Acknowledgements

County Supervisors: Steve Doeppke, Sharon Keehner, Ray Peterson City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City of Clayton City of Elkader City of Elkport City of Farmersburg Max Basemann, Mayor Josh Pope, Mayor Roger Bolsinger, Mayor Glenn Radloff, Mayor Anita Grunder Tony Hauber Dianne Bolsinger Beau Bennett Kimberly Kuehl Peggy Lane Susan Steves Ron Dennler John Russett Robert Hendrickson Beau Fischer Cathy Staake Randy Henning Herb Morley Chris Youngblut Edward Josten Daniel Torkelson City Clerk: City Administrator/Clerk City Clerk City Clerk: Bonnie Basemann Jennifer Cowsert Jill Marmann Heidi Landt City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City of Garber City of Garnavillo City of Guttenberg City of Luana Nioka Schroeder, Mayor Chad Schmelzer, Mayor Bill Frommelt, Mayor Jerry Schroeder, Mayor Hermie Schroeder Bonnie Dietrich Austin Greve Lonnie Baade Lyle Schroeder Bob Bodish Virginia Saeugling Brenda Boddicker Leroy Dugan Val Cromer Fred Schaub Paul Miller Ed Van Lennep Matthew Mueller Jane Parker Todd Olson Alicia Van Lennep Daryl Petsche Mick Pierce Jackie Radloff Schneider City Clerk: City Clerk: City Clerk: City Clerk: Penny Ingles Melissa Atkinson Denise Schneider Tammy Humble City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City of Marquette City of McGregor City of Monona City of North Buena Vista Stephen Weipert, Mayor Lyle Troester, Mayor Eric Koenig, Mayor Lacey Ludovissy, Mayor John Ries Janet Hallberg John Elledge Pam Breitbach Cindy Sharp Halvorson Jason Echard Preston Landt Robert Ludovissy Elizabeth Gilman Charlie Carroll Andrew Meyer James Gordon David Schneider Rogeta Halvorson Bridget Schlein Diane Ludovissy Ryan Young Deborah Scott Tim Wright Kennith Ludovissy City Clerk: City Clerk: City Clerk: City Clerk: Bonnie Baseman Lynette McManus Barb Collins Amy Ludovissy City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City Council and Mayor City of Osterdock City of St. Olaf City of Strawberry Point City of Volga Brad Miller, Mayor Adam Meyer, Mayor Hannah Evans, Mayor Carrie Taylor, Mayor Phoebe Johnson Darwin Frana Dean Courtnage Dennis Christeleit Clifford Junkins Duane Bouska Wally Rowcliffe George Duff Robert Petsche Frank Kelly Megan Hansel Elaine Follon Dennis Sargent Marcus Kahrs Duane Johnson Alex Fettkether Elmer Radabaugh Shannon Scherf Jason Gearhart John Friedley City Clerk: City Clerk: City Clerk: City Clerk: Nicole Maiers Debbie Preuser Ashley Jasper Kristin Klingman

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Clayton County Emergency Management Commission Clayton – Max Baseman Monona – Eric Koenig Elkader – Josh Pope North Buena Vista – Lacey Ludovissy Elkport – Roger Bolsinger Osterdock – Chad Freeman Farmersburg – Beau Fischer Postville – Leigh Rekow Garber – Nioka Schroeder St. Olaf – Marcus Kahrs Garnavillo – Val Cromer Strawberry Point – Dean Courtnage Guttenberg – Bill Frommelt Volga – Carrie Taylor Luana – Jerry Schroeder Board of Supervisors – Sharon Keehner Marquette – Ryan Young Sheriff’s Office – Sheriff Mike Tschirgi McGregor – Lyle Troesters School Districts Central Community Clayton Ridge MFL MarMac School District School District Community School Dale Crozier, Nick Trenkamp, District Superintendent Superintendent Shane Wahls, 700 South Page Street 400 S. 1st Street Superintendent PO Box 1040 Elkader, Iowa PO Box 550 Monona, Iowa 52043 Guttenberg, Iowa 52159 52052

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Table of Contents

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Introduction and Planning Process

What is hazard mitigation? Hazard mitigation planning is the process through which hazards that threaten communities are identified, likely impacts of those hazards are determined, mitigation goals are set, and appropriate strategies to lessen impacts are determined, prioritized, and implemented. This plan documents the county-wide hazard mitigation planning process and identifies relevant hazards, vulnerabilities and strategies the participating jurisdictions will use to decrease vulnerability and increase resiliency and sustainability. It will affect activities and decisions for proactive mitigation planning that will help reduce the cost of disaster response. Hazard mitigation is described as:

• Any action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards and their effects – an effort to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters. • Hazard mitigation is specifically dedicated to breaking the cycle of damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. • Mitigation is taking action now – before the next disaster – to reduce human and financial consequences slater by analyzing risk, reducing risk, and insuring against risk.

Why do we plan? Each year in the United States natural disasters take the lives of hundreds of people and injure thousands more. Nationwide, taxpayers pay billions of dollars annually to help communities, organizations, businesses, and individuals recover from disasters. These monies only partially reflect the true cost of disasters, because subsequent expenses incurred by insurance companies and nongovernmental organizations are not reimbursed by tax dollars. Many natural disasters are predictable, and much of the damage caused by these events can be minimized or even eliminated. Planning allows the stakeholders to identify policies and actions that can be implemented over the long term to reduce risk and future losses. Mitigation Plans form the foundation for a community’s long-term strategy to reduce framework for risk- based decision making to reduce damages to lives, property, and the economy from future disasters. Planning has many benefits:

• Planning identifies cost effective actions for risk reduction that are agreed upon by stakeholders and the public • Planning focuses resources on the greatest risks and vulnerabilities • Planning builds partnerships by involving people, organizations, and businesses • Planning increases education and awareness of hazards and risk • Planning communicates priorities to state and federal officials • Planning aligns risk reduction with other community objectives

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Key Steps in the Planning Process Figure 1 illustrates the key steps in the planning process. More specifically, each step can be further described as:

Figure 1: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

Step 1: From the start, communities should focus on the resources needed for a successful mitigation. An essential 1. Organize first step is to identify and organize interested members Resources of the community as well as including the technical expertise required during the planning process. 4. Implement Plan 2. Assess Risks and Monitor Progress Step 2: Next, communities identify the characteristics and potential consequences of hazards through a hazard identification process. It is important to understand how much of the community can be affected by specific 3. Develop a hazards and what the impacts would be on important Mitigation Plan community assets. This is accomplished through a vulnerability assessment.

Step 3: Armed with understanding of the risks poses by hazards, communities determine what their priorities should be and then look at possible ways to avoid or minimize the undesired effects. The result is a hazard mitigation plan that identifies mitigation strategies and actions for implementation.

Step 4: Bring the plan to life. Communities can do this in a variety of ways, ranging from implementing specific mitigation projects to changes in day-to-day operations. To ensure the success of an ongoing program, it is critical that the plan remains relevant. Therefore, it is important to conduct periodic evaluations and make revisions as needed, a plan maintenance process.

Participants

Requirement §201.6(a)(3): Multi-jurisdictional plans may be accepted, as appropriate, as long as each jurisdiction has participated in

The Participating Jurisdictions developed this hazard mitigation plan to reduce future losses in the planning area from identified potential hazards. This plan was prepared pursuant to the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390) and the implementing regulations set forth by the Interim Final Rule published in the Federal Register on February 26, 2002, (44 CFR 201.6) and finalized on October 31, 2007. While the Disaster Mitigation Act emphasized the need for mitigation plans and more coordinated mitigation planning and implementation efforts, the regulations established the requirements that local hazard mitigation plans must meet or exceed in order for a local jurisdiction to be eligible for certain federal disaster assistance and hazard mitigation funding under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Act (Public Law 93-288).

Information in this plan will be used to help guide and coordinate mitigation and recovery to communities and their residents by protecting critical community facilities, reducing liability exposure, and minimizing overall community impacts and disruptions. The planning area has been affected by hazards in the past and is therefore committed to reducing future impacts from hazard events and becoming eligible for mitigation- related federal funding.

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The Disaster Mitigation Act requires that each jurisdiction participate in the planning process and officially adopt the multi-jurisdictional hazard mitigation plan. This plan includes several participating local governments:

City of Clayton City of Monona City of Elkader City of North Buena Vista City of Elkport City of Osterdock City of Farmersburg City of St. Olaf City of Garber City of Strawberry Point City of Garnavillo City of Volga City of Guttenberg Central Community School District City of Luana Clayton Ridge Community School District City of Marquette MFL MarMac Community School District City of McGregor Unincorporated Areas of Clayton County

Planners met directly with the city councils (see Acknowledgements for listing of individuals) of each governmental unit. Each governing body reviewed their jurisdictional profiles; discussed their progress on and status of previously identified mitigation actions; determined the planning significance of various hazards within their communities; and identified mitigation actions they would pursue throughout the implementation of this plan. The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee, the Clayton County Emergency Management Commission, and the Clayton County Board of Supervisors (see Acknowledgements for listing of individuals) ensured that the county as a whole, along with its unincorporated areas went through the same process of profile review, previous action status, determination of significance for specific hazards and mitigation action identification.

Clayton County school districts had representation on the planning committee (see Acknowledgements for listing of individuals) and were responsible for ensuring that their respective boards were apprised of the planning process, and that all mitigation actions they seek to implement are included in the plan. School districts are not featured in this plan as separate sections. The unique risks and needs of each school, if any, are including within the jurisdictional sections in which the school or school buildings are located. Table 1 documents the specific ways that participating jurisdiction were involved in the planning process.

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Table 1: Jurisdictional Involvement in the Development of the Clayton County Hazard Mitigation Plan Jurisdiction: Involvement: • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) • Assistance with data collection (assessor, emergency management coordinator, engineer, sheriff, conservation, planning & zoning, GIS) Clayton County • Mitigation Action Identification • Plan Review and comment • Clayton County hosted presentation of plan on • Reviewed plan on • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Clayton • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Elkader • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Elkport • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Farmersburg • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Garber • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Garnavillo • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on

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Jurisdiction Involvement • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Guttenberg • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Luana • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Marquette • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of McGregor • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Monona • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of North Buena Vista • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Osterdock • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of St. Olaf • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on

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Jurisdiction Involvement • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Strawberry Point • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) City of Volga • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) Central Community Schools • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) Clayton Ridge Community • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) Schools • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on • Representation on the Planning Committee • Participation at the planning meetings (See Appendix D) MFL MarMac Schools • Mitigation Action Identification (city meeting on ) • Plan review and comment • Formally adopted plan on

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Local Planning Process

Requirements §201.6(b)(1-3) and §201.6 (c)(1): An open public involvement process is essential to the development of an effective plan. In order to develop a more comprehensive approach to reducing the effects of natural disasters, the planning process shall include: An opportunity for the public to comment on the plan during the drafting stage and prior to plan approval; (2) An opportunity for neighboring communities, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, and agencies that have the authority to regulate development, as well as businesses, academia and other private non-profit and non-profit interests to be involved in the planning process; (3) Review and incorporation, if appropriate, of existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information. [The plan shall document] the planning process used to develop the plan, including how it was prepared,

This plan is a full update and combination of previous FEMA-approved plans covering all county jurisdictions:

The previous update to the Clayton County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (CCHMP), was approved by FEMA on August 15, 2016. The CCHMP included an amalgamation of the multijurisdictional plan for the City of Clayton, City of Millville (since unincorporated), City of North Buena Vista and the City of Osterdock, along with integrated plans from the Cities of Elkader, Elkport, Farmersburg, Garber, Garnavillo, Guttenberg, Luana, Marquette, McGregor, Monona, St. Olaf, Strawberry Point, Volga and the unincorporated areas of Clayton County.

This planning update process began in June 2020 and followed methodology prescribed by FEMA, with identification and formal appointment of a Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) comprised of key stakeholders from the Participating Jurisdictions. Key stakeholders included in the process included fire departments and law enforcement; public and private school districts; county public health; the hospital and medical centers; county CPC administrator; county conservation; and a variety of local utility experts. A private contractor facilitated the process and assembled all input, information and data to develop the written update document.

In addition, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, as well as other potentially interested parties, such as neighboring counties and nearby Camp CS Klaus Scout Summer Camp, were invited to attend the hazard mitigation meetings and/or review and comment on the draft version of the Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Hazard Mitigation Plan (CCHMP) via email, telephone, or attendance at hazard mitigation planning meetings. Meeting invitations and agendas were sent out and due to the COVID19 pandemic participation was encouraged at virtual meetings as well as in person meetings. Appendix C offers a sampling of the notices and agendas distributed by the planning agency and the emergency management coordinator.

As part of the coordination with other agencies, the HMPC and the contractor collected and reviewed existing technical data, reports, and plans. These included the State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan, literature on local communities as well as other data from state and federal agencies. This information was used in the development of the hazard identification, vulnerability assessment, and capability assessment and in the formation of goals, objectives, and mitigation actions.

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Those who attended the Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Hazard Mitigation Plan public meetings to provide input, while not necessarily designated as HMPC members, are included in the record of all meeting participants and are noted in the minutes and sign in sheets in Appendix C.

Numerous public meetings were held throughout the development of this plan including seven countywide meetings. At the completion of the draft plan, additional public meetings were held to collect final public feedback on the plan.

The planning timeline was laid out as follows:

1. A planning kick off meeting was held on June 16, 2020. Attendees discussed the purpose of mitigation planning and a review of the previously approved plan. Commitment to the HMPC was confirmed. The HMPC includes members who bring expertise in emergency management, emergency response, critical facility operators, and representatives of vulnerable populations in the county. 2. Open meeting planning and input sessions were held on: o June 16, 2020 in Elkader, Iowa – Kick Off Meeting o July 21, 2020 in Elkader, Iowa o October 28, 2020 in Monona, Iowa and on ZOOM(virtual) o November 9, 2020 on Zoom (virtual) o November 24, 2020 in Elkader, Iowa o December 14, 2020 on Zoom (virtual) with Volga, Iowa o January 26, 2021 on ZOOM (virtual) o April 27, 2021 The purpose and process of mitigation planning was reviewed. In addition, a list of potential hazards was reviewed, leading to a list of those hazards to be profiled within the plan. 3. Hazard Profiles were developed by the contractor and reviewed by the HMPC and meeting participants at each meeting. CPRI scoring for county hazards was completed after each meeting. 4. Previous hazard mitigation plans, as well as the county’s Comprehensive Plan, the region’s Long Range Transportation Plan and the Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan were reviewed and incorporated where relevant. In addition, a number of references were consulted in the development of this plan. 5. A Vulnerability Assessment was completed by the contractor and planning team members. The results were reviewed and discussed by the HMPC at an open meeting on July 21, 2020. 6. The next step was to develop mitigation strategies and actions for each participating jurisdiction. Open virtual meetings were held in multiple communities to 1) review community profiles, 2) Complete CPRI scoring of hazards specific to communities, and 3) develop strategies and actions to minimize or mitigate harm form potential hazards. The countywide HMPC met on November 24, 2020 to develop strategies and actions for the unincorporated areas of the county. Additional jurisdictions met separately to identify strategies and actions pertinent to their needs. 7. The written document was finalized by the contractor and reviewed by the HMPC and each jurisdiction before taking the plan out for public review. 8. Public input was sought through several outlets: • The draft plan was available on the county website where comments could be left through direct contact with planners or jurisdiction officials. The web address was announced through a press release in Clayton County newspapers and on a popular county online newsfeed.

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• Presentations of the plan, with a request for comments were made throughout the county from DATE through DATE. Committee members and planners gave the presentations in several venues as noted in Table 1. 9. Public input was incorporated into the planning document as appropriate. Public input received consisted of small corrections to jurisdictional information and questions regarding the process. All questions were answered as part of the presentation process. 10. The plan was adopted by each jurisdiction (See Table 2) and submitted to FEMA for approval on DATE.

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Requirement §201.6(c)(5): [The local hazard mitigation plan shall include] documentation that the plan has been formally adopted by the governing body of each jurisdiction requesting approval of the plan The Clayton County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan will be updated within a five year timeframe and has been formally adopted by the following entities (adoption documentation in Appendix B):

Table 2: Jurisdiction Adoption Dates Jurisdiction: Adoption Date: Clayton County Board of Supervisors City of Clayton City of Elkader City of Elkport City of Farmersburg City of Garber City of Garnavillo City of Guttenberg City pf Luana City of Marquette City of McGregor City of Monona City of North Buena Vista City of Osterdock City of St. Olaf City of Strawberry Point Coty of Volga Central Community School District Clayton Ridge Community School District MFL MarMac Community School District

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Planning Area Profile and Capabilities

Overview Requirement §201.6(c)(3): [The plan shall] document each jurisdiction’s existing authorities, policies, programs, and resources and its ability to expand on and improve these existing policies and programs.

Requirement §201.6(d)(3): [The plan shall] be revised to reflect changes in development, progress in local mitigation efforts and h

This section of the Clayton County Hazard Mitigation includes a community profile for the county and incorporates each of the jurisdictions participating in the plan. This section will review the climate and weather, geography, land use, and other conditions that impact the county, as well as an overview of location, history, demographic trends and background information for the county. This section will also include relevant data for communities within the county. The County is governed by a three members Board of Supervisors. Additional elected officials include:

• County Attorney • County Auditor • County Recorder • County Sheriff • County Treasurer

Key Staff positions include:

• County Assessor • County Attorney • County Conservation Director • County Emergency Management Coordinator • County Engineer • County General Assistance, Veterans Affairs VSO and Coordinator of Disability Services • Count GIS Coordinator • County Health & Zoning • County Public Health Administrator • County Sheriff • County Treasurer

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The Clayton County Sheriff’s Office provides law enforcement to the unincorporated parts of the county and Clayton County Emergency Management provides emergency management services.

All Police Departments, Fire Departments, and Emergency Medical Services in the County as well as some neighboring counties have a mutual aid agreement to respond and assist with an incident as appropriate. Fire Department coverage is illustrated in Figure 2.

Clayton County children attend one of the four school districts covering the county. There are three independent community school districts and one Catholic school district with administrative headquarters located with the county: Central Community School District, Clayton Ridge Community School District, MFL MarMac Community School District, and St. Mary Immaculate Conception School District. School district coverage is illustrated in Figure 3.

Land and property valuations for the County were $1,825,621,409 as of April 2016, giving them a debt limitation of $91,281,070 per Iowa statute. The debt limit is not affected by Revenue bonds. Fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes and grants.

Clayton County Emergency Management and the county GIS departments provide technical resources and services to the county and its emergency responders. Most communities have outdoor warning sirens within corporate limits, and many can be activated by the county’s Communication Center. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County Hazardous Materials Team to provide technician-level incident response throughout the county.

The county utilizes a county zoning ordinance to control land use, direct decision-makers, and protect the quality of life for its residents. The county adopted the Clayton County Comprehensive Plan in 2002 and updated it in 2018, which outlines goals, strategies, and actions for future growth and development. The county utilizes the Clayton County All Hazards Emergency Operations Plan. All response personnel follow the appropriate protocol and guidance.

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Figure 2: Clayton County Fire Department Coverage

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Figure 3: Clayton County School District Boundaries

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Table 3 reflects academic locations for Planning Area School Districts.

Table 3: Planning Area School Districts Academic Locations, 2020 Community School School Information Street Address District (CSD)

Central CSD Grades K-12 400 First St. NW Elkader, IA 52043 Central CSD Elkader Childcare & Learning Center 117 Gunder Rd. Elkader, IA 52043 Central CSD Clayton County Alternative High School (9-12) 24542 Hwy 13 N. Elkader, IA 52043 Clayton Ridge CSD High School (9-12) 131 S. River Park Dr. Guttenberg, IA 52052 Clayton Ridge CSD Middle School (6-8) 131 S. River Park Dr. Guttenberg, IA 52052 Clayton Ridge CSD Elementary (PK-4) 502 W. Watson Garnavillo, IA 52052 Clayton Ridge CSD Garnavillo Community 502 W. Watson Daycare/Preschool (PK) Garnavillo, IA 52049

Community School School Information Street Address District (CSD)

Clayton Ridge CSD Kids’ Kampus Community Childcare (PK) 210 Main St. Guttenberg, IA 52052 Clayton Ridge CSD St. Mary’s Immaculate Conception School & 510 S. 2nd St. Fine Arts (K-8) Guttenberg, IA 52052 MFL MarMac CSD High School (9-12) 700 S. Page St. Monona, IA 52159 MFL MarMac CSD Middle School (4-8) 918 W. Main McGregor, IA 52157 MFL MarMac CSD Elementary (PK-3) 700 S. Page St. Monona, IA 53259 MFL MarMac CSD Little Bulldog Childcare Center (PK) 700 S. Page St. Monona, IA 52159 MFL MarMac CSD Dr. Clifford C. Smith Childcare Center (PK) 626 Main St. McGregor, IA 52157 Source: Keystone Area Education Agency (AEA); School District Websites Note: Other school districts from other counties bus Clayton County students to facilities outside of the county.

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Mitigation Activities

Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Establish and maintain well-equipped and well-trained local and emergency response capabilities with active partnerships. a. Ongoing training and equipment purchases 2. Continue countywide participation in emergency response exercises on a regular basis. a. Ongoing 3. Continue countywide participation in the Iowa Mutual Aid Compact (IMAC) a. Ongoing 4. Provide increased flood mitigation efforts and enhancements, including dams and levees a. Permanent wetland areas have been opened in Elkader and Garber areas 5. Purchase, install, upgrade, and maintain warning siren equipment and alert notification system and/or equipment a. Alert Iowa put in place in November 2017 to develop Mass Notification System. 6. Purchase, upgrade, maintain, and implement compatible regional interoperable portable mobile communications system a. Ongoing, the county does use Reverse 911 7. Develop, upgrade, enhance, and protect infrastructure and/or critical facilities a. Security cameras have been added to critical facilities and infrastructure. 8. Purchase mobile generator for deployment countywide as needed. a. Completed 9. Install generator hook up for Clayton County Building, Clayton County Courthouse, and Farmersburg Maintenance Shop. a. Fixed generator installed on site for Clayton County Building and Clayton County Courthouse. b. Generator hook up installed at Farmersburg Maintenance Shop for use of county portable generator, if needed.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue

Mitigation Actions to Pursue Through MJ-19 Implementation: Promote Clayton County Hazard Mitigation Plan to the public via the county website Ensure the Clayton County Hazard Mitigation Plan is reviewed and kept current Construct FEMA-compliant tornado safe room(s) Encourage city purchase of mobile/fixed generator(s) to meet city needs Install generator hook-up for Osborne Nature Center as alternate county government location. Install new VPN for patrol deputies to create mobile offices with data backup Improve land use management to minimize water runoff and soil conservation Acquisition and demolition of damaged structures Install Salamander to track resources and personnel Continue to work with Healthcare Coalition to better prepare for disease control Implement more Burn Ban public information to better inform residents on prevention and control of field fires Develop Clayton County Continuity of Government (COG) Plan to include set up of alternate site at the Osborne Nature Center. Acquire/Determine storage site location(s) for Clayton County EMA assets.

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Purchase sanitizer/UV light for every EMS/Fire Department

Geography and Environment

Location Clayton County is located in the northeastern part of the State of Iowa. The eastern boundary of Clayton County is the Mississippi River, separating it from the State of Wisconsin. Beginning with the north and going clockwise, Clayton County is bordered by Allamakee County, IA; Crawford County, WI; Grant County, WI; Dubuque County, IA; Delaware County, IA; Buchanan County, IA; and Fayette County, IA. The topography ranges greatly with relatively hilly terrain and bluffs. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 793 square miles; of which 779 square miles is land and 14 square miles is water area. It is the fifth-largest county in Iowa by area. Figure 4 illustrates the location of the county within the State of Iowa. Figure 5 illustrates the location of the incorporated communities within the county, and the bordering counties.

Figure 4: Location of Clayton County in Iowa

Source: www.nationalatlas.gov

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Figure 5: Map of Clayton County and its incorporated communities

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Land Cover and Use Moderate to steep slopes with underlain limestone bedrock make up the topography in the planning area and across northeast Iowa. Valleys with beautiful, gently rolling hills and dramatic bluffs found along the stunning Mississippi River make up the aesthetically pleasing landscape. Clayton County comprises a total of 792.57 miles.

Originally, the land surrounding and including Clayton County was covered with prairie grass and light forestation. Modern agricultural practices have changed this setting to predominately row crop and pasture settings. Table 4 breaks down the land cover by type for Clayton County. Figure 6 illustrates the land cover for the county, with the majority being forest, followed closely by corn fields and grassland or pasture.

Table 4: Land Cover for Clayton County Class Names Acres Square Miles Deciduous Forest 221597.8 346.25 Corn 192299.1 300.47 Grassland/Pasture 125730.4 196.45 Soybeans 79483.2 124.19 Alfalfa 24411.8 38.14 Open Water 21750.4 33.99 Developed/Open Space 19701.5 30.78 Woody Wetlands 17879.6 27.94 Developed/Low Intensity 11796.9 18.43 Mixed Forest 10933.4 17.08 Oats 7106.8 11.1 Herbaceous Wetlands 5480.9 8.56 Developed/Medium Intensity 2325.6 3.63 Other Hay/Non Alfalfa 2298.9 3.59 Barren 845.5 1.32 Evergreen Forest 649.6 1.02 Developed/High Intensity 468.1 0.73 Rye 267.8 0.42 Shrubland 193.3 0.30 Winter Wheat 153 0.24 Barley 137.7 0.22 Fallow/Idle Cropland 57.2 0.09 Switchgrass 43.6 0.07 Sorghum 31.6 0.05 Clover/Wildflowers 24.7 0.04 Triticale 11.8 0.02 Spring Wheat 9.6 0.02 Christmas Trees 8.9 0.01 Potatoes 8 0.01

Source: (USDA-NASS Cropland Data Layer (CDL), 2020

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CDL2020 CDL, Clayton County, Iowa

Land Cover Categories (by decreasing acreage) AGRICULTURE*

Corn

Grass/Pasture

Soybeans

Alfalfa

Oats

Other Hay/Non Alfalfa

Rye

Winter Wheat

Barley

Fallow/Idle Cropland

Switchgrass

Sorghum

Clover/Wildflowers

Triticale

Spring Wheat

Christmas Trees NON-AGRICULTURE**

Deciduous Forest

Open Water

Developed/Open Space

Woody Wetlands

Developed/Low Intensity

Mixed Forest

0 1.79 3.57 5.36 miles

Produced by CropScape - http://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape Top 16 agriculture categories / Top 6 non-agriculture categories listed Figure 6: Clayton County Land Cover 2020

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Forestland offers both scenic and natural benefits to the residents of Clayton County. Forests help decrease soil erosion on the bluff lands and play a role in preventing pollution from reaching streams, rivers, and watersheds. Forest coverage is also necessary for some wildlife habitat within the county. The recreational benefits from forestland are also important for the county as it provides great opportunities for hunting, hiking, camping, and many other outdoor activities. In Clayton County, forestland accounts for 29% of all acreage. Land use differs from land cover in that various land covers would potentially fall under the same land use (agriculture, for example). The current land uses in Clayton County, as categorized by the County Assessor for taxing purposes, are identified in Table 5. While not completely accurate, as actual use and classification may differ slightly, the data provides a snapshot of how the land in the county is being utilized and taxed. The largest land use category is agricultural, accounting for 97.2% of the land area. The next largest category is residential, at only 1.9%.

Table 5: Land Use Breakdown by Property Tax Classification Land Use Classification Acres Percent Agriculture 447,350 85% Ag Parcels s/Dwellings 68,022 13% Residential 7,001 1% Commercial (includes Commercial-Multi-Res & Multi-Res 669 <1.0% Properties) Industrial 587 <1.0% Exempt Properties (non-taxable properties e.g. churches, 1,011 <1.0% government buildings, and nonprofits) Total 524,640 100% Source: (Clayton County Assessor, 2018 in Clayton County Comprehensive Plan)

Elevation The topography of Clayton County ranges from relatively flat farmland to hilly terrain with bluffs. The lowest elevation in Clayton County is approximately 625 feet in Guttenberg, to the highest at approximately 1220 feet in Strawberry Point. Table 6 indicates the elevation for each community within the county.

Table 6: Community Elevations City Elevation City Elevation Clayton 636 Marquette 627 Edgewood 1175 McGregor 692 Elkader 732 Monona 1214 Elkport 663 North Buena Vista 650 Farmersburg 919 Osterdock 640 Garber 663 St. Olaf 856 Garnavillo 1063 Strawberry Point 1220 Guttenberg 625 Volga 794 Luana 1132 Source: (Onboard Informatics, 2015)

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Rivers, Streams, and Lakes The Mississippi River, Turkey River, and Volga River are the largest surface waters in Clayton County. The Mississippi River runs along the entirety of the eastern edge of Clayton County. The Turkey River is prominent throughout the county, with the Volga River carrying a significant capacity of water during heavy rainfall amounts. There are numerous tributaries and small creeks and streams found throughout the county. Small constructed surface waters include a few small quarry lakes, privately owned farm ponds and municipal wastewater treatment lagoons.

The Turkey River stretches 57 river miles throughout Clayton County beginning on the central western edge and winding throughout the county to the south eastern edge where it deposits into the Mississippi River.

The Volga River stretches throughout Clayton County beginning on the central western edge and winding through the central portion of the county joining up with the Turkey River at Elkport/Garber. Table 7 lists the waterways in Clayton County.

Table 7: Clayton County Waterways Creeks Bear Creek Joy Spring (Maquoketa River) Bloody Run Creek* Mill Creek Bluebell Creek Miners Creek* Buck Creek* Nagle Creek Carlan Creek North Cedar-San McGill Creek* Coon Creek Peck Creek Doe Creek Pine Creek* Dry Mill Creek* Rabbit Creek Elk Creek* Robert’s Creek* Ensign Creek Silver Creek Fenchel Creek South Cedar Creek Hewett Creek Wolf Creek Joles Creek *Denotes a major creek in a public area, such as a campground or town.

Rivers Volga River Turkey River Mississippi River

The Turkey River Water Trail Map, NOAA streams and rivers maps can be found at the following link: http://www.turkeyriver.org/wp-content/uploads/turkeyRiverWaterTrailGuide.pdf

The Clayton County floodplain areas are illustrated in Figure 7.

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Figure 7: Clayton County Floodplain

Ponds and Wetlands Ponds and wetlands play a role in water retention, cleansing and cooling. Clayton County has several small farm ponds, generally less than 10 acres in size. Ponds dot the countryside and are fed by field tile in many locations. Most wetlands, or potential wetlands, within the county are located on private land. The county is fortunate to have some Oxbow wetland areas. These remnant wetlands with unique micro ecosystems can be found in their most pristine state along the Turkey and Yellow Rivers (Meyer, 2013). Other wetlands include wet meadows, bogs and fens, and wet prairies. Fens are formed only under very specific conditions and no known fens exist in the county at this time, although as Figure 8 illustrates, the potential for wetlands of any nature do exist throughout the county. According to Clayton County Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD), the county has lost approximately 99% of its original wetlands (Meyer, 2013).

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Surface Water Systems & Watershed The flood potential for Clayton County comes from five sources. The Mississippi River runs along the eastern border of the county and acts as both a county and state boundary with Wisconsin. Other sources of surface water affecting the county are the Turkey and Volga Rivers, which enter the county from the west and empty into the Mississippi River. Bloody Run Stream in the northern most part of the county drains the area from Monona east and empties into the Mississippi River. Small portions of the watersheds for the Yellow and Maquoketa Rivers all cross into the county but present no real flooding hazard. San McGill Creek, also in the northern part of the county. Drains the area from US Highway 52 at Giard to the Mississippi River.

The watershed for the Mississippi River is in excess of 67,000 square miles. It is a regulated body of water with a series of locks and dams, which are operated and maintained by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The area between the locks and dams are known as Pools. Pools No. 10 and No. 11 are included in the Clayton County area.

The majority of the planning area is located in the Turkey River Watershed. Portions of the Coon-Yellow Watershed, the Grant-Little Maquoketa Watershed, the Maquoketa River Watershed, and the Lower- Wisconsin Watershed are also located in the planning area.

The Clayton County GIS office maintains detailed maps of watersheds within the county. Clayton County officials also participate in the Turkey River Watershed Management Authority.

Turkey River Watershed Management Authority The Turkey River Watershed Management Authority (WMA) was formed in June 2012 and is a board of directors from twenty-three cities, five counties, and seven soil and water conservation districts (SWCDs) in the Turkey River Watershed who have voluntarily agreed to work together in order to: Assess and reduce flood risks Assess and improve water quality Work with the Iowa Flood Center to model flood reduction strategies Educate and engage residents of the watershed regarding flood risks and water quality Develop a Turkey River Watershed Plan for flood reduction and water quality management Help partners secure funding for projects

Figure 8 shows the watershed system in Clayton County, while Figure 9 fives detail of the largest watershed in the county, the Turkey River Watershed.

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Figure 8: Watersheds in Clayton County

Turkey River Watershed

Maquoketa River Watershed

Mississippi River Watershed

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Figure 9: Turkey River Watershed

For a complete map of the Turkey River WMA, see: http://turkeyriver.org/watershed-management-authority/

Climate and Weather The area experiences a temperate climate with both warm and cold season extremes. Winter months can bring occasional heavy snows, intermittent freezing precipitation or ice, and prolonged periods of cloudiness. While true blizzards are rare, winter storms impact the area on average about three to four times per season. Occasional arctic outbreaks bring extreme cold and dangerous windchills.

Temperatures between river valleys and surrounding ridges can vary greatly. Typically, high temperatures on ridges are three degrees to five degrees Fahrenheit colder than valleys. This can lead to slightly more average snowfall on ridge tops and occasionally a difference in winter precipitation types from ridge to valley.

Thunderstorms occur on average 30 to 50 times a year, mainly in the spring and summer months. The strongest storms can produce associated severe weather like tornadoes, large hail, or damaging wind.

Both river flooding and flash flooding can occur, along with urban-related flood problems. The terrain can lead to mud slides and generally increases the flash flood threat. Heat and high humidity is occasionally observed in June, July, or August. The autumn season usually has the quietest weather. Valley fog is most common in the late summer or early fall months. On calm nights, colder air settles into valleys, leading to colder low temperatures compared to ridge top locations. High wind events can also occur occasionally, usually in the spring or fall.

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Table 8: Clayton County Annual Climate Averages Climate Clayton County United States Annual Rainfall (inches) 35.8 38.1 Annual Snowfall (inches) 35.6 27.8 Precipitation Days (annual total 104 106.2 Sunny Days (annual total) 191.0 205.0 Average July High Temperature (F) 83.2 85.8 Average January Low Temperature (F) 8.3 21.7 Source: Sperlings, http://www.bestplaces.net

Population and Households

Population The estimated population of Clayton County in 2019 was 17,549, ranking 39th out of 99 counties in Iowa. In the last century, the County’s population declined 3.2% since the 2010 census. The population growth rate is much lower than the state rate of 3.6% and is much lower than the national average rate of 6.3%. Table 9 compares the population growth or decline for each of the county’s jurisdictions from 1990 to 2019 to the county as a whole and the state.

Table 9: Population Comparison, 1980-2010, All Cities, County, and State Community 1990 2000 2010 2019 % Change 1990-2019 Clayton 41 55 43 54 32% Edgewood 842 923 864 622 -26% Elkader 1,510 1,465 1,273 1,376 -9% Elkport 82 88 37 4 -95% Farmersburg 291 300 302 307 5% Garber 118 103 88 117 -.008% Garnavillo 727 754 745 826 14% Guttenberg 2,257 1,987 1,919 1,683 -29% Luana 190 249 269 235 24% Marquette 479 421 375 396 -17% McGregor 797 871 871 861 8% Monona 1,520 1,550 1,549 1,635 8% North Buena Vista 145 124 121 76 -48% Osterdock 49 50 59 83 69% St. Olaf 125 136 108 160 28% Strawberry Point 1,357 1,386 1,279 1,462 8% Volga 306 247 208 193 -37% Clayton County 19,054 18,678 18,129 17,549 -8% State of Iowa 2,776,831 2,926,324 3,046,355 3,155,070 14% Source: http://www.usa.com/clayton-county-ia.htm

According to the estimated 2019 US Census, Clayton County has a median population of age 47.3 years, ranking it 83rd in the state from youngest median age (26.7 in Story County) to oldest median age (48.1 in Dickinson County). Table 10 provides the median age, by rank, for each community in the county. 31

Table 10: Median Age of Clayton County Communities Community Median Age Clayton 70.3 Guttenberg 58.2 Osterdock 46.8 Elkport 53 North Buena Vista 58.8 Garnavillo 41.2 McGregor 48.6 Edgewood 56.7 Marquette 50.4 Strawberry Point 39.9 Elkader 46.3 Garber 40.8 Volga 51.1 Monona 43.7 St. Olaf 30.0 Luana 48.1 Farmersburg 41.1 Source: US Census Bureau

The vast majority of Clayton County estimated 2019 U.S. Census participants identified their race as white. Twelve of the jurisdictions were at 98% or higher, with both Clayton and St. Olaf at 100%. The lowest percentile was 94.3% white in the City of Osterdock. Clayton County median household income is $53,152 in 2019 and has grown by 14% since 2012. The income growth rate is higher than the state average rate of 29.54% and is higher than the national average rate of 26.32%.

Figure 10 illustrates the population by age group for the county and each community.

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Figure 10: Percent of Population by Age Group, 2019 Chart Title 100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Volga Luana Garber Elkport St. Olaf Elkader Clayton Monona McGregor Garnavillo Osterdock Edgewood Marquette Guttenberg Farmersburg Clayton County Strawberry Point North Buena Vista

65 and over 45 to 64 years 20 to 44 years 0 to 19 years

Households In 2019, US Census Quick Facts estimated 7,510 households in the county. The average size of a household during this same period was 2.30. Clayton County median house value is $121,700 in 2019 and has grown by 83.2% since 2000. The house value growth rate is about the same as the state estimated growth rate for the same time of 79%.

Housing Estimated housing units in the county for 2019, according to the US Census, is 9,164 housing units. Of these units, 82% were owner-occupied (18% above the national average of 64%) and the median value of these homes was $121,700. Table 12 demonstrates the changer in the number of housing units in each of the jurisdictions.

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Table 12: Number of Housing Units and Percent Change from 2000-2020 Community 2000 2010 2019 % Change, 2000-2020 Clayton 64 84 74 16% Edgewood 411 421 344 -16% Elkader 693 627 697 .006% Elkport 34 15 3 -91% Farmersburg 130 133 145 12% Garber 57 48 66 16% Garnavillo 357 359 387 8% Guttenberg 935 1,085 1,035 11% Luana 116 119 122 5% Marquette 222 216 265 19% McGregor 487 509 491 .008% Monona 706 725 830 18% North Buena Vista 146 157 111 -24% Osterdock 21 23 37 76% St. Olaf 54 48 52 -4% Strawberry Point 560 622 688 5% Volga 114 107 102 -11% Clayton County 5,107 5,298 9,164 79% Source: Data Center of Iowa, n.d.; US Census Bureau, 2000, 2010, 2020 Decennial)

It is estimated that approximately 38% of the housing units in the county were built prior to 1940. Figure 11 identifies the age of housing units in each jurisdiction.

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Figure 11: Percent of Housing Stock by Year Built, All Jurisdictions

Table 13: Percentage of Owner Occupied Units Community 2010 2019 Change, 2010 – 2019 Clayton 85.7% 87.5% 1.8% Edgewood 69.4% 77% 7.6% Elkader 76.3% 64.8% -11.5 Elkport 83.3% 100% 16.7% Farmersburg 80.2% 78% -2.2% Garber 88.4% 71.4% -17% Garnavillo 81.6% 74.2% -7.4% Guttenberg 74.9% 67.9% -7% Luana 79.8% 88.9% 9.1% Marquette 73.1% 61.6% -11.5% McGregor 65.1% 76.1% 11% Monona 70.4% 70% -.4% North Buena Vista 82.5% 84.1% 1.6% Osterdock 91.3% 100% 8.7% St. Olaf 83.7% 68% -15.7% Strawberry Point 71.9% 69.5% -2.4% Volga 80% 76.4% -3.6% Clayton County 76.6% 74.5% -2.1% Source: U.S. Census

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Table 14: Median Value of Specified Owner Occupied Units in Selected Communities Community 2000 2014 ACS 2019 ACS % Change, % Change, 2000-2014 2014-2019 Clayton $81,000 $165,600 $150,000 104.44% -9% Edgewood $69,800 $83,800 $109,000 20.06% 30% Elkader $66,000 $85,400 $89,400 29.39% 5% Elkport $40,400 $17,500 * -56.68% Farmersburg $54,800 $75,400 $70,000 37.59% 7% Garber $48,300 $71,400 $59,000 47.83% -17% Garnavillo $64,500 $82,900 $89,700 28.53% 8% Guttenberg $82,200 $116,700 $150,100 41.97% 29% Luana $55,500 $95,000 $92,000 71.17% -3% Marquette $67,100 $101,800 $107,500 51.71% 6% McGregor $55,600 $101,200 $116,300 82.01% 15% Monona $62,500 $101,900 $98,600 63.04% -3% North Buena $56,400 $102,900 $77,500 82.45% -25% Vista Osterdock $55,000 $143,800 $155,000 161.45% 8% St. Olaf $42,500 $55,000 $71,700 29.41% 30% Strawberry $63,500 $82,700 $102,500 30.24% 24% Point Volga $41,700 $62,500 $60,000 49.88% -4% Clayton $66,400 $104,900 $121,700 57.98% 16% County State of Iowa $82,500 $126,300 $147,800 53.09% 17% Source: US Census and iowadatacenter.org

Most jurisdictions noted larger percentage increases in property values from 1190-2000 than in the following decade. The county as a whole experienced an increase in median value of 57.98% from 1190- 2014.

Public and Private Infrastructure

Highways and Roads Clayton County roads consist of approximately 1,200 total miles of roadway. The Clayton County Road Department is responsible for the maintenance of all county roads with the exception of state highways and roads/streets within the boundaries of incorporated cities in the county. The Iowa Department of Transportation maintains 100 miles of state highways and roads. There are 200 miles of paved roads and 900 miles of roads surfaced with crushed stone under the county’s jurisdiction and include 250 bridges which are on the National Bridge Inventory. As of November 2015, 103 of the bridge structures are posted with weight restrictions and none are closed to traffic (Clayton County Engineer’s Office, 2015). The county also maintains 850 miles of gravel roads. According to the Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) in 2018 there were 13,316 licensed drivers in the county, with an additional 141,393 licensed drivers in the adjacent Iowa Counties. Between the years of 2007 and 2016, the county experienced 2,700 crashes, 61 of them major crashes resulting in 42 fatalities (Iowa DOT, 2016).

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Rural roads are labeled, and jurisdiction determined, by the following classification: local roads, minor collectors, major collectors, minor arterials and principal arterials. Table 15 indicates the classifications and jurisdictions of the county’s “federal aid” roadways.

Table 15: Federal Functional Classifications, Clayton County Federal Function Length in Miles Percent of Total Miles Classification Interstate 0.00 0% Other Principal Arterial 61 5% Minor Arterial 47 4% Major Collector 202 16% Minor Collector 227 17% Local 737 58% Total 1,274 100% Source: Clayton County Comprehensive Plan, 2018)

There are several minor collectors throughout the county that account for about 227 miles of roadway. Minor collectors are also considered farm to market only roads and are spaced at intervals, consistent with population density, to collect traffic from local roads and bring all developed areas within a reasonable distance of a collector road. They also provide service to the remaining small communities and link the locally important traffic generators with the rural areas. Local roads constitute the rest of the roadways in the county, with over 737 miles. The rural local road system provides access to adjacent land and provides service to travel over relatively short distances as compared to collectors or other higher system. There are no interstates within the county boundaries. Figure 12 illustrates the FFC roads in the county in additional to the Clayton County Road Department Shop locations.

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Figure 12: FFC Classification Map

Source: (Iowa Department of Transportation, 2020);

Trails Clayton County has numerous trails throughout the county. The County Conservation Board maintains seven trails in the county, although the public has numerous miles of park ground to hike that isn’t specifically designates as trails. The City of Elkader has three prominent trails: The Founder’s Park trail areas, the exercise trail in the Elkader City Park, and the Riverwalk along the Turkey River. Guttenberg also has several trails including their two most prominent trails: The Riverwalk along the Mississippi River nearest the City Park and the Big Springs Trail. Monona has the Butterfly Walk Trail. Strawberry Point has a unique mile long loop.

In addition, there are four state parks and Effigy Mounds National Monument Park with extensive trail systems located in and bordering the county: Yellow River State Forest, Pikes Peak, Bixby, Backbone, Effigy Mounds/San McGill. EWALU, west of Strawberry Point has several trail systems set up for their campers.

Clayton County is also known for the Turkey River Water Trail. Fifty-seven river miles of the Turkey River in Clayton County has been designated by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) as a trail system with 16 accesses for public use: canoe, kayak, fish, tube, etc. Table 16 lists the major trails in Clayton County and the distance of each.

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Parks The Clayton County Conservation Board operates over 1,400 acres of public park areas: Kleve Fen, Bloody Run, Frenchtown, Becker Property, Pleasant Ridge Wildlife Area (Garland Property), Buck Creek, Lovers’ Leap, Motor Mill, EWP/Elkader, Pony Hollow Trail, Friedens, Osborne, Stone Pines, Volga Pines, Joy Springs, Eno Property, and Chicken Ridge. In addition, there are four state parks and one federal park: Yellow River State Forest, Pikes Peak State Park, Bixby State Park, Backbone State Park, and Effigy Mounds & San McGill. The Clayton County Conservation Board also manages the Big Spring Campground and the Big Spring State Hatchery. There are 6 parcels of US Fish and Wildlife Areas as well as 21 IDNR parcels/public areas. Several cities within the county have parks. The parks in Clayton County are listed in Table 17.

Clayton County has three county trails, (Motor Mill, Osborne Park, and Pony Hollow Trail, along with four state-owned trails, (Pikes Peak State Park, Backbone State Park, Bixby State Park, and Yellow River State Forest). The trails are available for hiking, biking, running, walking, and some for snowmobiling and horseback riding as well as other activities. Located in northeast Iowa, the Turkey River Recreational Corridor also spans across Clayton and Fayette Counties encompassing the communities of Clermont, Elgin, Elkader, and Motor Mill.

Table 16: Major Trails and Parks in Clayton County Trails Distance Osborne Pond 2 mi. Osborne Nature Walk 1 mi. Osborne Coniferous Trail 1.2 mi. Pony Hollow Trail 4 mi. Motor Mill – Oak Savannah Trail .5 mi. Motor Mill – Eagle Scout Trail 1.2 mi. Motor Mill – Southside Horse Trail 1 mi. Elkader – Founder’s Park Trail 1 mi. Elkader – Riverwalk .5 mi. Elkader City Park – Exercise Trail 1 mi. Guttenberg – River Walk 2 mi. Guttenberg – Upper Mississippi Bottomland Forest Interpretive Trail Guttenberg – Big Spring Trail 02 mi Guttenberg – Buechel Hill Trail 0.3 mi Strawberry Point – Loop EWALU Yellow River State Forest Pikes Peak Effigy Mounds Bixby Backbone Turkey River Water Trail 98 mi Well’s Hollow Trail (Blood Run Co Park) 1.3 mi

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Trails Planned + Distance Pony Hollow Loop (extension planned October 2023) 2 mi. TRRC – Elkader to Elgin 18 mi. The Viking Loop (proposed in Edgewood)

Parks Acres Manager Kleve Fen 29 County Conservation Board Bloody Run 135 County Conservation Board Frenchtown 11 County Conservation Board Becker Property 373 County Conservation Board Pleasant Ridge Wildlife Area (Garland Property) 88 County Conservation Board Buck Creek 100 County Conservation Board Lover’s Leap 33 County Conservation Board Motor Mill 155 County Conservation Board EWP/Elkader 24 County Conservation Board Pony Hollow Trail 4 County Conservation Board Friedens Park 8 County Conservation Board Osborne 300 County Conservation Board Stone Pines 2 County Conservation Board Volga Pines 22 County Conservation Board Joy Springs 90 County Conservation Board (Eno Property) 69 County Conservation Board Chicken Ridge 1 County Conservation Board Effigy Mounds National Monument National Park Service (NPS) or DNR Cassville Ferry Unit -Millville US Fish & Wildlife South of Pikes Peak US Fish & Wildlife Pikes Peak DNR Yellow River State Forest DNR Backbone DNR Bixby DNR Edgewood City Park Edgewood Elkader City Park Elkader Founder’s Park Elkader Garnavillo City Park Garnavillo Guttenberg City Park Guttenberg Marquette City Park Marquette McGregor City Park McGregor Monona City Park Monona Postville City Park Postville Strawberry Point City Park Strawberry Point River Bluffs Reflection Park Volga Volga City Park Volga

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Railway The Iowa, Chicago, and Eastern Corporation (IC&E) operates in Clayton County. According to the Railroad Retirement Board (April 2009), IC&E has been controlled by the Canadian Pacific Railway and operated as a part of the Canadian Pacific system since October 30, 2008. Formerly, the IC&E was jointly owned by the Dakota, Minnesota, and Eastern Railroad by Cedar American Rail Holdings (CARH), making the combined system the largest Class II railroad in the U.S. Created by the purchase of the I&M Rail Link, IC&E commenced operations on July 30, 2002. The 1,400-mile (2,300 km) line, based in Davenport, Iowa, serves the states of Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Principal commodities include chemicals, coal, steel, ethanol, automobiles, and agriculture products. Train dispatching is performed at a joint DM&E/IC&E facility in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. On December 26, 2008, the IC&E was merged into parent CARH, which immediately merged into the DM&E.

The line has a total of 58.7 miles of track in Clayton County running between the communities of Marquette and Postville, and from Marquette to the southern border of the county (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Map of CARH Train Lines, including IC&E routes in Clayton County

Source: Route map of the Dakota and the Iowa as of 2002 State and lake outlines extracted from Perry- Castañeda Library Map Collection; the Library’s FAQ asserts public domain status on the original map.

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Railroad outlines and city and state labels by Sean Lamb (User: Slambo), January 20, 2005; created using Microsoft Paint, based on a map published in the May 2002 issue of Trains Magazine (p.14).

Airports Clayton County has one municipal airport: Monona Municipal Airport. The privately-owned Elkader Airport is also open to the public. The closest regional airports are: Eastern Iowa Regional Airport in Cedar Rapids (85 miles), Dubuque Regional Airport (80 miles), and Waterloo Regional Airport (85 miles).

Utilities and Pipelines Residents of the county are provided electrical service from a mixture of investor-owned utilities (IOU) and rural electric cooperatives (REC). The largest power suppliers for the county are Allamakee-Clayton REC and Interstate Power and Light (Alliant Energy). Figure 14 delineates the electrical service for the county and indicates the provider responsible for that area. Black Hills Energy provides natural gas service to the communities. Residents also have access to LP gas from a variety of private providers.

Figure 14: Electrical Service Area Map by Provider

There are two pipelines through the county, one is a gas transmission pipeline operated by Northern Natural Gas Co. and the other a hazardous liquid pipeline operated by Amoco Oil (Pipeline and Hazardous Safety Administration, 2007). Figure 15 illustrates the general location of these lines within the county, with the blue lines representing natural gas and the red lines representing petroleum lines.

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Figure 15: Transmission Pipelines through Clayton County

Water and Water Treatment No common water supply or water treatment system exists for the unincorporated areas of Clayton County. Residents, businesses and industry in these areas rely on their own private water supply system. Incorporated communities within the County maintain their own water supplies and treatment system.

Wastewater Treatment There is no common wastewater treatment system serving the unincorporated areas of Clayton County. Residents, businesses and industry in these areas rely on their own private wastewater treatment system. Incorporated communities within the county maintain their own wastewater treatment systems.

Emergency Services County-wide law enforcement and emergency communication services within Clayton County are provided through the Clayton County Sheriff’s Office. The Clayton County Emergency Management Agency provides emergency planning and resource coordination. Other emergency services in Clayton County are affiliated with the incorporated communities and rural districts adjacent to the community. With the exception of law enforcement, these organizations are staffed almost entirely by volunteers. Emergency responders for the county consist of domiciled fire departments in Elkader, Elkport/Garber, Farmersburg, Garnavillo, Guttenberg, Monona, Marquette and McGregor (i.e. Mar-Mac), and Strawberry Point. Emergency Medical Services in the county are Garnavillo EMS, Guttenberg Ambulance, MercyOne Elkader Ambulance, Elkport Garber First Responders, Farmersburg First Responders, MFL Ambulance

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Service, MarMac Rescue Squad, Strawberry Point Volunteer Ambulance Service, and Volga First Responders.

All totaled the county is served by 9 EMS services, 13 fire departments, 7 law enforcement agencies, a public health office, and an EMA Coordinator.

Communications Landline telephone service is provided throughout the county by a variety of telecommunications companies depending on the location. Landline telephone service has decreased from 99.1% of households in 2000 to 98.6% in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2010), to estimated 97.8% in 2019 (US Census Bureau 2019: ACS 5 Year Estimates Subject Tables). The FCC no longer makes public the location of cellular towers. Internet service is available at some level throughout most of the county. Connect Iowa reports that there are 16 providers who provide a combination of DSL, mobile, fixed wireless, fiber, satellite, and cable to the county. County residents also have access to local radio, newspaper, and website resources for communications. Table 17 provides a list of county communication providers. There are several areas in the county that have no radio or internet reception at all.

Table 17: Communications Provider List Provider: Type: Ace Telephone Association Broadband Alpine Long Distance Broadband AT&T Mobility Mobile Wireless Celico Partnership Broadband Century Tel Inc Broadband Community Digital Wireless Broadband Hughes Network Systems Satellite Jab Wireless Fixed Wireless MCC Iowa Cable NEIT Services Broadband Skycasters Satellite Spacenet Satellite Sprint Nextel Mobile Wireless United States Cellular Broadband ViaSat Satellite Windstream Iowa Communications Broadband

In addition to these local communications system, several regional television stations from Iowa and Wisconsin broadcast to the county. Most commonly watched local channels are broadcast from Cedar Rapids, Waterloo, Mason City, Iowa Public Television, Rochester, Minnesota, and La Crosse, WI. The county has a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) located in the Clayton County Sheriff’s Office as well.

Clayton County Resource Guide The Clayton County Resource Guide was updated and revised in 2021 and is a comprehensive list of excellent resources of services and critical facilities available to the following vulnerable populations:

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Domestic/Sexual/Child/Dependent Abuse Enforcement/Legal Assistance Alcohol/Drug Abuse Faith Community Child Care/Preschools Financial Assistance Clothing, fuel, housing, shelter Food and Nutrition Counseling/Behavioral Health Medical Health Dental Health Leisure Education Special Needs Elected Officials Transportation Emergency Helplines Aging Services Employment

For the complete document and listings, Appendix A.

Economy According to the 2010 US Census, the industries that employed the highest percentage of Clayton County’s labor force were Educational, Health, and Social Assistance (21.1%); Manufacturing (16.9%); and Retail Trade (12.7%).

The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reported in July 2013 Clayton County had an unemployment rate of 4.8 percent, which is down slightly from an October 2009 level of over 7 percent. Nonetheless, this is slightly higher than the July 2013 statewide unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.

Table 18: Economic Base of Clayton County and the State of Iowa in 2019. Industry Category Clayton County State of Iowa Number Percent Number Percent Educational Services, Health Care and Social 1,906 21% 393,873 24% Assistance Manufacturing 1,805 20% 240,510 15% Retail Trade 1,063 12% 186,537 12% Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining 1,007 11% 60,131 4% Construction 694 8% 103,928 6% Professional, Scientific, Management, Admin and 460 5% 118,156 7% Waste Services Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation 593 6% 119,270 7% and Food Transportation, Warehousing and Utilities 388 4% 78,935 5% Other Services, Except Public Administration 263 3% 68,012 4% Finance and Insurance, Real Estate Rental and 367 4% 123,750 8% Leasing Public Administration 189 2% 49,497 3% Wholesale Trade 269 3% 45,805 3% Information 83 1% 25,498 2% Total Employed Persons 9,087 100% 1,613,902 100% Source: US Census

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Table 19: Occupation Classification of Clayton County Workers 2019 Occupation Description Clayton County State of Iowa Number Percent Number Percent Management, Business, Science, Arts 2,549 28% 535,013 36% Service 1,523 17% 262,868 16% Sales and Office 1,553 17% 333,318 21% Natural Resources, Construction, Maintenance 1,173 13% 153,908 10% Production, Transportation, Material Moving 2,289 25% 278,795 17% Total Employed Persons 9,087 100% 1,613,902 100%

Agriculture Agriculture plays a more important role in the economy locally than at the state level. Agriculture is a major component of the economy of Clayton County. The planning area includes 81% of surface land as agricultural land, 412,655 acres. Approximately 11 percent of Clayton County residents are employed with the agricultural industry. In 2015, the overall agricultural production value for Clayton County was $364,249,000.

Table 20 reflects the Clayton County Agricultural Production in 2017.

Table 20 Clayton County Agricultural Production Value, 2017 Commodity Percent of Total Annual Production Value ($) Production Value Grains, oilseeds, dry beans, 38% 137,621,000 and dry peas Other crops and hay 1% 4,650,000 Poultry and eggs 2% 6,955,000 Cattle and calves 16% 56,780,000 Hogs and pigs 29% 107,256,000 Milk from cows 13% 45,538,000 Sheep, goats, wool, mohair, 1% 4,046,000 milk Other <1% 554,000 Total 100% 364,249,000 Source: USDA, National Agriculture Statistics

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Table 21 provides harvest and yield information for major crops in Clayton County for 2012-2014.

Table 21: Clayton County Crop Production, 2017 Commodity Harvested (acres) Yield (bushels/acre) Production (bushels) 2019 2019 2019 Corn for grain 143,200 197.5 28,279,000 Soybeans for beans 49,700 56.4 2,802,000 Oats 1,190 64.2 71,800 Alfalfa/Mixtures 2018 19,400 4.25 (tons/acre) 82,000 (tons) Source: USDA, National Agriculture Statistics Note: This information was not available for wheat and sorghum

While crop and livestock production are the visible parts of the agricultural economy, many related businesses contribute as well by producing, processing, and marketing farm and food products. These businesses generate income, employment and economic activity throughout the region, including for the residents of Clayton County. Source: United States Department of Agriculture, 2013

Farmland continues to rise in the county, with an almost 300% increase in value over the ten year time period from 2010 to 2020. Figure 16 illustrates this trend over time.

Figure 16: Clayton County Average Farmland Values, 1950-2020 7000

6000

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4000

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Price Per Acre in Dollars

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Labor Force Table 22 breaks down the labor force characteristics for Clayton County as it compares to the state.

Table 22: Labor Force Characteristics 2010-2014 Clayton County State of Iowa Percent population 16 years 65.3% 67.3% and over in labor force Employed Labor Force 9,087 1,618,556 Percent Employed in Labor 63.4% 64.2% Force Females, 16 years and over 7,471 886,203 Females, in labor force 4,629 737,165 Percent of Females in labor 60.4% 62.9% force Source: US Census Bureau, ACS 2010-14

Table 23 compares the state and county unemployment rates to national rates. National rates have been consistently higher than those of the state and county during the past decade. Clayton County as a whole has fluctuated along with the state but has consistently reported lower unemployment rates than the state. The only exception was in 2011. The unemployment rates have recently begun to drop in the state and county with the annual 2019 unemployment rate at a five-year low for the county.

Table 23: Unemployment Rates by Year: County, State, and Nation 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Clayton County 6.2% 5.7% 5.7% 5.2% 4.2% 4.0% 3.0% 2.1% 2.4% State of Iowa 5.5% 5.1% 5.8% 5.4% 4.9% 4.5% 4.1% 3.9% 3.7% U.S. 8.9% 8.1% 9.7% 8.3% 8.3% 7.4% 6.6% 5.9% 5.3%

Income According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Clayton County had a per capita personal income (PCPI) of $51,982 in 2019. This compares to a new state average of $51, 865. This is an increase of 48% over the county’s 2010 PCPI. Total personal income includes net earnings; dividends, interest and rent; and personal current transfer receipts.

The median household income in Clayton County is less than neighboring Winneshiek and Dubuque Counties and the state at $53, 152. Figure 17 compares the median household incomes for each of the incorporated communities and the county. In this comparison, St. Olaf stands out as having the highest median income, while the City of North Buena Vista has the lowest, with the City of Farmersburg being the next lowest.

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Figure 17: Median Household Income, Clayton County and Communities, 2013 Median Household Income 70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0 Volga Luana Elkport St. Olaf Elkader Clayton Monona McGregor Garnavillo Osterdock Marquette Guttenberg Farmersburg Strawberry Point North Buena Vista

Median Household Income

Source: US Census

Brief History Prior to 1830, the area of the state encompassing Clayton County was occupied by hostile Indian tribes who were continually warring among themselves for control over hunting grounds. While the Dakotas or Sioux occupied the northern area under dispute, the Sac and Fox occupied the southern part of the area. To resolve this issue, the United States Government entered into a treaty with these tribes on the 15th day of July 1830. A part of the treaty, each of the contending parties ceded to the Government a 20-mile wide strip of land along the contested division line from the Mississippi River in a southwesterly direction to the head waters of the Des Moines River. This area was considered “neutral ground” in which all parties were to have the privilege-in-common to fish and hunt. About three townships in the northwest part of Clayton County were included in the neutral ground. As part of the treaty, whites were not permitted to settle or make any improvements on this tract until the Indians were removed in 1848.

The first white settlement created within the present boundary of Clayton County was established in 1833, on the Turkey River, about four miles from its mouth on the Mississippi River. This settlement was located on the north side of the Turkey River, nearly opposite the former City of Millville.

In 1836, public surveys were begun, and the county was divided into townships. The following year most of the townships were subdivided into sections, except that portion within the “neutral ground.” On the 10th day of September, the County’s first elections were held with three county commissioners, a treasurer, a sheriff, an assessor, a probate judge, a Supreme Court commissioner, a county surveyor and a coroner elected. The county was named in honor of a United States Senator from Delaware who later became Secretary of State under President Zachary Taylor. The county seat is located in Elkader. (Source: History of Clayton County, Iowa, Chicago: Inter-State Publishing Co., 1882. Reproduced through the sponsorship of the Monona Historical Society, Monona, Iowa by Unigraphics, Inc., Evansville, Indiana in 1975. Transcribed by: Roxanne Barth.)

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As of 2020, the following incorporated municipal jurisdictions lie within the borders of Clayton County:

City of Clayton City of Elkader City of Elkport City of Farmersburg City of Garber City of Garnavillo City of Guttenberg City of Luana City of Marquette City of McGregor City of Monona City of North Buena Vista City of Osterdock City of St. Olaf City of Strawberry Point City of Volga

Jurisdictional Descriptions and Capabilities Requirement §201.6(d)(3): [The plan shall] document each jurisdiction’s existing authorities, policies, programs, and resources and its ability to expand and improve these existing policies and programs

Requirement §201.6(d)(3): [The plan shall] be revised t6o reflect changes in development, progress in location mitigation efforts and changes

The mitigation capabilities for each city jurisdiction are profiles in the section that follows. This profile includes an overview of the jurisdictions and their organizational structure; a description of staff, fiscal, and technical resources; and information regarding existing hazard mitigation capabilities such as adopted plan policies and regulations, if any. The descriptions and capabilities assessments are based on available data, including information provided by jurisdictions collected during the planning process. School District information and any unique risks are included within the jurisdictions in which school district buildings are located. In our rural environment, there have been no significant changes in development that occurred in hazard prone area. No significant changes in vulnerability of jurisdictions were noted since the approval of previously approved plans.

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City of Clayton

History and Overview Clayton was platted on Section 1, Clayton Township in November 1849. Lower Clayton was platted in August 1853. Upper Clayton was added in 1953 and West Clayton in 1854. In August 1829, Frank Smith of Dubuque and Mr. Gilbert and Mr. Douglas of Garnavillo formed a co-partnership with investors from Elkader, Iowa. They sold an undivided half interest and began work with clearing off the brush and surveying land into town lots. They named the town Clayton, in honor of John M. Clayton.

By 1856, large and substantial warehouses, hotels and business houses, flouring mills and saw and planing mills were built. The streets were blocked with teams from early in the morning until late in the evening with produce in which gold was always paid. Teams from as far away as Dubuque and Buchanan Counties were often seen loaded with wheat.

In 1901, the Clayton House was set on fire and much of the town burned. Additionally, when the dam was put in, the town lost a street along the river.

Silica mining has been through two different stages in Clayton. From 1878 until the 1930’s, an open-pit quarry was operated. Underground mining using the “room and pillar” method began in 1916. Present day, the mine is currently about 60 acres in size, has 14 miles of tunnels, and goes as deep as 250 feet below the surface. In 1964, the sane mine was equipped with supplies so it would serve as a bomb shelter – estimated to support 44,000 people at the time. Today, the mine is no longer designated as a bomb shelter and is not open to the public.

The City of Clayton has bluffs to the west and the Mississippi River to the east, divided only by 300 yards, a railroad track, a paved road and homes.

Clayton is located off the Great River Road, directly on the Mississippi River and is only accessible by a very steep road. Many people have summer homes in Clayton due to its proximity to the Mississippi River. The total land area of city limits is 0.49 square miles and is laid out as shown in Figure 18.

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Figure 18: Clayton Street Map

Source: Iowa Department of Transportation 2020

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Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Clayton is governed by one mayor and five council members all of whom are elected. City employers include: Part-time city clerk Part-time water superintendent Part-time maintenance supervisor

Law enforcement is provided to the residents of Clayton by the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department.

Clayton receives primary fire protection from the Garnavillo Fire Department.

Emergency medical services are provided by Emergency Medical Responders (EMRs), Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), and Paramedics with the Guttenberg and Garnavillo ambulance services. They will respond to any trauma or medical emergency in the city or surrounding area. The closest medical facilities include the Guttenberg Municipal Hospital, MercyOne Elkader Hospital, and Crossing Rivers Health Medical Center in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.

The City of Clayton is located in the Clayton Ridge Community School District. Clayton children attend elementary and high school in Guttenberg, while middle school students are based in Garnavillo. No school buildings are located in the City of Clayton.

The City of Clayton participates in the Iowa Rural Water Association (IRWA). The City has 14 fire hydrants, one resident trained as an EMR worker, and four government structures: City Hall (built in 1860’s), Clayton School, city water tower shed, and park/shelter restroom. The City’s ISO rating is: 10.

The City’s water tower was built in 1971, holding 20,000 – 25,000 gallons, roughly 10 days storage. The City installed a new well in summer 2009 and also removed the former well. The City has no municipal sewer services.

Purchased and installed in 2003, located by the Clayton Ridge School System, the City has one warning siren in use. Their warning siren is activated at noon on Tuesdays and Thursdays. The City has one railroad crossing in city limits with a stop sign as crossing identification. There are no lights at the railroad crossing.

Downtown Clayton is situated between the Mississippi River and the limestone bluffs; flood is a concern for the community. The rest of the houses are on the bluffs and are not in the flood plain. Figure 19 illustrates the flood plain in the community.

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Figure 19: Flood Plain, City of Clayton

Fiscal and Technical Resources Clayton’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes and grants. Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Clayton and its emergency responders. The City has an outdoor warning siren that is in use and it is activated daily at noon. The City’s community shelter location is the basement of the Peace Lutheran Church. The county contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician level incident response throughout the county.

Development Trends There has been no new residential, commercial, or industrial building in the past five years in the City of Clayton. Due to the bluffs to the west and the river to the east, little if any development is possible.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Mutual Aid agreements are in place with neighboring communities regarding Fire and EMS assistance. In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood

54 insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • Tornadoes – the bluffs are heavily wooded, and any tornadoes could cause extensive tree damage, which in turn could affect the limestone bluffs and landslides. • Transportation Incident – located directly on the Mississippi River, the city is also concerned about hazardous materials coming via the water past the town. Trains also run the length of the town, between the city and the Mississippi River. There is only one rail crossing in town. The crossing does not have lights and has a stop sign missing in one direction. Debris and vibrations can be seen and felt in many of the structures near the railroad tracks. • River Floods – the city is directly adjacent to the Mississippi River and has experienced several incidences of flooding. • Flash Floods – quick spring melting or heavy rains can cause significant water down the limestone bluffs and can affect drainage in yards along the bluffs. • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, hailstorms can be destructive with no ability for avoidance. • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – Clayton is at the bottom of a very steep hill and the roads are cleared by the county and townspeople are dependent on the hill being cleared to be able to get in and out of town during the winter. Most stores and businesses in Clayton are seasonal and winter weather can make it difficult for citizens to get supplies.

Mitigation Actions Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. City utilizes local ordinances, defaulting to the State of Iowa for all other ordinances a. Ongoing 2. All City Response Personnel follow appropriate protocol and guidance a. Ongoing 3. Iowa Rural Water Association (IRWA) participant a. Ongoing 4. Some property owners have paid for, put in place, and maintained private retaining walls a. Ongoing 5. Add retaining walls on city property, if needed. Also continue to monitor trees, debris and rocks from bluffs a. Ongoing 6. City has approximately 20 fire extinguishers mounted to Main Street utility poles for community usage a. Ongoing 7. Community utilizes one mile long, 3-3 ½ foot tall levee on the west side of the train tracks for flood protection a. Ongoing monitoring occurs 8. Additional safety measures regarding local hazards (mines, river, bluff) a. Ongoing

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9. Backup power for supply for community needs. a. Purchased generator in 2019. b. Wired well for backup generator in 2019. 10. Work with private property owners to clean out debris from culverts to prevent flooding. a. In progress 11. Update flood plain ordinances a. Completed in 2020

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the City’s budget and council planning/budget meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Update, maintain, and regularly test defibrillator to be available for emergency 2. Continue to back up city data offsite 3. Consider building a tornado safe room that would include storm shelter, city hall (current facility has no plumbing and no generator). City of Clayton population doubles in summer due to vacation cabins, homes, and river traffic. Shelter would be important to accommodate full population. 4. Working on 28E Agreement with Garnavillo Fire Department for coverage for City of Clayton. 5. Continue to maintain NFIP compliance and update flood plain ordinances.

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City of Elkader

History and Overview The first settlers to the area arrived in 1836. The City of Elkader is located in the Turkey River basin in northeast Iowa. The Turkey River runs directly through the city. The village of Elkader was established and laid out in 1845 by John Thompson, Chester Sage, and Timothy Davis. Davis was an admirer of Abdel Kader, a young emir of Algeria who led his people against an invasion by the French in 1832, and later when in exile in Damascus, he saved 12,000 Christians from a murderous mob. Davis suggested that the last parts of the chieftain’s name be put together as a name for the new community he had helped found. The village was officially incorporated as a city on May 29, 1891. Today, Elkader is the seat of Clayton County.

Figure 22: Elkader Street Map

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Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Elkader is governed by a Mayor/Council form of government with five council members and a mayor, all of whom are elected.

City employees include: • City administrator/clerk • Public Works Director • Police Chief • Economic Development Director • Library Director

The City of Elkader receives fire protection from the Elkader Volunteer Fire Department. The department provides fire protection to the Elkader Fire District comprising 82 square miles in Read, Highland, Cox Creek, and Boardman Townships in Clayton County. Total population for the fire district is estimated at 2,000 people including the City of Elkader. Staffing of the department is approximately 30 volunteer firefighters. The department is headquartered at the Elkader Fire Station located at 921 Humphrey Street, Elkader. The fire departments of Clayton County have formed a county-wide mutual aid agreement, making the services of 12 additional fire departments available to the city in the event of a major fire or emergency. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician level incident response throughout the county. A statewide 28E agreement is in place for assistance between all agencies in the county.

The MercyOne Elkader Medical Center at 901 Davidson Street in Elkader is the most immediate medical treatment facility. The Level 4 Critical Access Trauma Center has 25 beds and one emergency room and is staffed with approximately 50 employees. The nearest Level 3 hospitals and trauma centers include MercyOne Hospital and Unity Point Health Finley Hospital in Dubuque and Crossing Rivers Hospital in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.

Emergency medical service for the City of Elkader is provided by the MercyOne Elkader Ambulance Service in Elkader. The service is jointly operated by the MercyOne Elkader Medical Center in Elkader and the City of Elkader.

Law enforcement for the City of Elkader is provided by the Elkader Police Department. The department maintains a full time Chief of Police, two full time police officers, and is served by a part time program. A 28E agreement for mutual aid exists between the Elkader Police Department and the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department.

The City of Elkader has designated the fire station for use as an emergency shelter, but it was not built to FEMA standards because of the windows. The station does have a generator.

Emergency communications for the City of Elkader are handled by the county communications center maintained and staffed by the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department at 22680 230th St., St. Olaf, Iowa. At the center, dispatchers are on duty at all times to handle E911 calls and dispatch response agencies.

The City of Elkader maintains four warning sirens to alert residents of severe weather and/or other threatening situations. None of the sires have voice messaging capabilities.

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Water supply for the City of Elkader is provided through a contract with PeopleService, a water/wastewater management firm located in Omaha, Nebraska. The company has two employees assigned to the City of Elkader. The water supply system includes two active wells that supply water to a water tower that disperses water to the city through a system of eight, six, and four-inch water mains. Water for the city is supplied by two active wells and city has a water treatment plant located at 1005 Miller Street NE. Water usage averages 110,000 gallons of water per day. The city has a new 300,000- gallon capacity above ground water storage tower that was constructed in 2005.

The Elkader Water Treatment Plant has a standby emergency electrical power generator. Some well field protection measures have been taken, including no trespassing signs around the wells; the well area is fenced and gated; and a a200 foot easement is established around each well that prohibits storage of hazardous chemicals within the area.

Wastewater treatment for the City of Elkader is provided through PeopleService, a water/wastewater management firm located in Omaha, Nebraska. The company has two employees assigned to the City of Elkader. The city’s current sewage treatment system plant is located at 26258 Highway 13 South. The system is a mechanical sewage treatment plant.

Public education is provided for Elkader residents by Central Community School District. The school district has one kindergarten building and one first through twelfth grade building in Elkader.

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Figure 23: Flood Plain, City of Elkader

Fiscal and Technical Resources Elkader’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes and grants. Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Elkader and its emergency responders. The City has four outdoor warning sirens in use. The City’s community shelter location is the city fire station. The county contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician level incident response throughout the county.

Development Trends The City of Elkader’s current land uses are residential, commercial, and agricultural. There has been industrial and commercial development.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan NFIP Member - CID number 190073 Floodplain Management – The City of Elkader has adopted a Floodplain Ordinance, which is Chapter 160 of the city’s code of ordinances. The ordinance designates the Elkader City Administrator/Clerk as the Elkader Floodplain Manager. The current City Clerk/Administrator has not had any formal training in

60 floodplain management, however after the Flood Maps were updated, flood ordinances were also updated.

Chapter 160 regulates development only in the city’s established Flood Plain District. The ordinance establishes a development permit system which requires a permit within the Flood Plain District. It also establishes specific performance standards for construction within the Flood Plain District. As per requirements of the ordinance, most flood plain construction must be approved by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources.

In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which is Chapter 160 of the Code of Ordinances for the City of Elkader. The ordinance regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • The City of Elkader has undertaken some measures to mitigate the impact of floods on the community. Most notable is a 1,700 feet US Army Corps of Engineers levee. The levee ranges from 4 to 9 feet high and has a width of 10 feet. The designed protection for this levee is for a 100-year flood elevation of 723 feet. Attached to the levee is a 300 feet long floodwall that is 4 feet high. Also associated with this system is a bypass channel that is 2,100 feet in length and has a width of 50 feet. Acres protected by the system are 13, which includes 2 homes. • The city has also raised the road to its main lift station in 2010 so it was more accessible during flood events and constructed a cement flood wall around the main lift station. Berms around the city’s wastewater treatment plant have been raised. The city maintains the flood way established with its dike system and maintains rip rap at a bend of the Turkey River by the City Park to reduce erosion. • The City of Elkader is continuing to pursue further flood mitigation efforts. In January 2018, The Army Corps of Engineers notified the City that its levee system was “acceptable.” Summary of maintenance required by this reporting period included: mowing and spraying, greasing flap gates, exercise flood gates, and animal control. • According to FEMA, as of February 29, 2016, there were 62 total loss flood insurance claims for flood damage in the City of Elkader since 1978. Fifty-two of those properties are closed, ten were CWOP losses and there were are zero open losses. Total payments equaled more than $1,569,000.

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. The City of Elkader continues to work with the Army Corps of Engineers on a levee maintenance program and repairing damages to the city’s levees that were caused by the 2008 floods. a. Ongoing 2. The city and its public works department make use of Iowa One Call – 800-292-8989. Contractors and citizens can call before they dig. a. Ongoing

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3. The City of Elkader has a floodplain ordinance regulating development in the 100 year flood zone areas. a. Ongoing 4. The City of Elkader has a flood gauge on the Highway 13 Bridge to monitor the Turkey River water level. a. Ongoing, monitored through USGS 5. Implement ACOE levee maintenance requirements a. Complete

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the City’s budget, comprehensive plan, and through city council planning/budgeting sessions.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Update all four warning sirens with ones that are voice activated, have battery backup and are remotely activated. 2. Establish water well protection for the city’s wells. 3. Install generator and wiring at City Hall. 4. Repair wall below old fire station site and add concrete wall on top (below fence) to provide base for sandbags. 5. Continue to maintain NFIP compliance and update floodplain ordinances. 6. Replace wood planks by main lift station with a berm/sidewalk.

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City of Elkport

History and Overview Elkport, Iowa was incorporated on February 24, 1896. It was named from the Elk Creek. The town was severely damaged by floods in May 2004. After the floods, nearly all residents of the town chose federal buyout, selling their homes to the United States federal government for demolition. In September 2006, nearly all of the buildings in Elkport were demolished.

Figure 24: Elkport Street Map

Source: Iowa Department of Transportation, 2020

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Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Elkport is governed by one mayor and three council members, all of whom are elected.

City employees include: • City Clerk

Volunteers between the neighboring communities of Elkport and Garber have formed the Elkport-Garber First Responders/EMR and the Garber Fire Department. The fire station is located in the Garber city limits on the west side. The Garber Fire Department has a submerged 12,000-gallon tank with eight-inch casing for pumping of 90 gallons per minute. The submerged tank is sourced through recycled runoff water.

The nearest hospitals, emergency rooms, long term care and nursing facilities are in Guttenberg and Elkader.

Students living in Elkport are part of the Central Community School District, with the school located in Elkader.

Figure 24: Flood Plain, City of Elkport

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Fiscal and Technical Resources Elkport’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants. The city has an outdoor warning system that is automatically activated by the Clayton County Communication Center or can be manually activated at the city’s fire station. The city’s community shelter location is the fire station. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician level incident response throughout the county.

Development Trends Since the flood buyouts in 2008, several properties have been demolished in Elkport and there has been no new development due to the large flood zone. The Elkport-Garber Community Center is the only new construction.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1986 – NFIP member. CIP 190074 Mutual aid agreements are in place with neighboring communities regarding Fire and EMS assistance. The Garber Fire Department and Elkport-Garber EMS follow appropriate protocol and guidance.

Key Issues • River Floods – the city has a long history of severe floods and while most of the residents have relocated out of the floodplain, the potential for the city to flood remains due to the convergence of three waterways near city limits. • Flash Floods – quick spring melting or heavy rains can cause significant water down the limestone bluffs and can affect drainage in yards along the bluffs. • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event. • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city. • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Maintain a well-equipped and well trained emergency response capability for appropriate effective response. a. Ongoing 2. Provide increased flood mitigation efforts and enhancements a. Ongoing 3. Ensure that the City of Elkport Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan is reviewed and kept current a. Ongoing 4. Improve data collection software and technology resources a. Ongoing 5. Promote City of Elkport Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan to the public a. Ongoing

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Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget and council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Update and ensure efficiency of floodgates on Turkey River and Elk Creek 2. Continue to maintain NFIP compliance 3. Construct FEMA -compliant tornado safe room(s)

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City of Farmersburg

History and Overview The City of Farmersburg has a total land area of 0.4 square miles. It is a 195-acre community mainly of commuters. The first known log cabin was built in 1848, the first general store was established in 1853, the first saw mill was built in 1855, the land was surveyed in 1856, the post office was established in 1857, and a railroad line was built about 1870. City waterworks began in 1939 and a city sewer district was established and brought into service in 1972. Businesses from a drug store, harness shop, icehouse, implement companies, locker plant, lumber yard, to well-drillers have flourished and then perished over the years with the latest to close (or move) being the bank. The 1950’s really started the spiral of business closings – the smaller farms being merged into larger ones, meant fewer customers for implement dealers and repair shops and the prosperity leading to frequent use of automobiles made it difficult for small grocers and gas stations to compete with those in larger communities. With the loss of businesses, retired farmers settled in larger neighboring communities having grocery stores and gas stations. However, the lower cost of housing, city utilities, and city taxes has attracted young families and other homebuyers. The result is that the population today at 300 is more than it was during the strong business days of the 1950s and earlier.

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Figure 26: Farmersburg Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Farmersburg is governed by a Mayor/Council form of government with five council members and a mayor, all of whom are elected. The mayor’s term is for two years and a council member’s term is for four years.

Currently there are six regular part-time employees and one seasonal including: • Water and sewer superintendent/deputy city clerk/assisting townsman 68

• Assistant to townsman • Assistant to librarian • Library director and librarian • City clerk • Seasonal snow removal

Water is supplied by two active wells. The city has an Aquastore Harvestore above ground water storage towers holding a maximum of 80,000 gallons of water. The city’s water treatment plant is located at Farmersburg Road. The plant has stand-by power generation capabilities as does Well No. 2. This is a public water supply system and well head protection plan regulations were adopted by the City Council on July 5, 2004.

The City of Farmersburg’s wastewater treatment facility is a lagoon system. A lift station for the facility is located at West Adams Street. The sewer lagoon is located at 182nd Street. The sewer lift station does not have a standby generator.

Law enforcement for the City of Farmersburg is provided by the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department. A 28E agreement for mutual aid exists between all community police departments and the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department. This agreement allows for cross coverage between the two entities as each situation dictates.

The City of Farmersburg receives fire protection from the Farmersburg Volunteer Fire Company (FVFC). The Farmersburg Volunteer Fire Company provides fire protection to the Farmersburg Fire District comprising 36 square miles in Wagner and Farmersburg Townships of Clayton County. Total population for the fire district is estimated at 700 people, including the City of Farmersburg. Maximum staffing of the department is 21 volunteer firefighters. The department is headquartered at the Farmersburg Fire Station located at 304 South Main Street, Farmersburg, Iowa.

The fire departments of Clayton County have formed a county-wide mutual aid agreement, making the services of an additional 17 fire departments available to the city in the event of a major fire or emergency.

The City of Farmersburg’s immediate emergency medical care facility is Mercy One Elkader Hospital in Elkader. The other nearest hospitals and trauma centers are Unity Point Finley and MercyOne Hospitals in Dubuque, Iowa.

Non-transport EMS for the City of Farmersburg is provided by the Farmersburg First Responders headquartered in the Farmersburg Fire Station. The Farmersburg First Responders are the initial primary emergency medical service provider for the 36 square mile area of the Farmersburg Fire District. The service is staffed with 4 Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) volunteers. Ambulance transport and paramedic services are provided by the MFL Ambulance Service in Monona.

A regional hazardous materials team is on hand to assist the City of Farmersburg with a hazardous materials event. The team is located approximately two hours away from Farmersburg and is operated by the Linn County HAZMAT Team. The team assists Clayton County fire departments with hazardous materials response procedures. An evacuation plan is also in place in the City of Farmersburg as part of

69 the Clayton County Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan that can be used in conjunction with activities of the hazardous materials team and the fire company. The city has electrical generation at Well No. 2 (not portable). Telephone services are provided by the Northeast Iowa Telephone Company (Monona). Cable television is also provided by Northeast Iowa Telephone Company in Monona as is internet service.

The City of Farmersburg is part of the MFL MarMac Community School District. The school district has centers in Monona and McGregor.

Figure 27: Flood Plain, City of Farmersburg

Fiscal and Technical Resources Farmersburg’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities including bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants. Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Farmersburg and its emergency responders. The City of Farmersburg maintains an old warning siren to alert residents of severe weather or other threatening situations. The siren does not have voice messaging capabilities nor does it have back up power. The city has designated the Community Center as is community shelter.

Additionally, the FVFC has an automatic aid agreement with the neighboring Holy Cross Fire Company.

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Development Trends No new developments have occurred in the past five years. Land uses are residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA-approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1986 – NFIP member. CIP 190075 In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which is regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • River Floods – the city has a long history of severe floods an while most of the residents have relocated out of the floodplain, the potential for the city to flood remains due to the convergence of three waterways near city limits. • Flash Floods – quick spring melting or heavy rains can cause significant water down the limestone bluffs and can affect drainage in yards along the bluffs • Hailstorm – along with the other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning- unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Debris Management a. Ongoing 2. Public awareness of hazardous weather through local radio and television stations, the internet, etc. a. Ongoing

Mitigation Actions and Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget and council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Update warning siren as needed for coverage 2. Continue to maintain NFIP compliance and update floodplain ordinances 3. Purchase and install generator for designated emergency shelter at Community Center. 4.

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City of Garber

History and Overview Between 1851 and 1857, Mr. John Garber and his mother purchased approximately 250 acres of land. In 1857, John had his holdings plotted into town plots known as East Elkport, Iowa. John was a very wealthy man; he was a judge, sheriff, business owner, and landowner. In November 1904, East Elkport petitioned the courts to end its ties with the City of Elkport. The petition was granted in December of that same year. At that time East Elkport elected their first city officials. In November of 1907, the city adopted a resolution to change the name of East Elkport to Garber in honor of its founder, John Garber.

Governance, Facilities and Services The governing body includes a mayor and five city council members.

Employees include: • City Clerk • Maintenance/groundskeeper

Volunteers between neighboring communities of Elkport and Garber have formed the Elkport-Garber Emergency Medical Responders and the Garber Fire Department. The fire station is located in Garber city limits on the west side. The Garber Fire Department has a submerged 12,000 gallon tank with 8 inch casing for pumping of 90 gallons per minute. This submerged tank is sourced through recycled runoff water.

The nearest hospitals and emergency rooms are located in Guttenberg and Elkader

The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department provides law enforcement to the City of Garber and Clayton County Emergency Management provides emergency management services.

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Figure 28: Garber Street Map

Source: United States Census Bureau Note: The land area of city limits is 0.24 square miles

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Figure 29: Flood Plain, City of Garber

Fiscal and Technical Resources Garber’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities including bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants. Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Garber. Technical resources in the City of Garber include an outdoor warning system located near the Garber Fire Department in the city limits. The warning system can be activated by the Clayton County Communications Center or manually through Garber Fire Department pagers, cell phones, and some response vehicles. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide hazardous material incident response. The team is housed in Linn County, approximately 70 miles to the southwest of Garber.

Development Trends Like the neighboring city of Elkport, the City of Garber has experienced a loss of residential property due to flood buyouts. The City of Garber has relocated its fire station and city hall to higher ground, but otherwise no new development has occurred.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA-approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1986 – NFIP member. CIP 190075 Mutual Aid agreements are in place with neighboring communities regarding Fire and EMS assistance.

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As of June 2015, there is one property located in flood zone in the City of Garber.

In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which is regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • River Floods – the city has a long history of severe floods an while most of the residents have relocated out of the floodplain, the potential for the city to flood remains due to the convergence of three waterways near city limits. • Flash Floods – quick spring melting or heavy rains can cause significant water down the limestone bluffs and can affect drainage in yards along the bluffs • Hailstorm – along with the other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning- unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Actions Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Activities 1. Buyout of flood-prone properties a. Four properties remaining that could be considered for buyout in event of future flooding 2. Install generator in community building a. The Fire Department has several portable generators that can be used short term. However, the generators are located on the opposite side of the river. Would like generators for all critical facilities. 3. Continue NFIP participation a. Ongoing 4. Flood protection surrounding the Anchor Inn Restaurant a. A 4’ high x 150’ foot long retaining wall was put in place by the owner. The City will sandbag the front side of the building in the event of a flood. 5. Inform key county and community leaders and keep updated as necessary. a. Ongoing 6. Facilitate conversations regarding the safety, strength, and certification of flood protection infrastructure outside of Garber a. Ongoing 7. Maintain a well-equipped and well-trained emergency response capability of appropriate and effective responders a. Ongoing 8. Increase communications ability a. Ongoing 9. Promote City of Garber Hazard Mitigation Plan to the public 75

a. Ongoing 10. Ensure the City of Garber Hazard Mitigation Plan is reviewed and kept current a. Ongoing 11. Maintain NFIP compliancy a. Ongoing 12. Put cement retaining wall on downtown streets and riprap on bank to prevent future flooding in the city. a. Received FEMA Public Assistance grant in 2013 of $15,000 to assist with the project.

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget and council budgeting/planning sessions.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Investigating the possibility of additional property buyout or cleanup through a Brownfield Grant. 2. Build a permanent structure and shelter area with bathroom facilities near new park and out of flood plain. 3. Investigate possibility of installing city water and sewer. At this time the community is not eligible for FEMA safe room funding because of water and sewer issues. 4. Consider moving to cloud backup for all city data. 5. Continue to have discussions with Clayton County officials and the Army Corps of Engineers regarding the road on top of the dike and the big hole in the ground in Elkport. Officials are concerned that the flood situation has not been properly solved and that high water will create a flood in the same pattern as previous floods. 6. Cement parking area at the boat ramp to prevent erosion and washing from heavy rains and flood events. 7. Repair weak spots in the dike that are visible when there is water leaking from rains and flood events. 8. Continue to maintain NFIP compliance and update floodplain ordinance.

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City of Garnavillo

History and Overview Garnavillo, Iowa is located on 0.9 square miles of land in the southeast corner of an area known as the Garnavillo Prairie in Garnavillo Township in Clayton County, Iowa. The town has been dubbed “The Gem of the Prairie” because the area has some of the richest farm ground in Iowa and the country. The City’s name is composed of two Latin words, “Garna” which means “embellished, decorated, showy, and beautiful;” and “Villa” meaning “village.”

Figure 30: Garnavillo Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

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Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Garnavillo is governed by a mayor and five city council members.

Employees include: • City Clerk • Assistant Clerk • Public Works Superintendent • Public Works Assistant • 3 Librarians • Police Chief • 3 reserve police officers • Cleaning staff • 2 seasonal employees

Garnavillo has a volunteer fire department, first responder EMR services, a public library, a community center, and is home to Clayton Ridge Schools Middle School.

Water supply for the City of Garnavillo is supplied by two active wells: Well No. 1 is located at 101 N. Roosevelt St. and Well No. 6 (there are no active wells numbered from 2-5) located at 208 S. Adams St. The combined capacity of both wells is 260 gallons per minute. The city has established wellhead protection for both wells in accordance with Iowa DNR regulations. Water usage averages 45,000 gallons of water per day. The city has two water storage towers with capacities of 200,000 gallons and 35,000 gallons (the latter for maintenance purposes only). The city has a chlorination water treatment plant located at 208 S. Adams St. and at Roosevelt St. In 2015, a larger pump was installed at the Adams Street facility.

Wastewater treatment for the City of Garnavillo is done with a lagoon system located at 707 S. Lincoln St. There are four lift stations located at 420 W. Clayton St.; 505 S. Main St.; 202 W. Harrison St.; and 407 Industrial Road. It is anticipated that within the next five years, the City of Garnavillo will need to build a new wastewater treatment facility.

The primary law enforcement service for the City of Garnavillo is provided by the Garnavillo Police Department, located at 104 N. Main Street. The telephone number is 563-964-2331. The department has a part time police chief and three part time reserve officers. A 28E agreement for mutual aid exists between all Clayton County community police departments and the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department.

Fire protection is provided by the Garnavillo Volunteer Fire Department, located at 206 WW. Centre Street.

Immediate emergency medical service for the City of Garnavillo and surrounding area is provided by trained volunteer members of the Garnavillo EMS at the first responder level, which is a non-transport service. EMS transport services are provided by the MercyOne Elkader Ambulance Service from Elkader, the Mar-Mac Rescue Squad in McGregor and the Guttenberg Ambulance Service.

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Children in Garnavillo attend the Clayton Ridge Community Schools. Facilities are located in Guttenberg (Elementary and High School) and Garnavillo (Elementary). The district also has a pre-school at the Garnavillo Elementary.

Figure 31: Flood Plain, City of Garnavillo

Fiscal and Technical Capabilities Garnavillo’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes, for specific purposes, and grants.

A regional hazardous materials team is on hand to assist the City of Garnavillo with a hazardous materials incident. The team is operated by the Linn County HAZMAT Team. Under contract, this team assists the Clayton County fire departments with hazardous materials response. An evacuation plan is also in place in the City of Garnavillo as part of the Clayton County All Hazards Emergency Operations Plan that can be used in conjunction with operations of the Linn County HAZMAT Team and the Garnavillo Volunteer Fire Department.

The City of Garnavillo maintains three warning sirens, (206 E. Chestnut Street, 407 Industrial Road, and 201 N. Main Street) to alert residents of severe weather or other threatening situations. All three sirens can be radio activated but none have voice messaging capabilities.

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The Garnavillo Volunteer Fire Station has one fixed backup generator, but the building cannot be used as a tornado saferoom. Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Garnavillo.

Development Trends There are no new developments anticipated at this time.

Existing Plans 2015 – FEMA-approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1993 – Strategic City Plan 1974 - Comprehensive City Plan

The City of Garnavillo is not currently a member of the NFIP.

The City has no structures in the floodplain, no repetitive loss properties and no flood insurance policies in effect.

Key Issues • Transportation Incidents – the main street through Garnavillo is State Highway 52 and there an ongoing concern with truck traffic and high speeds for all vehicles. • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. The city and its public works department utilize Iowa One Call – 800-292-8989 – Contractors and citizens can call before they dig a. Ongoing 2. The Garnavillo Volunteer Fire Department is trained to the Hazardous Materials Operations level and is capable of conducting decontamination operations. a. Ongoing 3. The City of Garnavillo has an emergency electrical power generator for its water system. a. Ongoing 4. City uses cloud back up to secure city records a. Ongoing 5. Educate citizens on tornado shelters via the city newsletter a. Ongoing 6. Continue dialog with Crop Production Services (CPS), Stade Propane, and other companies who transport hazardous materials through town at high speeds. a. Ongoing 7. New fire station was built at 206 W. Centre Street in 2017. 80

a. Completed 8. Storm Water Quality Project a. In progress

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County Plans were incorporated, when appropriate, into the city’s budget, capital, and strategic plans as well as council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Consider NFIP membership 2. Install wiring for portable backup generator at the Garnavillo Community Center 3. Update warning sirens as funding becomes available to add voice messaging

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City of Guttenberg

History and Overview The City of Guttenberg is located next to the Mississippi River across from Wisconsin and is on US Route 52. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.1 square miles of which, 2.1 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water.

The City of Guttenberg was first called Prairie La Porte by French explorers in 1673. The name means “the door to the prairie.” The area was used as Sac and Fox campgrounds until 1823. In 1803 The Louisiana Purchase transferred the ownership of the area to the United States and it was opened for legal settlement in 1833 following the Black Hawk Purchase. Guttenberg’s riverfront location influenced its early commercial development. Early on the town served as a focal point for westward settlement. It was the county seat between 1838 and 1843. Early businesses in the city included hotels, wagon shops, blacksmiths, and general supply stores. The population declined and growth slowed in 1843 following the loss of the county seat. However, it was revived in 1845 with an influx of German immigrants. By 1850 the town was nearly all German. The German immigrants built many limestone buildings for both commercial and residential purposes that are still standing today. The city got is name from Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of movable type. The city served as a supply center for the general area until the Civil War when its role was diminished due to railroads and the road system. The City of Guttenberg incorporated in 1851. Today it is the largest city in Clayton County.

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Figure 32: Guttenberg City Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Guttenberg is governed by a Mayor/Council form of government with five council members and a mayor, all of whom are elected.

Employees include: • City Manager

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• Assistant Manager/Deputy Clerk • Administrative Clerk • 7 Public Works employees • Police Chief • 3 police officers • 3 reserve police officers • Custodian • 4 librarians • marina worker • utility billing clerk

Law enforcement for the City of Guttenberg is provided by the Guttenberg Police Department. The department is made up of a Police Chief, three police officers, and reserve officers. Calls for service are routed through the Clayton County Communications Center in Elkader, Iowa. Mutual aid for law enforcement is available through the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department. The Guttenberg Police Department provides 24-hour service within the city and in the surrounding rural area. The department also maintains a Bike Patrol and School Resource Officer.

The Guttenberg Fire Department encompasses 80 square miles and serves 5,000 citizens. The Guttenberg Fire Department has been serving its community since May 5, 1882. The department is a public department with all members on volunteer status. It provides firefighting, hazardous materials response, vehicle rescue and extrication, and land and water search and rescue. The Guttenberg Fire Department is staffed with approximately 30 volunteers. The fire departments in Clayton County have formed a county wide mutual aid agreement, making the services of an additional 12 fire departments available to the city in the event of a major fire or emergency.

Emergency medical service for the City of Guttenberg is provided by the Guttenberg Ambulance Service, headquartered at the Guttenberg Municipal Hospital. The ambulance service is partially funded by the City of Guttenberg and operated by the Guttenberg Municipal Hospital. The Guttenberg Ambulance Service is the initial primary emergency medical service provider for an approximate 20 square mile area. The service is staffed with 16 employees and is a provisional paramedic service. The service provides transport service to small communities around it.

Disaster and emergency management guidance is provided through the Clayton County Emergency Management Agency. The agency has one full-time Emergency Management Coordinator and a volunteer deputy coordinator. The agency is directed by the Clayton County Emergency Management Commission which the City of Guttenberg has a representative on.

The City of Guttenberg is served by the Guttenberg Municipal Hospital located at Second and Main Streets. The hospital is a Level 4 Critical Access Trauma Center, has 25 beds and one emergency room.

The Clayton County Emergency Management Commission contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide hazardous materials incident response services.

The City of Guttenberg is part of the Clayton Ridge Community School District, which also includes the City of Garnavillo. Attendance centers are located in Guttenberg (Middle and High School) and Garnavillo

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(Elementary School). Clayton Ridge Community School District defines its hazards as the same as the City of Guttenberg, with key issues regarding proximity to railroad tracks and the Mississippi River.

The City of Guttenberg has a city owned and operated water system. The system has three wells and one elevated storage water tower with a capacity of 130,000 gallons. The water system has backup power generation and security fencing. There is a water reservoir on the bluff that also has security fencing.

The City of Guttenberg has a city owned and operated aerated lagoon system. The wastewater treatment system does have backup power generation. There are six lift stations located throughout the community.

Figure 33: Flood Plain, City of Guttenberg

Fiscal and Technical Resources Guttenberg’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation actions include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants.

Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Guttenberg and its emergency responders. The City of Guttenberg maintains three warning sirens to alert residents of severe weather or other threatening situations. One of the sirens is an antiquated unit; the other was installed six years ago and does not have voice transmission capabilities. The outdoor warning

85 system is automatically activated by the Clayton County Communication Center or can be manually activated at the city fire station. The city’s community shelter is located at the fire station. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician level incident response throughout the county.

There are 10 flood insurance policies in effect in the City of Guttenberg as of 4/30/2009. The policies insure property valued at $2,082,000 with total annual premiums of $5,853. There have been 4 claims filed against these properties. Payments made on these claims totaled $18, 206.

The City of Guttenberg has a 10,400 feet long levee fronting the Mississippi River on the city’s east side from Main Street to Marina Road, and from Access Road to the south boat ramp, along US Highway 52. The levee was constructed in 1973 to withstand a 100-year recurrent flood. The levee is accredited by USACE. The city also has a 90 foot concrete flood wall, two closure structures, two pumping stations, and 12 ponding areas/interceptor ditches.

Lock and Dam No. 10 operated by USACE at Guttenberg is also instrumental in regulating water levels in the area. A flood gauge is maintained at Lock and Dam No. 10 and read daily. River flood stage at Guttenberg begins at 15 feet.

In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

The Guttenberg Municipal Building has been opened for citizens in emergency situations; however, it does not have full back up power capabilities and would not be acceptable for public shelter during an event requiring access to city and emergency services. The city currently relies on the American Red Cross of the Tri States Chapter and the assistance of local volunteer organizations to establish and operate shelter locations when necessary.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA-approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1984 – NFIP CIP 190077 2020 - Flood Maps

Key Issues • The Army Corps of Engineers is in the process of developing an emergency plan for the area. Clayton Ridge School is right on the Lock and provides unique mitigation concerns regarding a dam breach, flooding, and terrorism. • Flash Flood at Miner’s Creek which is a low-lying area and there is a lot of drainage or run off from the development on Bluff Street. • Acres Street has no curb and gutter. It has ditches built in, but concern over inability for heavy rainfalls or snowmelts to drain efficiently.

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• Access to Abel and Essman Island are a concern, even though they are not in the city limits. If Island Emergency Road is blocked by trains, no emergency vehicles can get to the island. The city does own three boats and could access by water if necessary. • Spill control tubes will contain spill or floods. • Landslides – FEMA has been to the city and has had to assist. In 2013, the city was awarded FEMA money from rain event. The money funded some of the cleanup, stabilization and repaired a trail. Baskets to catch debris were added and retaining walls on Bluff Street, River Road, and north hillside out of town were added. • Transportation is a significant concern with 13 railroad crossings in the city and at least eight trains per day passing through. Canadian Pacific Railroad wants some of the crossings shut down. The Guttenberg City Council shut down 2 crossings. Canadian Pacific and the IDOT have installed signal gates on the crossings. Police, fire, and the hospital are all on the same side of the tracks. The police department has contacted dispatch for trains if ambulance is trying to get through to the western side of town and beyond, but it remains a key issue. • Sewer system was built in the 1940s and there is concern over general failure and costly updates as well as infiltration. The system was upgraded in 2008 and 2020 to include upgrades to plant, collection system, and manholes. • Hailstorm and Tornadoes – the entire jurisdiction is subject to hail and tornado. • Transportation incidents – the main street through Guttenberg is State Highway 52 and there is ongoing concern with truck traffic and high speeds for all vehicles. • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance. • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event. • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather even t with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions

1. Vegetation and rodents removed from floodwall a. Ongoing 2. Levee inspection has been done by Army Corps. a. FEMA Accreditation complete. b. Inspections are ongoing. 3. Update local emergency operation plan. a. Ongoing 4. Emergency Disaster Response Training a. Ongoing 5. Encourage City of Guttenberg residents to have Disaster Supply Kits on hand to be used in the event of a disaster event a. Ongoing 6. Improve public awareness of hazardous risks a. Ongoing

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7. Promote NOAA weather radio use a. Ongoing 8. Purchase gas- or diesel-powered electric generators a. Water and wastewater system generators are in place. b. Ongoing work to purchase generators for flood pumps. 9. Install rip-rap a. Ongoing as needed, working with USACE for major rip rap replacement 10. Survey flood control ditches and basins and bring volumes and elevations to original expectations a. Ongoing 11. Install new fire hydrants a. Ongoing 12. Support EMS training a. Ongoing 13. Encourage construction of tornado safe rooms in homes, businesses, schools, etc. a. Ongoing 14. Educate the public on proper steps to be taken in the event of a tornado/high wind event and methods of preparation before an event occurs a. Ongoing 15. Develop alternative energy sources a. Ongoing 16. Prepare/Implement mass casualty incident plans a. Ongoing 17. Encourage citizen use/purchase of smoke detectors a. Ongoing 18. Fire Department Training a. Ongoing 19. Establish good neighborhood programs for winter storms a. Ongoing 20. Continue membership in the NFIP a. Ongoing 21. Purchase new pagers for the fire department a. Ongoing, as needed 22. Purchase new fire trucks a. Complete 23. Water main loops a. Ongoing 24. Water main replacement a. Ongoing 25. Review security of critical facilities in the city a. Ongoing 26. Install surveillance cameras a. Ongoing 27. Install signalized railroad crossings a. New signals at DeKalb, Koerner, Merder, Main, and Koskiusko Streets. 28. Bury utility lines a. Primary second line down bluff to be installed in pipe/conduit. 88

29. Install fence around water system facilities. a. Complete.

Mitigation Actions and Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget, comprehensive plan, and council budget, planning, and strategy meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Generators are needed at the municipal building and for two flood pumps for emergency power. 2. Purchase new siren warning systems to replace two that are more than 40 years old and activated by the sheriff’s department. There is one siren on the bluff residential area that is eleven years old and has voice capabilities and remote activation. As the community grows, the city will also need to purchase new sirens to expand coverage. 3. Continue to maintain NFIP compliance and update floodplain ordinances.

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City of Luana

History and Overview The City of Luana, Iowa is located on one square mile of land in Monona Township in Northwest Clayton County. Luana is located in an area once inhabited by several Indian tribes. The first building on the sight of what was to become the town of Luana was in an inn used as a rest location for the soldiers guarding supplies being transported between Fort Crawford in Wisconsin and Fort Atkinson in Winneshiek County. This was in 1848. The town of Luana was officially named in 1864 when the post office was established. The town was named for Luana (Harvey) Scott, the wife of William S. Scott, the first settler of the area. The town of Luana was mapped out by Scott and was surveyed in 1867.

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Figure 34: Luana Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Services The city is governed by one mayor and five council members all of whom are elected. City employees include: • Part time City Administrator • Full time Public Works Supervisor • Part time Public Works

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The primary law enforcement service for the City of Luana is provided by the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department.

The City of Luana receives fire protection from the Luana Volunteer Fire Department, located at 106 Bronson Street. The department provides fire protection and first responder EMS services to both City of Luana and a neighboring 40 square mile rural area. The fire departments in Clayton County have formed a county-wide mutual aid agreement, making the services of an additional 12 fire departments available to the city in the event of a major fire or emergency.

EMTs, EMTs, and paramedics with the MFL Ambulance Service and the Monona Ambulance Service respond to any trauma or medical emergency.

The MercyOne Elkader Community Hospital at 901 Davidson Street in Elkader and the Crossing Rivers Hospital at 37868 US Highway 18 in Prairie Du Chien, Wisconsin, are the most immediate medical treatment facilities. Both are approximately 25 miles away.

Water supply for the City of Luana is supplied by two active wells located at 317 Old Highway 18 and US Highway 52. The capacity of the well is 220 gallons per minute. The city has established wellhead protection for the well in accordance with Iowa DNR regulations. Water usage averages 15,000 gallons of water per day. A second well was added with a backup generator at 400 Burgess Street. The city has a 10,000-gallon water storage reservoir and a chlorination/phosphate water treatment plant.

Wastewater treatment for the City of Luana is done with a two-lagoon system located at the northeast corner or the city. The system has one lift station. Maximum capacity of the system is 33,000 gallons per day.

Students in the City of Luana attend MFL MarMac Community School District. Attendance centers are located in Monona (PreK-3 Elementary and 9-12 High School) and McGregor (4-5 Intermediate and 6-8 Middle School).

The City of Luana has no repetitive loss properties and there are currently no structures in the flood zone of the city limits that would be vulnerable to the effects of flooding. While there are areas that show in the FEMA DFIRM map below, the HMPC noted that these were unnamed dry creeks and there are no structures in these areas.

The Canadian Pacific Railroad has a line which runs through Luana and averages five trains daily.

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Figure 34: Flood Plain, City of Luana

Fiscal and Technical Resources Luana’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants. Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Luana and its emergency responders. The City of Luana has one warning siren to alert residents of severe weather or other threatening situations. The siren does not have voice messaging capabilities. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician-level incident response throughout the county. The Luana Fire Station has been designated as a community shelter.

Development Trends The City of Luana had a new residential subdivision in the south east end of town and city infrastructure was added. No other new development is anticipated in the near future.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 2011 – NFIP membership In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what types of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood

93 insurance on property within the city limits regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain. Key Issues • Rail incidents – the Canadian Pacific rail line runs the length of Luana and has several trains per day, with dozens of cars. The HMPC noted concern over derailments and hazardous content. • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Actions Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Develop local emergency operations plan a. Ongoing 2. Emergency/disaster response training a. Ongoing 3. Improve public awareness of hazardous risks a. Ongoing 4. Encourage City of Luana residents to have Disaster Supply Kits on hand to be used in the event of a disaster event a. Ongoing 5. Promote NOAA weather radio use a. Ongoing 6. Develop alternative energy sources a. Ongoing 7. Support EMS training a. Ongoing 8. Install new siren warning system a. Completed in 2019. 9. Continue storm spotter training a. Ongoing 10. Educate the public on proper steps to be taken in the event of a tornado/high wind event and the methods of preparation before an event occurs a. Ongoing 11. Encourage citizens use/purchase of smoke detectors a. Ongoing 12. Install new fire hydrants a. Dry hydrant installed outside of town to the north about three miles. Other new hydrants have been added as the town grows. Existing hydrants are checked regularly and kept in good working order. 13. Conduct training seminars on HAZMAT railroad spills a. Ongoing 14. Establish good neighborhood program for winter storms a. Ongoing 94

15. Fire department training a. Ongoing 16. Inspect railroad tracks a. Ongoing by Canadian Pacific 17. Maintain well equipped and well trained fire department capable of effective response a. Ongoing 18. Continue HAZMAT agreement a. Ongoing 19. Continue to cooperate with local medical facilities and local public health officials to increase the likelihood of hazmat detection and response a. Ongoing 20. Develop and enhance response plans for terrorism incident a. Ongoing 21. Improve emergency responder and public awareness of animal disease hazard risks a. Ongoing 22. Build new fire station to provide for growing city. a. Completed at 106 Bronson St. b. Designated as community emergency shelter

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the City’s budget and council budget and strategic planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Either rewire portable generator purchased form US Army to make it usable in the United States or purchase a new portable generator for critical facilities 2. Consider cloud back up for city documents 3. Construct new wastewater lift stations with generators. 4. Continue to remain NFIP compliant and update flood zone ordinances

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City of Marquette

History and Overview Marquette was first discovered in June 1673 by Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet. Marquette was first incorporated May 12, 1974 and served as a railroad terminus for its southern neighbor, McGregor. Marquette boasted the first all rail route between Twin Cities and Chicago. Initially trains had to be ferried across the mighty Mississippi River between Marquette and Prairie du Chien. This ended in 1860 when Prairie du Chien businessman, John Lawler, had a permanent pontoon bridge built connecting both cities rail lines. This pontoon bridge was the largest of its kind in the world and by 1920, Marquette was the largest railroad terminus in Iowa and employed over 400 workers. The passenger rail continued until 1961 when the pontoon bridge closed due to expensive maintenance fees. It was dismantled and moved to La Crosse, Wisconsin. The last passenger trains stopped in 1960, ending 93 years of passenger service to Marquette. In 1932, a car suspension bridge was constructed crossing the Mississippi River. Before the bridge construction connecting Iowa and Wisconsin, riverboat ferries were used to transport vehicles and people across the Mississippi River. This suspension bridge was dismantled in 1975, upon completion of the Marquette-Joliet Bridge in November 1974. In 1896 and 1916, disastrous floods destroyed much of the City of Marquette and its railroad. Flood struck again in 1965, with the highest river state of the century at 25.4 feet surrounding the entire town of Marquette. Damages were quickly fixed, and the community continued to prosper. According to the corrected 2000 census information, Marquette noted a population of 476. The current locally maintained census places the city’s population at 479. Because of its colorful history and location beside the Mississippi River, the city has become a popular summer tourist destination. Today, the city’s economy is highly dependent upon the Casino Queen in Marquette and the City of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, across the Mississippi River.

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Figure 36: Marquette Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Marquette is governed by one mayor and five council members all of whom are elected. City employees include: • Clerk/Treasurer • Deputy Clerk • Street Superintendent • Water/Sewer Superintendent 97

The City of Marquette is served by State Highway 76 and US Highway 18. Iowa DOT statistics indicate the highways are traveled by an estimated 3,300 vehicles daily. Also located in the City of Marquette is the US Highway 18 Bridge over the Mississippi River.

The Canadian Pacific Railroad (doing business as the DM & E Railroad) has three main lines and two spur lines which pass up to 24 trains a day through the City of Marquette.

Water supply for the City of Marquette is supplied by two active wells. Well #3 is at 221 South Street and Well #4 is at 108 Natures Drive. Well head protection in accordance with Iowa DNR requirements has been established for both wells. Water usage averages 60,000 gallons of water per day. The city has two steel water reservoirs holding a maximum of 218,000 gallons of water and uses a chlorination system at its water treatment plant. Water treatment takes place at both wells. The plant does have standby emergency electrical power generators. The City of Marquette’s Public Works Director manages the City Water Department.

The City of Marquette’s wastewater treatment facility was constructed in 2003 and is located at 515 Highway 18, Marquette. The facility uses an activated sludge treatment process. The City of Marquette’s Public Works Director manages the City Wastewater Department.

Law enforcement for the City of Marquette is provided by the Mar-Mac Unified Law Enforcement District. The district provides law enforcement services to both Marquette and McGregor communities. The district maintains a full time Chief of Police, two full time patrol officers, and a contingent of three part time officers. A 28E agreement for mutual aid exists between the Mar-Mac Unified Law Enforcement District and the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department.

The City of Marquette receives fire protection from the McGregor Hook and Ladder Company No. 2. The department is fully incorporated and maintains its own board of directors. It provides fire protection services to both the communities of Marquette and McGregor. The department is staffed with 30 volunteer firefighters and maintains a fleet of 7 vehicles for firefighting and rescue operations. The department averages 30 alarms per year in the city and the surrounding rural district. The fire departments in Clayton County have formed a county-wide mutual aid agreement, making the services of an additional 12 fire departments available to the city in the event of a major fire or emergency.

Emergency medical service for the City of Marquette is provided by the Mar-Mac Rescue Squad, headquartered in the McGregor Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 Fire Station.

The Squad provides emergency medical transport services for the cities of Marquette and McGregor and the surrounding rural area. The Squad is the initial primary emergency medical service provider for the 48 square mile area of the emergency response district. The service is staffed with volunteer ambulance drivers and emergency medical responders. The service responds to an average of 210 calls for service a year.

Disaster and emergency management guidance is provided through the Clayton County Emergency Management Agency. The agency has one full time Emergency Management Coordinator and a volunteer deputy coordinator.

Crossing Rivers Hospital in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin is the closest hospital. 98

The Clayton County Firemen’s Association, of which the McGregor Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 is a member, contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team, headquartered 60 miles away, to provide hazardous materials incident response services.

Students in the City of Marquette attend MFL MarMac Community School District. Attendance centers are located in Monona (PreK-3 Elementary and 9-12 High School) and McGregor (4-5 Intermediate and 6-8 Middle School).

Figure 37: Flood Plain, City of Marquette

Fiscal and Technical Resources Marquette’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes and grants.

Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Marquette and its emergency responders. The city has an outdoor warning system that is automatically activated by the Clayton County Communications Center or can be manually activated by the fire department. The city’s community shelter location is the fire station. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician-level incident response throughout the county.

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Development Trends The City of Marquette has experienced growth in residential areas, city buildings and a new hotel. Much of the city’s development can be related to the gambling industry and revenues as well as the city’s proximity to development in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin which is directly across the Mississippi River.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 2008 – Storm Water Management Plan 1972 – NFIP, CID 195182

As of February 29, 2016, there were 4 flood insurance policies in effect covering $1,772,000 worth of property in the City of Marquette. Annual premium on these properties amounted to $2,332.

Since January 1, 1978, there have been 2 insurance claims for flood damage in the City of Marquette. All totaled, $27,377 in property damage payments were made.

The State of Iowa DNR reports that the City of Marquette has no repetitive loss properties.

In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • Landslides present a significant hazard to the City of Marquette also. The city is surrounded on three sides by steep bluffs. The majority of the town, both residential and commercial is located at the base of the bluffs. The remainder of the city’s homes are built on shelves or tiers on the side of the bluffs. Hence, all structures in the city are vulnerable to the effects of a landslide. • All structures of the City of Marquette are vulnerable to the effects of a tornado and hazardous materials events. The Timber Ridge residential area (16 homes as of 2016) is particularly susceptible as it is situated on the top of a ridge with few trees protecting it. • Transportation and Railroad Incidents remain a significant concern for the City of Marquette. The City of Marquette exists because of rail traffic that goes East and West and North and South with a transfer in the city. Grain, anhydrous ammonia, ethanol, and crude oil is all transported through Marquette. Canadian Pacific is in charge of the condition of the tracks and the changing of crews. There is concern that the crossings are blocked for a long period of time due to the length and frequency of trains, as well as the crew changes which require extra time. • River flood occurs nearly every year in the area due to the large watersheds and the Mississippi River. • Flash floods occur frequently as well duet to melting snow off of the surrounding limestone bluffs. • Transportation Incidents – the main street through Garnavillo is State Highway 52 and there is an ongoing concern with truck traffic and high speeds for all vehicles.

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• Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Develop local emergency operations plan a. Ongoing effort with the casino, Fire and Rescue, and the City of Marquette with Casino Queen under construction 2. Emergency/disaster response training a. Ongoing. Increased interest with resurgences of the increased hazardous commodities coming through the city by rail 3. Encourage City of Marquette residents to have Disaster Supply Kits on hand to be used in the event of a disaster a. Ongoing, have had planning meetings 4. Improve public awareness of hazardous risks a. Ongoing through newspaper articles, etc. 5. Promote NOAA Weather Radio use a. Ongoing, but most residents now have cell phones, internet, etc. 6. Develop debris disposal site a. Ongoing; have contract with Waste Management 7. Build drainage culverts a. Depends on the outcome of the watershed survey 8. Clear and deepen ditches a. Depends on the outcome of the watershed survey 9. Construct storm water drainage a. Depends on the outcome of the watershed survey 10. Designate and develop community shelters a. Nothing has been done as of yet and there are no tornado safe rooms in the schools in Marquette or in the casino. 11. Elevate levees a. One levee study to still be done. Now 3’ high and topped with sandbags, if necessary. 12. Implement Channel Improvement Project a. Ongoing. 13. Monitor existing floodgates a. Ongoing 14. Continue membership in the NFIP a. Ongoing 15. Encourage construction of tornado safe rooms in homes, businesses, etc. a. Ongoing 16. Educate the public on proper steps to be taken in the event of a tornado/high wind event and methods of preparation before an event occurs a. Ongoing 101

17. Update flood maps a. Completed 2020 18. Adopt building codes that regulate construction in landslide areas a. Has not been done yet 19. Establish good neighborhood program for winter storms a. Ongoing 20. Install rip-rap a. Ongoing as needed

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the City’s budget, comprehensive plan, and council budgeting, planning, and strategy meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Purchase generator and install wiring for Community Center. 2. Implement flood mitigation actions based on outcome of Watershed Study. 3. Monitor existing warning sirens and add sirens as needed to provide adequate coverage for the city. 4. Continue to maintain NFIP compliance and floodplain ordinances that were updated in 2020.

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City of McGregor

History and Overview McGregor was founded as MacGregor’s Landing in 1847 by Alexander MacGregor who had been operating a ferry across the Mississippi River between Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin since 1837. MacGregor planned the new city as a six-block development. It was quickly populated and incorporated as McGregor in 1857. In that same year, the Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad finished building a railroad track from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, thus connecting Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River by rail. McGregor quickly became a major commercial center and served as a hub where grain from Iowa and Minnesota could be transported across the Mississippi River and sent up to Milwaukee via railroad. More railroads were built to connect McGregor with cities further west, and the City of North McGregor (now Marquette, Iowa) was established just north of the city to serve as the city’s railroad terminus. After reaching McGregor from the west, trains were disassembled, and railroad cars were ferried across the Mississippi River continue on towards Lake Michigan. During the 1870’s, the population of McGregor exploded to over 5,500 as the city because the busiest shipping port west of Chicago. In 1874, the system of ferrying railroad cars across the river between North McGregor and Prairie du Chien was brought to an end and the city’s population began to decline. Today the city’s history is preserved in its downtown business district, which contains many buildings constructed during the city’s boom years. Because of its colorful history and location beside the Mississippi River, the city has become a popular summer tourist destination.

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Figure 38: McGregor Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Service The City of McGregor is governed by a Mayor/Council form of government with five council members and a mayor, all of whom are elected. City employees include: • Full time professional City Administrator/Clerk responsible for zoning administration and floodplain management • Clerical Assistant • Billing Clerk 104

• Street Superintendent • Assistant wastewater/streets person • Grounds/Facility Maintenance person • Police Chief • 2 full time police officers • Librarian • 2 assistant librarians

A Utility Board of Trustees (5 people) is appointed to operate the electric and water utilities. The employees under McGregor Municipal Utilities are: • Plant and Water Operator • Utility Foreman • Utility Workers • Utility Office Administrator • Utility Office Assistant

Law enforcement for the City of McGregor is provided by the Mar-Mac Unified Law Enforcement District. The district provides law enforcement services for both the McGregor and Marquette communities. A 28E Agreement for mutual aid exists between the Mar-Mac United Law Enforcement District and the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department. This agreement allows for cross coverage between the two entities as each situation dictates.

The City of McGregor received fire protection from the McGregor Hook and Ladder No.1. The department is fully incorporated and maintains its own board of directors. It provides fire protection services to both the communities of McGregor and Marquette.

Emergency medical service for the City of McGregor is provided by the Mar-Mac Rescue Squad, headquartered in the McGregor Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 Fire Station. The Squad is the initial primary emergency medical service provider for the 48 square mile area of the emergency response district.

Disaster and emergency management guidance is provided through the Clayton County Emergency Management Agency. The agency has one full time Emergency Management Coordinator and a volunteer deputy coordinator. The agency is directed by the Clayton County Emergency Management Commission which the City of McGregor has a representative on.

Crossing Rivers Health Center in Prairied du Chien, Wisconsin is the most immediate medical treatment facility. Students in the City of McGregor attend the MFL MarMac Community School District. Attendance centers are located in Monona (PreK-3 Elementary and 9-12 High School) and McGregor (4-5 Intermediate and 6-8 Middle School).

Water supply for the City of McGregor is supplied by two active wells operated by McGregor Municipal Utilities, one drilled to 600 feet deep on 105 Eagle Drive (#7) and the other drilled to 111 feet deep that is on 118 Main Street (#6). Water usage averages 70,000 gallons of water per day. The city has an above ground covered bluff-top water reservoir which holds a maximum of 297,000 gallons of water. Well field protection to a distance of 200 feet in accordance with DNR standards has been established for the well

105 on Eagle Drive. Well field protection is impractical for Well #6 due to its location in the city’s business district. Both wells have chlorination water treatment. The McGregor Municipal Utilities manages and maintains the city’s water supply system. The city also has an above ground storage tank on Eagle Drive that holds approximately 25,000 gallons.

Wastewater treatment for the City of McGregor is done by a sequential batch reactor plant located along the Mississippi River at 147 River Road. It was constructed in 1990 and upgraded in 2002. The sewer collection system is old and subject to much infiltration. The system is overwhelmed by severe floods of the Mississippi River exceeding the 20’ river stage. The McGregor Municipal Utilities maintains its own electrical power generating plant that was built in 1941. The plant is capable of providing electrical power to the entire city and all of the city’s facilities in times of power outages. Total electrical generating capacity of the plant is 1.4 MW. The plant has two generators installed in 1941 and 1977. The plant is used routinely during peak power usage situations to supplement electrical power to the city. The plant is located in the flood plain of the city, but it is protected by a concrete flood wall.

Figure 39: Flood Plain, City of McGregor

Fiscal and Technical Capabilities McGregor fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants.

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Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of McGregor and its emergency responders. The City has five outdoor warning sirens with two located in the city. McGregor Hook and Ladder No. 1 has an agreement to maintain and check sirens. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician-level incident response throughout the county.

Development Trends The City of McGregor sees considerable revenue from tourism related to the Mississippi River, the nearby Pike’s Peak State Park, and gambling casinos. There is an ongoing change in merchants and restaurants, but there has been no new development within recent years.

Existing Plans 2012 – Comprehensive Smart Plan 2015 – FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1972 – NFIP membership 1970 – Land Use Plan

As of June 30, 2008, there were 40 flood insurance policies in affect covering $5,248,500 worth of property in the City of McGregor. Annual premium on these properties amounted to $31,711.

Since January 1, 1978, there have been 17 insurance claims for flood damage in the City of McGregor. All totaled, $81,780 in property damage payments were made.

The City of McGregor has one repetitive loss property that amounted to $3,846.31.

In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • The City of McGregor adopted a land use plan in 1970. The plan has not been updated. • Transportation Incident – The Canadian Pacific Railroad has a line that runs through McGregor. The line averages 5 trains per day with a maximum of 7 per day. Train speeds have increased and number of cars per train has increased. Also concern with how people would be evacuated from the city in the event of a derailment. • River Flood and Flash Flood – The City of McGregor has 103 structures that are located within flood zones A and B. These structures include 54 classified as residential and 49 others including commercial, storage, and public or municipal facilities. Among the public facilities in the flood plain are: McGregor Municipal Utilities; McGregor Sewage Treatment Plant; Well No. 6; McGregor City Hall; McGregor Fire Station; McGregor Public Library; McGregor Museum and the Riverfront Park Shelter House. • Levee Failure- The City of McGregor has undertaken some measures to mitigate the impact of floods on the community. Most notable is a 1,500 feet US Army Corps of Engineers levee constructed in 1969 along Front Street. The levee was designed to withstand 100 year recurrent flood waters from the Mississippi River. It protects 103 residential, commercial, 107

and municipal structures. The city has also constructed a flood wall around the McGregor Municipal Utilities Plant. The Siegele Dam, Pike’s Peak Dam and Slaughter Dam were constructed to create storm and flood water retention basins to protect the city in 1939. Two additional dams were built by the City of McGregor to create retention basins in an area known as Methodist Hollow. In 2017 existing dams were modified and new retention dams were added near White Springs on Business Hwy 18 and on Cemetery Road. The City of McGregor is continuing to pursue further flood mitigation efforts. • Landslide – Within areas of the City of McGregor that have the possibility of being affected by a landslide there are 40 residential and 25 commercial properties • Hailstorms and Tornado and Hazardous Materials – All structures of the City of McGregor are vulnerable to the effects of a hailstorm, tornado, and hazardous material event. Numerous scenarios and potential outcomes are possible with such events, ranging from slight damage to total devastation of the community. • McGregor Municipal Utilities maintains its own electrical power generating plant that was built in 1941. The McGregor Municipal Utilities Plant is capable of providing electrical power to the entire city and all of the city’s facilities in times of power outages. Total electrical generating capacity of the plat is 1.4 MW. The plant has two generators installed in 1941 and 1977. The plant is used routinely during peak power usage situations to supplement electrical power to the city. The plant is located in the flood plain of the city, but it is protected by a concrete flood wall. • Extreme Heat and Severe Winter Storms – The City of McGregor has unofficially designated MFL MarMac Middle School with an estimated capacity of 300 people and St. Mary’s Catholic Church with a capacity of 100 people as emergency shelters for the city. The city currently relies on the American Red Cross of the Tri-States Chapter and the assistance of local volunteer organizations to establish and operate shelter locations when necessary. • Hazardous Materials – Grain Elevators, underground gasoline storage, oil or ethanol train derailments, towboat barges with flammable materials are all possibilities for the City of McGregor.

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. The City of McGregor continues to work with the Army Corps of Engineers on a levee maintenance program and repairing damages to the city’s levee. a. Ongoing 2. The city and its public works department make use of Iowa One Call – 800-292-8989 – Contractors and citizens can call before they dig. a. Ongoing 3. The City of McGregor has a floodplain ordinance regulating development in the 100- year flood zone areas. a. Updated in 2020. 4. The City of McGregor has established water well protection for the city’s wells. A. Ongoing 5. The existence of a FIRM map for the City of McGregor since 1975. a. Ongoing 6. Continue HAZMAT agreements and support regional HAZMAT Teams. a. Ongoing 7. Establish ordinance to require fire extinguishers in multi-family units. 108

a. Has not been completed. 8. Encourage citizen use/purchase of smoke detectors. a. Ongoing 9. Encourage purchase of NOAA weather radios by vulnerable populations. a. Ongoing 10. Limit development in flood plain areas. a. Ongoing 11. Continue membership in the NFIP. a. Ongoing 12. Update Flood Maps. a. Ongoing 13. Establish storm watershed district. a. Need to work with State of Iowa to cooperate in developing places to control run off from park property. 14. Hydrology study for storm sewer system. a. Water Service Department needs to continue to upgrade aged water and sewer lines to promote healthy drinking water and prevent inflow and infiltration. In 2020 a project is in development to address this further. 15. Elevate Levees. a. Dirt was added in 2012-13. Monitoring needs to continue. 16. Construct Drainage Culverts. a. Continue to improve/FEMA grant 17. 22. Flood protection for Main Street City Well and McGregor Public Library. a. Still needs to be done 18. Purchase portable barricades a. Ongoing. Purchased additional in 2019 but will continue to add as needed. 19. Training for Floodplain Manager. a. Ongoing 20. Construct additional retention basins. a. Completed 2017. 21. Bury utility lines in areas prone to outages from trees hitting lines. a. This still needs to be done by MMU 22. Purchase portable gas or diesel electric generators a. Ongoing as needed 23. Prepare/Implement mass casualty incident plans. a. In process 24. Encourage construction of tornado safe rooms in homes, businesses, etc. a. Ongoing 25. Designate and develop community shelters. a. St. Mary’s Catholic Church was offered as a cooling station 26. Develop plans to address utility outages and emergencies. a. MMU has an Electric Transmission and Distribution Inspection and Maintenance Plan that is revised every ten years and submitted to the Iowa Utilities Board. Most recent plan was October 2015. 27. Develop alternative energy sources. a. Ongoing, including wind and solar. Partnering with CCED on charging stations. 28. Establish good neighborhood programs for winter storms. 109

a. Ongoing 29. Continue to work with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to ensure levee inspections are completed and the necessary repairs are made. a. Ongoing 30. Develop system for monitoring dams during heavy rains. a. Inspected regularly by the IDNR 31. Develop evacuation plan for threatened areas in the event of flood or dam failure. a. Needs to be completed 32. Review and improve security at critical facilities in the city. a. Ongoing. There is a fence around water treatment facility at MMU. 33. Develop and enhance response plans for terrorism incidents. a. Needs to be completed. 34. Maintain a well-trained and viable police department in order to identify and respond to potential threats and events. a. Ongoing 35. Maintain a well-equipped and well-trained fire department in order to provide proper response in the event of a terrorist event. a. Ongoing 36. Develop/maintain security at water treatment plants. a. Ongoing. There is no fence or security at the Wastewater Treatment Facility. 37. Develop soil erosion stabilization projects. a. Need to continue. Very costly. 38. Support EMS Training. a. Ongoing 39. Install PVC to replace existing sewer lines. a. C Street - $1 million project completed. System televised for future projects. b. In 2020, plan to replace water/sewer mains on 7 blocks of Main Street. Add lift station on lower Main Street. Complete sewer plant improvement with installation of grinder. 40. Purchase fire vehicle and city vehicles as necessary to maintain service. a. In 2018 new city truck was purchased. In 2021 an additional pick up/plow combo is to be purchased. 41. The City of McGregor has five dams located outside the city limits and are adding three more to slow and control watershed runoff. a. Complete. 42. Elevate or add protection to lift stations and pump at lift stations. a. Completed in 2020.

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget and council planning/budgeting/strategic meetings and to the McGregor Comprehensive Smart Plan.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Continue debris removal to prevent storm sewers from filling and use pumps to remove excess water. 2. Purchase backup power generator for the Wastewater Treatment Facility, Well #7, Well #6, and other critical facilities. Completed. 110

3. Valves on storm sewers should be checked routinely to keep river water out. Some valves should be replaced. 4. Continue to monitor potential landslide areas, as the city is surrounded by bluffs. Most of the property surrounding McGregor is state owned and the city cannot clear or remove debris. 5. Water and Sewer Department need to continue to upgrade aged water and sewer lines to promote healthy drinking water and prevent inflow and infiltration. 6. Continue to monitor storm sewers that drain into rivers and create silt in shallow spots that cause backups and drainage issues. 7. Monitor sinkholes that are created by antiquated storm sewer lines that have historic underground tunnels. They need to be managed and cared for so the entire system does not collapse. 8. Install security at critical facilities, such as a fence around the wastewater treatment facility. There is a fence. 9. Work with Canadian Pacific to increase safety in the city. Rail at the foot of Main Street at rail crossing was raised to prevent flooding but should have crossing arms and lights at the same intersection to increase safety. 10. Continue to upgrade and purchase outdoor warning system sirens to ensure that the citizens are provided adequate coverage. 11. Establish an Evacuation Plan for the city in the event of a train derailment or other hazard. 12. Develop methods of alternate access to the Heights and to the Well House as trucks cannot get to the areas and equipment needs to be hauled and poles climbed. 13. Provide flood protection for all critical facilities in the flood plain, including Well #7, located at the foot of Main Street. 14. Continue to maintain NFIP membership and update floodplain ordinances.

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City of Monona

History and Overview The City of Monona had its beginnings on July 13, 1840 when Phineas Page and David Olmstead, two brothers from Vermont, crossed the Mississippi River and traveled ten miles to what would be their new home. They were soon joined by others who took up land in the new territory, so that a plat for the town of Monona was requested in 1851. The town was to be named Winona, but the postal department discouraged that because of the town in Minnesota. The Indian name Mononah was chosen with the “H” being dropped later. Businesses thrived, a Postmaster was appointed, a schoolhouse was built, and the churches all provided for the new community. The railroad arrived on March 16, 1864. In 1897 the town was officially incorporated. The potential for business brought settlers at a steady pace to 674 by 1900 and 1,049 by 1920.

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Figure 40: Monona Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Services The governing body includes one mayor and five council members. City employees include: • City Administrator/Clerk • Deputy Clerk • Police Chief • 2 additional police officers • 3 reserve police officers 113

• Water/Wastewater Superintendent • 2 additional public works employees • Head Librarian • Assistant Librarian • Additional part-time library workers

Water and wastewater operation is outsourced through PeopleService, Inc. Water is supplied by two active well. Wastewater treatment for the city is accomplished with an activated sludge plant.

Law enforcement is provided to the residents of Monona by the Monona Police Department. The Department does not provide law enforcement coverage 24/7. The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department assists the Monona Police Department as necessary.

Monona received fire protection from the Monona Volunteer Fire Department (MVFD). The department also provides fire protection to the surrounding Monona Fire District which encompasses 100 square miles.

MFL Ambulance Service provides EMS to the cities and rural fire districts of Monona, Farmersburg, and Luana. The service includes EMRs, EMTs and Paramedics.

The MercyOne Elkader Hospital at 901 Davidson Street in Elkader, Waukon Veteran’s Memorial Hospital in Waukon, and Crossing Rivers Health System in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin are the most immediate medical treatment facilities.

The City of Monona is located in the MFL MarMac Community School District. Attendance centers are located in Monona (PreK-3 Elementary and 9-12 High School) and McGregor (4-5 Intermediate and 6-8 Middle School).

Canadian Pacific Railroad has a line which runs through Monona and averages ten trains daily.

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Figure 41: Flood Plain, City of Monona

Fiscal and Technical Resources Monona’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes and grants.

Clayton County Emergency Management provides technical resources and services to the City of Monona and its emergency responders. The city has three outdoor warning sirens, but none have voice messaging capabilities. They can be remotely activated. The county contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team to provide technician level incident response throughout the county.

Development Trends Monona has had several new houses built and more are in the works. Commercial Vehicle Group (CVG) did not shut down its manufacturing location in Monona. It is staying and going strong. There is also new commercial property development as well as commercial property upgrades occurring.

Existing Plans and Policies 2011 – FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Emergency Operations Plan

The City of Monona is not a member of NFIP. The city has no history of flooding.

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Key Issues • Rail Incidents – the Canadian Pacific rail like runs the length of Monona and has several trains per day, with dozens of cars. The HMPC noted concern over derailment and hazardous content. • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Emergency/disaster response training. a. Ongoing 2. Improve public awareness of hazardous risks a. Ongoing 3. Encourage City of Monona residents to have Disaster Supply kits on hand to be used in the event of a disaster. a. Ongoing 4. Develop and maintain electronic resource directory of local resources. a. Ongoing 5. Promote NOAA weather radio use. a. Ongoing 6. Update siren warning system. a. Update has been done. 7. Support EMS training. a. Ongoing 8. Purchase/install backup power generators. a. Generators at North Lift Station, SE Lift Station, and Wire Factory Lift Station being replaced with automated units as part of 2016 Phase II Sewer Project, which is almost complete. b. Installation and/or upgrade of standby power generation has been done for the water tower and wells. c. Installation and/or upgrade of standby power generation at the Fire Station is still needed. 9. Continue storm spotter training. a. Ongoing 10. Develop Community Shelters. a. Garden View has been sold by the city. Other location? 11. Establish recreational area storm shelter. a. Has not been built yet due to lack of funding. 12. Install emergency shelter signs in the city parks. a. No shelter at this time. 13. Install signage upon completion of new storm shelter. a. No shelter at this time. 14. Prepare/implement mass casualty incident plans. 116

a. Ongoing. Mock drill was held last April 20, 2016. 15. Continue HAZMAT Team agreement and support regional HAZMAT Team. a. Ongoing 16. Install GPS units in emergency vehicles. a. Update vehicle GPS as rolling stock is replaced. 17. Support fire department training. a. Ongoing 18. Establish good neighborhood program for winter storms. a. Ongoing 19. Install signalized railroad crossings. a. This has not yet happened completely. Four of the five crossings have been lighted. Continue to work with Canadian Pacific Railroad to light fifth. 20. Develop alternative energy sources. a. Ongoing 21. Develop/maintain security at water treatment plant. a. Wastewater Treatment Plant and Water Tower Facility have locked buildings and locked fence enclosures. b. Install video surveillance cameras when funding is available. 22. Develop plans to address utility outages and emergencies. a. City of Monona will implement city-wide Mass Communication System in 2016 whereby information would be transmitted via text message, email, and Facebook immediately after an incident. b. Ongoing. Update contractor list. 23. Purchase SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus) a. Fire Department replaces existing equipment as needed. 24. Review security of critical facilities. a. In progress. Install alarm systems and video surveillance when funding is available. 25. Develop and enhance response plans for terrorism incidents. a. Ongoing 26. Purchase new fire trucks. a. Purchase trucks when funding available based upon replacement schedule. 27. Join the National Flood Insurance Program. a. This has not happened yet. No history of flooding. 28. Three lift stations upgraded with new generator and electrical panels as part of 2016 Phase II Sanitary Sewer Improvement Project. a. Complete.

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s comprehensive plan as well as its budget and council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Encourage FEMA Approved tornado safe room for construction at new city or state buildings. 2. Purchase/upgrade generators and/or wiring for any remaining critical facilities. 3. Continue to use Iowa Drive for offsite memory of city records to prevent data loss in the event of a power outage.

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4. Continue to have fire department work with county and regional groups for HAZMAT operations training in the event of a train derailment. 5. Four of the five railroad crossings in Monona are lighted but continue to work with Canadian Pacific to have all crossings lighted. 6. Consider joining the NFIP.

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City of North Buena Vista

History and Overview The City of North Buena Vista, Iowa is situated on the Mississippi River in the southeast part of the county. It was laid out October 31, 1848 by William H. Stevens, who subsequently sold it to H.H. Day. Francis Cole of Colesburg, a flourishing inland town situated in Delaware County, erected the first frame building in Buena Vista. Early in the summer of 1851, William H. Stevens and Tobias Walker accidently discovered a vein of lead ore just back of the town, which soon changed the scene, similar to California’s gold rush. Over 500 persons were in the town as miners, coming in from all directions. Steamboats, which rarely called at the place before, were now loaded with miners, merchants, mechanics, speculators, and pickpockets, all in search of the almighty dollar. In 1851, the town’s population rose from approximately 12 persons to about 500.

On October 1, 1851, an addition to the town was laid out, called Upper Buena Vista. Lots sold at enormous rates, and the town improved in a rapid manner. On June 22, 1852, Charles Brady laid out another addition called Middle Buena Vista.

In the 1930s, the residents of the City of North Buena Vista used rocks from the local area with a 700- pound statue ordered from Germany to build a Grotto in the bluff surrounding the city. Along with the grotto, the city is also proud of its more than 100-year-old Immaculate Conception Parish and historic schoolhouse.

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Figure 42: North Buena Vista Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Services The City of North Buena Vista holds regular city council meetings once per month; the governing body includes one mayor and a five-member City Council. City employees include: • City Clerk • Treasurer • Two seasonal employees

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Law enforcement is provided to the City of North Buena Vista by the Clayton County Sheriff’s Department.

North Buena Vista received primary fire protection from the Holy Cross and North Buena Vista Fire Department. No major fire protection equipment is housed within North Buena Vista. They currently have no municipal water and no municipal sewer accessibility.

The city has three government buildings; sand shed, maintenance shed, and city hall. The have one outdoor warning siren (with speaker system) which is remotely activated by the Holy Cross, Iowa fire station, as needed. The city installed the siren at the ball diamond in 2008 and manually activated it for testing every Tuesday and Thursday at 5:00 P.M. The city has one railroad crossing in city limits.

The entire city is part of the Clayton Ridge Community School District, but there are no facilities located in North Buena Vista.

Figure 43: Flood Plain, City of North Buena Vista

Fiscal and Technical Resources North Buena Vista’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants.

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The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department in rural Elkader is the county’s Communications Center. Clayton County Emergency Management Agency provides technical resources to the City of North Buena Vista and its emergency responders. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team for hazardous incident response.

Development Trends There has been no building in North Buena Vista in the4 recent past and none is planned in the near future.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015-FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 2011 – NFIP CIP 190082 Zoning Ordinances Flood Plain Ordinances

In order to remain a member of the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Flood – Adjacent to the Mississippi River and with tributaries through the city, there is always risk of flood.

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress of Previous Mitigation Actions 1. The entire county participates in emergency response exercises on a regular basis. a. Ongoing 2. Buena Vista Cable (owned by local residents) owns and maintains cable satellite equipment on top of the bluff, co-op formed in the 1960s to address communication connectivity needs. a. Ongoing 3. L&L Campground has made specific effort to educate travelers/campers to utilize permanent owners’ homes during inclement weather. a. Ongoing

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated with appropriate into the city’s budget and council planning meetings.

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Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Work with Canadian Pacific and IDOT for funding for lights and signs at train crossing. 2. Continue to maintain NFIP membership and update floodplain ordinances.

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City of Osterdock

History and Overview Although the original survey dates from 1872, the northern portion of Osterdock was not laid out until 1877 by Samuel W. Bowman, with an area south of the river added by George Hansel the following year. The town experienced rapid early growth with construction of three general stores, a hotel, warehouse, and sawmill from 1877 to 1882. The businesses were needed to serve the rapidly increasing rural population.

With the changing trend in rural population in the years since, Osterdock has been caught in the declining need for rural service centers. In 1939, the railroad stopped running through the city. Where they once were a booming community, the floods of the 1940s and 1950s eliminated many properties in the low- lying areas, and the property owners built elsewhere.

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Figure 44: City of Osterdock Street Map

Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Osterdock is governed by one mayor and five city council members, all of whom are elected. City employees include: • Part-time City Clerk

The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department in rural Elkader is the county’s Communication Center. Clayton County Emergency Management provides services to the City of Osterdock.

Osterdock receives primary fire protection from the Guttenberg Fire Department and Colesburg Fire Department. The City has an ISO rating of 10. They currently have no municipal water and no municipal sewer accessibility.

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The city has no government buildings and has had no active railroad system in city limit since 1939. The community currently has one private airport within city limits.

The entire area of Osterdock’s city limits is located inside Clayton Ridge Community School District, but there are no school district facilities in the city.

Figure 45: Flood Plain, City of Osterdock

Fiscal and Technical Resources Osterdock’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants.

The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department in rural Elkader is the county’s Communication Center, The Clayton County Emergency Management Agency provides technical resources to the City of Osterdock. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team for incident response assistance.

Development Trends Much of the City of Osterdock lies in the 100-year floodplain. There has been no recent development within the city, and none is anticipated in the near future.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 - FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan

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Key Issues • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Flood – Adjacent to the Mississippi River and with tributaries through the city, there is always risk of flood.

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. The entire county participates in emergency response exercises on a regular basis. a. Ongoing 2. City has two NOAA weather radios in use throughout the city a. Ongoing 3. City purchased and utilizes seven pumps a. 1 - 6” pump, PTO operated b. 2 - 3” pumps, one on each side of the Turkey River c. 3 – 2” pumps d. 1 – 3” pump on west side of the river, used for back up i. Complete 4. City utilized a 12” inflatable ball for the drainage tube that goes through the dike, allowing for drain closure during flood events. a. Ongoing as needed. 5. City has two levees: one being 300’ long that can be raised up to 36”; width across the top is 5’ a. Ongoing as needed.

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget and council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Consider re-joining NFIP 2. Purchase a used portable 5-6” water pump to replace the 6” PTO pump, which will eliminate the need for a tractor. 3. Upgrade culvert flood gates a. 12” b. 30” c. 36” d. 48”

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City of St. Olaf

History and Overview Established in February 1874 by Thomas Thompson, the owner of the property where the town is located. Incorporated on May 3, 1900 and named for Norway’s patron saint, St. Olaf, the community was first surveyed by Ezra Hurd in February 1874. The Post Office was established in the fall of 1874 with H.H. Strum as the first Postmaster. Strum served approximately a year and was succeeded by Emmet Embretson, his partner in the general merchandise store.

A frame schoolhouse was constructed at a cost of $1,000 and classes were taught in English seven months and in Norwegian for two months per year. In the early 1900s, St. Olaf grew rapidly, becoming home to grain elevators, two banks, two hotels, auto dealerships, a jewelry store, lumber yard, hardware store, mortuary, central water system, and many other entities. While both in their early twenties, brothers Hanford and Alfred Knudson, built and operated a power plant that supplies electricity to St. Olaf.

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Figure 46: St. Oaf Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities and Services The City of St. Olaf is governed by one mayor and five city council members, all of whom are elected. The city employees include: • City Clerk • Assistant Clerk • Two water superintendents • Maintenance person

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The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department in rural Elkader is the county’s Communication Center. Clayton County Emergency Management Agency provides services to the City of Olaf.

The entire area of St. Olaf is located inside the Central Community School District.

St. Olaf Fire Department is an all-volunteer force that responds to a wide variety of emergency calls. Ambulance service is provided by MercyOne Elkader Ambulance, Elkader, Iowa.

Figure 47: Flood Plain, City of St. Olaf

Fiscal and Technical Resources St. Olaf’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants.

The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department in rural Elkader is the county’s Communication Center. Clayton County Emergency Management Agency provides technical resources to the City of St. Olaf and its emergency responders. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team for incident response assistance.

The city has two warning sirens. Both are activated manually with one being over 40 years old.

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Development Trends Following significant flooding in 2008, there have been a few businesses that have left town or closed. No new development has occurred or is anticipated in the near future.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1974 – NFIP

In order to remain in the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

Key Issues • Flood – City is low-lying and Roberts Creek flows along the east side and through the northeast portion of St. Olaf city limits. • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Upgrade and enhance water and infrastructure. a. 2014 – pumps were placed in the water system to increase pressure at a cost to the city of $70,000. Long term the water mains need to be replaced as they are originals dating to 1898. 2. Maintain and maximize partnerships for a well-equipped and well-maintained emergency response capability. a. Ongoing 3. Continue NFIP participation a. Ongoing 4. Purchase and install generator(s) and associated equipment a. Not yet. Needed for city hall, fire station, and lift station. Well has a generator . Sewer facility will have a generator when sewer project is finished in May 2021. 5. Purchase, install, upgrade, and maintain warning siren(s) and alert notification equipment. a. The city has two warning sirens. Both can be activated manually. One is over 40 years old. 6. Contain water sources inside designated boundaries. a. The city does debris removal and has installed a wall with reservoir and culvert, but the culvert can become blocked and will flood in the dry run south of town. 7. Construct a FEMA Approved tornado safe room. a. Not yet. No funding or building at this time.

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8. Purchase and maintain flood mitigation equipment, related safety measures and storage facilities. a. No. Not considered a priority. 9. Ensure the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan is reviewed and kept current. a. Ongoing 10. Promote the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan to the public. a. Ongoing 11. Acquisition and demolition of damaged structures. a. Will do as financially able. 12. Improve data collection software and technology resources. a. In process. City is upgrading computer and cloud backup in 2016. 13. Evaluate sink holes through engineer’s studies and additional data collection. a. Not aware of any. 14. City codes were updated in 2017.

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget and council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Purchase and install generator for city hall, fire station, and lift station. 2. Test warning sirens monthly at fire meetings and purchase new siren as funding is available. 3. Replace water mains. 4. Replace storm sewers under North Main Street. 5. Improve data collection software and technology resources. 6. Continue to maintain NFIP membership and update floodplain ordinances.

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City of Strawberry Point

History and Overview During the 1840s, as the army moved 2,900 Winnebago Indians from Wisconsin to their new home in the present Winneshiek County, they made camp near a spring a mile west of the town of Strawberry Point. The spring was located in a point of timber rich with wild strawberries. Being a part of the Neutral Ground, each mile of the “Old Mission Road” was marked with a stake, and the one at this campsite was inscribed, “Strawberry Point.” Mission Street, which runs East and West through town today, was part of the Old Mission Road. This point of timer with its spring because a popular stopping place for Eastern emigrants on their way to Northern Iowa and Minnesota to settle claims.

The population of Clayton County in 1840 was a mere 275; ten years later, the number had swelled to 3,875 as settlers from the East started buying claims for $1.25 an acre. Between 1847 and 1853 about twenty families established claims along “Old Mission Road” the Strawberry Point area. Strawberry Point Post Office was established in 1851 as well as blacksmith shops and stores.

Laid out and founded by W.H. and D.M. Stearns, the community was first called Franklin, but with another Post Office by that name, it was changed to Strawberry Point for the vast amount of wild strawberries that grew there. Strawberry Point was incorporated December 19, 1887.

Strawberry Point was known as the “Cream City” due to its being one of the top locations for processing whole milk in the entire state. Dairying and the processing of whole milk are still leading agricultural industries in this area, with AMPI (Associated Milk Producers, Inc.) offering primary service to producers.

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Figure 49: Strawberry Point Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020

Governance, Facilities, and Services The City of Strawberry Point is governed by one Mayor and a five member city council, all of whom are elected. City employees include: • City Clerk/Administrator • Deputy City Clerk • Police Chief • Police Sergeant • Police Officer • City Superintendent • Public Works Director • Public Works Parks & Maintenance • Library Director • Part-time Librarians (3) • Seasonal Pool Staff • Seasonal Public Works Staff • EMS & Fire Department 134

The Strawberry Point Volunteer Ambulance and Fire Department service the city and surrounding area.

The entire area of Strawberry Point’s city limits is located inside the Starmont Community School District.

Strawberry Point boasts one landmark, on the National Register of Historic Places, the Franklin Hotel.

Figure 496: Flood Plain, City of Strawberry Point

Fiscal and Technical Resources Strawberry Point’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants.

The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department in rural Elkader is the county’s Communication Center. Clayton County Emergency Management Agency provides technical resources to the City of Strawberry Point and its emergency responders. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team for incident response assistance.

The city has two warning sirens that are automatically activated by the Clayton County Communications Center.

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Develop Trends A new Casey’s Convenience Store was built in town and several buildings in the city’s industrial park were added. No other development is anticipated currently.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 2010 – NFIP CID 190662 Zoning and Floodplain Ordinances

There have been no damages or flood claims in the City of Strawberry Point.

Strawberry Point utilizes a Comprehensive Plan, Capital Improvement Plan, City Code, zoning ordinances, subdivision ordinances, and storm water ordinances. The city has 103 ordinances in place and has a Vision 2020 Plan in place and kept current.

The city utilizes the Clayton County All Hazards Emergency Operations Plan. All city response personnel follow appropriate protocol and guidance. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team, located approximately 60 miles south of Strawberry Point.

The city uses the following ordinance to describe its compliance with NFIP regulation:

92.01 Statement of Purpose

It is the purpose of this Ordinance to protect and preserve the rights, privileges and property of the City of Strawberry Point and its residents and to preserve and improve the peace, safety, health, welfare, and comfort and convenience of its residents by minimizing those flood losses described in Findings of Fact of this Ordinance with provisions designed to:

1. Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety, or property in times of flood or which cause excessive increases in flood heights or velocities. 2. Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including public facilities which serve such uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction or substantial improvement. 3. Protect individuals from buying lands which may not be suited for intended purposes because of flood hazard. 4. Assure that eligibility is maintained for property owners in the community to purchase flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program.

Key Issues

• Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event 136

• Hazardous Materials – possibility through high use roadways.

Mitigation Activities Status and Progress of Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Iowa Rural Water Association (IRWA) participant. a. Ongoing 2. The City of Strawberry Point is researching additional details and safeguard measures for the existing petroleum pipeline, specifically, shut off valves – and how and when the valves are to be utilized. a. Ongoing. City fire department does pipeline training, but shutoff, etc. is handled through the emergency dispatch. 3. Community currently owns and operates a generation plant they purchased and installed in 2001, working to upgrade to 13,000 volt system. a. Complete 4. Purchase, install, and maintain warning siren equipment and alert notification system. a. This has not been done. The city has warning sirens, but all are very old. There has not been funding available to upgrade the system yet. 5. Maintain a well-equipped and well-trained emergency response capability for appropriate and effective response. a. Ongoing 6. Upgrade and enhance water and wastewater treatment infrastructure. a. Several projects completed. 7. Ensure that the City of Strawberry Point Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan is reviewed and kept current. a. Ongoing 8. Improve data collection software and technology resources. A. New billing and account software added in 2010 and updated in 2018. 9. Construct FEMA compliant tornado safe room (s). a. There has been no new construction of safe rooms. 10. Promote Clayton County Multi Hazard Mitigation Plan to the public. a. Ongoing 11. Educate citizens of hazards and enhance safety and security for the petroleum pipeline in and around Strawberry Point city limits. a. Ongoing 12. Begin the process to join the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). a. Complete 13. Construct an alternate route for Highway 13 to redirect heavy and dangerous highway traffic apart from downtown. a. Financially not feasible 14. Acquisition and demolition of damaged structures. a. One building has been demolished through State Derelict Building grant. The rest is ongoing 15. Evaluate sinkholes through engineering studies and implement appropriate safety protocols. a. No known sinkholes in the city and this mitigation action can be removed.

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Mitigation Actions and Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the City’s plans, as well as its budget and council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Purchase, install, and maintain warning siren equipment and alert notification system. 2. Complete upgrade and enhance water and wastewater treatment infrastructure 3. Continue to maintain NFIP membership and update floodplain ordinances 4. Purchase back up generator for use during event that affects generation plant. 5. Loop water mains on east side of town.

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City of Volga

History and Overview Volga City, Iowa was laid out in November 1851 by W.H. Rary J., and A.L. Gould. Three individual additions were respectively made in 1857, 1867, and 1877. In 1896, Volga City was incorporated with a mayor, a clerk, and give council members. This is still the form of government in Volga today.

Volga, a part of Sperry Township, is situated in the western part of Clayton County. Early records reveal that the Volga City was named after the Volga River which meanders through the city. The Volga River, in turn, was named after the great river in Russia. Since July 1, 1883, the “City” has been dropped from the name of the town by the U.S. Postal Service. “Volga City” is still the official name.

The city has historically been subjected to flooding. In 1948 the city installed a dike system at its own expense to help protect it from flood waters. In the flood of 1999, the Volga River dike broke and 36 structures were included in a FEMA buyout grant.

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Figure 50: Volga Street Map

Source: IDOT, 2020 Governance, Facilities and Services The City of Volga is governed by one Mayor and a five-member city council, all of whom are elected. City employees include: • City Clerk • Maintenance workers (2) • Public Works • Librarians (3) 140

The City of Volga has no rail service.

Water supply for the City of Volga is supplied by two active wells. The city has an Aquastore Harvestore above ground water storage reservoir. The city’s chlorination water treatment plant was built in 2000 and is located at Cedar West Street. The plant does not have well field protection or surveillance system in place. A backup power generator was purchased in 2011.

The City of Volga receives fire protection from the Volga Volunteer Community Fire Department. Emergency medical services are provided by Volga First Responders headquartered at the Volga Fire Department. Ambulance transport and paramedic services are provided by the Strawberry Point Ambulance Service in Strawberry Point, MercyOne Elkader Ambulance Service in Elkader, and Arlington Ambulance Service in Fayette County.

The nearest hospitals are MercyOne Elkader Hospital in Elkader; Arlington Covenant in Arlington and Crossing Rivers in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.

The City of Volga is part of the Central Community School District, but no facilities are located in Volga.

Figure 51: Flood Plain, City of Volga

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Fiscal and Technical Resources Volga’s fiscal tools for funding mitigation activities include bonding, both General Obligation and Revenue, loan agreements, fees, taxes for specific purposes, and grants.

The Clayton County Sheriff’s Department in rural Elkader is the county’s Communication Center. Clayton County Emergency Management Agency provides technical resources to the City of Volga and its emergency responders. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team for incident response assistance.

The City does own portable backup generators and has one warning siren.

As of February 29, 2016, residents in the City of Volga had 12 flood claims with $191, 964 paid out. There were three properties that were offered FEMA flood buyout grants that did not accept. Two of the properties are private residences and have a combined assessed value of $52,726. The third is a church parsonage.

Development Trends As can be noted in the decline in population and in flood buyouts, the City of Volga has experienced no new development and has lost residential properties. Because much of the city is in the flood zone, no development is planned in the immediate future.

Existing Plans and Policies 2015 – FEMA Approved Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1975 – NFIP CID 190085

In order to remain in the National Flood Insurance Program, the community has adopted and enforces a Floodplain Ordinance which regulates what type of construction, if any, can occur in identified flood hazard areas. By doing so, property owners in the community are eligible to purchase flood insurance on property within the city limits, regardless of whether they are actually in an identified floodplain.

The city utilizes the Clayton County All Hazards Emergency Operations Plan. All city response personnel follow appropriate protocol and guidance. Clayton County contracts with the Linn County HAZMAT Team located approximately 60 miles to the south.

Key Issues • Hailstorm – along with other weather events, can be destructive, with no ability for avoidance • Thunderstorm and Lightning – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Tornado – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event with no safe room in the city • Windstorms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Severe Winter Storms – unpredictable, potentially dangerous weather event • Flood – the city is located in a low-lying area and the Volga River runs through the city and is fed by a watershed that encompassed 170,846 acres. Flash flood by the county shop prevents transportation.

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Mitigation Activities Status and Progress on Previous Mitigation Actions 1. Develop local emergency operations plan a. In progress. 2. Encourage residents to the Disaster Supply Kits on hand to be used in the event of a disaster a. Ongoing 3. Improve public awareness of hazardous risks a. Ongoing 4. Promote NOAA weather radio use a. Ongoing 5. Install audible siren warning system a. Recently applied for grant for this. 6. Purchase back up generator for lift station. a. In progress. 7. Flood protection for critical facilities (fire station and lift station) a. Ongoing at fire station through sandbags. The lift station is elevated. 8. Install rip-rap. a. Completed in Fall 2020. 9. Develop community shelter. a. St. Paul’s Lutheran Church has been a designated shelter. 10. Establish storm shelter a. The city has not built a FEMA approved tornado storm shelter due to cost restraints 11. Purchase portable pump a. The diesel fuel tank at fire station is available to supply fuel for portable generators and the city and county have portable generators available 12. Clear and deepen ditches a. Ongoing 13. Continue membership in the NFIP a. Ongoing 14. Educate the public on proper steps to be taken in the event of a tornado/high wind event a. Ongoing 15. Maintain floodgates a. Floodgates are flushed and cleaned annually. ACOE inspects as part of annual inspection of levee. 16. Training for floodplain manager a. City Clerk and City Floodplain Administrator attended an IDNR meeting in 2015. 17. Update flood maps a. Completed in 2020 18. Develop alternative energy source a. Not done due to cost constraints 19. Establish good neighborhood programs for winter storms a. Ongoing 20. Maintain a well-equipped and well-trained fire department capable of appropriate and effective response a. Ongoing 21. Encourage citizen use/purchase of smoke detectors 143

a. Ongoing 22. Thermal imager for fire department a. Not being pursued at this time 23. Fire Department training a. Ongoing 24. Install new fire hydrants a. Ongoing. One or two hydrants are replaced each year with large diameter hose hookups 25. Purchase new tanker for fire department. a. In progress – received grant to purchase. 26. Continue to explore FEMA flood buyouts of properties that have repetitive damage. a. Ongoing 27. Continue to educate and organize NIMS requirements so community and leadership are aware. a. Ongoing 28. Provide training and understanding to community members of what resources the city has for responding to a transportation incident involving hazardous materials. a. Ongoing 29. Enact ICO Levee Inspection Recommendations: a. Completed re-location of utility light pole at the end of White Street outside of levee crossing by lift station b. Agreement with landowner to fill culvert on levee c. Ongoing rodent control d. Ongoing cleaning of flood gates e. Ongoing burning and control of vegetation on dike

Mitigation Actions and the Clayton County plans were incorporated when appropriate into the city’s budget and council planning meetings.

Mitigation Actions to Pursue 1. Maintain rip-rap and continue debris and sediment removal, as necessary, and also as part of repairing damages when they occur to the city’s levee, in order to maintain protection. 2. Install well protection. 3. Backup city records on cloud service 4. Lengthen C2W County bridge to prevent flooding. 5. Continue to maintain NFIP membership and update floodplain ordinances.

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Risk Assessment

CFR Requirement 201.6©(2): [The plan shall include} A risk assessment that provides the factual basis for activities proposed in the strategy to reduce losses from identified hazards. Local risk assessments must provide sufficient information to enable the jurisdiction to identify and prioritize appropriate mitigation actions to reduce losses from identified hazards.

The risk assessment process identifies and profiles relevant hazards and assesses the exposure of lives, property, and infrastructure to these hazards. The goal of the risk assessment is to estimate the potential loss in the Planning Area, including loss of life, personal injury, property damage, and economic loss, from a hazard event. The risk assessment process allows for the Planning Area to better understand their potential risk from hazards and provides a framework for developing and prioritizing mitigation actions to reduce risk from future events.

The risk assessment for the county followed the methodology described in FEMA publication 386-2, Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses (2002), which includes a four-step process: Identify Hazards Profile Hazards Inventory Assets Estimate Losses This section is divided into four parts: Hazard Identification – Identifies the types of hazards that threaten the planning area and describes why some hazards have been omitted from further consideration. Hazard Profiles – Describes the location and extent of each natural hazard that can affect the planning area and describes previous occurrences of hazard events and the probability of future events. Vulnerability Assessment – Assesses the county’s vulnerability to hazards, considering the impact of each identified hazard on the communities’ critical facilities and other identified assets at risk. Repetitive Loss – Addresses the NFIP insured structures within each jurisdiction that have been repetitively damaged by floods.

Multi-Jurisdictional Risk Assessment For this county-wide, multijurisdictional plan, the risk assessment assesses the entire geographic area of the planning area’s risks. Should the risks deviate for a participating jurisdiction; the location -specific information will be included in each identified hazard’s profile. The participating jurisdictions are all located within Clayton County; Clayton County is 779 square miles and is fairly uniform in terms of climate. Accordingly, overall hazards and vulnerability do not vary greatly across the planning area for most hazards. Weather related hazards, such as drought, extreme heat, hailstorm, lightning, severe winter storm, tornado, and windstorm affect the entire planning area. Hazards that do vary across the planning area include: flooding, dam or levee failure, and landslides.

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Hazard Identification

CFR Requirement 201.6(c)(2)(i): [The risk assessment shall include a] description of the type…of all natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction.

Selection Process The county-wide Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) and other meeting attendees reviewed data and discussed the impacts of hazards listed alphabetically below as suggested by Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Department (HSEMD) for consideration, hazards included in the statewide plan, and FEMA.

Animal/Plant/Crop Disease Avalanche Coastal Erosion Coastal Storm Dam Failures Debris Flow Drought Earthquakes Expansive Soils Extreme Heat Fires Flash Floods Grass or Wild Land Fires Hailstorms Hazardous Materials Events Human Disease Hurricane/Tropical Cyclones Infrastructure Failure Land Subsidence Landslides Levee Failure Nuclear/Radiological Accidents River Flooding Severe Winter Storms Sink Holes Terrorism Thunderstorms and Lightning Tornadoes Transportation Incident Tsunami Volcano Windstorms

Data on past occurrences, impacts and future probability of these hazards in the planning area was collected from several sources including the following: Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan, September 2013 146

Information on past extreme weather and climate events from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Federal Disaster Declarations from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Service Agency (FSA) Disaster Declarations Various websites, articles and publications (sources are referenced where data is cited) Clayton County Emergency Operations Plan, February 2006 Clayton County County-Wide Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, August 2011 Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) Flood Insurance Studies (FIS)

The HMPC eliminated certain hazards from further profiling due to no known history of occurrence in the planning area and/or their impacts were not considered significant in relation to other hazards. Table 24 lists alphabetically the hazards suggested not profiled in the plan and provides the explanation for omission.

Table 24 Hazards Considered, But Not Profiled in the Plan Hazard Explanation for Omission Avalanche The Planning Area is not near a mountainous area Coastal Erosion The Planning Area is not near coastal areas Coastal Storm/Tsunami The Planning Area is not near coastal areas Debris Flow The Planning Area is not near mountainous regions susceptible to debris flow Expansive Soils There are no known expansive soils in the Planning Area and no known historical occurrences of this hazard. Hurricane The Planning Area is not near coastal areas Land Subsidence There are no known subsurface void spaces in the Planning Area and no known historical occurrences of this hazard Volcano There are no volcanic mountains in the Planning Area Source: HMPC

After review of the existing data on the remaining hazards, the HMPC considered and agreed upon the hazards to be included in the county list of identified hazards. Several hazards discussed in previous meetings were consolidated into general categories for the purpose of risk assessment. The hazards of human disease incident and pandemic human disease incident were combined into human disease. Fixed hazardous materials incidents, pipeline incidents, and transportation hazardous materials incidents were combined into hazardous materials events. Communication failures, massive power or energy failures, structural failures, and structural fires were combined into infrastructure failure. Roadway transportation incidents and railway transportation incidents were combined into transportation incidents. Biological terrorism, agricultural terrorism, domestic terrorism, and active shooting incidents were combined into terrorism. The following 22 hazards were identified by the HMPC as significant to the planning area.

Animal/Plant/Crop Disease Landslides Dam Failures Levee Failure Drought Nuclear/Radiological Accidents Earthquakes River Flooding Extreme Heat Severe Winter Storm Flash Floods Sinkholes Grass or Wild Land Fire Terrorism

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Hailstorms Thunderstorm and Lightning Hazardous Materials Events Tornadoes Human Disease Transportation Incident Infrastructure Failure Windstorms

The State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan covers all natural and human caused/combination hazards identified for the State of Iowa. Accordingly, the State of Iowa hazard information, details, and risk assessment prevails for hazards not discussed for the county.

Disaster Declaration History One method used by the HMPC to identify hazards was to examine events that triggered federal and/or state disaster declarations. Federal and/or state declarations may be granted when the severity and magnitude of an event surpasses the ability of the local government to respond and recover. Disaster assistance is supplemental and sequential. When the local government’s capacity has been surpassed, a state declaration may be issued, allowing for the provision of state assistance. Should the disaster be so severe that both the local and state governments “capacities are exceeded; a federal emergency or disaster declaration may be issued, allowing for the provision of federal assistance.”

The federal government may issue a disaster declaration through FEMA, the USDA, and/or the Small Business Administration (SBA). FEMA also issues emergency declarations, which are more limited in scope and do not include the long term federal recovery programs of major disaster declarations. Determinations for declaration type are based on scale and type of damages and institutions or industrial sectors affected.

A USDA disaster declaration certifies that the affected county has suffered at least a 30 percent loss in one or more crop or livestock areas and provides affected producers with access to low-interest loans and other programs to help mitigate disaster impacts. In accordance with the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act, counties neighboring those receiving disaster declarations are named as contiguous disaster counties and are eligible for the same assistance.

Table 25 reflects FEMA presidentially declared disasters received by multiple counties in Iowa, including Clayton County, from 1990 to present.

Table 25: Presidential Disaster Declaration History in Clayton County, 1990-Present Declaration Declaration Disaster Counties Included: Number Date Description DR-4483-IA 3/23/2020 Iowa COVID-19 Pandemic statewide DR-4421-IA 3/23/2020 Severe Storms & Flooding Public Assistance – majority of state DR-4334-IA 8/27/2017 Iowa Severe Storms, Allamakee, Bremer, Buchanan, Chickasaw, Clayton, Tornados, Straight-Line Dubuque, Fayette, Mitchell, Winneshiek Winds, and Flooding DR-4289-IA 10/31/2016 Iowa Severe Storms and Allamakee, Benton, Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Flooding Butler, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clayton, Delaware, Des Moines, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Howard, Linn, Mitchell, WInneshiek, Wright DR-4281-IA 9/29/2016 Iowa Severe Storms, Allamakee, Chickasaw, Clayton, Fayette, Floyd, Howard, Straight-Line Winds, and Mitchell, Winneshiek Flooding

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DR-4234-IA 7/31/2015 Severe Storms, Allamakee, Appanoose, Butler, Clayton, Dallas, Davis, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Des Moines, Guthrie, Howard, Jefferson, Lee, Lucas, Winds, and Flooding, Marion, Mitchell, Monroe, Warren, Wayne, Winneshiek, and Wright DR-4135-IA 7/31/2013 Severe Storms, Allamakee, Benton, Buchanan, Butler, Cedar, Clayton, Tornadoes, FLooding Delaware, Howard, Jones, Winneshiek DR-1930-IA 7/29/2009 Severe Storms, Adams, Appanoose, Audubon, Black Hawk, Boone, Tornadoes, Flooding Buchanan, Buena Vista, Butler, Calhoun, Cherokee, Clarke, Clay, Clayton, Dallas, Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Dickinson, Dubuque, Emmet, Fayette, Franklin, Guthrie, Hamilton, Howard, Humboldt, Ida, Iowa, Jackson, Jasper, Jones, Keokuk, Lee, Lyon, Lucas, Madison, Mahaska, Marion, Mills, Monroe, Montgomery, O’Brien, Osceola, Palo Alto, Ringgold, Shelby, Sioux, Story, Union, Van Buren, Wapello, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Webster, and Wright DR-1763-IA 5/27/2008 Severe Storms, Adair, Adams, Allamakee, Appanoose, Audubon, Tornadoes, and Flooding Benton, Black Hawk, Boone, Bremer, Buchanan, Butler, Carroll, Cass, Cedar, Cerro Gordo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Clarke, Clayton, Clinton, Crawford, Dallas, Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Fremont, Greene, Grundy, Guthrie, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, Henry, Howard, Humboldt, Iowa, Jackson, Jasper, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Kossuth, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Lyon, Madison, Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Mills, Mitchell, Monona, Monroe, Montgomery, Muscatine, Page, Palo Alto, Pocahontas, Polk, Pottawattamie, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Scott, Story, Tama, Taylor, Union, Van Buren, Wapello, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Webster, Winnebago, Winneshiek, Worth, and Wright DR-1518-IA 5/25/2004 Severe Storms, Adair, Allamakee, Appanoose, Audubon, Benton, Black Tornadoes, and Flooding Hawk, Boone, Bremer, Buchanan, Butler, Calhoun, Cass, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clay, Clayton, Dallas, Delaware, Dubuque, Fayette, Franklin, Fremont, Grundy, Guthrie, Hancock, Howard, Humboldt, Ida, Jasper, Jones, Kossuth, Linn, Lucas, Marshall, Mitchell, Page, Pocahontas, Polk, Story, Tama, Taylor, Webster, Winnebago, Winneshiek, Worth, Wright DR-1420-IA 6/1/2002 Severe Storms, Allamakee, Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clayton, Clinton, Tornadoes, and Flooding Delaware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Henry, Iowa, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Muscatine, Scott, Winneshiek Dr-1367-IA 4/2001 Severe Storms and Allamakee, Buchanan, Calhoun, Clayton, Clinton, Des Tornadoes Moines, Dubuque, Grundy, Henry, Humboldt, Jackson, Lee, Louisa, Lucas, Muscatine, Palo Alto, Pottawattamie, Ringgold, Sac, Scott, Union, Wapello, Webster DR-1282-IA 7/1999 Flooding Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Butler, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clayton, Crawford, Fayette, Floyd, Harrison, Howard, Jones, Linn, Mills, Mitchell, Montgomery, Pottawattamie, Story, Worth, Woodbury DR-1277-IA 5/1999 Severe Storms Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Butler, Chickasaw, Clayton, Clinton, Crawford, Delaware, Dubuque, Fayette, Harrison, Jones, Linn, Montgomery, Scott DR-1230-IA 7/1998 Severe Storms Adair, Allamakee, Appanoose, Audubon, Benton, Black Hawk, Boone, Buchanan, Buena Vista, Butler, Calhoun, 149

Carroll, Cass, Cedar, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clarke, Clay, Clayton, Clinton, Crawford, Dallas, Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Des Moines, Dickinson, Emmet, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Fremont, Greene, Grundy, Guthrie, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, Henry, Howard, Humboldt, Iowa, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Keokuk, Kossuth, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Madison, Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Mills, Monona, Montgomery, Muscatine, Osceola, Page, Palo Alto, Pocahontas, Polk, Pottawattamie, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Sac, Shelby, Story, Tama, Taylor, Union, Wapello, Washington, Warren, Webster, Winnebago, Winneshiek, Wright DR-996-IA 6/1993 Flooding ALL DR-911-IA 7/1991 Severe Storms Black Hawk, Bremer, Butler, Cass, Chickasaw, Clayton, Emmet, Fayette, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Johnson, Kossuth, Marshall, Story, Tama DR-879-IA 9/1990 Flooding Black Hawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clayton, Clinton, Fayette, Franklin, Fremont, Howard, Johnson, Jones, Linn, Pottawattamie, Winneshiek, Worth Source: Iowa HSEMD, 2016 and FEMA

Table 26 below reflects USDA disaster declarations and causes for Clayton County, from 2005 to present.

Table 26: USDA Disaster Declarations in Clayton County, 2005-Present USDA Causes Disaster Start Severe Winter Excessive Frost/ Flood Number Date Hail Drought Tornadoes Storms Storms Moisture Freeze 53605 4/1/2013 X 53310 7/24/2012 X 53390 7/17/2012 X 53305 7/17/2012 X 53264 4/6/2012 X M1933 7/20/2010 X X X 52898 5/15/2009 X X X M1719 8/18/2007 X X M1727 8/17/2007 X X M1688 2/23/2007 X 52165 1/1/2005 X Source: USDA Risk Management Agency

Hazard Profiles

CFR Requirement 201.6(c)(2): [The risk assessment shall include a} description of the… location and extend of all natural hazards than can affect the jurisdiction. The plan shall include information on previous occurrences of hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events. 44 CFR Requirement §201.6©(2)(iii): For multi-jurisdictional plans, the risk assessment must assess each jurisdiction’s risks where they vary from the risks facing the entire Planning Area.

Each hazard that can affect the jurisdiction is profiled individually in this section. The level of information presented in the profiles varies by hazard based on the information available. This plan update has 150 incorporated new information to provide for the better evaluation and prioritization of the hazards that affect the county. Detailed profiles for each of the identified hazards include information on the following characteristics of the hazard.

Hazard Description This section consists of a general description of the hazard and the types of impacts it may have on a community.

Geographic Location This section describes the geographic extent or location of the hazard in the planning area. When applicable, a jurisdiction’s risks are noted if it varies from the risks facing the entire county. Where available, maps are utilized to indicate the areas of the county that are vulnerable to the subject hazard.

Previous Occurrences This section includes information on historic incidents and their impacts to the affected area.

Probability of Future Occurrence The frequency of past events is used to gauge the likelihood of future occurrences. Where possible, the probability or change of occurrence was calculated based on historical data. Probability was determined by dividing the number of events observed by the number of years and multiplying by 100. This gives the percent change of the event happening in any given year. An example would be three droughts occurring over a 30 year period, which suggests a 10 percent chance of a drought occurring in any given year.

Magnitude The magnitude of the impact of a hazard event (past and perceived) is related directly to the vulnerability of the people, property, and the environment it affects. This is a function of when the event occurs, the location in which it occurs, the resilience of the community, and the effectiveness of the emergency response and disaster recovery efforts.

Warning Time The warning time of the impact of a hazard event (past and perceived) is related directly to the amount of notice a community has before an event will occur.

Duration The duration of the hazard consists of the typical amount of time the affected area is impacted by the hazard.

Spatial Extent The spatial extent of the impact of a hazard event (past and perceived) is related directly to the geographic extent of jurisdiction(s) impacted.

Hazard Summary To maintain a consistent reporting format, a mathematical methodology was used to prioritize the hazards. This prioritization was based on a Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) that considered five elements of risk: probability, magnitude, warning time, duration, and spatial extent. Table 27 defines the CPRI rankings for elements of hazards risk.

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Table 27: Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) Element Definitions Score: Description:

Probability: Reflects the likelihood of the hazard occurring in the future, considering both the hazard’s historical occurrence and the projected likelihood of the hazard occurring in any given year. Event is probable within the calendar year 4 – Highly Likely Event has up to 1 in 1-year chance of occurring (1/1=100%) History of events is greater than 33% likely per year Event is probable within the next three years 3 – Likely Event has up to 1 in 3-year chance of occurring (1/3=33%) History of events is greater than 20% but less than or equal to 33% likely per year Event is probable within the next 5 years 2 – Occasional Event has up to 1 in 5-year chance of occurring (1/5=20%) History of events is greater than 10% but less than or equal to 20% likely per year Event is probable within the next 100 years 1 - Unlikely Event has up to 1 in 10 year chance of occurring (1/10=10%) History of events is less than or equal to 10% likely per year Magnitude: AN assessment of severity in terms of injuries and fatalities, personal property, and infrastructure. Multiple deaths 4 – Catastrophic Complete shutdown of facilities for 30 or more days More than 50 percent of property is severely damaged Injuries and/or illnesses result in permanent disability 3 – Critical Complete shutdown of critical facilities for at least two weeks 25-50 percent of property is severely damaged Injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability 2 – Limited Complete shutdown of critical facilities for more than one week 10-25 percent of property is severely damaged Injuries and/or illnesses are treatable with first aid 1 – Negligible Minor quality of life lost Shutdown of critical facilities and services for 24 hours or less Less than 10 percent of property is severely damaged Warning Time: The potential amount of warning time that is available before the hazard occurs. 4 Less than 6 hours 3 6-12 hours 2 12-24 hours 1 24+ hours Duration: How long the hazard will affect the planning area. 4 More than 1 week 3 Less than 1 week 2 Less than 1 day 1 Less than 6 hours Spatial Extent: How much of the jurisdiction will be affected. 4 – Catastrophic More than 50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted 3 – Critical 25 – 50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted 2 – Limited 10 – 25% of the jurisdiction to be impacted 1 – Negligible Less than 10% of the jurisdiction to be impacted *Based on history, using the definitions given, the likelihood of future events is quantified. **According to severity associated with past events or probable worst case scenario events in the State of Iowa. 152

Using the ranking described in CPRI Criteria Table, a formula that includes weighting factors is used to determine each hazard’s CPRI. In order to be consistent with the State of Iowa, this plan uses the same weighting criterial that the State uses. The weighting criteria is consistent with the State’s priorities and allows for a higher priority to be placed on hazards that have a higher occurrence in the stat and have a higher potential for adverse impact. The formula is:

CPRI = (Probability x .45) + (Magnitude x .25) + (Warning Time x .15) + (Duration x .10) + (Spatial Extent x .05) Based on the calculated CPRI scores, the participating jurisdictions’ hazards were separated into three categories of planning significance: High (3.00-4.00) Moderate (2.00-2.99) Low (1.00-1.99)

These terms relate to the level of planning analysis to be given to the particular hazard in the risk assessment process and are not meant to suggest that a hazard would have only limited impact. In order to focus on the most critical hazards, those assigned a level of high or moderate were given more extensive attention in the remainder of this section, while those with a low planning significance were addressed in more general of qualitative ways. Table 28 summarizes the completed county-wide Hazard Profile results. City CRPI Scores are included separately.

Table 28: Clayton County Hazard Profile Summary Warning Planning Hazard Probability Magnitude Time Duration Spatial CPRI Significance River Floods 4 4 1 4 3 3.50 High Severe Winter Storms 4 2 3 4 4 3.35 High Flash Floods 4 2 4 2 2 3.20 High Tornadoes 4 2 4 1 4 3.20 High Windstorms 4 2 4 1 4 3.20 High Thunderstorms & Lightning 4 2 3 2 4 3.15 High Human Disease 3 4 2 4 4 3.10 High Infrastructure Failure 3 2 4 4 2 2.95 Moderate Levee Failure 3 5 4 4 3 2.95 Moderate Hazardous Materials 2 2 1 4 1 2.50 Moderate Transportation Incident 2 2 4 2 1 2.25 Moderate Dam Failure 1 3 4 4 3 2.35 Moderate Hailstorms 3 2 4 1 4 2.30 Moderate Radiological Incident 2 2 4 2 2 2.30 Moderate Grass or Wildfire 2 2 4 1 1 2.15 Moderate Landslides 2 2 4 1 1 2.15 Moderate Sinkholes 2 2 4 1 1 2.15 Moderate Animal/Plant/Crop Disease 2 2 1 4 1 2.00 Moderate Terrorism 2 1 4 1 1 1.90 Low Extreme Heat 2 2 1 1 1 1.70 Low Drought 1 2 1 4 4 1.70 Low Earthquakes 1 1 4 1 4 1.60 Low Source: HMPC, 2020

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Hazard Information

Animal/Plant/Crop Disease Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Extent Time Animal/Plant/ 2 2 1 4 1 Crop Disease

Description Any outbreak of disease that can be transmitted from animal or plant to plant is an animal/crop/plant disease. An animal or plant disease outbreak could have serious economic implications or public health impact. Plant disease, insects and mycotoxins are three of the top 20 implications on public health impact. Avian influenza, BSE, and Bovine TV are threats to the county’s livestock. The HMPC include invasive species, pests, and noxious weeds within this hazard element.

Geographic Location Animal, plant or crop disease can occur anywhere within the planning area.

Previous Occurrences There have been isolated occurrences of animal, plant, or crop disease within the county. For example, rabies is rare in Iowa, with just 10 animal cases statewide in 2018. From 2008 to 2018 there have only been 225 positive animal cases in Iowa and only 4 of those were in Clayton County. Clayton County saw cases in 2010 (2 skunks), 2009 (1 bat), and 2008 (1 bat), according to the Iowa Department of Public Health. Across the United States, positive human rabies cases are even more rare with only 25 human cases in the past decade (2009-2018). Of those 25 cases, the Centers of Disease Control reports only two survived. The last known human rabies case in Iowa was in 2002 and prior to that the last known case in Iowa was in 1951.

In 2015, almost 50 million bird flocks in more than 20 states and the biosecurity of the nation were affected by an outbreak of the current Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreak. The Iowa Poultry Association, called it the “worst animal disease outbreak in the history of Iowa and potentially the history of the U.S.” In Iowa, 33.7 million chickens and turkeys died from the Avian Influenza, or were euthanized to prevent its spread, and more than 1,500 people lost their jobs. Iowa, the nation’s largest egg producing state, lost 25 million of the nation’s leading flock of 60 million egg laying hens. The cases were found primarily in central and western Iowa but have the potential of hitting anywhere in the state and causing significant economic and health repercussions. Crop loss due to plant disease has occurred in the county as indicated in Table 29.

Table 29: Crop Loss Due to Plant Disease, 2007-2012 Year Crop Hazard Claims Paid ($) 2010 All Other Crops Plant Disease 5,768 2009 All Other Crops Plant Disease 45,553 2007 All Other Crops Plant Disease 15,506 Total 66,827 Source: USDA Risk Management Agency

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Statistics from 2011-2020 did not list any Plant Disease crop losses however mycotoxin was listed in the years 2016 and 2019.

Probability of Future Occurrences The HMPC ranked the probability of future occurrences as “Occasional” with a 1 in 5 year chance of occurring. The HMPC noted concern over the increasing encroachment of invasive insects and plants into Iowa and the growing resistance of some animal, plant, or crop diseases to the current control efforts.

Magnitude Given the ability of the state and local jurisdictions to respond, control, and contain this type of hazard the HMPC rated the magnitude as limited.

Warning Time Over 24 hours

Duration Greater than one week

Spatial Extent Negligible – Less than 10% of the jurisdiction to be impacted

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Animal/Plant/Crop 2.0 Moderate Disease

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Dam Failure Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Extent Time Dam Failure 1 3 4 4 3

Description Dam failure is the uncontrolled release of impounded water resulting in downstream flooding, which can affect life and property. Flooding, earthquake, blockages, landslides, lack of maintenance, improper operation, poor construction, vandalism, or terrorism cause dam failures. Dams are constructed for a variety of uses, including flood control, erosion control, water supply impoundment, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation.

Dams are classified into three categories based on the potential risk to people and property should a failure occur. The classification may change over time because of development downstream from the dam since its construction. Older dams may not have been built to the standards of its new classification. Below are the hazard classifications defined by Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR):

High Hazard: A structure shall be classified as high hazard if located in an area where failure may create a serious threat of loss of human life or result in serious damage to residential, industrial, or commercial areas, important public utilities, public buildings, or major transportation facilities. Moderate (Significant) Hazard: A structure shall be classified as moderate hazard if located in an area where failure may damage isolated homes or cabins, industrial or commercial buildings, moderately traveled roads or railroads, interrupt major utility services, but without substantial risk of loss of human life. In addition, structures where the dam and its impoundment are of themselves of public importance, such as dams associated with public water supply systems, industrial water supply or public recreation, or which are an integral feature of a private development complex, shall be considered moderate hazard for design and regulatory purposes unless a higher hazard class is warranted by downstream conditions. Low Hazard: A structure shall be classified as low hazard if located in an area where damages from a failure would be limited to loss of the dam, loss of livestock, damages to farm outbuildings, agricultural lands, and lesser used roads, and where loss of human life is considered unlikely.

Dam hazard potential classifications have nothing to do with the material condition of a dam, only the potential for death and/or destruction due to the size of the dam, the size of the impoundment, and the characteristics of the area downstream of the dam. The Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) tracks all dams in Iowa with a height of at least 25 feet or a total storage of at least 50 acre feet of water. The inventory excludes all dams less than six (6) feet high regardless of storage capacity and dams less than fifteen (15) acre feet of storage regardless of height.

Table 30 lists the National Inventory of Dams (NID) key data for Clayton County.

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Table 30: National Inventory of Dams in Clayton County Hazard Dam Name River Location/Owner Year Completed Rating High Pikes Peak Flood Mississippi River McGregor 1938 Control Dam High Siegel Flood Mississippi River McGregor 1938 Control Dam High Slaughter Flood Mississippi River McGregor 1938 Control Dam Significant Emerald Valley Volga River Privately owned 2008 Dam Significant Lock & Dam No. Mississippi River Federally owned 1937 10 Low Elkader Mill Dam Turkey River Elkader 1926 Low Camp Klaus Dam Brownfield Creek Elkport/privately 1978 owned Low Bruehahn Dam Hickory Creek Privately owned 1971 Low Hanson Dam Turkey River Privately owned 2004 Low Pattison Dam Mississippi River Privately owned 2010 Source: National Inventory of Dams (NID)

City in Clayton County located on the Mississippi River directly downstream from High Hazard or Significant Hazard dams are: Clayton, Guttenberg, and North Buena Vista.

Probability of Future Occurrences There has not been a previous occurrence of dam failure in Clayton County.

There have been two historical occurrences in the State of Iowa: one event occurred in 1968 in Waterloo when the Virden Creek Dam failed. The incident claimed one life and the dam is no longer in existence. The second occurrence happened when the Delhi Dam on the Maquoketa River in Delhi, Iowa failed on July 24, 2010.

With increased attention to sound design, quality construction, and continued maintenance and inspection, dam failure probability can be reduced. It is important to consider that by 2020, 85% of the dams in the United States will be more than 50 years old (the design life of a dam). In Iowa, 41% of dams by 2020 will be more than 50 years old. This reflects the need to consider and encourage dam failure emergency action plans for high and significant hazard dams in the state.

Unlikely – Event is probable within the next 100 years.

Magnitude People and property along streams and rivers are most vulnerable. While the area impacted from a dam failure may be limited to those areas in and near the floodplain, facilities and lives considerable distances from the actual impoundment are not immune from the hazard.

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Depending on the size and volume of the impoundment as well as the channel characteristics, a flash flood resulting from dam failure can travel a significant distance. The severity of damage could range from property damage all the way to multiple deaths, injuries, and extensive property damage if a high hazard dam failed. Operations could be affected by communication loss, critical facility damage/destruction, etc.

Critical: 25-50 percent of property severely damaged; shut down of facilities for more than a week; and/or injuries and/or illness do not result in permanent disability.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration More than 1 week

Spatial Impact The area impacted following a dam failure would be limited to those areas in and near the floodplain. People and property outside the floodplain could also be impacted depending on the proximity to the dam and the height above the normal stream level.

Critical: 25-50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Dam Failure 2.35 Moderate

Drought Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Extent Time Drought 1 2 1 4 4

Description Drought is generally defined as a period of prolonged lack of precipitation for weeks at a time producing severe dry conditions. There are three types of drought conditions that are relevant to Iowa: Meteorological drought, which refers to precipitation deficiency; Hydrological drought, which refers to declining surface water and ground water supplies; and agricultural drought, which refers to soil moisture deficiencies. A prolonged drought can have serious economic impact on a community. Increased demand for water and electricity may result in a shortage of resources. Moreover, food shortages may occur if agricultural production is damaged or destroyed by a loss of crops or livestock. Based on information from the NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) from 1980 through 2019 droughts have cost the US approximately $249 billion, second only to the cost of hurricanes. This included 26 droughts in that time frame, averaging $9.6 billion per event.

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Periods of drought are normal occurrences in all parts of Iowa. Drought in Iowa is caused by severely inadequate amounts of precipitation that adversely affect farming, surface and ground water supplies, and uses of surface waters for navigation and recreation. Drought can cause significant economic and environmental impacts and also create favorable conditions for wildfires and wind erosion. While droughts are generally associated with extreme heat, droughts can and do occur during cooler months.

According to the National Climatic data Center (NCDC), Clayton County has had one period of drought from 1996-2019

July 2012 Severe drought conditions developed across Clayton County because of a persistent lack of precipitation. Effects of the drought include damaged crops, pastures that have stopped growing, river flows that were less than 20 percent of normal on the Turkey River, falling ground water levels and the implementation of burning bans.

August 2012 Severe drought conditions continued across the northern two-thirds of Clayton County because of a persistent lack of precipitation, while the southern third of the county deteriorated to extreme drought. Effects of the drought include damaged crops, pastures that have stopped growing, river flows that were less than 20 percent of normal on the Turkey River, falling ground water levels and the implementation of burning bans. In early August, the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture declared Clayton County a natural disaster area.

September 2012 The State of Iowa also announced that 6,000 acres of grasslands enrolled in the Wetland Reserve Program would be opened up to haying and grazing. Ethanol producing plants across Iowa voluntarily slowed production as corn prices rose and supplies tightened. Production was cut about 20 to 30 percent. The Iowa State Climatologist declared the 2012 drought worse than the 1988 event and the worst since 1936 because this years drought has eclipsed 1988 for breadth and severity. The Iowa Dept. of Agriculture started requiring all milk produced or received in the state to be tested for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin can sometimes be found in drought stressed corn, which when consumed by cows could pass into their milk. Alfatoxin is a concern because it is a known carcinogen and can cause damage to a person's liver.

October 2012 Rainfall amounts across Clayton County averaged 3 to 5 inches with local amounts topping 6 inches in the northwest corner during October. This was enough rain for some improvement in the drought to occur. By the end of the month, no part of the county was considered to be in an extreme drought while the southern three quarters of the county continued to be in a severe drought. Improvements over the northern quarter of the county removed that area from the severe drought classification. River flows continue to be less than 20 percent of normal on the Turkey River along with deeper than normal ground water levels.

November 2012 Precipitation amounts across Clayton County averaged 1.25 to 1.5 inches during November. This was enough precipitation to improve the soil moisture conditions and end the severe drought classification.

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According to NCDC, from 1980 – 2019 there was $3.355 billion in crop damage and $645.150 million in property damage due to drought.

Probability of Future Occurrences According to the Palmer Drought Severity Index 1919-2019 Clayton County is an area which experienced severe and extreme drought less than 2 percent of the time during that 100-year period, which equates to an unlikely probability of occurrence.

Unlikely – Event is probable within the next 100 years.

Magnitude Drought impacts are wide-reaching and may be economic, environmental, and/or societal. Because of their dependence on precipitation and water, the most significant impacts associated with drought in Iowa are those related to agriculture. Agricultural industry provides an economic base for Clayton County. A prolonged drought could have severe economic impacts.

Drought conditions can also cause soil to compact and not absorb water well, potentially making an area more susceptible to flooding. An ongoing drought may also leave an area more prone to wildfires. Water supply can also be of concern during periods of prolonged drought. Drought impacts increase with the length of a drought.

Limited: 10-25 percent of property severely damaged; shut down of facilities for more than a week; and/or injuries and/or illness do not result in permanent disability.

Warning Time 24+ hours

Duration More than 1 week

Spatial Impact As a regional phenomenon, drought can affect the entire Planning Area.

Figure 52 below shows that Clayton County is situated in an area that experiences mid-range conditions- exactly middle on the index between drought and moist conditions.

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Figure 52: Palmer Drought Index

Drought can lead to shortages in municipal water supplies due to deficiency of the raw water supply and greatly increased customer water demand. In other cases, the raw water supply may remain adequate, but problems can be encountered due to limited treatment or distribution capacity.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Drought 1.70 Low

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Earthquake Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Extent Time Earthquake 1 1 4 1 4

Description An earthquake is sudden motion of trembling of the ground caused by shifting tectonic plates. Earthquakes are potentially catastrophic, capable of causing multiple fatalities and major structural damage including disruption of utilities, communications, and transportation systems. Secondary affects can include landslides, seiches, liquefaction, fires, and dam failure. Earthquakes occur very abruptly with little or no warning. However, seismic monitoring in certain cases can detect increases in the geologic and seismic activity that precedes an earthquake event. Duration typically ranges from a few seconds to a minute or two, but aftershocks can occur during the hours and weeks after the quake, usually with diminishing frequency and intensity.

Figure 53: USGS Long Term National Seismic Hazard Map, 2018

Previous Occurrences Only 13 earthquakes with epicenters in Iowa are known in historic times with the majority along the Mississippi River. The first known occurrence was in 1867 near Sidney in southwest Iowa; the most recent occurrence was in 2004 near Shenandoah in southwest Iowa. The largest Iowa earthquake (Mercalli magnitude VI) occurred near Davenport in southeast Iowa in 1934 and resulted in only slight damage. Only the most recent of these events was instrumentally recorded.

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Geologically, the epicenter of an earthquake is the point of the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Figure 54 reflects the known history of earthquakes with epicenters in Iowa.

Figure 54: Historical Earthquakes In Iowa

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While more than 20 earthquakes have occurred in or around Iowa over the past 175 years, they have not seriously impacted the state.

Probability of Future Occurrences Clayton County’s probability of a magnitude 4.75+ earthquake over a 100-year time period is estimated to be 0.5 to 1.0 percent. Similar probabilities equate this to roughly a 10,000-year recurrence interval. Based on these estimates the probability of a significant earthquake in any given year is unlikely.

Unlikely – Event is probable within the next 100 years.

Figure 55 reflects the 100-yar probability of a magnitude 4.75+ earthquake in the Planning Area.

Figure 55: Earthquake Probability: Magnitude > 4.75 within 50 Kilometers in 100 Years

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Magnitude The amount of energy released during an earthquake is most commonly expressed on the moment magnitude scale and is measured directly from energy releases from the fault or epicenter as recorded on seismographs. Another measure of earthquake magnitude is intensity. Intensity is an expression of the amount of shaking at any given location on the surface as felt by humans and defined by the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. It is typically the greatest cause of losses to structures during earthquakes and is determined by many factors including distance from the epicenter and soil types.

Table 31 features abbreviated descriptions of the 12 levels of earthquake intensity.

Table 31 Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale

Source: USGS

Figure 56 indicates that there is a 2.0 percent probability of a peak acceleration of 4.0 gravity in the next 50 years for the Planning Area.

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Figure 56: Iowa Seismic Hazard Map – Peak Acceleration (7g) with 2.0 Percent Probability of Exceedence in 50 Years

Typically, significant earthquake damage occurs when accelerations are greater than 30 percent gravity.

Based on recurrence intervals for small earthquakes, scientists estimate a 90% chance of a Richter magnitude 6.0 earthquake in the New Madrid Fault Zone by 2040. A magnitude 6.5 in New Madrid would create a magnitude 4 effects in Iowa resulting in little or no damage or fear.

Negligible: Less than 10 percent of property severely damaged, shut down of facilities for less than 24 hours; and/or injuries and/or illness treatable with first aid.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours.

Duration Less than 6 hours.

Spatial Impact Overall, Clayton County is in an area of relatively low seismic activity. The closest fault zone is the New Madrid Seismic Zone that follows the Mississippi River valley from southeastern Missouri to northwestern Mississippi, roughly 500 miles south of Clayton County.

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Figure 57 reflects the location of the New Madrid Fault Line.

Figure 57: Location of the New Madrid Fault Line

Source: Suburban Emergency Management Project Note: The thin black lines indicate state boundaries Note: The thick orange line indicates the approximate location of the New Madrid Fault Line

Catastrophic: More than 50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Earthquake 1.60 Low

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Extreme Heat Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Extent Time Extreme Heat 2 2 1 1 1

Description Extreme temperature events, both hot and cold, can have severe impacts on human health and morality, natural ecosystems, agriculture, and other economic sectors. Conditions for extreme heat are defined by summertime weather that is substantially hotter and/or more humid than average for a location at that time of year. This includes temperatures (including heat index) in excess of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (F*) or at least three (3) successive days of 90+ degrees Fahrenheit (F*). Ambient air temperature is one component of heat conditions, with relative humidity being the other. The relationship of thee factors creates what is known as the apparent temperature, often referred to as the heat index.

Figure 58 reflects the National Weather Service Heat Index chart, producing a guide for the apparent temperature or relative intensity of heat conditions.

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Figure 58: Heat Index (HI) Chart

The Heat Index is a measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature. To find the Heat Index temperature, look at the Heat Index Chart above or check our Heat Index Calculator. As an example, if the air temperature is 96°F and the relative humidity is 65%, the heat index--how hot it feels--is 121°F. The red area without numbers indicates extreme danger. The National Weather Service will initiate alert procedures when the Heat Index is expected to exceed 105°-110°F (depending on local climate) for at least 2 consecutive days. NWS also offers a Heat Index chart for area with high heat but low relative humidity. Since heat index values were devised for shady, light wind conditions, exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 15°F. Also, strong winds, particularly with very hot, dry air, can be extremely hazardous. Source: National Weather Service

Previous Occurrences During the period of 996 to 2020, the NCDC database lists 3 Extreme Heat events in July 2011, June 2018, and July 2019 and 9 Heat events affecting Clayton County. There were no deaths or injuries, but $25,000 in property damage was recorded.

From 2004-2018 there were an average of 702 heat related deaths in the United States. Of these deaths, an average of 415 had heat as an underlying cause and 287 had heat as a contributing cause. (Source: CDC)

Table 32 reflects the number of known heat related fatalities per year from 1995 to 2019.

YEAR Heat Related YEAR Heat Related Fatalities Fatalities 1995 1,021 2008 71 1996 36 2009 45 1997 81 2010 138 1998 173 2011 206

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1999 502 2012 156 2000 158 2013 92 2001 166 2014 20 2002 167 2015 45 2003 36 2016 94 2004 6 2017 107 2005 158 2018 108 2006 253 2019 63 2007 105 Source: National Weather Service

Heatstroke, sunstroke, cramps, exhaustion, and fatigue are possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity due to the body’s inability to dissipate the heat. Those at greatest risk for heat-related illness include infants and children up to four years of age, people 65 years of age and older, people who are overweight, and people who are ill or on certain medications. However, even young and healthy individuals are susceptible if they participate in strenuous physical activities during the hot weather. In agricultural areas, the exposure of farm workers, as well as livestock, to extreme temperatures is a major concern.

Table 33 lists typical symptoms and health impacts of exposure to extreme heat.

Table 33: Typical Health Impacts of Extreme Heat Heat Index (HI) Disorder

80-90°F (HI) Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity 90-105°F (HI) Sunstroke, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity 105-130°F (HI) Heatstroke/sunstroke highly likely with continued exposure Source: National Weather Service Heat Index Program

The National Weather Service has a system in place to initiate alert procedures (advisories or warnings) when the Heat Index is expected to have a significant impact on public safety. The expected severity of the heat determines whether advisories or warnings are issued. A common guideline for issuing excessive heat alerts is when the maximum daytime Heat Index is expected to equal or exceed 105 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the night time minimum Heat Index is 80°F or above for two or more consecutive days.

Probability of Future Occurrences Based on historical information, Clayton County will likely experience approximately 23 days per year with temperatures 90°F or warmer. There is a very good chance that there will also be a period of at least three consecutive days or more with temperatures in the 90’s. It is also common for the temperature to hit 100°F or more once every three years during the summer months.

Although periods of extreme heat generally occur on an annual basis, events that cause significant health impacts occur less frequently. Based on patterns of previous occurrences, probability of future occurrence is considered occasional.

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Occasional – Event is probable within the next five years.

Magnitude Due to the potential for fatalities and the possibility for the loss of electric power, periods of extreme heat can severely affect the Planning Area. In addition, accompanying drought may compound the problem exacerbating agricultural and economic losses

The HMPC ranked the magnitude as “limited.”

Warning Time 24+ hours.

Duration Less than 6 hours.

Spatial Impact The HMPC thought the spatial extend would be negligible, with less than 10% of the jurisdiction impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Extreme Heat 1.70 Low

Flash Flood Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Extent Time Flash Flood 4 2 4 2 2

Description A flash flood is an event that occurs with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate. Flash flooding results from intense rainfall over a brief period, sometimes combined with rapid snowmelt, ice jam release, frozen ground, saturated soil, or impermeable surfaces. Most flash flooding is caused by slow-moving thunderstorms or thunderstorms repeatedly moving over the same area. Flash flooding is an extremely dangerous form of flooding which can reach full peak in only a few minutes and allows little or no time for protective measures to be taken by those in its path. Flash flood waters move at very fast speeds and can move boulders, tear out trees, scour channels, destroy buildings, and obliterate bridges. Flash flooding often results in higher loss of life, both human and animal, than slower developing river and stream flooding.

Except fire, floods are the most common and widespread of all-natural disasters. In Iowa, as much as 21 inches of rain has fallen in a 24-hour period. Many flash flood events have occurred across Iowa through mostly localized events. Between January 2000 and September 2020, there have been seven (7) deaths and twelve (12) injuries related to flash flooding events in the State of Iowa.

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Flash flooding typically occurs with little or no warning. The duration of flash flood conditions is generally less than one day, but in exceptional cases can extend for much longer periods.

Previous Occurrences The majority of Clayton County’s flooding events are due to river floods, but threat for flash flooding does still exist.

The NCDC reports 26 flash flooding events in Clayton County between January 2000 and September 2020. Notable event details provided by NCDC are summarized below:

July 17, 2007 - During the evening hours of July 17, thunderstorms began forming over parts of northeast Iowa. These storms continued into the early morning hours of July 18, producing significant flash flooding. Rainfall totaled 9.47 inches and 8.09 inches of rain respectively in McGregor and Marquette (Clayton County). Due to the excessive rainfall, numerous homes were flooded, while debris consisting of mud, rocks and trees flowed off hill sides. In addition, law enforcement officials reported cars and liquid propane tanks floating, as flood waters reached as much as seven feet deep. Mud slides caused trees to fall down off Mississippi River bluffs onto roads and cars were floating in the town of McGregor. Numerous locations across northeast Clayton County, Iowa had wash outs, high water, and damage. Property damage of $1.3M and crop damage of $300K.

July 21, 2017 - A round of thunderstorms moved across northeast Iowa during the morning and afternoon of July 21st. These storms dropped locally heavy rains that produced some flash flooding in Fayette and Chickasaw Counties. Most of the flash flooding was limited to water over some roads northwest of Westgate (Fayette County) and south of Boyd (Chickasaw County). A second round of storms moved across the region during the evening of July 21st into the early morning of July 22nd. These storms produced heavy rains with totals of 4 to 8 inches common across Chickasaw into Fayette and Clayton Counties. The flash flooding caused numerous road closures across Clayton County with rock and mud slides occurring. A few rescues had to be performed near Guttenberg (Clayton County). In Fredericksburg (Chickasaw County) water from the East Fork of the Wapsipinicon River was over U.S. Highway 18 and sandbagging had to be done in New Hampton (Chickasaw County). A road was partially washed out northwest of Nashua (Floyd County). The Governor of Iowa declared a disaster proclamation for Allamakee, Chickasaw, Clayton, Fayette, Floyd and Winneshiek Counties. The President of the United States issued a disaster declaration for Allamakee, Chickasaw, Fayette and Mitchell Counties. After heavy rains of 4 to 8 inches, flash flooding occurred across the southern half of Clayton County. Flooding along Roberts and Dry Mill Creeks washed out County Road C1X east of Elkader. Numerous other roads were closed across the county due to inundation, rock slides and mud slides with the hardest hit part of the county between Garber and Guttenberg. Near Guttenberg, the residents of three homes had to be rescued from flood waters on Miners Creek. The flooding heavily damaged a bridge over Miners Creek, took out a 30 foot retaining wall, damaged the inventory of two business and undercut railroad tracks. Property damage of $950K and $11.20M.

Probability of Future Occurrences Minor flash flooding occurs close to an annual basis, but damaging flash floods occur roughly every three years. According to the HMPC, the probability of future flash flooding with significant impacts in Clayton County is considered highly likely.

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As land is converted from fields or woodland to roads and parking lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. Urbanization increases runoff 2 to 6 times over what would occur on natural terrain. As more development occurs in watersheds, the amount of runoff produced also increases; the probability of future occurrence in the Planning Area would potentially increase as well.

Highly Likely – Event is probable within the next calendar year.

Magnitude Factors that directly affect the amount of flood runoff include precipitation, intensity and distribution, and the amount of soil surface areas due to urbanization. The term “flash flood” describes localized floods of great volume and short duration.

There have been 7 deaths and 12 injuries in the State of Iowa between January 2000 and September 2020; no deaths or injuries in Clayton County during this time from flash flooding.

Flash floods can quickly inundate areas thought to be out of flood-prone areas. Loss of life; property damage and destruction; damage and disruption of communications, transportation, electric service, and community services; crop and livestock damage and loss and interruption of business are common impacts from flash flooding.

With the primary threat of flash floods occurring in the unincorporated area, rural and agricultural land and property experience the most occurrences; fortunately, the number of people and structures in that area are limited.

Limited: 10-25 percent of property severely damaged, shut down of facilities and services for more than one week; and/or injuries/illnesses do not result in permanent disability.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours.

Duration Less than 1 day.

Spatial Impact People and property particularly at risk are those in low-lying areas; close to dry creek beds or drainage ditches; near water, narrow stream channels, saturated soil, or on land with large amounts of impermeable surfaces; or downstream from a dam, levee, or storage basin.

People and property in areas with insufficient storm sewers and other drainage infrastructure can also be put at risk because the drains cannot rid the area of runoff quickly enough, which is an enhanced concern in Clayton County with several steep bluffs and valleys adding to the runoff. Areas in a floodplain can certainly be impacted, but unlike areas impacted by a river/stream flood, flash floods can impact areas a good distance from the stream itself. Streets can become swift moving rivers, and basements can fill with flash flood waters in a manner of minutes.

Limited: 10-25% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

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Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Flash Flood 3.20 High

Grass and Wild Land Fire Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Grass and Wild Land Fire 2 2 4 1 1

Description Since protecting people and structures takes priority, a wildfire’s cost to natural resources, crops, and pastured livestock can be ecologically and economically devastating. In addition to the health and safety impacts to those directly affected by fires, the state is also concerned about the health effects of smoke emissions to surrounding areas.

Grass and wild land fires in Iowa are frequently associated with lightning and drought conditions, as dry conditions make vegetation more flammable. As new development encroaches into the wild land-urban interface (areas where development occurs within or immediately adjacent to wild lands, near fire-prone trees, brush, and/or other vegetation), more and more structures and people are at risk. On occasion, farmers intentionally ignite vegetation to restore soil nutrients or alter the existing vegetation growth. These fires have the potential to erupt into wild land fires.

Previous Occurrences The State of Iowa’s 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan reports Iowa experienced 1,817 wildfires spanning 33,122 acres from 2002-2012 in Iowa.

In Clayton County, a very moist region and near many waterways, the small towns and hill countryside rarely have grass or wild land fires. According to the Clayton County Emergency Management (EMA) Coordinator and the HMPC, the county has more concern with small back yard campfires and are in the process of implementing burn ban ordinances.

According to the National Interagency Fire Center, no historically significant wildfires have occurred in the State of Iowa. Recent conversations with fire units, EMA and searches in public news on the internet have shown no new data for significant grass or wild land fires.

Probability of Future Occurrences Given that controlled burning does occur in the surrounding area for agricultural or other purposes, this burning has the risk of unintentional spreading, so the probability was rated and included.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

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Duration Less than 6 hours

Spatial Impact Clayton County consists of and is surrounded by rural area which is vulnerable to grass and wild land fire given the supporting conditions. In the event of an occurrence, typically the fire is contained and extinguished before it can spread to an area larger than 10% of the Planning Area.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Grass or Wildfire Fire 2.15 Moderate

Hailstorm Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Hailstorm 3 2 4 1 4

Description Hailstorms in Iowa cause damage to property, crops, and the environment, and harm livestock. Because of the large agricultural industry in Iowa, crop damage and livestock losses due to hail are of great concern to the state. Even relatively small hail can cause serious damage to crops and trees. Vehicles, roofs of buildings and homes, and landscaping are the other things most commonly damaged by hail. Hail has been known to cause injury and the occasional fatality to humans, often associated with traffic accidents.

Hail is associated with thunderstorms that can also bring powerful winds and tornadoes. A hailstorm forms when updrafts carry raindrops into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere where they condense and freeze. Hail falls when it becomes heavy enough to overcome the strength of the updraft and is pulled by gravity towards the earth. The onset of hailstorms is generally rapid.

Table 34 describes typical damage impacts due to various sizes of hail.

Table 34: Tornado and Storm Research Organization Hailstorm Intensity Scale Intensity Diameter Diameter Size Typical Damage Impacts Category (mm) (inches) Description Hard Hail 5-9 0.2-0.4 Pea No damage Potentially 10-15 0.4-0.6 Mothball Slight general damage to Damaging plants, crops Significant 16-20 0.6-0.8 Marble, grape Significant damage to fruit, crops, vegetation Severe 21-30 0.8-1.2 Walnut Severe damage to fruit and crops, damage to glass and

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plastic structures, paint and wood scored Severe 31-40 1.2-1.6 Pigeon’s egg> Widespread glass damage, squash ball vehicle bodywork damage Destructive 41-50 1.6-2.0 Golf ball> Wholesale destruction of glass, Pullet’s egg damage tiled roofs, significant risk of injuries Destructive 51-60 2.0-2.4 Hen’s egg Bodywork of grounded aircraft dented; brick walls pitted Destructive 61-75 2.4-3.0 Tennis ball> Severe roof damage, risk of cricket ball serious injuries Destructive 76-90 3.0-3.5 Large orange> Severe damage to aircraft softball bodywork Super 91-100 3.6-3.9 Grapefruit Extensive structural damage. Hailstorms Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open Super >100 4.0+ Melon Extensive structural damage. Hailstorms Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open Source: Tornado and Storm Research Organization (TORRO), Department of Geography, Oxford Brooke University Notes: In addition to hail diameter, factors including number and density of hailstones, hail fall speed and surface wind speeds affect severity.

Previous Occurrences The NCDC reports 43 hail events from 2000 to September 2020. During this period, $481,550 was recorded in property damages and $9,271,000 in crop damages.

A notable hailstorm event occurred on July 24, 2009. Details provided by the NCDC are included below: Clusters of severe thunderstorms generated by an approaching cold front affected part of northeast Iowa during the afternoon and early evening of July 24. Reports of hail up to 2 inches in diameter were common from storm spotters, law enforcement officials and the public, with a report of close to softball size hail near Ossian (Winneshiek County). In addition, wind gusts between 55 and 65 mph occurred. Crop damage due to the large hail was estimated in the millions of dollars. Two sets of storms about five hours apart hit Fayette and Winneshiek Counties exceptionally hard with hail damage to buildings and many corn and bean fields stripped clean. In Fayette County, 250,000 acres were impacted with a total loss of 35,000 acres. In Winneshiek County, loss was estimated at 30,000 acres. Total damage costs combined with Fayette and Winneshiek Counties could have reached $169 million. The Farm Service Agency director said both counties were decimated by the storm damage. In Allamakee County, 7,400 acres were affected with an estimated $1 million in damage. In Clayton County, 47,000 acres were hit with $10 million in damage. Howard County had 36,000 acres impacted, with a total loss of 10,000 acres and an estimated damage cost of $11 million.

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Reported hail size in Clayton County was from 0.88 inch to 1.75 inch.

Reported damages from this event included $409,000 in property damage and $9,290,000 in crop damage.

Probability of Future Occurrences Probability for hail events is highest in the late spring and plays a significant role in agriculture and property damage in the county. Occurrences are likely.

Figure 59 reflects the Planning Area’s daily probability of a hailstorm, 2” diameter or larger, from 1982- 2011.

Figure 59: US Daily Hailstorm Probability

Figure 60 reflects the United States “probability of hailstorm occurrence, 2” diameter or larger, based on number of days per year within a 12.5 mile radius of a given point on the map, from 1980-1994.”

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Figure 60: Annual Hailstorm Probability (2” diameter or larger), United States, 1980-1994

The Planning Area is located where the probability of hail two inches or more is 0.50-0.75 days per year.

Magnitude In addition to concerns for public safety, assets that are vulnerable to hail damage include crops and built structures. Of these, crop damage from hailstorms is the most common and most costly. The peak hail activity coincides with the Midwest’s peak agricultural season. Large hail can devastate crops that are at vulnerable stages in the plant/harvest cycle, and it is possible for a great percentage of crop yields to be lost as a result of even a single hail event.

Structure damage due to hail is usually covered under private insurance. Information on specific structural damage costs in the Planning Area as a result of hail damage was not available.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration Less than 6 hours

Spatial Impact The entire Planning Area is at risk to hailstorms.

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Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Hailstorm 2.30 Moderate

Hazardous Materials Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Hazardous Materials 2 2 4 4 2

Description With the 2018 State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan, this hazard now incorporates the following hazards: fixed facility hazardous materials incident, pipeline transportation incident, and hazardous materials transportation incident. This includes the accidental release of flammable or combustible, explosive, toxic, noxious, corrosive, oxidizable, an irritant or radioactive substances or mixtures that can pose a risk to life, health or property possibly requiring evacuation.

A fixed hazardous materials (HAZMAT) incident is the accidental release of chemical substances or mixtures, which presents a danger to the public health or safety, during production or handling at a fixed facility. A hazardous substance is one that may cause damage to persons, property, or the environment when released to soil, water, or air.

Chemicals are manufactured and used in ever-increasing types and quantities, each year, over $1,000 new synthetic chemicals are introduced, and as many as 50,000 products pose physical or health hazards and can be defined as “hazardous chemicals.” Hazardous substances are categorized as toxic, corrosive, flammable, irritant, or explosive. Hazardous material incidents generally affect a localized area and the use of planning and zoning can minimize the area of impact.

A pipeline transportation incident occurs when a break in a pipeline creates the potential for an explosion or leak of a dangerous substance (oil, gas, etc.) possibly requiring evacuation. An underground pipeline incident can be caused by environmental disruption, accidental damage, or sabotage. Incidents can range from a small slow leak to a large rupture where an explosion is possible.

A HAZMAT transportation incident is the accidental release of chemical substances or mixtures, which presents a danger to the public health or safety, during transport via air, roadway, railway, or waterway.

Previous Occurrences During the period 2010-2017, according to the 2018 State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan, fixed facilities experienced 3,237 incidents according to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). Fixed facility releases accounted for 58.5% of total releases. (Note: the number of trips to drug related operations has risen sharply in the state.) There are 4,361 sites in Iowa that because of the volume or toxicity of the materials on site are designated as Tier Two facilities under the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act.

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The documentation of previous fixed HAZMAT incidents in Clayton County specifically could not be located. Members of the HMPC during the planning process did recall recent occurrences; specifically, with major flooding, anhydrous tanks have been carried away by the flood waters. According to the IDNR Spill Reporting Database, from 2015 through 2019 there were 18 reported HAZMAT incidents: 3 transportation, 2 railroad, 7 handling & storage, 2 manure, 2 transformer, 1 other and 1 unknown. Additionally, from January 2020 through September 2020 there were 5 incidents: 3 transportation, 1 handling and storage, and 1 other.

According to the U.S. DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Safety Administration, there have been zero reports of HAZMAT transportation incident in Clayton County in the last ten years.

There has not been a previous occurrence of a pipeline transportation incident in Clayton County. However, the same petroleum pipeline that goes through Clayton County was hit in approximately 2005 near Greeley, Iowa (one county to the south); this resulted in the release of thousands of gallons of diesel fuel. A natural gas pipeline incident occurred near Oelwein, Iowa (one county to the west) in approximately 2005.

Probability of Future Occurrence Despite increasing safeguards, more and more potentially hazardous materials are being used in commercial, agricultural, and domestic uses and are being transported on Iowa roads and railways.

Occasional: Event is probable within the next five years.

Magnitude Most HAZMAT incidents are localized and are quickly contained or stabilized by highly trained HAZMAT teams. Depending on the characteristics of the HAZMAT or the volume of the product involved, the affected area can be as small as a room in a building or as large as 5 square miles or more. The occurrence of a HAZMAT incident many times shuts down transportation corridors for hours at a time while the scene is stabilized, the product is off-loaded, and reloaded on a replacement container.

Immediate dangers from hazardous materials include fires and explosions. The release of some toxic gases may cause immediate death, disablement, or sickness if absorbed through the skin, injected, or inhaled. Some chemicals cause painful and damaging burns if they come in direct contact with skin. Contamination of air, ground, or water may result in harm to fish, wildlife, livestock, and crops. The release of hazardous materials into the environment may cause debilitation, disease, or birth defects over a long period of time.

Limited: 10-25 percent of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities for more than one week; and/or injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration More than 1 week

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Spatial Impact A HAZMAT accident can occur almost anywhere, so any area is considered vulnerable to an accident. People, pets, livestock, and vegetation in close proximity to facilities producing, storing, or transporting hazardous substances are at a higher risk. In the event of a HAZMAT incident, most are localized and are quickly contained or stabilized by the highly trained fire departments and HAZMAT teams. Depending on the characteristic of the HAZMAT or volume of the product involved, the affected area can be as small as a room in a building or as large as 5 square miles or more. Many times, additional regions outside the immediately affected area are evacuated for precautionary reasons. More widespread effects occur when the product contaminates the municipal water supply or water system such as a river, lake, or aquifer. For the Planning Area, there are 16 Tier II HAZMAT sites. For security reasons, the site locations are not disclosed within this plan.

Limited: 10-25% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Hazardous Material 2.50 Moderate

Human Disease Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Human Disease 3 4 2 4 4

Description This hazard covers a human disease incident and pandemic human disease. This includes a medical, health, or sanitation threat to the general public (such as contamination, epidemics, plagues, insect infestations, and pandemics).

An incident related to human disease is defined as a medical, health or sanitation threat to the general public (such as contamination, epidemics, plagues, and insect infestation). There are over 60 infectious diseases that are designated notifiable at the national level. A notifiable disease is one for which regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).

Prior to the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic, the highest rates of infectious disease in the State of Iowa come from: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Salmonellosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, Pertussis, E-Coli, HIV, and Lyme Disease. Additionally, health officials have been monitoring Ebola and Zika due to the severity of the diseases.

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A pandemic human disease is defined as a disease that has spread around the world to many people, causing illness in a person on every continent. Examples include HIV/AIDS/Influenza and now Coronavirus 19.

Geographic Location Human disease can occur anywhere within the planning area.

Previous Occurrences Figure 61 below, notes where Lyme Disease has been reported in 2018. Clayton County is one of the counties in which the incident range is between 10 and 100. This tick-borne disease is more prevalent in Northeast Iowa than elsewhere in the state.

Source: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020

From 1900-2020, there were three influenza pandemics, all about 30 years apart. The most recent occurrence was in 2009 with the H1N1 influenza virus causing 659 hospitalizations with lab confirmed H1N1 and resulting in 41 fatalities. The CDC estimates this pandemic globally infected 60.8 million, caused 274,304 hospitalizations and 12,469 deaths (healthline.com). Typically, people who become ill are the elderly, the very young, and people with chronic medical conditions and high-risk behaviors. Approximately 22% of Iowa’s population is considered high risk.

At the time of this plan update Clayton County, along with the rest of the world, is in the midst of a global pandemic of the Coronavirus 19. As of October 22, 2020, globally there are 41,396,754 total confirmed cases and 1,133,699 deaths worldwide with 189 countries with cases. In Iowa, as of the same date, 918,587 have been tested, 111,107 positive tests, and there have been 1,597 deaths. Specifically, to Clayton County, as of October 22, 2020, 3,740 have been tested, 367 positive tests, and there have been 3 182 deaths. A more detailed timeline for this pandemic event is included in APPENDIX E. A summary of the events leading up to current status in Clayton County, Iowa, and the world is below:

On December 31, 2019 the Wuhan, China government confirmed they were treating cases of a unknown illness. Days later the new virus was identified. On January 3, 2020 China officially notified the World Health Organization of an infectious disease outbreak. On January 11, 2011 China reports the first known death from this virus. On January 20, 2020 the first confirmed case is identified outside of China and the following day the first case is confirmed in the United States. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declares a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern.” On February 11, 2020 WHO proposes the official name, “COVID-19” for the virus. The first US death is reported on February 29, 2020 however months later in April it is determined that deaths on February 6th and February 17th were COVID10 related. On March 7, 2020 in Iowa, Governor Kim Reynolds orders “partial activation” of the State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC). The first confirmed cases in Iowa were reported on March 8, 2020 in Johnson County. The state universities in Iowa announce they are moving to online coursework for the rest of the semester on March 11th and the Governor of Iowa recommends all schools close for four weeks on March 15th, 2020. President Donald Trump has officially declared a national emergency on March 13, 2020 and the Governor of Iowa issues a State of Public Health Disaster Emergency Proclamation on March 17, 2020. Additional orders for business closures and restrictions are issued in Iowa in March. On March 24th the first COVID19 death is reported in Iowa. On March 26th Clayton County reports its first confirmed case and the United States leads the world in confirmed cases at 81,321 cases and more than 1,000 deaths. By April 2nd there are more than 1 million cases in 171 countries across 6 continents resulting in more than 51,000 deaths worldwide. By the end of April (April 26th, 2020) the global death toll has passed 200,000 and there are more than 2.8 million cases. In Iowa, outbreaks continue including long term care facilities and meat processing facilities. The Iowa Department of Public Health issues a Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shortage order to address huge supply shortages. Governor Kim Reynolds announces Iowa K12 schools are closed for the rest of the year and launches Test Iowa to increase testing capacity in the state. In May, the Governor begins re-opening the state with proclamations allowing businesses and activities to re-open with restrictions and guidance. On May 5, 2020 Iowa cases surpass 10,000 and there have been 207 reported deaths in the state. Re-opening continues through the summer, including Iowa schools in the fall of 2020, as case COVID19 statistics decline. Numbers begin an upward climb in late August continuing into September and October.

Probability of Future Occurrence The Iowa Department of Public Health tracks epidemiologic statistics in Iowa. Public health agencies work to protect Iowans from infectious disease and preserve the health and safety of Iowans through disease surveillance, investigation of suspect outbreaks, education, and consultation to local agencies. Historically, pandemics occur every 30 years however it is anticipated that the current COVID-19 pandemic will continue beyond 2020.

Magnitude Public health agencies also work to reduce the impact of communicable diseases in Iowa and to eliminate the morbidity associated with these diseases. Programs guide community-based prevention planning, monitor current infectious disease trends, prevent transmission of infectious, and provide early detection and treatment for infected persons. While vaccines are available for many diseases, Iowans remain vulnerable to other diseases known and unknown.

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Currently the death toll in Iowa from COVID19 is 1,597. Multiple deaths and the complete shutdown of facilities for 20 days or more meets the Catastrophic rating for Magnitude.

Warning Time 24+ hours

Duration More than 1 week

Spatial Impact The percentage of jurisdiction to be impacted could easily exceed 50% with business closures, school closures, testing, illness, hospitalization, and death. More than 50% of the jurisdiction impacted is a Catastrophic rating. Current numbers tested for COVID19 in Clayton County are slightly above 20% of the population.

Catastrophic: >50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Human Disease 3.10 High

Infrastructure Failure Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Infrastructure Failure 3 2 4 4 2

Description The 2018 State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation plan incorporates the following hazards into Infrastructure Failure: Communications Failure, Energy Failure, Structural Failure, and Structural Fire. This includes an extended interruption, widespread breakdown, or collapse (part or all) of any public or private infrastructure that threatens life and property.

Communication Failure is the widespread breakdown or disruption of normal communication capabilities. Mechanical failure, traffic accidents, power failure, line severance, and weather can all affect communication systems and disrupt service. Disruptions and failures can range from localized and temporary to widespread and long-term. If switching stations are affected, the outage could be more widespread.

Energy Failure is an extended interruption of service either electric, petroleum, or natural gas. This service interruption caused by an actual or impending acute shortage of useable energy could create potential health problems for the population and possibly cause mass panic.

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International events could potentially affect supplies of energy producing products while local conditions could affect distribution of electricity, petroleum, or natural gas.

The collapse (part or all) of any public or private structure including roads, bridges, towers, and buildings is considered a structural failure. A road, bridge, or building may collapse due to the failure of the structural components or because the structure was overloaded. Natural events such as heavy snow may cause the roof of a building to collapse (under the weight of snow). Heavy rains and flooding can undercut and washout a road or bridge. The age of the structure is sometimes independent of the cause of the failure.

A structural fire is an uncontrolled fire in populated areas that threatens life and property and is beyond normal day to day response capability. Structural fires present a far greater threat to life and property and the potential for much larger economic losses.

Previous Occurrences No widespread communication failures have occurred in Iowa. Local incidents; due to weather conditions, equipment failure, excavation incidents, or traffic accidents have been reported, the outages were usually resolved in a timely manner. Local communication failures are likely to affect small areas of the county. Many areas in Clayton County, especially those communities located in valleys, experience communication disruptions daily.

The nation-wide energy crisis of the 1970s had significant impact on many consumers in Iowa. High inflation and unemployment were associated with the excessive dependence on foreign oil during the early and mid-1970s. An energy shortage of that magnitude has not affected Iowa in recent years.

There have been several sporadic structural failures in Clayton County, especially roads and bridges, mostly due to flooding. There is no central collection point for this information.

Structural fires are a regular occurrence in Clayton County, as with all counties. Nearly all are quickly extinguished by on-site personnel or local fire departments.

Probability of Future Occurrence Local incidents of communication failure due to weather, etc. are likely to occur on a yearly basis, but these incidents lasting long-term is unlikely. Widespread communication losses are unlikely due to backup systems and redundant system designs.

The State of Iowa and the federal government have strategies to limit the likelihood of an energy shortage or failure and keep energy supply and demand in check. Natural events, human destruction, price escalation, and national security energy emergencies can cause unavoidable energy shortages. Because the distribution systems are very developed, local shortages can quickly be covered. Private utility companies also have strategies and agreements in place to get systems back up and working after failure/damage as quickly as possible.

The cause of failure is often found in deficiencies of design, material, or inspection. With the aging structures in Clayton County along with problems with new materials discussed above, structural failures will continue to occur. Efforts to inspect and maintain these structures will lessen the probability of failure. 185

Much of the fire prevention efforts have gone into nonresidential fires and the results have been highly effective. Even with an increase in the prevention efforts in residential fires, both residential and nonresidential fires will continue to occur. Structural fires with the potential to exceed local fire department response resources and their mutual aid partners are unlikely in any given year.

Unlikely: Event is probable within the next ten years.

Magnitude Communication failure could include major telephone outages, loss of local government radio facilities, long-term interruption of electronic broadcast services. Emergency 911, law enforcement, fire, emergency medical services, public works, and emergency warning systems are just a few of the vital services which rely on communication systems to effectively protect citizens.

Iowa is almost entirely dependent on out-of-state resources for energy. World and regional fuel disruptions are felt in Iowa (but use of wind and solar power is playing a larger role in many states’ energy portfolios and economies). It is likely that increasing prices will occur as market mechanisms are used to manage supply disruptions. This will disproportionately affect the low-income population. Agricultural, industrial, and transportation sectors are also vulnerable to supply, consumption, and price fluctuations. Individual consumers such as commuters are also vulnerable.

The impacts of the failed structure would be contained to the immediate area and adjacent properties. This could be as small as a house with a fallen chimney, or the area could be relatively extensive if the structure that failed was a multi-story building or bridge. Dam and levee failures would affect a much larger area and are discussed as separate hazards.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration More than 1 week

Spatial Impact The entire Planning Area is susceptible to infrastructure failure.

Limited: 10-25% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Infrastructure Failure 2.95 Moderate

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Landslide Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Landslide 2 2 4 1 1

Description Landslides occur when susceptible rock, earth, or debris moves down a slope under the force of gravity and water. Landslides may be very small or very large and can move at slow to very high speeds. A natural phenomenon, small scale landslides have been occurring in slide-prone areas of Iowa long before human occupation. New landslides can occur because of excessive rainfall, fires, earthquakes, and various human activities that modify slope and drainage.

There have been numerous small-scale landslide events in Iowa, none resulting in injury or death. The geographic extent of the historic events has been limited to less than a city block in size and has “run out” over the stretch of less than 100 yards. A portion of the state is moderately susceptible to landslides; in northeastern Iowa, along the Silurian Escarpment you can find blocks of dolomite slumped onto the underlying Maquoketa Shale which creates a situation vulnerable to landslides.

Previous Occurrences No known agency documents historical data on landslides. The best available data was personal knowledge of the HMPC. It was noted that numerous landslides have occurred in Clayton County in the past, but not on a common basis. Figure 62 obtained by the USGS shows the area shaded green has a low incidence rating (less than 1.5% of area involved).

Of the primary participating jurisdictions, the Cities of Clayton, Millville, North Buena Vista, and Osterdock each noted landslide occurrences within their city limits.

Probability of Future Occurrence The HMPC evaluated the probability of a significant landslide event in the Planning Area and decided there was an “occasional” probability of occurrence, noting that probability is highest when heavy rains occur in the area.

Occasional: Event is probable within the next five years.

Magnitude In Iowa, landslides area on a much-localized scale. Injuries and deaths are very unlikely except in the case of undetected slope failure warning signs in structures overlooking steep slopes. Property damage would be limited to a very small percentage of structures. Infrastructure damage would be more significant. Utilities such as pipelines, cables, power poles, etc. are often vulnerable to downward movements of the soil. Transportation routes can also be disrupted.

Limited: 10-25 percent of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities for more than a week; and/or injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

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Duration Less than 6 hours

Spatial Impact The area shaded green in Figure 62 below shows where landslides would be most likely to occur in Clayton County, particularly where structures overlook river valleys and steep ravines. The City of Volga is located in an area that has moderate landslide incidence (1.5-15% of the area involved); the Cities of Clayton, Edgewood, Farmersburg, Garnavillo, Guttenberg, Marquette, McGregor, Monona, and Strawberry Point are located in an area that has a low landslide incidence (less than 1.5% of area involved), according to the USGS. The Cities of Elkader, Elkport, Garber, Luana, North Buena Vista, Osterdock, and St. Olaf are located in an area with moderate susceptibility and low incidence according to the USGS. Data limitations prevent further analysis.

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Figure 62 below shows the landslide incidence and susceptibility in Clayton County.

Source: United States Geological Survey, http://www‐atlas.usgs.gov/natlas/Natlasstart.asp

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Negligible: Less than 10% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Landslide 2.15 Moderate

Levee Failure Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Levee Failure 3 2 4 4 3

Description Levee failure is a loss of structural integrity of a wall, dike, berm, or elevated soil by erosion, piping, saturation, overtopping, or under seepage causing water to inundate normally dry areas. The secondary effect of levee failure is flooding.

Previous Occurrences The available documentation of floods experienced in the past by Clayton County does not include details regarding levee failure. It is believed by the HMPC that the waters overtopped the levees in 1991, 1993, 1999, 2004, and 2008.

Probability of Future Occurrence The rate of failure of a levee is difficult to predict, and sudden failure is a possibility. Proper design and construction can limit the probability of a levee failure. The HMPC determined river flooding events in which the water overtops the current levees has the probability of future occurrence of levee failure to be “likely.”

Likely: Event is probable within the next three years.

Magnitude Residents behind levees often have a false sense of security. If the actual risk is not communicated to the residents, the impacts could be devastating. In a municipal setting the severity and duration may be important for life safety and health reasons, but in an agricultural area for economic reasons.

Water bursting through a narrow levee breach is moving much faster than the floodwaters in the main channel. The breaking out of this front water and its fast flow can cause more destruction to structures behind the levee than floodwaters in the main channel would have caused. A failed levee continues to cause damage long after it breaks. The breach allows large volumes of water to enter formerly dry areas, forming temporary lakes. Such lakes do not go away immediately, because the lake is blocked from returning to the main channel by levee segments that were not destroyed. Consequently, the water level drops along the main river days before it drops behind breached levees. Often, pumps behind the levees

190 are needed to remove floodwaters that breach levees. This alleviates some of the impacts associated with levee failures.

River flooding impacts worsened by levee failure include property damage and destruction; damage and disruption of communications, transportation, energy service, and community services; crop and livestock damage. Major river flooding worsened by levee failure could affect the entire Planning Area in some way – be it closed roads, resulting in limited access to business or residential area, or the cost incurred to the jurisdiction.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration More than 1 week

Spatial Impact The level information provided by FEMA Region VII listed Clayton County levees in Elkader, Guttenberg, and Volga as federally constructed and sponsor operated or levees congressionally incorporated into the Federal Levee System. FEMA Region VII also identified non-federal levee in Elkport. Table 35 lists the levees identified by FEMA Region VII.

Table 35: Levees identified by FEMA Region VII in Clayton County,

CITY RIVER POPULATION LEVEL OF FEDERAL or PROTECTION NON-FEDERAL Elkader Turkey Urban 50-99 year flood Federal Guttenberg Mississippi Urban 100-500 year Federal flood Volga Volga Agriculture 0-24 year flood Federal Elkport Volga Urban 50-99 year flood Non-Federal Source: State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018 There are several other structures that serve as levees throughout Clayton County even though not identified by FEMA Region VII. Of the primary participating jurisdictions, the Cities of Clayton and Osterdock each noted level existence within their city limits, as well as one in the now unincorporated county area of the former Millville.

Floodwaters breaching a level are usually contained to the floodplain.

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Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Levee Failure 2.95 Moderate

Radiological Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Radiological 2 2 4 2 2

Description This hazard covers events of fixed radiological incident sand and transportation radiological incidents. This includes an incident resulting in a release of radiological material in route or at a fixed facility such as a power plant or hospital. Sources of radioactive materials include medical products, industrial products, nuclear power plant fuel, nuclear weapons, and radioactive waste from hospitals, laboratories, nuclear reactors and military facilities.

The term “nuclear accident” has o strict technical definition, but generally refers to events involving the release of significant levels of radiation. Most commercial nuclear facilities in the United States were developed in the mid-1960s and are designed to withstand aircraft attack and should withstand most natural hazards even though they may not have been specifically designed to do so.

The nuclear facilities nearest Clayton County include Prairie Island Facility in southeastern Minnesota, in Welch, and the Duane Arnold Energy Center in Palo, Iowa. The Duane Arnold Energy Center was set to be decommissioned at the end of October 2020 however extensive damage to the facility, specifically its cooling towers, from the August 10, 2020 Derecho Storm, sped up the process and the plant was never re- started after the storm. Figure 63 illustrates the locations of plants in and around Iowa.

Figure 63: Operating Nuclear Power Reactors in and Around Iowa (prior to August 10, 2020)

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Source: www.nonukes.org

Note: The Duane Arnold Energy Center in Palo, Iowa was scheduled to be shut down prior to damage caused by the Derecho on August 10, 2020. The plant was never restarted after this event.

Transportation incidents are described as an incident resulting in a release of radioactive material during transport. Transporting radioactive materials through Iowa over the interstate highway is considered a radiological hazard and is licensed and regulated by the federal government.

When these materials are moved across Iowa highways, Iowa officials are notified and appropriate escorts are provided. Two types of radioactive materials are shipped over the interstate highways: low level and high level waste. Low level waste consists of materials that have been contaminated by low level radioactive substances, but generally pose no serious threat except though long term exposure.

High level waste, usually in the form of spent fuel from nuclear plants, is transported in specially constructed casks that are built to withstand a direct hit from a locomotive.

Geographic Location An occurrence of this nature would occur within a certain perimeter of the location of an incident, either a fixed facility or transportation based.

Previous Occurrences No incident related to a release of radioactive materials beyond plant walls have bene noted in the plants nearest the county, in over 50 years of nuclear power production in the U.S., no deaths or injuries from radiation have been recorded among the general public. Each of the nuclear facilities in the country identifies a 10-mile radius Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) and 50-mile radius Ingestion Pathway Zone. 193

Since 1990, hundreds of radioactive shipments have been made through Iowa. There have been no occurrences of a radiological transportation incident in Iowa. Transportation accidents are the most common type of incident involving radioactive materials because of the sheer number of radioactive shipments. The rail and highway routes used in Iowa largely follow the interstate highway system; however, state highways are also used in the transportation of this material. No routes for the shipment of radioactive waste go through the county.

Probability of Future Occurrence Previous occurrences would indicate “occasional” probability that a radiological incident will occur in any given year. Operators of facilities that use radioactive materials and transporters of radioactive waste are closely regulated by a variety of federal, state, and local organizations, making the likelihood of an incident remote.

Occasional: Event is probable within the next five years.

Magnitude Depending on the level of exposure, radiation can cause loss of life and long and short term health effects. Time, distance, and shielding minimize radiation exposure to the body. Nuclear radiation above normal levels could be a health and safety consideration because of its ability to damage human cells biologically.

Specialized training is needed to respond to these types of incidents. If inadequately trained personnel attempt to respond, the impacts could be the same as those for the general public exposed to toxic materials. Proper training and equipment greatly reduce the risk to response personnel. The danger to the public is less than a wide array of other hazardous materials. Those working with or near sources of radiation area at a greater risk than the general citizens of the state.

If land and facilities cannot be used for weeks, months, or even years, the loss of production would be devastating. Economic impacts would be multi-sector and long-lasting, especially in and around the affected region. Given the location of transportation routes and existing facilities, the HMPC determined the magnitude to be limited.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration Less than one day

Spatial Impact Limited: 10-25% of the jurisdiction to be impacted. Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Radiological 2.30 Moderate

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River Flood Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent River Flood 4 4 1 4 3

Description River flooding is defined as when a watercourse exceeds its “bank-full” capacity and is the most common type of flood event. River flooding generally occurs as a result of prolonged rainfall, or rainfall that is combined with solids already saturated from previous rain events. The area adjacent to a river channel is its floodplain. In its common usage, “floodplain” most often refers to that area that is inundates by the 100-year flood, the flood that has a 1 percent change in any given year of being equaled or exceeded. The 1 percent annual flood is the national standard to which communities regulate their floodplains through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

Floods are the most common and widespread of all natural disasters except fire. Floodwaters can be extremely dangerous. The force of six inches of swiftly moving water can knock people off their feet and two feet of water can float a car. Floods can be slow or fast rising. River flooding is a natural and expected phenomenon that occurs annually, usually restricted to specific streams, rivers, or watershed areas.

One of the climate change impacts noted in the 2010 Climate Change Impacts Iowa report by the Iowa Climate Change Impacts Committee is the increase in frequency of severe precipitation events. This climate change was also noted in the Flash Flood analysis. Although very heavy precipitation does not always result in riverine flooding, it can if/when the very heavy precipitation occurs frequently without enough time for the watershed to drain away as much water is coming in due to precipitation in the watershed or upstream watersheds.

Clayton County has repeatedly endured extensive damage by river floods from the Turkey, Volga, and Mississippi Rivers as well as their many creeks, streams, and tributaries.

Previous Occurrences The majority of Clayton County’s flooding events are due to river floods. In recent history, the county has continued to be severely damaged by in floods in 1947, 1991, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2018, and 2019.

The NCDC reports 50 river flooding events reported in Clayton County between 2015 and 2019. Selected details available from the NCDC of river flood events are: March 13-15, 2019: “The continuing rainfall and melting snowpack caused some flooding to occur in Clayton County. An ice jam on the Turkey River added to the event. The Governor of Iowa issued a Disaster Proclamation. A federal disaster declaration was issued for Allamakee, Fayette, and Winneshiek Counties.” Property damage was reported at $2.03 million and crop damage at $2,000. September 20, 2018: Heavy rainfall of 2-4” of rain fell from Fayette County to Clayton County with locally higher amounts of 5”. This produced a mudslide near McGregor where a campground had to be evacuated.” Property damage was reported in the amount of $15,000 and crop damage at $591,000.

Table 36 reflects flood conditions and excessive moisture from 2015-2019, with flood hazards being either flash floods or riverine floods.

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Table 36: Claims Paid in Clayton County for Crop Loss as a Result of Flood and Excessive Moisture, 2015- 2019 YEAR CROP HAZARD CLAIMS PAID ($) 2015 Corn Excessive Moisture 65,402.69 2015 Beans Excessive Moisture 57,625.50 2015 All other crops Excessive Moisture 712.00 2016 Corn Excessive Moisture 122,346.50 2016 Corn Flood 433,444.50 2016 Beans Excessive Moisture 8166.32 2016 Beans Flood 11,210.00 2017 Corn Excessive Moisture 199,221.75 2017 Corn Flood 252,443.00 2017 Beans Excessive Moisture 81,125.00 2017 Beans Flood 151,792.50 2018 Oats Excessive Moisture 241.00 2018 Forage Production Excessive Moisture 1,331.00 2018 Corn Excessive Moisture 467,061.31 2018 Corn Flood 277,226.00 2018 Beans Excessive Moisture 421,724.06 2018 Beans Flood 61,234.00 2019 Corn Excessive Moisture 1,062,570.60 2019 Corn Flood 14,366.50 2019 Beans Excessive Moisture 192,014.40 2019 Beans Flood 2,785.00 Source: USDA’s Risk Management Agency

Probability of Future Occurrence Given the history of river flooding in Clayton County, it is estimated a major flooding event requiring federal assistance will occur in the next five years. However, damaging river floods of varying extent do occur in the Planning Area on an annual basis.

Highly Likely: Event is probable within the calendar year.

Magnitude River flooding impacts include property damage and destruction; damage and disruption of communications, transportation, energy service, and community services as well as crop and livestock damage. Past flood events in the Planning Area have caused significant damage to property and agriculture, and endangered lives and critical facilities. While numerous homes and businesses have been removed from the floodplain over the last decade, some still remain.

Catastrophic: More than 50 percent of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities 30 or more days; and/or multiple deaths.

Warning Time 24+ hours

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Duration More than 1 week

Spatial Impact Robert’s Creek flows through the Cities of Luana and St. Olaf; the Volga River flow through the City of Volga; the Turkey River flows through the Cities of Elkader, Elkport, Garber, and Osterdock; and the Mississippi River flows along the Cities of Marquette, McGregor, Clayton, Guttenberg, and North Buena Vista. The low-lying areas along these water sources are most vulnerable to damage from river flooding. Many structures, homes, main roadways, and agricultural areas are threatened by river flooding.

As stated previously within this planning document, major river flooding could affect the entire Planning Area in some way – be it closed roads, resulting in limited access to communities, or the cost incurred to the jurisdictions.

Critical: 25-50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance River Flood 3.50 High

Severe Winter Storm Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Severe Winter Storm 4 2 3 4 4

Description Winter Storms in Iowa typically involve snow, extreme cold, and/or freezing rain (ice storms). These conditions pose a serious threat to public safety, disrupt commerce and transportation, and can damage utilities and communications infrastructure. Winter storms can also disrupt emergency and medical services, hamper the flow of supplies, and isolate homes and farms.

Heavy snow can collapse roofs and down trees onto powerlines. Extreme cold conditions can stress or kill unprotected livestock and freeze water sources. Direct and indirect economic impacts of winter storms include cost of snow removal, damage repair, increased heating bills, business and crop losses, power failures, and frozen or burst water lines.

For humans, extreme cold can cause hypothermia (an extreme lowering of the body’s temperature) and permanent loss of limbs due to frostbite. Infants and the elderly are particularly at risk, but anyone can be affected. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, approximately 600 adults die from hypothermia each year, with the isolated elderly being most at risk. Also at risk are those without shelter or who live in a home that is poorly insulated or without heat. Other potential health and safety threats include toxic fumes from emergency heaters, household fires caused by fireplaces or emergency heaters, and driving in treacherous conditions.

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The National Weather Service describes different types of winter storm conditions as follows: Blizzard- Winds of 35 mph or more with snow and blowing snow reducing visibility to less than ¼ mile for at least three hours. Blowing Snow – Wind-driven snow that reduces visibility. Blowing snow may be falling snow and/or snow on the ground picked up by the wind. Snow Squalls – Brief, intense snow showers accompanied by strong, gusty winds. Accumulation may be significant. Snow Showers – Snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods of time. Some accumulation is possible. Freezing Rain – Measurable rain that falls onto a surface whose temperature is below freezing. This causes the rain to freeze on surfaces, such as trees, cars, and roads, forming a coating or glaze of ice. Most freezing rain events are short lived and occur near sunrise between the months of December and March. Sleet – Rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet usually bounces when hitting a surface and does not stick to objects.

Wind can greatly amplify the impact of cold ambient air temperatures and accordingly, the severity of winter storms.

Figure 64 reflects the relationship of wind speed to apparent temperature and typical time periods for the onset of frostbite.

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Figure 64: National Weather Service (NWS) Windchill Chart

Source: NOAA, National Weather Service, https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-wind-chill-chart

Duration of the most severe impacts of winter storms is generally less than one week, though dangerous cold, snow, and ice conditions can remain present for longer periods in certain cases. Weather forecasts commonly predict the most severe winter storms at least 24 hours in advance, leaving adequate time to warn the public.

According to the 2010 reports on Climate Change Impacts on Iowa, Iowa has experienced a long term upward trend in temperature:

Long term winter temperatures have increased six times more than summer temperatures. Nighttime temperatures have increased more than daytime temperatures since 1970. Since 1970, daily minimum temperatures have increased in summer and winter; daily maximum temperatures have risen in winter but declined substantially in summer.

If this trend continues, future occurrences of the extreme cold/wind chill aspects of winter storms should decrease. In addition, higher winter temperatures bring higher probability of rain, rather than snow. As a result, the amount of precipitation falling as snow should decrease.

Previous Occurrences Summaries of selected winter storm events affecting Clayton County available from the NCDC are listed below:

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February 11, 2019. COOP and volunteer snow observers reported that between 7 and 9 inches of snow fell across Clayton County. The highest reported total was 9.6 inches in Strawberry Point. As the snow was ending, the winds increased and created blowing and drifting snow that resulted in hazardous travel conditions. January 29, 2019. Wind chills of 35 to 60 below zero were common across Clayton County from the evening of January 29th into the morning of the 31st. The coldest wind chill to occur was 58 below zero at a mesonet station in Monona.

January 18, 2019. COOP and volunteer snow observers reported that between 6 and 11 inches of snow fell across Clayton County. The highest reported total was 11 inches in Monona.

February 19, 2018. Untreated surfaces became coated in ice as a prolonged period of freezing drizzle and rain occurred across Clayton County.

January 24, 2017. COOP and volunteer snow observers reported 2 to 9 inches of heavy, wet snow across Clayton County. The higher totals were generally across the northern half of the county. The highest reported total was 9.8 inches in Monona.

January 15, 2017. Freezing rain and rain fell across Clayton County on the 16th. Ice accumulations from the freezing rain were up to 0.15 inches. A greater impact occurred when temperatures quickly dropped below freezing causing a sheet of ice to develop on roads, parking lots and sidewalks. This led to numerous accidents and school closures.

March 23, 2016. Freezing rain and rain fell across Clayton County on the 16th. Ice accumulations from the freezing rain were up to 0.15 inches. A greater impact occurred when the temperatures quickly dropped below freezing causing a sheet of ice to develop on roads, parking lots, and sidewalks. This let to numerous accidents and school closures.

January 17, 2016. Wind chills of 30 to 35 below were common across Clayton County on the morning of January 17th. The lowest recorded wind chill by the mesonet observing equipment near Monona was 38 below.

December 28, 2015. COOP and volunteer snow observers reported 6 to 11 inches of snow across Clayton County. The snow mixed with or completely changed to sleet for a while during the afternoon and early evening of the 28th. The highest reported total was 11.5 inches in Monona. Winds gusting into the 30 to 35 mph range created considerable blowing and drifting snow.

November 20, 2015. COOP and volunteer observers measured between 8 and 12 inches of snow across Clayton County. The highest reported total was 12 inches near Guttenberg.

March 22, 2015. COOP and volunteer snow observers reported 2 to 12 inches of snow across Clayton County. The heaviest snow of 6 inches or greater fell across the northern half of the county. The highest reported total was 12 inches in Marquette.

There has been two USDA declared disaster issued because of a winter storm conditions in Clayton County, the declared disasters were in effect from February 23 – March 2, 2007 and April 6 – April 30, 2012.

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Table 37 reflects Clayton County’s crop losses as a result of winter conditions from 2010-2019.

Table 37: Claims Paid in Clayton County for Crop Loss as a Result of Winter Conditions, 2010-2019 YEAR CROP Hazard Claims Paid ($) 2010 Corn Cold Wet Weather 1788.00 2010 Corn “Other”(snow,lightning, etc.) 4139.55 2011 Beans Cold Wet Weather 486.00 2012 Corn Cold Wet Weather 18018.00 2012 Corn “Other”(snow, lightning, etc) 72597.00 2012 Beans Cold Wet Weather 489.00 2013 Forage Cold Wet Weather 700.00 Production 2013 Corn Frost 16320.48 2013 Corn Cold Wet Weather 631.00 2013 Beans Cold Wet Weather 1911.00 2014 Oats Cold Wet Weather 210.00 2014 Corn Cold Wet Weather 184531.13 2014 Corn “Other”(snow, lightning, etc) 7183.00 2014 Beans Cold Wet Weather 66720.90 2016 Corn Cold Wet Weather 902.00 2016 Beans Frost 8672.00 2016 Beans Freeze 12593.00 2016 Beans Cold Wet Weather 3240.00 2017 Corn Cold Winter 2621.00 2017 Corn Cold Wet Weather 44162.90 2017 Corn “Other”(snow, lightning, etc) 2224.00 2017 Beans Cold Wet Weather 74526.00 2018 Corn “Other”(snow,lightning,etc) 7854.00 2018 Beans Cold Wet Weather 2511.50 2019 Forage Cold Winter 352.00 Production 2019 Corn Cold Wet Weather 79809.00 2019 Beans Cold Wet Weather 47432.00 Source: USDA’s Risk Management Agency

Probability of Future Occurrence During the period from 1999-2019, there were 86 recorded winter weather events affecting Clayton County. The recurrence interval for winter storms is highly likely.

Highly Likely: Event is probable within the calendar year.

Magnitude Injury or even death is possible when proper shelter is not available to protect against severely cold temperatures. Severe winter storms increase the probability of automobile accidents which can also result in serious injury or death.

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Response personnel are exposed to cold temperatures and traffic accidents when responding to the victim’s needs. Operations can be limited or halted when critical services are not available. Workers may not be able to make it to their place of work, thus, limiting continuity of operations.

Fire during winter storms presents a great danger because water supplies may freeze and firefighting equipment may not function effectively, or personnel and equipment may be unable to get to the fire. If power is out, interiors of homes become very cold and lead to pipes freezing and possibly bursting. Rivers and lakes freeze, and subsequent ice jams can create flooding problems when temperatures begin to rise. Ice coating at least one-fourth inch in thickness is heavy enough to damage trees, overhead wires, and similar objects and to produce widespread power outages.

Limited: 10-25% of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities for more than one week; and/or injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability.

Warning Time 12-24 hours

Duration More than 1 week

Spatial Impact The entire State of Iowa is vulnerable to heavy snow and freezing rain. The Planning Area is located in a region of the state that receives an average of 33 to 38 inches of snowfall per year. Northern Iowa along the Minnesota border receives the greatest average snowfall with an average of 38 inches or more per year.

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Figure 65: reflects Iowa’s Annual Average Snowfall Normals for the 30 year span from 1980-2010.

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Figure 66: Average Hours per Year with Freezing Rain in the United States

Source: American Meteorological Society. “Freezing Rain Events in the United States.”, http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/71872.pdf Note: The blue square indicates approximate location of Clayton County

Catastrophic: More than 50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Severe Winter Storm 3.35 High

Sinkholes Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Sinkholes 2 2 4 1 1

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Description Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by ground water circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. Sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays intact for a while until the underground spaces get too big. If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur.

Sinkholes range from broad, regional lowering of the land surface to localized collapse. The primary causes of most sinkholes are human activities: Underground mining of coal, groundwater or petroleum withdraw, and drainage of organic soils. In addition, this is due to the erosion of limestone of the subsurface.

Sinkholes can aggravate flooding potential, collapses such as the sudden formation of sinkholes or the collapse of an abandoned mine may destroy buildings, roads, and utilities.

Karst is a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks including limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. Sinkholes are a common indication of karst; caves and underground drainage systems are other indicators. With limestone commonly found in Northeast Iowa, sinkholes have the potential to occur.

Previous Occurrences The HMPC noted there have been occurrences of sink holes in Clayton County. Official records of sinkholes in Clayton County were not available.

Probability of Future Occurrence The HMPC determined the probability of future occurrence is “occasional.”

Occasional: Event is probable within the next three years.

Magnitude Damage consists primarily of direct structural damage and property loss and depreciation of land values, but also includes business and personal losses that accrue during periods of repair. Damage to property, facilities, and infrastructure would only occur if the event undermined foundations. Magnitude would be “limited.”

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration Less than 6 hours

Spatial Impact Sinkhole records or estimates for the area specific to Clayton County are not available at this time.

Figure 67 reflects areas of karst (within 1,000 feet of known sinkhole) and potential karst in the Planning Area.

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Figure 67: Karst Terrain (Sinkhole Location and Potential), Clayton County

Source: Iowa DNR, Source: http://www.iowadnr.gov/mapping/maps/afo_siting_atlas.html

The DNR does not note known sinkholes in the participating jurisdictions, however, the potential for sinkholes to occur exists given the presence of karst topography.

Negligible: Less than 10% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Sinkholes 2.15 Moderate

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Terrorism Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Terrorism 2 1 4 1 1

Description This hazard includes the following: agro-terrorism, domestic terrorism, and public disorder. Additional terrorism hazards can affect Iowa on a larger scale and are included in the State Mitigation Plan.

Demonstrations, or direct conflict by large groups of citizens, as in marches, protest rallies, riots, and non- peaceful strikes are examples of public disorder. These are not considered as a hazard unless they escalate into a threat to the community. Vandalism is usually initiated by a small number of individuals and limited to a small target group or institution. An active shooting incident can occur. Most events are within the capacity of local law enforcement.

Incidents such as this have occurred in the State of Iowa. Iowa has experienced incidents in which animal rights activists have vandalized or released animals from agricultural facilities and there has been vandalism to agricultural facilities or incidents of disgruntled employees causing damage to animals and animal products. There are frequent cases of theft of agricultural machinery, products and chemicals.

In the summer of 2020, numerous protests were held in Iowa to raise awareness on injustice and discrimination of African American citizens. In some areas, vandalism and conflict occurred by smaller groups of individuals.

The use of weapons and explosives against person or property in violation of criminal laws is a form of domestic terrorism. Iowa has not been immune to this. The state experienced many bomb threats in the distant and recent past. During the spring of 2002, 18 pipe bombs were found in mailboxes in five states stretching from Illinois to Texas, including Iowa. Six people were injured in the bombings in Iowa and Illinois. In 2005 and 2006, pipe bombs were used in attempted murder cases in two Iowa cities.

Geographic Location An act of terrorism can occur anywhere within the Planning Area.

Previous Occurrences The following incidents were reported by media outlets in the past two years: • March 20, 2019 – Colesburg, Iowa man arrested on federal charges of intimidation and threat of terrorism and a simple misdemeanor charge of disorderly conduct. Police say he called Durant Elementary School in Sumner, Iowa and threatened to harm the building and staff. (KCHA 95.9 website) • May 17, 2019 – One juvenile charged with Going Armed with Intent and Threats of Terrorism after incident at Southeast Junior High in Iowa City, Iowa. (KWWL website) • May 27, 2019 – Adel man charged with attempted murder and terrorism after shooting at two women over the weekend. (WHO 13 website) • July 12, 2019 – Man arrested and charge with terrorism after Facebook post threatening to shoot up the university. (Iowa City Press Citizen website)

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• August 27, 2019 – Sixteen year old pleads guilty to gang and terrorism charges and will be sentenced November 4, 2019. (Mason City Globe Gazette and WOWT 6 News of Omaha websites) • September 30, 2019 – Fourteen year old Fort Dodge male faces felony terrorism charges after creating a job posting on Indeed.com for a “school shooter.” (Des Moines Register website) • February 5, 202 – Storm Lake middle school student taken into custody and charged with making terroristic threats. Allegedly made a threat about using a gun at school. (KTIV.com in Siouxland) • May 5, 2020 – Ackley Police Department arrested man and changed him with terrorism. (TimesCitizen.com) • July 17, 2020 – Moulton man charged with terrorism after throwing candles at police. (Ottumwa Courier website) • July 18, 2020 – Sixty year old threated to blow up his apartment building with a bomb. Ankeny Police took him into custody after a four hour standoff and charged him with threat of terrorism. (Iowa.Media website) • August 9, 2020 – Two Muscatine men charged with terrorism after allegedly attempting to drive a vehicle into the Muscatine Public Safety Building. Police called it an “intentionally targeted” attack. (Quad City Time website)

It is challenging to find convictions on terrorism charges in Iowa. In May 2013, and updated in July 2014, The Sioux City Journal wrote an article about the very few terrorism convictions since the Iowa legislation was passed post September 11, 2001. At that time there had only been one conviction of more than 100 statewide charges. The others had been plea bargained or dismissed. The legislation in Iowa provides for Terrorism to be punishable by up to 50 years in prison and the Threat of Terrorism to be up to 5 years.

Definition of 'terrorism' under Iowa law • An act intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population.

• An act intended to influence the policy of a unit of government by intimidation or coercion.

• An act intended to affect the conduct of a unit of government by shooting, throwing, launching, discharging or otherwise using a dangerous weapon at, into or in a building, vehicle, airplane, railroad engine, railroad car or boat occupied by another person or within an assembly of people.

Probability of Future Occurrence Previous occurrences would indicate a high probability that some form of an act of terrorism occurs in any given year. The HMPC determined the probability of future occurrences to be “occasional.”

Occasional: Event is probable within the next five years; event has up to a 1 in 5 chance of occurring; history of events is greater than 10% but less than or equal to 20% likely per year.

Magnitude Innocent people are often the victims of this type of activity, even when the target may be certain people, organizations or activities. Based on the method of delivery, the general public is vulnerable to terrorism. Because of the characteristics of the weapons or methods terrorists use, the area can be limited to a

208 room, building, or the entire community. In Clayton County, the HMPC believes the magnitude of any plausible event to be “negligible.”

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration Less than 6 hours

Spatial Impact Negligible: Less than 10% of the jurisdiction would be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Terrorism 1.95 Low

Thunderstorm and Lightning Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Thunderstorm and 4 2 3 2 4 Lightning

Description Atmospheric imbalance and turbulence may result in thunder, heavy rains (which may cause flooding), strong winds, microbursts, high straight-line winds (often mistaken for tornadoes), tornadoes, surface hail, or lightning. Most thunderstorms produce only thunder, lightning and rain; thunderstorms can occur singly, in clusters, or in lines. The National Weather Service considers a thunderstorm severe if it produces hail at least one inch in diameter, wind 58 mph or higher, or tornadoes.

Lightning is an electrical discharge between positive and negative regions of a thunderstorm. It is sudden, extremely destructive and potentially deadly. “According to the NWS Storm Data, over the last 30 years (1989-2018) the U.S. has averaged 43 reported lightning fatalities per year. Only about 10% of people who are struct by lightning are killed, leaving 90% with various degrees of disability. More recently, in the past 10 years (2009-2018) , the U.S. has averaged 27 lightning fatalities.”

The National Lightning Safety Institute reports that lightning causes more than 26,000 fires in the United States each year. The institute estimates that the total cost for direct and indirect impacts of lightning including property damage, increased operating costs, production delays, and lost revenue to be in excess of $6 billion per year.

Due to its nature as a powerful electrical phenomenon, lightning causes extensive damage to electronic systems that it contacts. A particular concern in Iowa is the protection of facilities and communications

209 systems that are critical for maintaining emergency response systems, protecting public health, and maintaining the state’s economy.

Average duration of each lightning strike is 30 microseconds and duration of thunderstorm events is usually less than six hours. Thunderstorm forecasting and warning time for lightning occurrence is generally less than six hours.

Previous Occurrences Thunderstorms are common in Iowa; at least 4,445 severe thunderstorms or lightning events have impacted Iowa from 2010 through 2019. Because thunderstorms may occur singularly, in clusters, or in lines – it is possible that several thunderstorms may affect the area in the course of a few hours. It is likely that more than the 4,445 individual severe storm systems occurred in the state. One system may spawn multiple events. There have been multiple presidential disaster declarations in Clayton County related to severe thunderstorms.

The NCDC database has no damaging lightning events in Clayton County from 2015 through 2019.

Probability of Future Occurrence With Iowa’s location in the interior of the U.S., the ingredients of a severe storm are usually available (moisture, warm and unstable air, and a lifting mechanism). There is a very high likelihood that a few of these summer storms will become severe and cause damage.

According to the National Weather Service data, Clayton County is in an area which received two to four lightning strike per square kilometer per year; most of these lightning strikes do not result in damages. The HMPC classify the probability of future occurrence of damage due to thunderstorms and lightning as “highly likely” in any given year.

Highly Likely: Event is probable within the calendar year.

Magnitude Like tornadoes, thunderstorms and lightning can cause death, serious injury, and substantial property damage. The power of lightning’s electrical charge and intense heat can electrocute people and livestock on contact, split trees, ignite fires, and cause electrical failures.

Thunderstorms can also bring large hail that can damage homes and businesses, break glass, destroy vehicles, and cause bodily injury to people, pets, and livestock.

Although the frequency of lightning events is high, the magnitude is limited. Generally, damages are limited to single buildings and in most cases, personal hazard insurance covers any losses.

Limited: 10-25 percent of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities for more than a week; and/or injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability.

Warning Time 6 -12 hours

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Duration Less than 1 day

Spatial Impact Lightning affects broad regions. Clayton County is similar to the surrounding area and the entire state of Iowa with the frequency of thunderstorms and lightning flashes. The region that includes Clayton County averages: 30-50 days with thunderstorms per year per 10,000 square miles Two to four lightning strikes per square kilometer per year

Figure 68 reflects the United States annual distribution and frequency of thunderstorms.

Figure 68: Annual Distribution and Frequency of Thunderstorms

Source: Oklahoma Climatology Survey

Figure 69 reflects the United States annual frequency of lightning 2018.

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Figure 69: Annual Frequency of Lightning 2018

Source: National Weather Service, http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/lightning_map.html

Catastrophic: More than 50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Thunderstorm and Lightning 3.15 High

Tornado Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Tornado 4 2 4 1 4

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Description The National Weather Service defines a tornado as a “violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.” Tornadoes are the most violent of all atmospheric storms and area capable of tremendous destruction. Wind speeds can exceed 250 mph, and damage paths can be more than one mile wide and 50 miles long. In an average year, more than 900 tornadoes are reported in the United States, resulting in approximately 80 deaths and more than 1,500 injuries. High winds not associated with tornadoes are profiled separately in this document in Section 3.2.19.

Although tornadoes have been documented on every continent, they most frequently occur in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. According to the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Northeast Iowa is located just on the edge of an area that is generally known as “Tornado Alley.” Climatological conditions are such that warm and cold air masses meet in the center of the country to create conditions of great instability and fast-moving air at high pressure that can ultimately result in formation of tornado funnels.

Figure 70 shows the geographic location and the climatological conditions that create “Tornado Alley.”

Figure 70: Climate Conditions Which Produce “Tornado Alley”

Source: NSSL, http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_climatology.html

In Iowa, most tornadoes occur during the months of April, May, and June. However tornadoes can strike in any of the 12 months. Similarly, while most tornadoes occur between 4:00 and 9:00 p.m., a tornado can strike at any time.

Prior to February 1, 2007, a tornado intensity was measured by the Fujita (F) Scale. This scale was revised and is now referred to as the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF). Both scales are sets of wind estimates (not 213 measurements) based on damage. The new scale uses more damage indicators and associated degrees of damage, allowing for more detailed and accurate analysis. The tornado intensity scale update was the result of advanced research by meteorologists and wind engineers. For further information on the EF Scale, see http://www.spc.noaa.gov.efscale/.

Table 38 compares the tornado intensity F-scale and the EF-scale.

Table 38: F-Scale and EF-Scale for Tornado Damage Fujita (F) Scale (Previous) Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale (Current)

F Number 3 second Gust (mph) EF Number 3 Second Gust (mph) 0 45-78 0 65-85 1 79-117 1 86-109 2 118-161 2 110-137 3 162-209 3 138-167 4 210-261 4 168-199 5 262-317 5 200-234 Source: http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.htm

Previous Occurrences According to the NCDC database, there were two tornadoes in Clayton County from 2015 through 2019.

July 19, 2017 - An EF-1 tornado touched down about 5 miles west of McGregor and then moved through McGregor before dissipating just east of town over the Mississippi River. The most damage occurred in McGregor with two buildings downtown completely destroyed while numerous others were damaged. Two people sustained minor injuries due to flying glass. Hundreds of trees across town were snapped off. West of McGregor, the tornado damaged a storage shed, ripped back part of a metal roof from an outbuilding and damaged numerous trees. One person was killed in an accident cleaning up debris when a tractor rolled over pinning the person underneath it. (NCDC)

This storm produced $840,000 in property damage and no crop damage.

September 12, 2019 - A tornado touched down northwest of Farmersburg and moved northeast before dissipating southwest of Monona. Damage from the tornado was limited to some trees, a few outbuildings, and crops. One home did have some tree branches impaled through a wall. (NCDC)

This storm produced $30,000 in property damage and $3,000 in crop damage.

Probability of Future Occurrence The National Severe Storms Laboratory calculated probability of violent tornadoes based on time of year for the period 1921-1995. Figure 71 below shows the probability of an F2 or larger tornado occurring on any given day at a location within a 25-mile radius of Clayton County. Fore example, a y-axis value of 2.0 would indicate a two percent chance of receiving the chosen type of severe weather on the date indicated by the x-axis. For both significant (F2 or larger) and violent (F4 or larger) tornadoes the 1951-1965 period was the peak in probability based on the data from previous occurrences, with the most recent reporting period (1981-1995) showing a probability right on track with the overall average. Significant tornadoes

214 show a common peak in probability in late spring while violent tornadoes have an overall less probability, they do not have a distinct time of probability for them to occur from early spring through mid-autumn.

Figure 71 reflects the daily probability for a significant tornado, rated F2 or larger, within a 25-mile radius of Clayton County during 1921-1995.

Figure 71: Daily Significant Tornado Probability, F2 or Larger, Clayton County, 1921-1995

Source: NSSL, http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/hazardmap.html Note: This probability tool has not been adjusted for the new EF‐Scale, the comparable wind speeds are found in

Figures 71 and 72 are based on the same methodology described for the previous graph.

Figure 72 reflects the daily probability for a violent tornado, rated F4 or larger, within a 25 mile radius of Clayton County during 1921-1995.

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Figure 72: Daily Violent Tornado Probability, F4 or Larger, Clayton County, 1921-1995

Source: Source: NSSL, http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/hazardmap.html

Figure 73 reflects the United States frequency of a tornado rated F2 or larger, based on number of days per century within a 12.5 mile radius of a given point on the map, from 1921-1995.

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Figure 73: Frequency of F2 or Larger Tornadoes, 1921-1995

Source: NSSL, http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/sigt2195.gif Note: The white square indicates the approximate location of Clayton County.

Highly Likely: Event is probable within the next calendar year.

Magnitude Impacts can range from broken tree branches, shingle damage to roofs, and some broken windows; all the way to complete destruction and disintegration of well-constructed structures, infrastructure and trees. Generally, the destructive path of a tornado is only a couple hundred feet in width, but stronger tornadoes can leave a path of devastation up to a mile wide.

Injury or death related to tornadoes most often occur when buildings collapse, people are hit by flying objects, or are caught trying to escape the tornado in a vehicle. Limited magnitude.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration Less than 6 hours

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Spatial Impact While tornadoes can occur in all areas of the State of Iowa, historically, some areas of the state have been more susceptible to this type of damaging storm. Figure 78 illustrates the number of F3 and larger tornadoes recorded in the United States per 3,700 square miles between 1950 and 1998. It appears the border of the shaded light orange area and the shaded dark orange area, indicating 6-15 and 16-25 tornadoes respectively of this magnitude during this 48-year period falls within Clayton County.

Catastrophic: More than 50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted. Figure 74 reflects the recorded F3 and larger tornadoes in the United States from 1950-1998. Figure 74: Tornado Activity in the United States, 1950-1998

Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center, http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/saferoom/tsfs02_torn_activity.shtm Note: The blue square indicates the approximate location of Clayton County

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Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Tornado 3.20 High

Transportation Incident Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Transportation Incident 2 2 4 2 1

Description This hazard includes accidents involving any mode of transportation (air, highway, rail, and waterway) that directly threatens life and which property damage and/or death(s)/injury(s) and/or adversely impacts a community’s capabilities to provide emergency services.

An air transportation incident may involve a military, commercial, or private aircraft. A variety of circumstances can result in an air transportation incident, mechanical failure, pilot error, enemy attack, terrorism, weather conditions, and on-board fire can all lead to an incident.

A highway transportation incident can be single or multi-vehicle requiring responses exceeding normal day-to-day capabilities. Thousands of drivers a day are on Clayton County streets, roads, and highways. Weather conditions play a major factor in the ability of traffic to flow safely; the significant presence of agricultural equipment on the roadways in Clayton County increase the hazard of an incident occurring.

Railway incidents include derailments, collisions, and highway/rail crossing accidents. Train incidents can result from a variety of causes; human error, mechanical failure, faulty signals, and/or problems with the track.

Waterway incidents will primarily involve recreational craft on rivers and lakes. Water rescue events would largely be handled by first responding agencies. Waterway incidents may also include events in which a person, persons, or object falls through the ice on partially frozen bodies of water. Thousands of people visit the riverboat casino in Clayton County each year. The casino makes regular trips up and down the river during the summer months.

Previous Occurrences Minor traffic accidents occur daily in Clayton County and result in property damage and injury, fortunately major accidents involving multiple vehicles or serious injury are not as common. Crash statistics specific to Clayton County are available through the Iowa Department of Motor Vehicles website.

Table 39 reflects the traffic fatalities in Clayton County from 2009 through 2018.

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Table 39: Traffic Fatalities in Clayton County 2009-2018 Year Number of Fatalities 2009 4 2010 4 2011 7 2012 7 2013 2 2014 2 2015 3 2016 4 2017 1 2018 5 Source: https://iowadot.gov/mvd/factsandstats

Railway incidents specific to Clayton County were not able to be located; state-wide statistics include 7,087 incidents from 1974 to 2010 with 2,203 injuries and 161 deaths since 1995 related to those incidents. The Federal Railroad Administration reports one incident in Clayton County in 2016 and one in 2018. Neither incident reported injuries or deaths. (https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/publicsite/query/AccidentByStateRailroad.aspx)

There have been no disasters causing waterway incidents in the State of Iowa. Small-scale incidents requiring search and rescue in Clayton County water sources have occurred on nearly an annual basis; no details were provided.

Probability of Future Occurrence The HMPC determined that a transportation incident which adversely affects a community’s capability to provide emergency service has to the probability to “occasionally” occur in Clayton County.

Occasional: Event is probable within the next five years.

Magnitude Travelers, truckers, delivery personnel, and commuters are at risk of a highway transportation incident any time they are on the road. Before and after regular work hours and on holidays are times when there are significantly more people on the road. Pedestrians area also vulnerable to the impacts of a road/highway incident.

People and property in close proximity to the railways, crossings, sidings, switching stations, and loading/unloading point are most at risk. Rail incidents can range from minor “track hops” to catastrophic crashes and/or derailments and even human/animal casualties.

Passengers of recreational craft and riverboat casinos are vulnerable to a waterway incident. Operators of barges are also vulnerable; the environment is also at risk to potentially damaging materials aboard the numerous barges that normally operate year-round on the Mississippi River.

All transportation incidents have the potential for greater severity if hazardous materials were being transported.

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Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration Less than 1 day

Spatial Impact While transportation accidents can occur on any street or highway in the Planning Area, those that occur on the highways and county roads have the most potential for damage to vehicle(s) and immediate response needed for life safety due to the higher speeds traveled by vehicles. Railway is located in the Cities of Elkader, Monona, McGregor, Marquette, Clayton, Guttenberg, and North Buena Vista. Many street and highway crossings (public and private) in these jurisdictions as well as in the unincorporated areas make the probability of an incident more likely to happen. A waterway incident can occur on any water source in Clayton County, but it is most probable for an incident to occur on or along the Mississippi River due to the common use for recreation and commercial purposes. The Mississippi River flows along the Cities of Marquette, McGregor, Clayton, Guttenberg, and North Buena Vista. Regarding the jurisdiction of Clayton, Iowa – in the 1970s a grain elevator was built next to the river near the foot of MainStreet. Main Street has a steep slope that ends at the Mississippi River. In the first two years after the grain elevator opened seven trucks had brake failures and ended up in the river. The elevator eventually closed.

Negligible: Less than 10% of the jurisdiction to be impacted.

Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Transportation Incident 2.25 Moderate

Windstorm Hazard Type Probability Magnitude Warning Duration Spatial Time Extent Windstorm 4 2 4 2 4

Description Windstorms are extreme straight-line winds associated with severe winter storms, severe thunderstorms, downbursts, and very strong pressure gradients. Straight-line winds are generally any thunderstorm wind that is not associated with rotation (i.e. not a tornado). These winds, which can exceed 100 mph, represent the most common type of severe weather and are the most common cause of thunderstorm damage. Since windstorms do not have a narrow track such as a tornado does, associated damage can be extensive and affect broad regions, including multiple counties. Objects like trees, barns, outbuildings, high-profile vehicles, and power line/poles can be toppled or destroyed, and roofs, windows, and homes 221 can be damaged as wind speeds increase. One type of straight-line wind is the downburst, which can cause damage equivalent to a strong tornado and can be extremely dangerous to aviation.

Windstorms in Iowa typically happen between late April and early September, but, given the right conditions, they can develop as early as March. They are usually produced by super cell thunderstorms or a line of thunderstorms that typically develop on hot and humid days.

Previous Occurrences According to the NCDC database, there were seventeen Thunderstorm Wind events and 1 Strong Wind event affecting Clayton County from 2015 through 2019. The total damages from these events was estimated at $1.06 million in property damage and $17,000 in crop damage. There were no deaths or injuries reported from these storm events. The most significant events by damage amount are listed below.

June 22, 2015 - An Amish grocery store near Garber was destroyed when the roof was blown off and some of the walls subsequently collapsed. A large area of wind damage occurred between Guttenberg and Millville along U.S. Highway 52. A barn roof was blown off and several other barns were blown down near Millville. Numerous trees were blown down causing U.S. Highway 52 to be closed and a parked semi and trailer were overturned by the winds.

May 15, 2017 - Three barns and a machine shed were destroyed northeast of Garber. Several trees were also uprooted, a garage collapsed and some roof panels were taken off a farm building.

May 17, 2017 - A machine shed was destroyed and a house damaged east of Monona.

Probability of Future Occurrence According to the NCDC, there were eighteen reports of high wind events in Clayton County during 2015 through 2019. For some events, more than one impact report was issued.

Highly Likely: Event is probable within the calendar year.

The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) calculated probability of windstorms based on time of year for the period 1980 to 1999. The most recent reporting period had the highest probability based on data from previous occurrences, while overall probability was the highest during the late spring and early summer across all reporting periods.

Figure 75 charts the probability of a windstorm 50 knots or greater occurring on any given day at a location within a 25 mile radius of the center of Clayton County during 1980 to 1999. Whereby, a y-axis value of 2.0 would indicate a two percent chance of receiving the chosen type of severe weather on the date indicated by the x-axis value.

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Figure 75: Daily Windstorm Probability, 50 Knots or Higher, Clayton County, 1980-1999

Source: NSSL, http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/hazardmap.html

Accordingly, the probability of a windstorm is at its peak late spring through mid-summer, historically ranging from 2-6 percent during that timeframe.

Figure 76 reflects the probability of a windstorm (65 knots or greater) occurring on any given day at a location within a 25 mile radius during 1980 to 1994.

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Figure 76: Annual Windstorm Probability (65+ Knots), United States, 1980-1994

Source: NSSL, http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/bigwind.gif Note: The black square indicates the approximate location of Clayton County.

Magnitude Injury or death related to windstorms is possible – most often occurring from building failure or people struck by airborne debris. Windstorms can affect electrical power with system components above ground.

Warning Time Less than 6 hours

Duration Less than 1 day

Spatial Impact The entire Planning Area is susceptible to high wind events. The Planning Area is located in Wind Zone IV, which is susceptible to winds up to 250 mph. Iowa is located in Wind Zone IV, the highest inland category. 224

Catastrophic: More than 50% of the jurisdiction to be impacted. Figure 77 reflects the United States Wind Zones bases on maximum wind speeds. Figure 77: Frequency Wind Zones in the United States

Source: FEMA; http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/saferoom/tsfs02_wind_zones.shtl Note: The white square indicates the approximate location of Clayton County. Hazard Summary

Hazard Type Calculated Priority Risk Planning Index (CPRI) Significance Windstorm 2.85 Moderate

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Hazard Profiles Summary Description The hazard profile assessment was utilized by the HMPC to prioritize those hazards of greatest significance to the Planning Area, enabling the participating jurisdictions to focus resources where they are most needed. Those hazards that occur infrequently, or have little or no impact on Planning Area were determined to be of low significance.

Those hazards determined to be of moderate and high significance were categorized as priority hazards and are further evaluated.

Table 40 summarized the participating jurisdictions’ planning significance results, arranged alphabetically by hazard.

Table 40: Planning Significance of Identified Hazards, 2020 HAZARD PLANNING SIGNIFICANCE Dam Failure Drought Earthquake Extreme Heat Flash Flood Grass and Wildland Fire Hailstorm Hazardous Materials Infrastructure Failure Landslide Levee Failure River Flood Severe Winter Storm Sinkholes Thunderstorm and Lightning Tornado Transportation Incident Windstorm

Source: HMPC

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Vulnerability Assessment Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii): [The risk assessment shall include a] description of the jurisdiction’s vulnerability to the hazards described in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. This description shall include an overall summary of each hazard and its impact on the community.

Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii)(A): The plan shall describe the vulnerability in terms of the types and the numbers of existing buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities located in the identified hazard area.

Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii): (As of October 1, 2008) [the risk assessment] must also address National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) insured structures that have been repetitively damaged by floods.

Methodology The vulnerability assessment further defines the planning area risk to high and moderate significance hazards addressed in the previous.

The vulnerability assessment was conducted based on the best available data and the significance of the hazard. Data to support the vulnerability assessment was collected from the following sources: County Emergency Management Coordinator County Assessor County Auditor Written descriptions of assets and risks provided by Clayton County resources Existing plans and reports Personal interviews with HMPC members and other stakeholders

The Vulnerability Assessment is presented in three parts: Describes the assets at risk in the participating jurisdictions Vulnerability by Hazard – Describes the vulnerability to each hazard identified and profiled previously in this plan. This vulnerability analysis includes a vulnerability overview for each hazard of high and moderate significance, and where available, the vulnerability analysis includes evaluation of vulnerable buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities in hazard-prone areas. Summary of Key Issues- Summarizes the key issues and conclusions identified in the risk assessment process.

Community Assets This section describes overall hazard vulnerability and buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities located in identified hazard areas with best current data available being utilized. The count for and value for religious/non-profit government and education structures are unknown due to data limitations.

A critical facility may be defined as one that provides essential public safety or mitigation functions during response or recovery operations.

Table 41 below gives examples of critical facilities: essential facilities, high potential loss facilities, and transportation and lifelines as they are defined for the purposes of this analysis.

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Table 41: Critical Facilities, Definitions, and Examples Essential Facilities High Potential Loss Facilities Transportation and Lifelines Hospitals and other medical Power plants, transmission Highways, bridges, and facilities lines and distribution stations tunnels Police Stations Dams and Levees Railroads and facilities Fire Stations Military Installations Airports Emergency Operations Hazardous material sites Water Treatment facilities Centers Schools Natural gas pipeline and facilitates Shelters Petroleum pipelines and facilities Day care centers Communication facilities Elder Care Facilities/Long Term Care Facilities Main government buildings

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Table 42 reflects an inventory for participating jurisdictions critical facilities and infrastructure. Table 42: Participating Jurisdiction Inventory of Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, 2020 Facility

Clayton Elkader Elkport Farmersburg Garber Garnavillo Guttenberg Luana Marquette McGregor Monona Buena North Vista Osterdock Strawberry Point St. Olaf Volga Unincorporated County Police Stations 0 X 0 0 0 X X 0 X X X 0 0 X 0 0 0 Fire Stations 0 X 0 X X X X X 0 X X 0 0 X X X 0 Emergency Operations Centers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Hospitals and other medical 0 X 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 0 0 0 facilities Dams and levees X X X 0 0 0 X 0 0 X 0 X X 0 0 X X Military Installations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tier II Chemical Storage – 0 X 0 0 0 X X 0 0 X X X 0 X 0 X X Hazardous Materials Sites Elder Care Facilities/Long Term 0 X 0 0 0 X X 0 0 X 0 0 0 X 0 0 0 Care Schools 0 X 0 0 0 X X 0 0 X 0 0 0 X 0 0 0 FEMA- Approved Storm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shelters Child Care Centers 0 X 0 0 0 X X X X X X 0 0 X 0 0 X Main Government Buildings X X X 0 X X X X X X X 0 0 X X X X Railroad/Loading Facilities X 0 0 0 0 0 X 0 X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 Airports (Privately Owned) 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Natural Gas Pipelines and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X distribution stations Water Systems/WWTF 0 X 0 0 0 X X X X X X 0 0 X X X 0 Petroleum Pipelines 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Communications facilities 0 X 0 0 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Power Plants and distribution 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 stations

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Vulnerability by Hazard To identify the vulnerability by hazard for the Planning Area, current valuations for structure count, location, type, and value were received from the county assessor. For communities currently mapped for flood, the Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) “Zone A” was manually overlaid to the Clayton County Assessors data to identify, by type, the structure county/valuation within SFHA. Flood maps, wildland urban interface area maps, topography and landslide maps along with other area-specific hazard zones were all reviewed to the best of planning abilities with tools and resources available to Planning Area at this time. Table 43: Flood Vulnerable by Jurisdiction, 2020 Community Value of All Property Value of All Property Percent of All in Jurisdiction in $ in Jurisdiction in 100- Property in 100-Year Year Floodplain Flood Zone Clayton Elkader Elkport Farmersburg Garber Garnavillo Guttenberg Luana Marquette McGregor Monona North Buena Vista Osterdock St. Olaf Strawberry Point Volga

According to the 2018 State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan, there are no state buildings in Clayton County.

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School Districts No boundary specific hazard issues were raised by any of the school districts during the preparation of this plan. Table 44 provides information on school district building in the participating jurisdictions and highlights the locations of each building and other information pertinent to assessing vulnerability. Table 44: School Enrollment by Building and Community, 2020 Community School School Information Street Address Enrollment Staff on In Floodplain? Mitigation District (CSD) Site Measures in Place Central CSD Grades K-12 400 First St. NW No structures in Weather radio, Elkader, IA 52043 floodplain emergency warning systems, sirens, fire suppression system, emergency binders and response kits in each classroom, regular evacuation and tornado drills, staff training on school safety and immunizations requirements. Have applied for FEMA safe room funding. IPAWS. Central CSD Elkader Childcare & 117 Gunder Rd. Same Learning Center Elkader, IA 52043 (PK) Central CSD Clayton County 24542 Hwy 13N. Same Alternative High Elkader, IA 52043 School (9-12) Clayton Ridge CSD High School (9-12) 131 S. River Park Dr. School is located Guttenberg, IA 52052 close to railroad Clayton Ridge CSD Middle School (6-8) 131 S. River Park Dr. tracks and the Guttenberg, IA 52052 Mississippi River. Clayton Ridge CSD Elementary (PK-4) 502 W. Watson School Messenger Garnavillo, IA 52049 Has Weather Bug Clayton Ridge CSD Garnavillo 502 W. Watson Weather radio, Community Garnavillo, IA 52049 sirens, regular evacuation and tornado drills, fire

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Community School School Information Street Address Enrollment Staff on In Floodplain? Mitigation District (CSD) Site Measures in Place Clayton Ridge CSD Kids Campus 2010 Main St. Suppression system, Community Guttenberg, IA 52052 response kits, Childcare (PK) ALICE, immunization requirement for all schools in district. Clayton Ridge CSD St. Mary’s 510 S. 2nd St. Immaculate Guttenberg, IA 52052 MFL MarMacCSD High School (9-12) 700 S. Page St. Has Weather Bug Monona, IA 52159 Weather radio, sirens, regular MFL MarMac CSD Middle School (4-8) 918 W. Main St. evacuation and McGregor, IA 52157 tornado drills, fire suppression system, MFL MarMac CSD Elementary (PK-3) 700 S. Page St. response kits, Monona, IA 52159 ALICE, immunization MFL MarMac CSD Little Bulldog 700 S. Page St. requirement for all Childcare Center Monona, IA 52159 schools in district (PK) MFL MarMac CSD Dr. Clifford C. 626 Main St. Smith Childcare McGregor, IA 52157 Center (PK) Source: District Superintendents:

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In 2018, the updated State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan utilized a series of equations to result in a consistent loss estimation model. This model was formulated at the statewide, regional, and county-wide level with the exception of the earthquake estimate and is based on a published study for statewide loss. Whenever available data is allowed, the resulting loss estimates were developed and broken into categories or types of damage. At the state level, the specific loss numbers as reported by the NCDC have been separated and/or averaged by each county when specific events were reported across county jurisdictions. This resulted in loss figures being counted only once.

State of Iowa Loss Estimation Equations Flooding – Considers the following factors: Mapped Floodplain Areas (FP) Repetitive Loss Structures (RL) 16 Year Statewide Annual Flood Damage History (DH)

Annual Flood Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (16 Years) = Annual County-wide Flood Loss Estimate (FLE)

Drought – considers the following factors: 15 Year Drought Record for County (TR) Statewide Annual Drought Damage History (DH)

Annual Drought Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (15 Years) = Annual County-wide Drought Loss Estimate (DLE)

Tornado – considers the following factors: 60 Year Tornado Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Tornado Damage History (DH)

Annual Tornado Damage History(DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (60 Years) = Annual County-wide Tornado Loss Estimate (TLE)

Hailstorm – considers the following factors: 16 Year Hail Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Hailstorm Damage History (DH)

Annual Hailstorm Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (16 Years) = Annual County- wide Hailstorm Loss Estimate (HLE)

Thunderstorm – considers the following: 17 Year Thunderstorm Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Thunderstorm Damage History (DH)

Annual Thunderstorm Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (17 Years) = Annual County- wide Thunderstorm Loss Estimate (TSLE)

Extreme Cold – considers the following: 10 Year Extreme Cold Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Extreme Cold Damage History (DH)

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Annual Extreme Cold Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (10 Years) = Annual County- wide Extreme Cold Loss Estimate (ECLE)

Snow and Ice – considers the following factors: 16 Year Snow and Ice Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Snow & Ice Damage History (DH)

Annual Snow and Ice Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (16 Years) = Annual County- wide Snow and Ice Loss Estimate (SILE)

Windstorm – considers the following factors: 17 Year Windstorm Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Windstorm Damage History (DH)

Annual Windstorm Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (17 Years) = Annual County- wide Windstorm Loss Estimate (WSLE)

Lightning – considers the following factors: 17 Year Lightning Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Lightning Damage History (DH)

Annual Lightning Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (17 Years) = Annual County-wide Lightning Loss Estimate (LLE)

Extreme Heat – considers the following factors: 16 Year Extreme Heat Record for County (WR) Statewide Annual Lightning Damage History (DH)

Annual Extreme Heat Damage History (DH) / Number of Years of Recorded Loss (16 Years) = Annual County- wide Extreme Heat Loss Estimate (EHLE)

Table 45: Clayton County Property and Loss by Natural Hazards in 2015-2020 Flood Drought Excessive Extreme Hail Winter Storm Heat Cold/Wind Chill $2,245,000 $0 $0 $0 $29,000 $0

Tornado Lightning Thunderstorm Wildfire TOTAL Wind $870,000 $0 $1,068,000 $0 $4,212,000 Source: NCDC

The Planning Area vulnerability assessment was limited to the hazards that received high or moderate planning significance scores based on HMPC input. Planning significance scores area noted based on the CPRI Index.

The HMPC, after hazard profiling, eliminated the hazards with low and no planning significance when considering vulnerability and hazard summary. Detailed vulnerability assessment is not provided for hazards with low and now planning significance scores. Hazard vulnerabilities are presented in alphabetical order by hazard. 234

Dam Failure Vulnerability Planning Significance: Moderate. A dam failure can be immediate and catastrophic leaving little or no time to warn those downstream of the imminent hazard. The area impacted would be limited to that in or near the floodplain, but people and property out of the floodplain are not immune. Operations could be affected by communications loss, critical facility damage/destruction, etc. The Cities of Marquette, McGregor, Clayton, Guttenberg, and North Buena Vista along with all areas along the Mississippi River are most at risk to dam failure.

Flash Flood Vulnerability Planning Significance: High. Major flash flooding has the potential to impact the entire Planning Area in some way, including shutting off access to communities with closed roads and bridges.

Grass or Wildland Fire Vulnerability Planning Significance: Moderate. Given the desire for agricultural and other burning practices, the whole Planning Area is at risk. With high winds and limited resources, a small fire could do major damage. All structures and infrastructure area at risk for damage in the impacted area.

Hailstorm Vulnerability Planning Significance: Moderate. In general, assets in the Planning Area that are vulnerable to hail damage include crops and built structures. If hail size is larger in diameter and crops are at a vulnerable stage in the plant/harvest cycle, it is possible for a great percentage of crop yields to be lost as result of even a single hail event.

Structural damage, such as roof damage, damages to siding and windows occurs frequently with hail damage and is usually covered under private insurance. Specific structural damages in the Planning Area as a result of hail damage are not available.

Personal injury can also occur as a result of very large hail if individuals are outdoors during a hail event.

Hazardous Materials Vulnerability Planning Significance: Moderate. A hazardous materials accident can occur almost anywhere, so any area is considered vulnerable. People, pets, livestock, and vegetation in close proximity to facilities producing, storing, or transporting hazardous substances are at higher risk. Populations downstream, downwind, and downhill of a released substance are particularly vulnerable.

Infrastructure Failure Vulnerability Planning Significance: Moderate. The effects of communication failure would severely impact emergency service and would likely occur with little or no warning. All structures and bridges are vulnerable to structural failure, especially in the event of an earthquake, fire, high winds, or flooding.

Landslide Vulnerability Planning Significance: Moderate. Structures overlooking river valleys and steep ravines are most vulnerable to landslides. The Cities of Elkport, Garber, Luana, Millville, North Buena Vista, Osterdock, St. Olaf, and Volga and many unincorporated areas are most vulnerable in Clayton County with their steep bluffs and river valleys.

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Levee Vulnerability Planning Significance: High. Levee failure is typically an additional or secondary impact of another disaster such as flooding or earthquake. The impacts to the Planning Area from a levee failure would be similar in some cases to those associated with river flooding events (see the river flood hazard vulnerability analysis and discussion). All structures and infrastructure in the floodplain, including critical facilities, are particularly at risk for damages.

River Flooding Vulnerability Planning Significance: High. Major river flooding has the potential to impact the entire town in some way, be in closed roads, resulting in limited access to business or residential areas, or the cost incurred to the community. All structures and infrastructure in the floodplain, including critical facilities, are particularly at risk for damages.

In 2020, there were no repetitive loss properties in Clayton County.

Table 46 reflects the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) status and Repetitive Loss (RL) Flood Property counts within the Planning Area.

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Table 46: Clayton County RL and NFIP, 2020 Participating Community NFIP Status Repetitive Types of Structures Jurisdiction Identification Loss (RL) (CID) Properties Number City of Clayton 190072 Participating None City of Elkader 190073 Participating None City of Elkport 190074 Participating None City of Farmersburg 190075 Participating None City of Garber 190076 Participating None City of Garnavillo 190580 Not Participating None City of Guttenberg 190077 Participating None City of Luana 190767 Participating None City of Marquette 195182 Participating None City of McGregor 195183 Participating None City of Monona 190620 Not Participating None City of North Buena 190082 Participating None Vista City of Osterdock 190083 Not Participating None City of St. Olaf 190084 Participating None City of Strawberry Point 190662 Participating None City of Volga 190085 Participating None Unincorporated Area 190858 Participating None Source: http://bsa.nfipstat.com/comm_status/index.html

Severe Winter Storm Vulnerability Planning Significance: High. During periods of icing and/or heavy snow fall, transportation can be treacherous. The most significance damage during winter storm events occur when freezing rain and drizzle accumulate on utility poles and power lines causing widespread power outages. Since the power outages associated with winter storms occur during cold weather, the population is at risk to cold temperature exposures. As with extreme heat events, the elderly and poverty populations are considered to be more vulnerable.

Thunderstorm & Lightning Vulnerability Planning Significance: High. Those in unprotected areas, mobile homes, and automobiles during a storm area most at risk to injury. Sudden strong winds often accompany a severe thunderstorm and may blow down trees across roads and power lines. Livestock and people who are outdoors, especially under a tree or other natural lightning rods, in or on water, or on or near hilltops are most at risk for lightning.

Tornado Vulnerability Planning Significance: High. The Planning Area is located in a region of the U.S. with high frequency of dangerous and destructive tornadoes. On at least two occasions tornadoes have resulted in injuries to residents of Clayton County.

Warning time for tornadoes is relatively short. Children, the elderly and disabled persons are particularly vulnerable to such hazards with rapid onset. There is an identified need for storm shelters that can withstand the force of a major tornado and to protect the safety of residents in Clayton County. All infrastructure and structures are at risk for damage since currently, none are built to resist tornado wind speeds. 237

Transportation Incident Vulnerability Planning Significance: Moderate. Natural hazards, such as severe winter weather, can increase vulnerability to transportation incidents. The most common form on transportation accidents in Clayton County are Highway Transportation Incidents which are most likely to occur on the U.S. and State Highways due to the speed traveled and amount of traffic is higher. Any transportation incident could close roads or bridges, resulting in limited access to business or residential areas. Structures and infrastructure would be impacted if they were located close enough to the roadway where the incident happened and were affected by the collision or secondary collision.

Windstorm Vulnerability Planning Significance: High. Damaging windstorms are a common occurrence in the Planning Area. Damages frequently occur to structures and power lines. Debris flying from high wind events can shatter windows in structures and vehicles and can harm people that are not adequately sheltered.

Summary of Key Issues Table 47 reflects the previously described summary results of the Hazard Ranking for the Participating Jurisdictions in order of High to Low Planning Significance based on the methodology described previously.

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Table 47: Clayton County’s Hazard Ranking – High to Low Planning Significance, 2020 Hazard Probabilit Magnitud Warnin Duratio Spatia CPR Planning y e g Time n l I Significanc Extent e River Floods 4 4 1 4 3 3.50 High Severe Winter 4 2 3 4 4 3.35 High Storms Flash Floods 4 2 4 2 2 3.20 High Tornadoes 4 2 4 1 4 3.20 High Windstorms 4 2 4 1 4 3.20 High Thunderstorms & 4 2 3 2 4 3.15 High Lightning Human Disease 3 4 2 4 4 3.10 High Infrastructure 3 2 4 4 2 2.95 Moderate Failure Levee Failure 3 5 4 4 3 2.95 Moderate Hazardous 2 2 1 4 1 2.50 Moderate Materials Transportation 2 2 4 2 1 2.25 Moderate Incident Dam Failure 1 3 4 4 3 2.35 Moderate Hailstorms 3 2 4 1 4 2.30 Moderate Radiological 2 2 4 2 2 2.30 Moderate Incident Grass or Wildfire 2 2 4 1 1 2.15 Moderate Landslides 2 2 4 1 1 2.15 Moderate Sinkholes 2 2 4 1 1 2.15 Moderate Animal/Plant/Crop 2 2 1 4 1 2.00 Moderate / Disease Terrorism 2 1 4 1 1 1.90 Low Extreme Heat 2 2 1 1 1 1.70 Low Drought 1 2 1 4 4 1.70 Low Earthquakes 1 1 4 1 4 1.60 Low Source: HMPC

The following section summarizes the key issues brought out by the risk assessment from the hazards of moderate and high planning significance, arranged in alphabetically by hazard.

Flash Flood Low lying areas and the basements of structures are vulnerable with heavy rains When flood waters saturate the ground, ground water can become contaminated Private wells can become contaminated Flash floods can have severe impacts to low lying areas adjacent to the water source, particularly main access roads to communities.

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Grass and Wildland Fire Agricultural practices which include controlled burning take place in rural areas Increased concern with city limits embedded in rural areas susceptible to grass or wild land fire; all structures and infrastructures are at risk Mutual aid relied upon heavily for fire protection

Hailstorm Crops, structures, and vehicles are damaged by large hail events The associated thunderstorms can generate damaging winds

Hazardous Materials Entire Planning Area and beyond could be affected depending on the amount of hazardous material released and its potency A specialized response team out of Linn County, Iowa responds to HAZMAT incidents in Clayton County HAZMAT is most prevalently transported on our roadways to the fixed storage sites in the spring, summer, and fall months Propane fuel and anhydrous ammonia are transported on the roadways 365 days a year; most frequently by the agricultural community during planting season Railways are transporting hazardous materials through the county up to 4-5 times daily

Infrastructure Failure A lack of secondary power sources exists Cell phone service is intermittent or void in many areas of the Planning Area Emergency responders radio communication devices not always compatible with information recipients, forcing responders to “re-route” their call through up to five other resources before emergency messages reach their destination

Levee Failure Waters overtopping the current levees have severe impacts to the communities with structures and infrastructure damaged routinely, especially in the floodplain

River Flood When flood waters saturate the ground, ground water contamination can be experienced Private wells can become contaminated River floods have had and can have severe impacts to the communities with structures and infrastructure damaged routinely, especially in the floodplain

Severe Winter Storm Snow load on roofs can cause structure damage Ice accumulation damages power lines and power infrastructure Roads become hazardous for motorists Schools and businesses close as a result of power outages and treacherous road conditions Freeze conditions can cause losses to crop yield. Over $1 million in crop insurance claims as a result of freeze conditions in Clayton County

Tornado No known FEMA-compliant tornado safe rooms exist in Clayton County Clayton County has the need for an improved warning system Damage endured from a tornado could range from minimal to complete devastations Agricultural production and financial return can be severely impacted 240

Transportation Incident Highway Transportation Incidents occur on nearly a daily basis on our roadways in varying degrees of severity, serious injury and loss of life are fortunately less common Incidents can range in severity to minor injuries and damage to the vehicles to the loss of life Roadways could be blocked off while the involved vehicles and/or response personnel are on scene

Windstorm Frequent wind events can cause damage to power lines Unsecured mobile homes, campers, barns, and sheds and their occupants are specifically vulnerable Trees and tree limb debris damage power lines, power infrastructure, structures, and automobiles Roofs are frequently damaged

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Table 48 records the CPRI scores for each city within Clayton County. Scores indicating a high planning significance for each city are shaded in yellow, hazard CPRI scores with moderate planning significance are shaded in pink. Table 48: CPRI Scores by City in Clayton County

Hazard

Clayton Elkader Elkport Farmersburg Garber Garnavillo Guttenberg Luana Marquette McGregor Monona Vista Buena North Osterdock Strawberry Point St. Olaf Volga Animal/Plant/Crop Disease 2.40 1.90 1.70 1.90 2.70 2.35 1.00 1.35 1.30 1.90 2.35 2.40 1.90 1.35 1.70 1.90 Dam Failure 1.00 1.55 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 1.30 1.00 2.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Drought 1.70 1.55 2.35 1.55 3.10 1.75 2.00 1.25 1.75 1.45 1.75 1.70 1.55 1.25 1.70 1.55 Earthquake 1.60 1.75 1.00 1.00 1.40 1.25 1.00 1.60 2.05 1.60 1.25 1.60 1.00 1.60 1.00 1.75 Extreme Heat 2.15 1.45 2.60 1.45 3.70 1.95 2.90 1.90 1.85 1.45 1.95 2.15 1.45 1.90 2.15 1.45 Flash Flood 2.40 2.20 3.30 2.20 3.60 1.30 4.00 1.45 3.15 3.45 1.30 2.40 2.20 1.45 3.15 3.15 Grass or Wildfire 2.15 1.50 3.55 1.50 3.70 1.30 2.00 2.40 1.45 1.30 1.30 2.15 1.50 2.40 1.50 1.50 Hailstorm 2.40 2.05 2.80 2.05 3.70 2.20 2.00 1.85 2.20 1.45 2.20 2.40 2.05 1.85 2.40 2.05 Hazardous Materials 3.10 1.50 2.70 1.50 3.25 2.15 2.00 3.50 2.00 3.20 2.15 3.10 1.50 3.50 2.00 1.50 Human Disease 1.00 1.55 4.00 1.55 2.35 1.95 4.00 1.80 1.30 1.30 1.95 1.00 1.55 1.80 1.00 1.55 Infrastructure Failure 1.90 2.20 2.15 2.20 2.85 1.55 3.00 2.30 2.00 2.15 4.00 1.90 2.20 2.30 1.90 2.20 Landslide 2.15 1.80 2.40 1.80 3.20 1.00 3.00 1.45 2.30 2.35 1.00 2.15 1.80 1.00 2.15 1.80 Levee Failure 1.45 1.95 2.85 1.95 3.35 1.00 3.00 1.45 2.30 2.35 1.00 2.15 1.80 1.00 2.15 1.80 Radiological 1.90 1.60 2.65 1.60 2.25 1.00 1.00 2.45 1.00 2.50 1.00 1.90 1.60 2.45 1.90 1.60 River Flood 2.30 3.05 3.15 2.20 4.00 1.00 4.00 1.60 2.35 2.75 1.00 2.30 2.20 1.60 3.30 3.05 Severe Winter Storm 2.40 2.20 2.80 2.20 4.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 2.60 2.65 3.90 2.40 2.20 3.00 2.40 2.20 Sink Hole 1.45 2.55 2.40 2.55 3.70 1.00 3.45 1.90 1.75 1.30 1.00 1.45 2.55 1.90 1.45 2.55 Terrorism 1.00 2.20 2.65 2.20 1.40 2.15 3.45 3.75 2.55 1.95 2.15 1.00 2.20 3.75 1.00 2.20 Thunderstorm and Lightning 2.45 3.30 2.60 3.30 3.65 1.85 3.00 2.35 3.15 2.60 1.85 2.45 3.30 2.35 2.45 3.30 Tornadoes 2.40 2.35 2.75 2.35 3.34 2.15 4.00 2.80 2.35 2.50 2.15 2.40 2.35 2.80 2.40 2.35 Transportation Incident 3.10 1.90 2.75 1.90 3.85 2.25 2.00 3.40 2.90 2.90 2.25 3.10 1.90 3.40 1.90 1.90 Windstorm 2.40 2.80 3.20 2.80 4.00 2.10 2.00 3.05 3.30 2.90 2.10 2.40 2.80 3.05 2.40 2.80 Source: HMPC and Members of Community

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Mitigation Strategy

Requirement 201.6(c)(3): The plan shall include a mitigation strategy that provides the jurisdiction’s blueprint for reducing the potential losses identified in the risk assessment, based on existing authorities, policies, programs and resources, and its ability to expand on and improve these existing tools.

This section presents the mitigation strategy developed by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) and the participating jurisdictions based on the countywide risk assessment as well as each city’s strategies. This mitigation strategy was developed through a collaborative group process and consists of general goal statements to guide Clayton County in efforts to lessen disaster impacts as well as specific mitigation actions that can be put in place to directly reduce vulnerability to hazards and losses. The following definitions are based upon those found in FEMA publications 386-3, Developing a Hazard Mitigation Plan (2005):

Goals – General guidelines that explain what you want to achieve. Goals are defined before considering hoe to accomplish them so that they are not dependent on the means of achievement. They are usually long-term, broad, policy-type statements. Objectives - Strategies or implementation steps to attain the identified goals Mitigation Actions – Specific actions that help achieve goals and objectives

Goals Requirement 201.6(c)(3)(i): [The hazard mitigation strategy shall include a] description of mitigation goals to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards.

Goals were used to provide direction for reducing hazard-related losses in the participating jurisdictions. The HMPC reviewed the goals from previously approved hazard mitigation plans and determined that the goals were still valid for this update. The four main goals, in no order of priority, are:

Goal 1: Minimize vulnerability of the people and their property in participating jurisdictions to the impacts of hazards Goal 2: Protect critical facilities, infrastructure and other community assets from the impacts of hazards Goal 3: Improve education and awareness regarding hazards and risks in Clayton County Goal 4: Strengthen communication among agencies and between agencies and the public

Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Actions

44 CFR Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(ii): The mitigation strategy shall include a section that identifies and analyzes a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects being considered to reduce the effects of each hazard, with particular emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure.

After review of the hazards and defining each level of concern placed on each by the county and its communities, mitigation actions were retained from the previous Clayton County HMP to address those hazards deemed most critical. Actions fell into broad categories as defined below.

Prevention: Administrative or regulatory actions or processes that influence the way land and buildings are developed and built. 243

Property protection: Actions that involve the modification of existing buildings or structures to protect them from a hazard or remove them for the hazard area Structural: Actions that involve the construction of structures to refine the impact of hazards Natural resource protection: Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses, also preserve or restore the functions of natural systems Emergency services: Actions that protect people and property during and immediately after a disaster or hazard event Public education and awareness: Actions to inform and educate citizens, elected officials, and property owners about the hazards and potential ways to mitigate them

Meetings open to the public were held in multiple communities, virtually and with the planning committee to review past mitigation actions from the previous hazard mitigation plan (2016), brainstorm new possible mitigation actions and discuss all for inclusion in this updated plan. For each action identified in this plan, a mitigation action implementation worksheet and STAPLEE score was completed and included. The STAPLEE score was completed and included. The STAPLEE priorities are found in Table 49 and the implementation worksheets follow.

Goal 1: Minimize vulnerability of the people and their property in the participating jurisdictions to the impacts of hazards

Strategy: Develop safe and functioning havens as well as evacuation plans for the public in the event of a disaster

Mitigation Actions: Storm Shelter – FEMA compliant safe room Generators/Transfer Switches

Strategy: Ensure that emergency responders are prepared and able to react in any hazard situation

Mitigation Actions: Maintain/Improve emergency responder training Expand/Improve communications/technology infrastructure and equipment Maintain/Improve emergency responder equipment

Strategy: Ensure that local jurisdictions are prepared and able to react in any hazard situation

Mitigation Actions: Maintain/Improve flood mitigation equipment Sirens – additions/replacements/upgrades Develop and evacuation plan for community members – educate the public NFIP participation/consideration Maintain partnerships for effective and prompt emergency response Develop water and/or soil conservation strategies Waterway and structural changes/maintenance/upgrades/construction Develop city codes to address issues (buildings with tornado safe areas, flood plains, etc.) Acquire and demolish damaged structures

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Goal 2: Protect critical facilities, infrastructure and other community assets from the impacts of hazards

Strategy: Ensure that emergency responders have the tools they need to prepare and/or respond to hazards

Mitigation Actions: Maintain/Improve emergency responder training Maintain/Improve flood mitigation equipment Expand/Improve communications/technology infrastructure and equipment Maintain/Improve emergency responder equipment

Strategy: Maintain the function of critical facilities and services to provide continued support in the event of a disaster

Mitigation Actions: Generators/transfer switches Improved/upgraded water/sewer facilities (wells, systems, hydrants, lagoons, etc)

Strategy: Ensure the plan is reviewed and updated and communities continue to work on mitigation activities.

Mitigation Actions: Ensure the plan is updated prior to expiration NFIP participation/consideration Maintaining partnerships for effective and prompt emergency response Develop water and/or soil conservation strategies Waterway and structural changes/maintenance/upgrades/construction Develop city codes to address issues (buildings with tornado safe areas, flood plains, etc) Acquire and demolish structures

Strategy: Provide ample warning to people and businesses to reduce loss of life or property

Mitigation Actions: Expand/improve communications/technology infrastructure and equipment Sirens – additions/replacements/upgrades

Goal 3: Improve education and awareness regarding hazards and risk in the participating jurisdictions

Strategy: Improve public knowledge and awareness of potential hazards and the individual and collaborative actions that can be taken to reduce or eliminate the risk and impact of an event

Mitigation Actions: Ensure that the plan is updated prior to expiration Develop an evacuation plan for community members – educate the public NFIP participation/consideration Maintain partnerships for effective and prompt emergency service Promote the Hazard Mitigation Plan to the public

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Goal 4: Strengthen communication among agencies and between agencies and the public

Strategy: Ensure that emergency responders have the ability and protocol to communicate effectively with one another and the public before, during and after a hazard event

Mitigation Actions: Maintain/Improve emergency responder training Maintain/Improve flood mitigation equipment Expand/Improve communications/technology infrastructure and equipment Maintain/Improve emergency responder equipment Sirens – additions/replacements/upgrades Maintain partnerships for effective and prompt emergency response

Strategy: Increase public knowledge and awareness of potential hazards and the warning and response systems in place to react to an event

Mitigation Actions: Ensure that the plan is updated prior to expiration Develop an evacuation plan for community members – educate the public Promote the Hazard Mitigation Plan to the public

Implementation of Mitigation Actions Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(iii): The mitigation strategy shall include an action strategy describing how the actions identified in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) will be prioritized, implemented, and administered by the local jurisdiction. Prioritization shall include a special emphasis on the extent to which benefits are maximized according to a cost benefits review of the proposed projects and their associated costs.

After the actions to include in the mitigation strategy for each of the jurisdictions was determined, a STAPLEE tool was used to help guide a discussion to prioritize the mitigation actions that are included in this plan. STAPLEE is used to assess the costs and benefits, and overall feasibility of mitigation actions. STAPLEE stands for the following:

Social: Will the action be acceptable to the community? Could it have an unfair effect on a particular segment of the population? Technical: Is the action technically feasible? Are there secondary impacts? Does it offer a long-term solution? Administrative: Are there adequate staffing, funding, and maintenance capabilities to implement the project? Political: Will there be adequate political and public support for the project? Legal: Does your jurisdiction have the legal authority to implement the action? Economic: Is the action cost-beneficial? Is there funding available? Will the action contribute to the local economy? Environmental: Will there be negative environmental consequences from the action? Does it comply with environmental regulations? Is it consistent with community environmental goals?

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The STAPLEE criteria were reviewed prior to the prioritization discussion. For each action, the participating attendees discussed each proposed action and its feasibility given the STAPLEE criteria and came to the consensus on the priority level of each proposed action. These priorities were also weighed in their ability to address or mitigate hazards that were given a high level of planning significance by all participating jurisdictions:

Flash Floods Human Disease River Floods Severe Winter Storms Thunderstorm & Lightning Tornadoes Windstorm

The 2020 Clayton County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan update continued as a more cohesive countywide approach, rather than the separate community plans of the earliest versions. The prioritization used in 2020 is based on high feasibility (through STAPLEE criteria) and the ability to address high priority hazards (through CPRI scoring), each action was prioritized as high, medium, or low:

High Priority = high feasibility and addresses higher priority hazards Medium Priority = fairly feasible and addresses moderate to high priority hazards Low Priority = low feasibility and address low to moderate priority hazards

Table 49 lists the general mitigation actions the participating jurisdictions selected to include in this plan, the action category, goals and hazards addressed by the mitigation action. More details regarding the specific actions by jurisdiction are included after this table.

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Table 49: General Mitigation Actions by Jurisdiction and Priority Mitigation Action Jurisdiction Action Priority Goal Priority Category Addressed Hazard Addressed Generators/Transfer Clayton Emergency High 1,2 All Flood, All Switches County, Services Storms Elkader, Farmersburg, Garnavillo, Garber, Guttenberg, Luana, Marquette, McGregor, Monona, St. Olaf Storm Shelter – FEMA All Structural, High 1 All Storms compliant Safe Rooms Emergency Services Maintain/improve Clayton Emergency High 1,2,4 All Priority emergency responder County, Services Hazards training McGregor, Monona Maintain/improve flood Clayton Natural High 1,2,4 All Floods mitigation equipment County, Resource Elkport, Protection, Osterdock Emergency Services Expand/Improve Clayton Emergency High 1,2,4 All Priority communications/technology County, Services Hazards infrastructure and Clayton, equipment Garber, Luana, Monona, St. Olaf, Volga Ensure the plan is updated Clayton Public High 2,3,4 All Priority prior to expansion County Education Hazards and Awareness Maintain/improve Clayton Emergency High 1,2,4 All Priority emergency responder County, Services Hazards equipment Clayton Sirens – Elkader, Emergency High 2 All Storms additions/replacements/ Farmersburg, Services upgrades Garnavillo,

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Guttenberg, Marquette, McGregor, St. Olaf, Strawberry Point NFIP Participation ALL Property High 1 All Floods Protection, Structural Improved/upgraded water/ Elkader, Property High 1,2,3,4 All Priority Sewer facilities (wells, Garber, Protection, Hazards systems, hydrants, lagoons, Guttenberg, Structural, etc.) McGregor, Natural Osterdock, Resources Strawberry Point, St. Olaf, Volga

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Mitigation Action Jurisdiction Action Priority Goal Priority Category Addressed Hazard Addressed Maintain partnerships for McGregor, Emergency High 1,2,3,4 All Priority effective and prompt Monona, Services Hazards emergency response North Buena Vista Develop water and/or soil Clayton Natural Medium 1,2 All Floods, conservation strategies County, Resource, Drought, Farmersburg, Public Extreme Heat Garber, Education Guttenberg, and Marquette, Awareness McGregor, Volga Promote the HMP to the Clayton Public Medium 3,4 All Priority public County Education Hazards and Awareness Develop City Codes to Clayton Prevention Medium 3,4 All floods, address issues County, All fires, hazardous materials, transportation incident Develop/Update All Public Medium 3,4 All floods, Continuity of Government Education hazardous (COG) Plans and materials, Awareness transportation incident

Acquire and demolish Clayton Property Low 1,2 All Priority damaged structures County Protection, Hazards Natural Resource Protection Monitor potential landslide McGregor Property Low 1,2 Landslide areas Protection, Natural Resource Protection

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High Priority Actions

Generators/Transfer Switches Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Encourage city Clayton County EMC purchase of mobile/fixed generator(s) to meet city needs. Install generator hook Clayton County Board HMGP, DNR. Iowa 6-12 months after <$10,000 up wiring at Osborne of Supervisors HSEMD funding Nature Center as alternative county government location Elkader Install generator and Elkader City Council City 6-12 months after <$10,000 wiring at City Hall general/enterprise fund funds, LOST, HMGP Farmersburg Purchase and install Farmersburg City City 6-12 months after <$10,000 generator for Council general/enterprise funding designated funds, HMGP emergency shelter at the Community Center Garnavillo Install wiring for Garnavillo City City 6-12 months after <$10,000 portable generator at Council general/enterprise, fund Garnavillo Community LOST, HMGP Center Garber Install wiring for Garber City Council City 6-12 months after <$10,000 portable generator at general/enterprise, fund Fire Station, EMS LOST, HMGP building, and Community Center.

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Purchase portable Garber City Council City 6-12 months after <$10,000 each generator for use at general/enterprise, fund any of above critical LOST, HMGP facilities

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Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Guttenberg Purchase and install Guttenberg City City 6-12 months after <$10,000 each generators at the Council general/enterprise, fund municipal building LOST, HMGP and two flood pumps Luana Either rewire portable Luana City Council City 6-12 months after <$10,000 each generator purchased general/enterprise, fund from the US Army for LOST, HMGP use in the US or purchase new portable generator for critical facilities Marquette Purchase generator Marquette City City 6-12 months after <$10,000 and install wiring for Council general/enterprise, fund Marquette LOST, HMGP Community Center McGregor Purchase and install McGregor City City 6-12 months after <$10,000 each generator for the Council general/enterprise, fund WWTF, Well#7, LOST, HMGP Well#6, and other critical facilities Monona Purchase/upgrade Monona City Council City 6-12 months after <$10,000 each generators and/or general/enterprise, fund wiring for fire station LOST, HMGP St. Olaf Purchase and install St. Olaf City Council City 6-12 months after <$10,000 each generators for city general/enterprise, fund hall, fire station, and LOST, HMGP lift station

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Storm Shelter – FEMA Compliant Safe Room Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost All Consider building a Board of Supervisors, City general funds, 1-2 years after >$300,000 each FEMA-compliant safe All City Councils, LOST, District Funds funding room with all new Central, Clayton (as applicable), HMGP government Ridge, and MFL construction in the MarMac School county Districts

Maintain/Improve Emergency Responder Training Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Continue to work with Clayton County, EMC EMC staff time, Ongoing – annually <$10,000 - <$100,000 Healthcare Coalition county emergency to prepare for and management funds learn from disease control McGregor Establish an McGregor City EMC staff time, 1-2 years <$50,000 Evacuation Plan for Council/McGregor county and city the city in the event Hook & Ladder Co, emergency of a train derailment Clayton County EMC management funds or other hazard Monona Continue to have fire Fire Department Chief Fire grants, HMGP, Ongoing – annually <$50,000 department work participant fees with county and regional groups for HAZMAT operations training in the event of a train derailment

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Maintain/Improve Flood Mitigation Equipment Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Elkport Update and ensure Elkport City Council City general funds, Ongoing- monthly <$10,000 - >$500,000 efficiency of HSEMD floodgates on Turkey River and Elk Creek Osterdock Upgrade culvert flood Osterdock City City general funds, gates (12”, 30”, 36”, Council grant funds 48”)

Expand/Improve Communications/Technology Infrastructure and Equipment Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Promote the Clayton Clayton County EMC Staff time <6 months after plan <$10,000 County HMP to the approval public via county website Install new VPN for Clayton County County 1-2 years >$10,000 - <$100,000 patrol deputies to Sheriff create mobile offices with data backup Clayton, Garber, Continue to backup City Administrators, Staff time 6-12 months <$10,000 each Luana, Monona, St. city data offsite or use Managers, City Clerks Olaf, Volga Iowa Drive Clayton Work with Garnavillo Clayton City Council Staff time 6-12 months <$1,000 Fire Department on 28 E Agreement for coverage

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Ensure the Plan is Updated Prior to Expiration Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Ensure the Clayton Clayton County EMC County Emergency 3-4 years $30,000 County HMP is Management Funds, reviewed and kept HMGP current

Maintain/Improve Emergency Responder Equipment Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Install Salamander to Clayton County EMC County Emergency <1 year $112,000 track resources and Management Funds equipment Acquire/Determine Clayton County EMC County Emergency <5 years <$100,000 storage site Management funds, location(s) for Clayton applicable grant funds County EMA assets Purchase Sanitzer/UV Clayton County EMC County Emergency <3 years <$60,000 light for every Management funds, EMS/Fire Department applicable Grant funds Clayton Update, maintain, and City Council General fund Ongoing – monthly <$1,000 regularly test defibrillator to be available for emergencies

Sirens – Additions/Replacements/Upgrades Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Elkader Update all four Elkader City Council HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 warning sirens with funds funding becoming ones that are voice- available activated, have battery backup and 256

are remotely activated Farmersburg Update warning siren Farmersburg City HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 as needed for Council Funds funding becoming coverage available Garnavillo Update warning Garnavillo City HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 sirens as funding Council fund funding becoming becomes available to available add voice messaging Guttenberg Purchase new siren Guttenberg City HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 warning systems to Council fund funding becoming replace two that are available more than 40 years old and activated by the Sheriff’s Office. Add additional sirens as coverage is needed as well. Marquette Monitor existing Marquette City HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 warning sirens and Council fund funding becoming add sirens as needed available to provide adequate coverage for the city McGregor Continue to upgrade McGregor City HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 and purchase outdoor Council fund funding becoming warning systems to available ensure adequate coverage St. Olaf Purchase new siren as St. Olaf City Council HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 funding is available fund funding becoming available

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Strawberry Point Purchase, install and Strawberry Point City HMGP, City general 6-12 months of >$10,000 - <$100,000 maintain warning Council fund funding becoming siren equipment and available alert notification system

Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(ii): The mitigation strategy shall include a section that identifies and analyzes a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects being considered to reduce the effects of each hazard, with particular emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure.

NFIP Participation/Consideration Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton Continue to remain Clayton City Council City general funds Ongoing - annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and update floodplain ordinances Elkader Continue to remain Elkader City Council City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and update floodplain ordinances Elkport Continue to remain Elkport City Council City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and update floodplain ordinances Farmersburg Continue to remain Farmersburg City City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and Council update floodplain ordinances Garber Continue to remain Garber City Council City general funds Ongoing - annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and update floodplain ordinances

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Garnavillo Consider NFIP Garnavillo City City general funds Ongoing - annually membership Council Guttenberg Continue to remain Guttenberg City City general funds Ongoing - annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and Council update floodplain ordinances Luana Continue to remain Luana City Council City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and update floodplain ordinances Marquette Continue to remain Marquette City City general funds Ongoing - annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and Council update floodplain ordinances McGregor Continue to remain McGregor City City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and Council update floodplain ordinances Monona Consider NFIP Monona City Council City general funds Ongoing – annually >$10,000 - <$100,000 membership North Buena Vista Continue to remain North Buena Vista City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and City Council update floodplain ordinances Osterdock Consider rejoining Osterdock City City general funds Ongoing – annually >$10,000 - <$100,000 NFIP Council St. Olaf Continue to remain St. Olaf City Council City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and update floodplain ordinances Strawberry Point Continue to remain Strawberry Point City City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and Council

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update floodplain ordinances Volga Continue to remain Volga City Council City general funds Ongoing – annually <$10,000 NFIP compliant and update floodplain ordinances

Improved/Upgraded Water/Sewer Facilities (wells, systems, hydrants, lagoons, etc.) Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Elkader Establish water well Elkader City Council City 2016-2017 >$100,000-<$300,000 protections for the general/enterprise city’s wells funds, DNR, CDBG Garber Investigate possibility Garber City Council As funding becomes >$500,000 of installing city water available and sewer. At this time the community is not eligible for FEMA safe room funding because of lack of city water and sewer Luana Construct new Luana City Council City general funds As funding becomes >$100,000 wastewater lift available stations with generators McGregor Routinely check McGregor City City general funds, Ongoing - monthly >$10,000-<$50,000 valves on storm Council sewers and replace as needed Continue to upgrade McGregor City City general funds, As funding becomes >$100,000-<$500,000 aged water and sewer Council CDBG, DNR available lines to promote 260 healthy drinking water and prevent inflow and infiltration Continue to monitor McGregor City City Public Works Ongoing – monthly <$10,000 storm sewers that Council time drain into rivers and create silt of shallow spots that cause backups and drainage issues Continue to monitor McGregor City City Public Works Ongoing – monthly <$10,000 sinkholes that are Council time created by antiquated storm sewer lines that have historic underground tunnels. Prevent total collapse of the system Install security at McGregor City City As funding becomes >$100,000-<$500,000 critical facilities Council general/enterprise available funds, DNR, CDBG Develop methods of McGregor City City As funding becomes >$100,000-<$500,000 alternate access to Council general/enterprise available the Heights and to the funds, DNR, CDBG Well House as trucks cannot get to the area and equipment needs to be hauled and poles climbed. Provide flood McGregor City City As funding becomes >$100,000-<$500,000 protection for all Council general/enterprise available critical facilities in the funds, DNR, CDBG floodplain, including 261

Well#7, located at the foot of Main St. Osterdock Purchase a portable Osterdock City City general funds <1 year >$10,000-<$50,000 5-6” water pump Council St. Olaf Replace water mains St. Olaf City Council City general funds/ As funds become >$1,000,000 Bonds/grants available Replace storm sewers St. Olaf City Council City general As funds become >$100,000-<$500,000 under North Main funds/bonds/grants available Street Strawberry Point Complete upgrade Strawberry City City general As funds become >$100,000-<$500,000 and enhance water Council funds/bonds/grants available and wastewater treatment infrastructure Loop water mains on Strawberry City City general As funds become >$100,000-<$500,000 east side of town Council funds/bonds/grants available Volga Install well protection Volga City Council City general funds 1-2 years $50,000-$100,000

Maintain Partnerships for Effective and Prompt Emergency Response Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost McGregor Work with Canadian McGregor City Canadian Pacific <1 year after funding $50,000-$100,000 Pacific Railroad to Council/CO becomes available increase safety in the city. The rail at the foot of Main Street at rail crossing was raised to prevent flooding but should have crossing arms and lights at the same intersection to increase safety 262

Monona Four of the five Monona City Canadian Pacific <1 year after funding $50,000 - $100,000 railroad crossings in Council/CP becomes available Monona are lighted, but continue to work with Canadian Pacific Railroad to have all crossings in city lighted Continue to have fire Monona City Council City general funds, Annually <$2,500 department work HMEP grant funds with county and regional groups for HazMat Operations training in the event of a train derailment. North Buena Vista Work with Canadian North Buena Vista Canadian Pacific <1 year after funding $50,000 - $100,000 Pacific Railroad and City Council/CP/IDOT IDOT becomes available IDOT for funding for lights and signs at all crossings in city

Medium Priority Actions

Develop Water and/or Soil Conservation Strategies Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Improve land use Clayton County EMC Clayton County 1-3 years as funding >$10,000-<$500,000 management to Budget and grants becomes available minimize water runoff and soil conservation Farmersburg Continue debris Farmersburg City City general funds Ongoing – monthly <$10,000 management to Council prevent flooding

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Garber Continue to have Garber City Council Elkport and Garber <1 year >$10,000-<$500,000 discussions with general funds, county Clayton County funds, HSEMD officials and the ACOE regarding the road on top of the dike and the big hole in the ground in Elkport. Officials are concerned the flood situation has not been properly solved and that high water will create a flood in the same pattern as previous floods. Garber Cement parking area Garber City Council Garber general funds when funding >$50,000-<$100,000 at the boat ramp to available prevent erosion and washing from heavy rains and flood events Garber Repair weak spots in Garber City Council Garber general funds 1-4 years >$100,000-<$500,000 the dike that are visible when there is water leaking from rains and flood events Marquette Implement flood Marquette City Marquette general 2-4 years Unknown mitigation actions Council funds based on outcome of Watershed Study McGregor Continue debris McGregor City McGregor general Ongoing – monthly <$50,000 removal to prevent Council funds and more frequently storm sewers from 264

filling and use pumps during heavy to remove excess rains/flood seasons water Volga Explore lengthening Clayton County BOS County/HSEMD Open to discussion >$500,000 C2W County Bridge to with Clayton County. prevent flooding No timeline at this point Maintain rip rap and Volga City Council City general funds Ongoing <$100,000 continue debris sediment removal, as necessary, and also as part of repairing damages when they occur to the city’s levees in order to maintain protection

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Promote the HMP to the Public Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Promote the Clayton Clayton County EMC Time Only Ongoing – annually <$10,000 County HMP to the public

Develop City Codes to Address Issues Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost County/All cities Help cities and county Clayton County EMC, Clayton County EMA <1 year <$10,000 implement more burn city councils budget, city general ban information to budgets better inform residents to prevent and control field fires and include in city codes as necessary

Develop/Update Continuity of Government (COG) Plans Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost County/All cities Develop/update Clayton County, city Clayton County <1 year <$10,000 Continuity of councils budget, city general Government (COG) budgets Plans

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Low Priority Actions

Acquire and Demolish Damaged Structures Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost Clayton County Acquisition and Property owner, County budget, grant <1 year after funding >$250,000 demolition of Board of Supervisors funds is available damaged structures

Monitor Potential Landslide Areas Jurisdiction Specific Actions Responsible Agency Funding Source Timeframe Cost McGregor Continue to monitor McGregor City Time only Ongoing – quarterly <$10,000 potential landslide Council or as needed with area, as the city is heavy rains/floods surrounded by bluffs. Most of the property surrounding McGregor is state owned and the city cannot clear the debris

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Plan Maintenance Process

This section provides an overview of the overall strategy for plan maintenance and outlines the method and schedule for monitoring, updating, and evaluating the plan. It also discusses incorporating the plan into existing planning mechanisms and how to address continued public involvement.

Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan

Requirement 201.6(c)(4)(i): The plan maintenance process shall include a section describing the method and schedule of monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan within a five year cycle.

With adoption of this plan, the county-wide HMPC and the Clayton County Emergency Management Agency Commission will be tasked with monitoring, evaluating, and maintaining the plan.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee

A multi-jurisdictional county-wide Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) has been appointed by the Clayton County Board of Supervisors. The county-wide HMPC has agreed to meet as a committee once annually to monitor and evaluate the plan. The HMPC Team Lead will coordinate the meeting time and place and notify other members. The core duty of the HMPC in relation to this plan is to see it successfully carried out and to report to the community governing boards and the public on the status of plan implementation and mitigation opportunities. Other duties include reviewing and promoting mitigation proposals, hearing stakeholder concerns about hazard mitigation, passing concerns on to appropriate entities, and posting relevant information for the public to see.

More specifically, the county-wide HMPC, lead by the HMPC Team Lead, agree to: • Meet annually to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the plan; • Act as a forum for hazard mitigation issues; • Disseminate hazard mitigation ideas and activities to all participants; • Pursue the implementation of high priority, low-or no-cost recommended actions; • Maintain vigilant monitoring of multi-objective, cost-share, and other funding opportunities to help the community implement the recommended actions for which no current funding exists; • Monitor and assist in implementation and update of this plan; • Keep the concept of mitigation in the forefront of community decision making by identifying plan recommendations when other community goals, plans, and activities overlap, influence, or directly affect increased community vulnerability to disasters; • Report on plan progress and recommended changes to the Clayton County Emergency Management Agency Commission and the Clayton County Emergency Management Coordinator; and • Inform and solicit the public for input.

Plan Maintenance Schedule

The county-wide HMPC agrees to meet annually to monitor progress and update the mitigation strategy. The HMPC Team Lead is responsible for initiating these plan reviews. A five year written update of the plan will be submitted to the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Department (HSEMD) and FEMA 268

Region VII per Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(i) of the Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) of 2000 and adopted by the participating jurisdictions within a five year period from the final approval of the plan unless a disaster or other circumstances (e.g. changing regulations) require a change to this schedule.

Plan Maintenance Process

Evaluation of progress can be achieved by monitoring changes in vulnerabilities identified in the plan. Changes in vulnerability can be identified by noting: • Decreased vulnerability as a result of implementing recommended actions • Increased vulnerability as a result of failed or ineffective mitigation actions • Increased vulnerability as a result of new development (and/or annexation)

Updates to this plan will: • Consider changes in vulnerability due to action implementation • Document success stories where mitigation efforts have proven effective • Document areas where mitigation actions were not effective • Document any new hazards that may arise or were previously overlooked • Incorporate new data or studies on hazards and risks • Incorporate new capabilities or changes in capabilities • Incorporate growth and development-related changes to inventories • Incorporate new action recommendations or changes in action prioritization

In order to best evaluate any changes in vulnerability as a result of plan implementation, Clayton County will undergo the following process:

A representation from the responsible office identified in each mitigation action will be responsible for tracking and reporting to the jurisdictional lead annually on action status. The representative will also provide input on whether the action, as implemented, meets the defined objectives and is likely to be successful in reducing vulnerabilities.

If the action does not meet identified objectives, the jurisdictional lead will determine what additional measures may be implemented, and an assigned individual will be responsible for defining action scope, implementing the action, monitoring the success of the action, and making any required modifications to the plan.

Changes will be made to the plan to accommodate actions that have failed or are not considered feasible after a review of their adherence to established criteria, time frames, community priorities, and/or funding resources. Actions that were not ranked high but were identified as potential mitigation activities will be reviewed during the monitoring and update of this plan to determine feasibility for future implementation. Updating of the plan will be enacted through written changes and submission as the county-wide HMPC, particularly the HMPC Team Lead, deems appropriate and necessary, and as approved by Clayton County Emergency Management Agency Commission.

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Incorporation into Existing Planning Mechanisms

Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(ii): [The plan shall include a] process by which local governments incorporate the requirements of the hazard mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, when appropriate.

Where possible, Clayton County has used and will continue to use existing plans and/or programs to implement hazard mitigation actions. Previous, current, and future mitigation actions enhance Clayton County planning mechanisms, strengthening and broadening their scope and viability. Based on the mitigation capability assessments of Clayton County, the communities have used and will continue to plan and implement programs to reduce loss of life and property from hazards. Previous mitigation actions and their statuses throughout the plan note detailed ways that the jurisdictions have incorporated the mitigation plan and noted actions into their general and comprehensive plans as well as other tools. This plan builds upon the momentum developed through previous related planning efforts and mitigation programs, and recommends implementing actions, where possible, through the following means: • Clayton County Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan • General or master plans of participating jurisdictions • Comprehensive plans • Ordinances of participating jurisdictions • Capital improvement plans and budgets • Clayton County Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan updates • Other community plans either in existence or developed in the future • Other county/regional plans either in existence or developed in the future

Participating jurisdictions adopting this plan will encourage other relevant planning mechanisms under their authority to consult this plan to ensure minimization of risk to natural hazards as well as maximum coordination of activities.

This multi-hazard mitigation plan will be included in the next update of the Clayton County Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan, Part B. The local data collected will be included in the State of Iowa Hazard Mitigation Plan, where appropriate.

HMPC members involved in updating these existing planning mechanisms will be responsible for integrating the findings and actions of the hazard mitigation plan, as appropriate. The HMPC is also responsible for monitoring this integration and incorporating the appropriate information into the five year update of the multi-hazard mitigation plan.

Continued Public Involvement

44 CFR Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(iii): [The plan maintenance process shall include a] discussion on how the community will continue public participation in the plan maintenance process.

The update process provides an opportunity to publicize success stories from the plan’s implementation and seek additional public comment. Information will be posted in a county-wide publication following the annual review of the hazard mitigation plan. Public meeting(s) to receive public comment on plan maintenance and updating will be held during the update period. When the HMPC reconvenes for the update, it will coordinate

270 with all stakeholders participating in the planning process, including those who joined the HMPC after the initial effort, to update and revise the plan.

In conclusion, public notices will continue to be posted and public participation will continue to be sought and encouraged through available local media outlets as this planning document is reviewed and revised.

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