation. ▪ Non-Stop 3. These essays are still read widely today for their insights into the Constitution, the federal government, and the nature of representative democracy. 4. The Federalist Papers influenced many Americans to support the Constitution RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION 1. The Fight for Ratification continued… b. Anti-Federalists – opposed ratification because it increased the power of the national government, it didn’t allow states to print their own money, and it lacked a bill of rights • Patrick Henry • Richard Henry Lee • John Hancock • Samuel Adams ANTI-FEDERALISTS 1. Opponents of ratifying a new Constitution for the United States of America 2. They opposed the new ratification process.
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