l708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 By Mr. GUYER: A bill (H. R. 16236) granting a pension to PETITIONS, ETC. Nettie B. Protzman ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid Also, a bill (H. R. 16237) granting a pension to Julia on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: Duncan; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 8223. By Mr. ABERNETHY: Petition of Zeno Hallowell, city Also, a bill (H. R. 16238) granting an increase of pension to manager of Goldsboro, N. C., in favor of the Newton bill; to the Elizabeth Teel ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. HARE: A bill (H. R. 16239) for the relief of J. W. 8224. AlsCY., petition of Mary Michaux, director of Girl Nix; to the Committee on Claims. Scouts, of Goldsboro, N. C., in favor of the Newton bill; to the By 1\Ir. HOPE: A bill (H. R. 16240) granting a pension to Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Orlenia Millsap; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 8225. Also, petition of Mrs. Henry Well, of Goldsboro, N. C., Also, a bill (H. R. 16241) granting an increase of pension to in favor of the Newton bill; to the Committee on Interstate Brother Buis ; to the Committee on Pensions. and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. WILLIAM E. HULL: A bill (H. R. 16242) to author 8226. AlsQ, petition of P. C. Jordan, sanitary inspector of ize the appointment of Sergt. Henry Lateur, retired, United Goldsboro, N. C., in favor of the Newton bill; to the Committee States Army, to master sergeant, retired, United States Army; on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. to the Committee on Military Affairs. 8227. By Mr. EVANS of California: Petition signed by P. G. By Mr. JOHNSON of Illinois: A bill (H. R. 16243) granting a Pedersen and 39 others, in support of the restrictive immigra pension to Cynthia A. Emmons ; to the Committee on Invalid tion legislation known as the Box bill ; to the Committee on Pensions. Immigration and Naturalization. By Mr. KING: A bill (H. R. 16244) granting an increase of 8228. By Mr. GARBER: Petition of Federal Motion Picture pension to John G. Jackson; to the Committee on Invalid Council' in America (Inc.) urging support of House bills 13686 Pensions. and 10761 ; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com 13y Mr. CRAIL: A bill (H. R. 16245) granting a pension to merce. Emanuel Kline ; to the Committee on Pensions. 8229. Also, petition of United Restaurant Owners' Associa By Mr. KURTZ: A bill (H. R. 16246) granting a pension to tion, New York City, protesting against certain methods of Susanna Brubaker ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. cigarette interests in advertising their products on the air ; to By Mr. LEATHERWOOD: A bill (H. R. 16247) for the relief the Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. ' of the widow and minor children of Raymond C. Hanford ; to 8230. Also, petition of the Tennessee Association. of Drainage the Committee on World War Veterans' Legislation. Districts, urging support of Senate bill 4689, providing relief By Mr. LEAVITT (by departmental request): A bill (H. R. for the drainage districts of the country by granting them long 16248) for the relief of the Osage Tribe of Indians, and for time loans without interest; to the Committee on Irrigation other purposes; to the Committee on Indian Affairs. and Reclamation. By Mr. LINTHICUM: A bill (H. R. 16249) for the relief of 8231. By 1\Ir. KVALE: Petition of Capt. D. H. Gilchrist and estate of John Klopheim (Clopein); to the Committee on War officers, Olivia, Minn., urging increased appropriations to pro Claims. vide adequately for caretakers and camps of instruction, By 1\lr. MAJOR of lliinois: A bill (H. R. 16250) granting an National Guard; to the Committee on Appropriations. increase of pension to Mary N. Henry; to the Committee on 8232. Also, petition of B. R. Lewis, Montevideo, Minn., m·g Invalid Pensions. · ing adequate appropriations for caretakers and camps of in By Mr. MOONEY: A bill (H. R. 16251) granting a pension struction for National Guard units; to the Committee on to Mfircus W. Moore; to the Committee on Pensions. Appropriations. By Mr. NELSON of Wisconsin: A bill (H. R. 16252) grant 8233. Also, petition of Auxiliary to William Ericlll;on Post, No. ing a pension to Mollie Everson; to the Committee on Invalid 186, American Legion, Olivia, Minn., urging enactment of the Pensions. cruiser bill, so called, in advance of consideration of the peace By Mrs. NORTON: A bill (H. R. 16253) granting an increase treaty and favorable action thereon ~ to the Committee on Naval of pension to Mary E. Lewis; to the Committee on Invalid Affairs. Pensions. 8234. Also, petition of Capt. L.A. Hancock and officers, Apple.: By Mr. O'CONNELL: A bill (H. R. 16254) granting an in ton, Minn., urging amendment to . War Department appro crease of pension to John Hutcheson; to the Committee on priation bill adequately providing for caretakers and National Pensions. Guard camps of instruction ; to the Committee on Appropria By Mr. PARKS: A bill (H. R. 16255) granting an annuity to tions. Rose Wallace; to the Committee on the Civil Service. 8235. Also, petition of Capt. Otto I. Ronningen and other By Mr. ROBINSON of Iowa: A bill (H. R. 16256) granting a citizens of Madison, 1\Iinn., urging amendment to War Depart pension to Marguaret Dolson ; to the Committee on Pensions. ment appropriation bill ·to provide for caretakers and camps By Mr. SNELL: A bill (H. R. 16257) granting an inc1·ease of of instruction for National Guard ; to the Committee on Appro pension to Fannie Maclain; to the Committee on Invalid Pen priations. sions. 8236. By Mr: O'CONNELL: Petition of Chamber of Com By Mr. SPEAKS: A bill (H. R. 16258) for the relief of merce of the State of New York, favoring that Governors Homer D. Neimeister; to the Committee on Military Affairs. Island should be maintained as a military post; to the Commit By Mr. STEVENSON : A bill (H. R. 16259) granting an in tee on Military Affairs. crease of pension to Belle McCaw Alston; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. TARVER: A bill (H. R. 16260) granting a pension to SENATE Tbomas Waters; to the Committee on Pensions. TuEsDAY, January 15, 19~9 Also, a bill (H. R. 16261) granting a pension to Minnie Yearout; to the Committee on Pensions. (Legislative day of M01t-day, JantUary 11,., 1929) By Mr. VINSON of Kentucky: A bill (H. R. 16262) granting The Senate met in open e~ecutive session at 12 o'clock a pension to James Deaton; to the Committee on Invalid Pen meridian, on the expiration of the recess. sions. Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a Also, a bill (H. R. 16263) granting a pension to John Hens quorum. ley ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. Also, a bill (H. R. 16264) granting a pension to Jacob S. The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following Senators Flinchum ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. answered to their names: Also, a bill (H. R. 16265) granting a pension to Joseph Little; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Ashurst Copeland Gould Larrazclo BArkled Couzens Greene McKellar By Mr. VINCENT of Michigan: A bill (H. R. 16266) for the Bayar Curtis Hale McMaster relief of Frank P. Church; to the Committee on Olaims. Bingham Dale Harris McNary Black Deneen Harrison Mayfield By Mr. WELCH of California: A bill (H. R. 16267) grant Blaine Dill Hastings Metcalf ing a pension to Harriet I. Van Camp; to the Committee on Blease Edwards Hawes Moses Pensions. Borah Fess Hayden Neely Bratton Fletcher Hefiin Norbeck By Mr. WHITE of Colorado: A bill (H. R. 16268) granting Brookhart Frazier Johnson Norris a pension to Josephine M. Buck; to the Committee on Broussard Ge<>rge Jones Nye Pensions. · Bruce Gerry Kendrick Oddie By Mr. WINGO: A bill (H. R. 16269) granting a pension to Burton Gillett .Keyes Overman . Capper Glass Kinf. Phipps Mary E. Rebsamen ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Caraway Glenn La ol!ette Pine 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1709
Ransdell ~hipstead Swanson Walsh, Mass. of M~nnesota, favoring the prompt ratification of the so-called Reed, Mo. Shortridge Thomas,ldaho Walsh, Mont. Reed, Pa. Simmons Thomas, Okla. Warren Kell(}gg multilateral trel!tY for the renunciation of war, which Robinson, Ind. Smoot Trammell Waterman were ordered to lie on the table. Sackett Steck Tydings Wheeler Mr. THOMAS of Idaho presented petitions of women's clubs Schall Steiwer Vandenberg Sheppard Stephens Wagner and other organizations submitted by Mrs. F. A. Pettinger, of Mr. GERRY. I wish to announce that the senior Senator from Boise, Idaho, representing a membership of over 9,000 citizens South Carolina [Mr. SMITH] is detained from the Senate owing of Idaho, praying for the prompt ratification of the so-called to illness in his family. Kellogg multilateral treaty for the renunciation of war, which Mr. NORRIS. I desire to announce that the junior Senator were ordered to lie on the table. . from Nebraska [l\lr. HowELL] is detained from the Senate on Mr. TYDINGS presented numerous resoluti(}ns adopted by women's clubs and civic organizations in the State of Maryland, account of illness. praying for the prompt ratification of the so-called Kellogg Mr. McKELLAR. My colleague [Mr. TYSON] is detained on multilateral treaty for the renunciati(}n of war, which were account of illness. I will let this announcement stand for the ordered to lie on the table. day. Mr. SHEPPARD presented resolutions adopted by the Young Mr. ROBINSON of Indiana. I desire to announce that my Women's Christian Association of San Antonio; the Young colleague the senior Senator from Indiana [Mr. WATSON] is Women's Christian Association of El Paso; the board of detained from the Senate on account of illness. I ask that directors, Young Women's Christian Association of El Paso; this announcement may stand for the day. the Committee of Management International Institute, Young 1.\fr. EDWARDS. The senior Senator from New Jersey [Mr. Women's Christian Association of San Antonio; the Business EDGE] is absent on the rather rare occasion of the inaugura and Professional Women's Club of Fort Worth; the Asbury tion of a Republican Governor of the State of New Jersey. I Missionary Society, of El Paso; the board of directors, Young ask that this announcement may stand for the day. Women's Christian Association of San Antonio; the Business The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-six Senators having an and Professional Women's Club of Borger; the Temple Emanuel swered to their names, a quorum is present. Sisterhood of Dallas; the Young Women's Christian Association MRS. THOMAS R. MARSHALL and Church Women's-Societies of Galveston; the Federated ·Mis The VICE PRESIDENT. As in legislative session, the Ohair sionary Societie~ of the Methodist Churches of El Paso ; the· Na lays before the Senate a telegram from Mrs. Thomas R. Marshall tional Council of Jewish Women (Texas) of Austin; the Council addressed to Senator AsHURST, which the clerk will read. of J ewish Women of Dallas; the Ingleside Club, of Farmersville; The telegram was read and ordered to lie- on the table, as the Business and Professional Women's Club of Commerce; the follows: Business and Professional Women's Club of Temple; the Council PHOENIX, ARIZ., Januar-y 12, 1929. of Jewish Women of Waco; the Young Women's Business Club Ron. HENRY F . AsHURST, of San Antonio; The World Fellowship Banquet, Young Women's Woollington, D. 0.: Christian Association of San Antonio; the Fort Boulevard Mis Please extend my thanks to the Senate for their action in my behalf. sionary Society, of El Paso; the Trinity Methodist Women's 1 have not words to express my thanks for their interest in my welfare. Missionary Society, of El Paso; the Council of Jewish Women of A case of " flu " has put me in the hospital for a week. Sherman ; the Women's Federated Society of Perryton; the Mrs. THOMAS R. MARSHALL. Business and Professional Women's Club of Austin; the Busi ness and Professional Women's Club of Harlingen; the Busi COMPILING FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS (S. DOC. NO. 203) ness and Professional Women's Club of Abilene; the Council of The VICE PRESIDENT, as in legislative session, laid before Church W om~n of Dallas ; the Business and Professional Wo the Senate a communication from the President of the United men's Club of Beaumont; the Council of Jewish Women, San States, transmitting, pursuant to law, an estimate of appropria Antonio section, of San Antonio ; the Women of Methodist tion for the fiscal year 1929, to remain available until June 30, Federation of Fort Worth; the annual meeting, Epworth 1930, for compiling foreign trade statistics, Department of Com League, Methodist Episcopal Church South, Central Texas, of merce amounting to $10,000, which, with the accompanying Fort Worth ; the Council of Jewish Women of Fort Worth ; the paper~, was referred to the Committee on Appropriations and Texas Federation of Women's Clubs, of Denton; the week of ordered to be printed. prayer luncheon, Young Women's Christian Association of El FINAL ASCERTAINMENT OF ELECTORS Paso; the International Relations Department, Texas Federa The VICE PRESIDENT, as in legislative session, laid before tion of Women's Clubs, of Denton; the Federated Missionary the Senate communications from the Secretary of State, trans Union of the Methodist Churches of El Paso; the Texas Con mitting, pursuant to law, certificates of the final ascertainment ference, National Council of Jewish Women, of Austin; the of electors for President and Vice President from the States of Council of Jewish Women of Dallas; the Council of Jewish Colorado and New Hampshire, at the election held November 6, Women of Fort Worth ; the board of directors, Young Women's 1928, which were ordered to lie on the table. - Ghristian Association of El Paso; and the Council for Cause PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS and Cure of War (Texa~ delegation), all in the State of Texas; and the Young Women's Christian Association and the Business In open executive session, and Professional Women's Club of Texarkana, Ark.-Tex.; and l\fr. JONES presented petitions of sundry .citizens of Cos the l\fother's Club, John B. Ransom School, of Nashville, Tenn., mopolis, Manette, Spokane, Wiley City, Winslow, Kelso, Castle favoring the ratification of the so-called Kellogg multilateral rock, and Ryderwood, all in the State of Washington, praying treaty for the renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie for the prompt ratification of the so-called Kellogg multilateral on the table. treaty for the renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie on Mr. BAYARD. Mr. President, I present resolutions of some the table. 74 women's organizations of the State of Delaware indorsing Mr. VANDENBERG presented petitions of 70,000 citizens and the Kellogg peace pact. I ask that the resolutions themselves 896 organizations in the State of Michigan, praying for the may lie on the table and that the names of the organizations be prompt ratification of the so-called Kellogg multilateral treaty printed in the 'RECORD. for the renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie QU the table. There being no objection, the resolutions were ordered to lie l\Ir. DALE presented 440 resolutions adopted by civic, frater on the table and the list of organizations to be printed in -the nal, and religious organizations in the State of Vermont, favor RECORD, as follows : ing the prompt ratification of the so-called Kellogg multilateral DELAWARE LIST OF INDORSERS FOR KELLOGG PEACE PACT treaty for the renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie on Delaware Branch, National Council Jewish Women; Blue Rock Com the table. munity Club; Wilmington New Century Club; Wilmington Child Con Mr. GREENE presented 440 resolutions adopted by ci_vic, fra servati
and common council, which was ordered to lie on the table and "Whereas since the removal of the tariff on the lmportatiqn otf to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: shingles and lumber into the United States the shingle and lumber ln- PRESCOTT, ARIZ., January 11, 1929. . dustry in the State of Washington has suffered extreme and heavy Hon. HENRY F. ASHURST, losses to labor, manufacturing, incident op~rations, and business receiv . Senator ('rom Arizona, Washington, D. 0. ing a direct benefit from the industry of more than $200,000,000, which DEAB SENATOR ASHURST: At a regular meeting of the mayor and is ~ot ~mly a loss to the State of Washington but to the Nation as a whole; and· common council of the city of Prescott, Ariz., the following resolution was adopted: " Whereas the Republic~n Party in its platform adopted at its last "That whereas the use of national forests as recreational areas has national convention reaffirmed its belief in a protective tariff, and did assert: developed to a degree of great intensity; and " Whereas such is bound to result in contamination of watersheds and " 'We realize there are certain industries which can not now success . streams within the national forests; and fully compete with foreign producers because of lower foreign wages " Whereas many cities and towns throughout the country obtain their and lower costs of living abroad, and we pledge the next Republican water supply for domestic and municipal purposes from watersheds and Congress to an examination and, where necessary, a revision of these . streams contained within national forests; and schedules to the end that American labor in these industries may again• "Whereas Senate bill No. 2097, introduced by Mr. NORBECK, pro command the home market, may maintain its standard of living, and vides for regulation in such national forests as will reduce to a minimum may count upon steady employment in its accustomed field' ; and the contamination of water supplies of said cities and •towns : Now " Whereas the Democratic Party in its platform adopted at its last nationai convention did declare itself in favor of a sufficient tariff therefore be it which would affor-d- "Resolved by the mayor and common council of the city of Prescott, " ' the maintenance of legitimate business and a high standard of wages Ariz., That t his body .does favor the passage of said Senate bill No. 2097, for American labor'; and ·and does urge the Congress of the United States to pass such bill, and that copies of this resolution be forwarded to Senators ASHURST and "Whereas the present United States tariff act actually discriminates against American production of shingles and lumber in favor of foreign HAYDEN and to Representative DouGLAS, also to the district Forest production of such products, forces approximately 125,000 American Service office at Albuquerque, N. Mex., and to the local forest service workmen into direct competition with foreign oriental labor, thereby · office." effectually annuling the United States exclllllion act so far as it - I am directed by the mayor and common ~ouncil to ask that you use affects American shingle and lumber workers, and is fast destroying your best endeavors on this proposed legislation so that the water the American shingle and lumber industry: Therefore supply of the city of Prescott may be protected. " Your memorialists do most earnestly pray that your honorable body Yours very truly, place a duty upon the importation of shingles and lumber into the ARTHUR A. FOSTER, Oity Olerk. United States sufficient to cover differences in cost of production in Fli.'DERAL LAJ\TD BANK SYSTEM the United States and in foreign countries, and permit American shingle 1\fr. BLEASE. I ask to have printed in the RECORD a letter and lumber manufacturers to pay fair compensatory wages to their in reference to the Federal land bank system and that it be workmen, give them full-time employment, and perpetuate the American referred to the Committee on Banking and Currency: shingle and lumber industry, its incident and dependent operations, ftnd There being no objection, the letter was refened to the Com prevent stagnatio.n and distress to American business; be it further mittee on Banking and Currency and ordered to be printed in "Resolved, That this memorial be immediately telegraphed to the Presi the RECORD, as follows : dent of the United States and to the State of Washington's Senators and DEAR SENATOR BLEASE: You are probing right; keep going. Meyer's Representatives in Congress, and to the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives of the United man Polzer was bead of the War Finance Corporation until he broke States." it and lost the Government two and one-half million; his headquarters . ARTHUR W. CALDER, were in Atlanta until the corporation broke. Now be's big man with Olerk of the House of Representatives. farm loan board and put most of old field men in the land bank field. . Look out for this N. W. Yauky. He's cussed you out all over Georgia Mr. JONES. Mr. President, I received a similar telegram. I and South Carolina. am delighted that my colleague has placed it in the R ECORD. I Second. Scott Farley, that Arnold engineered in as acting vice presi trust when the tariff bill comes over here from the House we dent to succeed him. Farley broke two banks at Opelika, Ala. Alabama will have splendid support from the other side of the Chamber not being Columbia division. He was sent to Florida to take up citizen for an adequate tariff along the lines suggested. ship so he could be eligible to get a big job at Columbia. Arnold bad Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator if . him put in as secretary of the Orlanda association and he got crooked what we read in the morning paper is correct, namely, that the down there. Ask the association examiner. Then Polzer and Arnold new President and the new administration are to pick out cer got him as vice president. Now this crook wants to be president at tain schedules upon which we are to consider tariff reductions Columbia. or tariff increases, and this particular item should not be in Write this off on your typewriter and tear this up ati·d I will send cluded, would the Senator then fight his administration on that you more information. They would cancel my loan if they knew me, proposition? so hit them. They are breaking all the farmers. That intermediate Mr. JONES. The Senator from Washington would do every credit bank will run a farmer, say, 500, charge him 10 per cent for thing he possibly could for a tariff along the line suggested and stock, $50 that he never gets back, and take 8 per cent and give him hopes to have the support of his friend from Mississippi. $410 out of the $500 and take mortgage on his crop and mules and Mr. HARRISON. So the Senator is going to break with his break him up; and then the Republican Party says they are helping the party in the very beginning? farmer. They should say they ru·e helping rob him. Mr. JONES. I am not crossing that bridge until I come to it; I believe Senator -HARRIS will help you, as he won't stand for this, but I am telling the Senator what I propose to do with reference and an Alabama man holding big job that belongs to Georgia or South . to the tariff suggested in the telegram. Carolina, North Carolina, or Florida man. Get Farley's record. He has The ·VICE PRESIDENT. The memorial will be referred to one that don't belong to bank that poor farmers depend on. That gang the Committee on Finance. has took our money and homes and give us b--. APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE'S IN CONGRESS You will bear some more. Work on this and old War Finance Cor poration Polzer. Mr. VANDENBERG. I repo.rt back from the Committee on SIDNGLE AND T.UMBER INDUSTRY Commerce favorably without amendment the bill (H. R. 11725) Mr. DILL. I ask unanimous consent, as in legislative session .for the apportionment of Representatives in Congress, and I sub to present and have r ead at the desk a memorial by the Legif.lla~ mit a report (No. 1446) thereon~ This is the bill to reapportion ture of the State of Washington. the House of Representatives pursuant to constitutional man There being no objection, the memorial was reud, as follows: dates which have been ignored for a decade. Because it ought to be a matter of highest constitutional privilege I shall give OLYMP-IA, WASH., Januaryt.9, 19!9. notice later in the week of my desire to address the Senate on Hon. C. C. DILL, this subject. United States Benatm·, Washington, D. 0.: The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will be placed on the I herewith transmit copy of a house joint memorial adopted by the calendar. Legislature of the State o~ Washington .January 14, 1929: REPORTS OF' COMMITTEES "To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of .America in Oongress ass~mbled: . . . Mr. WATERMAN, from the Committee on Patents, to which " ·we, your memorialists, the House of Representatives and the· Se~ate was· referred the bill (H. R. 12695) to authorize the licensing of of the State of Washington, most respectfully _represent and petition patents owned by the United States, reported it without amend your honorable body as follows : · · ment and submitted a report (No. 1447) thereon. L:XX--108 1712 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 Mr. CAPPER, froni the Committee on the District of CohHp. Insert the following in its proper place : bia, to which was referred the joint resolution ( S. J. Res. 180) " For acquiring the necessary land and constructing roadways, in authorizing the gra,nting of permits to the committee Qn ina u order to extend Rock Creek Park into Montgomery County, Md., from gural -ceremonies on the occasion of the inauguration of the the Distl'ict line to the Garrett Park culvert, $400,000." President elect in March, 1929, and for other purposes, reported AMENDMENT TO THE FIRS'1.1 DEFICIENOY APPROPRIATION BILL it with an amendment and submitted a report (No. 1448) thereon. Mr. KING, as in legislative session, submitted an amendment BILLS INTRODUCED intended to be proposed by him to House bill 15848, the first deficiency appropriation bill, which was ordered to lie on the .As in legislative session, table and to be printed, as follows: Bills were introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred as follows : At the proper place in the bill insert the following: By Mr. SHIPSTEAD: "That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, authorized A bill ( S. 5360) to regulate the height, exterior design, and and directed to- pay to Bertha Hanson, widow of George M. Hanson, • construction of private and semipublic buildings in certain areas late American consul at Colon, Panama, the sum of $4,500, being one of the National Capital; to the Committee on Public Buildings year's salary of her deceased husband, who died while in the Foreign and Grounds. Service; and there is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, a sufficient sum to carry out the By Mr. KING: purpose of this act." A bill ( S. 5361) for the relief of Bertha Hanson; to the Com mittee on Appropriations. PRESIDENTIAL APPROVALS By Mr. SHEPPARD : As in legislative session, A bill ( S. 5362) for the relief of St. Claire Livingston Dodd; A message from the President of the United States, by Mr. to the Committee on Military Affairs. Latta, one of his secretaries, announced that the President bad By Mr. TRAMMELL: approved and signed the following acts and joint resolution: A bill ( S. 5363) providing for flood control and improvement of navigation of Lake Okeechobee, Fla., and the Caloosahatchie On January 11, 1929: River, Fla. ; to the Committee on Commerce. S. 3127. An act to amend section 217, as amended, of the act By Mr. CARAWAY: entitled "An act to codify, revise, and amend the penal laws of A bill ( S. 5364) for the relief of Samuel H. McAlexander; to the United States," approved March 4, 1909; and the Committee on Claims. S. J. Res. 139. Joint resolution for the relief of the Iowa By Mr. McNARY: Tribe of Indians. A bill (S. 5365) granting the consent of Congress to the State On January 14, 1929: of Oregon and the Haynes Slough Drainage District to construct, S. 3779. An act to authorize the construction of a telephone maintain, and operate a dam and dike to prevent the flow of line from Flagstaff to Kayenta on the Western Navajo Indian tidal waters into Haynes Slough, Coos Bay, Coos County, Oreg.; Reservation, Ariz. ; and to the Committee on Commerce. S. 4616. An act to legalize the existing railroad bridge across A bill (S. 5366) granting a pension to Mary Ellen Clark; to the Ohio River at Steubenville, Ohio. the Committee on Pensions. FOURTH WORLD'S POULTR·Y CONGRESS (H. DOO. NO. 509) By Mr. METCALF: The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the following A bill ( S. 5367) granting an increase of pension to Lydia E. Brown (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on message from the President of the United States, which was Pensions. read, and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the Com By l\Ir. REED of Pennsylvania: mittee on Foreign Relations and ordered to be printed : A bill ( S. 5368) granting an increase of pension to Carrie A. To the Oongress of the United States: Kirtland ; to the Committee on Pensions. I transmit herewith a report by the Secretary of State recom A bill ( S. 5369) for the relief of William D. Ghrist (with an mending that Congress be requested to authorize an appropria accompanying paper) ; and tion of $40,000 for the participation of the United States by A bill (S. 5370) for the relief of Winston W. Davis (with an official delegates and a national exhibit in the Fourth World's accompanying paper) ; to the Committee on Claims. Poultry Congress, to be held in England in 1930. . By Mr. SHORTRIDGE: The recommendation has my approval and I request of Con A bill ( S. 5371) granting a pension to Sarah B. Quigley; to gress legislation authorizing an appropriation of $40,000 for the the Committee on Pensions. purpose of participation by the United States by official dele A bill (S. 5372) for the relief of John W. Fisher; to the Com- gates and a national exhibit in the Fourth 'Vorld's Poultry mittee on Military Affairs. · Congress, to be held in England, probably in the second half of By Mr. BLAINE: the month of July, 1930. A bill ( S. 5373) granting a pension to Inez L. Hoxsie; to the CALVIN CooLIDGE. Committee on Pensions. THE WHITE HOUSE, Jan1tary 15, 1929. By Mr. LARRAZOLO: A bill ( S. 5374) to provide for a military and industrial MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE school for boys and girls in the State of New Mexico; to the As in legislative session, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Halti By Mr. McMASTER: . gan one of its clerks, announced that the House had dis A bill ( S. 5375) to authorize an examination and survey of agr~d to the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. the Missouri River in the State of South Dakota for the purpose 12449) to define the terms " child " and " children " as used in of selecting a suitable location for a dam to be used for gener the acts of May 18, 1920, and June 10, 1922; requested a con ating electric power for certain manufacturing purposes ; to the ference with the Senate on the disagreeing votes of the two Committee on Commerce. Houses thereon, and that Mr. MoRIN, Mr. JAMES, and Mr. Mc By l\Ir. COPELAND: SWAIN were appointed managers on the part of the House at the A bill ( S. 5376) to provide for the inspection of poultry and conference. poultry products; to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. The message also announced that the House had agreed to By Mr. REED of Pennsylvania : the amendment of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 5944) for tlle A bill ( S. 5377) granting the consent of Congress to the Pitts relief of Walter D. Lovell. burgh & West Virginia Railway Co. to construct, maintain, and operate a railroad bridge across the Monongahela River; and " BOTHERING A BUSY MAN " A bill (S. 5378) authori.Ling the Fayette City Bridge Co., its Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I present an editorial from successors and assigns, to construct, maintain, and operate a the washington Daily News of January 12, 1~29, eJ?titled bridge across the Monongahela River at or near Fayette City, "Bothering a Busy Man," which I ask may be prmted 1n the Fayette County, Pa.; to the Committee on Commerce. RECORD. .AMENDMENT TO DISTRiai' OF COLUMBIA APPROPRIATION BILL There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, as follows : Mr. TYDINGS, as in legislative session, submitted an amend ment intended to be proposed by him to the District of Columbia BOTHERING A BUSY MAN 1 appropriation bill, fiscal year 1930, which was referred to the " Sir, I'd rather be l'igbt than be President," said Henry Clay. · Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed, as As Herbert Hoover closes his door on bis last visitor these long follows: winter evenings he may sometimes think of the disillusioned Kentuckian's 1929 CONGRESS! ON .AL RECORD-SENATE 17.13 remark. If he does he must bow to that gallant ghost and reply, that it is a mere gesture, a futile gesture, or a meaningless "Sir, yoa said a. mouthful!" gesture. To my mind it is vastly more than a gesture. It is, in For Hoover is now forming his Cabinet. He is determining who my estimation, a revolutionary pronouncement reversing the po shall head the various executive departments of the Government duri:Dg sition that war has hitherto occupied in the domain of interna his term of office. It is not an easy task at best. He must find 10 big men tional law. Heretofore war has been regarded in international for 10 big jobs, 10 men of ascertained ability and proved integrity, law as a perfectly legitimate means by which a nation might each by intelligence, training, and temperament suited to the particular advance its interests or its policies. Whatever might be thought job to be filled. of the nation that precipitated hostilities and however unpro Not an easy job, for big men do not come from every cradle. A task voked might be its attack upon another country, it violated 110 to make one seek the best advice obtainable and Hoover apparently is law. It acted entirely within its sovereign right in doing so. seeking just such advice. Undoubtedly he is getting it. But it appears It offended against no nation except the one assailed. If the he is likewise getting much advice that is not so good. If one may treaty should be in force, it would be an outlaw in pursuing judge from the delegations crowding his hotel quarters and the names such a course. It would offend against every nation signatory they are reported to be offering the President elect be is getting some to the treaty comprising, as it is expected, practically every advice that is distinctly bad. civilized nation. It would become a lawbreaker and gui1t1 of He is being urged to select this man and that for political reasons. an international crime. This man because be comes from a certain State, that man because he I do not overlook wars of self-defense, so called. They all helped carry another State ; this man to please one el(}ment in the party; contemplate an antecedent violation of the treaty by the na that man to please another. tion against which the defensive measures are directed. At the Bad business, choosing a Cabinet for such reasons. And nobody can worst, the treaty would cast upon a nation resorting to arms know this better than Herbert Hoover. the burden of vindicating its course or losing the respect of For the greater part of two terms Hoover himself served as a Cabinet the world. member. If he bears in mind the unhappy history of those two Cabinets The frantic efforts of the belligerents in the great World he is unlikely to be moved by the importunities of the politicians now be War to convince of the rectitude of their course and cause seiging him. He is likely to keep in mind the fundamental need-10 leave no room for doubt of the importance that is attached, completely qualified men for the 10 important positions. and very rightly attached, to world opinion in such a crisis. Hoover has seen a weak Secretary of the Navy relinquish his control The puny Republics of Bolivia and Paraguay are even at this of the priceless naval reserve oil lands, turning them over to a cunning moment employing the press in order each to justify its course, Secretary of the Interior to be bartered away for cash. He bas seen not alone to free itself from the odium of being regarded as those two colleagues retired from public llle in disgrace, leaving the the aggressor but also in order to make more certain the sym stigma of that disgrace on the administration of which they were pathy of other nations from whom it might expect such aid members. as neutrals may extend. Hoover has seen an unscrupulous Attorney General fill the United Furthermore, there can be no doubt that a treaty such as States Depal'tment of Justice with crooks and incompetents and seen this will act as a powerful deterrent upon any nation that the latter busily turning their opportunities into personal profit. He has might otherwise be bent on war. Treaties have been violated seen that colleague retired in disgrace, leaving his mark on the Presi in the past, it is true; but whatever may be said concerning dent who appointed him and the President who failed to remove him the fragile nature of treaties, no nation is entirely devoid of until forced by the public's demand. honor in some degree; no nation lightly violates its plighted Hoover has seen lesser presidential appointees sent to prison-an word. Alien Property Custodian, a Director of the Veteran's Bureau-for Much bas been said in this debate and in connection with following the example set by bad Cabinet officials. the discussion aroused by the cruiser legislation about the ruth · Hoover sees to-day two former Cabinet colleagues endeavoring to lessness with which Germany disregarded her treaty with Bel explain why the one, at the request of the other, prevented the criminal gium and about the incontinency of Italy in abandoning the indictment of an important bureau chief. cause of the Central Powers ; but does anyone believe that ls it anybody's idea that Herbert Hoover has failed to understand either of those nations thus proved perfidious with a light heart why these things could happen? · Does any hopeful politician believe and without misgiv~ngs? The task of inducing Italy to side that the man soon to be President is willing, for momentary political with the Allies would have been a comparatively simple one if considerations, to risk making the mistake his predecessors made, that she bad not already been bound by a solemn compact with their . he will take a chance on a single incompetent appointee? enemies. Those two instances of treaty violations, so recent Surely not. We don't believe that any of the politicians now gravely and so gross, are belie"Ved by some to give support to the theory advancing the merits of their political friends -are as stupid as some of that treaties are entirely useless. Sight is lost of the innumer them seem. We believe they are only playing the game the way they able treaties that have been scrupulously kept. It has never are accustomed to play it. As they see it no harm can come from pro been seriously charged. I believe that there has not been the moting the hopes of a friend, while some good may come to themselves most meticulous observance of the treaties entered into here ·in thereby. the city of Washington in 1922, limiting the number of capital Of course, some harm does result. A busy man, with tremendously ships of war that certain nations might maintain, and limiting important work to do, is given a lot of unnecessary bother. the size of cruisers becoming units of their naval establishments. No one really doubts that if the late conference at Geneva upon DEFINITION OF CERTAIN TERMS the same subject had resulted in an agreement limiting the As in legislative session, number of such cruisers it would have been religiously kept. The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the action of Two gentlemen enter into an agreement not to pursue a cer the House of Representatives disagreeing to the amendments of tain course of conduct, and, of course, there is less likelihood the Senate to the bill (H. R. 12449) to define the terms "child" that they will follow it than if they had not so undertaken. and "children" as used in the acts of May 18, 1920, and June If the plighted word of individuals exercises a restraining 19, 1922, and requesting a conference with the Senate on the influence over them, or incites them to action, why not that of disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon. a nation? Mr. REED of Pennsylvania. I move that the Senate insist It is not alone in the domain of international law that the upon its amendments, agree to the request of the House for a treaty will effect a radical change. I believe it will exercise a conference, and that the Chair appoint the conferees on the part powerful influence over the attitude of the people of the world of the Senate. with relation to war. Among savages every man is a warrior The motion was agreed to; and the Vice President appointed and is esteemed in proportion to his prowess and the s-uccess Mr. REED of Pennsylvania, Mr. GREENE, and Mr. FLETCHER con that he achieves. Every rude speech is a recital of the tri ferees on the part of the Senate. umphs of the tribe and the valor of individuals. The necessary effect, if not. the purpose,. is to imbue every youth in the tribe MULTILATERAL PEACE TREATY with the hope that opportunity will come to him to join in some The Senate, in open executive session, resumed the considera foray that he may emulate the example of his brave ancestors tion of the treaty for the renunciation of war transmitted to in battle. How much different is what has been fed to the the Senate for ratification by the President of the United States generations as history? A succession of butcheries, the story December 4, 1928, and reported from the Committee on Foreign of which always exalts the victors and sanctifies the unyielding Relations December 19, 1928. · victims. The tale is always a tale of the "pride, pomp, and Mr. WALSH of Montana. Mr. President, I rise to make some circumstance of glorious war"; rarely, if ever, of the devasta comment on cliticisms which have been expressed touching the tion wrought by conquering armies, of the miseries endured by treaty under consideration. By way of introduction I take the combatants or the populace within the range of their opera occasion to signify my dissent from the view which has been t_ions, or the train of evils that has invariably attended whole expressed within and without this Chamber, reluctantly by some sale slaughter and that are visited upon the victors and the who favo1· the treaty and exultantly by some who oppose u. vanquished alike. 1714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 The successes are by the writers of the nation achieving them Then, in italics : magnified and emphasized and the reverses are minimized or The treaty now qualified by the French and British reservations con entirely ignored: stitutes no renunciation or outlawry of war, but in fact and in law a I scanned with horror the huge canvases (}n the walls of the solemn sanction- foreign office in Berlin, all depicting battles in which the Ger man armies triumphed. Never a one was there of an engage A solemn sanction- ment in which they suffered defeat. The situation in the for all wars mentioned in the exceptions and qualifications. Pantheon in Paris is not essentially different. Religion-at The word "sanction" is there as inappropriately used as is least what sometimes passes for religion~and poetry have com the word "recognition" in the sentence to which I have here bined to emphasize the glamor of war. Art has contributed not tofore adverted. a little to the development of the war spirit. These considera I find the Century Dictionary defining " sanction " as-- tions and many others have all operated to break down the resistance to the war spirit whenever provocation arises or the the act of ordalning or decreeing as sacred or inviolable a decree, passions prompt resort to war. ordinance, sanction. The action of making sacred ; the act of rendering The treaty before us contemplates war as an essentially evil authoritative as law; the act of decreeing or ratifying; the act of mak thing, and the nations signatory agree to abjure it because it ing binding, as by an oath. is an evil thing. I regard this treaty as important, further I continue: more, because I look to see it followed by other agreements When we look at the exceptions we observe that they include wars between the powers intended to attain, or at least to promote, of self-defense, each party being free to make its own interpretation as the end aimed at by it. If the nations of the earth agree to to when self-defense is involved, wars under the league covenant, under renounce war as an instrument of national policy and not to the Locarno. treaties, and under the French treaties of alliance. resort to it for the solution of international controversies, it seems to me necessarily to follow that they must set up some I first call your attention to his complaint that under the other kind of machinery for the solution of such controversies, treaty wars of self-defense are tolerated. Is there anyone here at least as to those that are capable of solution by the applica opposing the treaty who would like to include wars of self tion of legal principles, those that are justiciable in character. defense in those which are interdicted? Would Mr. Borchard It would seem as though some arrangement of that kind is not be in favor of a treaty which prohibited or interdicted wars of (}nly desirable but indispensable. self-defense? If he is not, why advert to the matter? Why I said, Mr. President, that I rose for the purpose of submit urge it as a matter of criticism of the treaty? ting some observations upon criticisms of this treaty which Even the Society for the Outlawry of War, whose views have have been heard within and without this Chamber. They are been expressed upon this floor from time to time, in their pro summarized in an address delivered by Professor Borchard, of gram expressly exclude wars waged in self-defense. Yale, at Williamstown during the summer, and therein appears We go on: to my mind practically everything that has been said against Considering these reservations, it would be difficult to conceive of this treaty on this floor, of course, with more or less elaboration any wars that nations have fought within the past century, or are and repetition. I refer to it particularly because the instru likely to fight in the future, that can not be accommodated under these ment was introduced in the RECORD some time ago by one of the exceptions. Far from constituting an outlawry of war, they constitute Senators holding views, I take it, quite in conformity with the most solemn sanction of specific wars that has ever been given those expressed in the address, and because the name of the to the world. author came before the Senate yesterday in connection with Now, observe: remarks submitted by the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Considering these reservations, it would be difficult to conceive of BINGHAM]. It is understood likewise that the author inspired, any wars that nations have fought within the past century, or ure if he did not dictate, the resolution of " understandings " offered likely to fight in the future, that can not be accommodated nnder by the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. MosES]. these exceptions. For the purpose of illustrating the utter recklessness with which the writer uses the English language, I read first a These exceptions are self-defense, Locarno, and the covenant sentence from the address as follows : of the League of Nations. No wars during the past century have been fought under either the Locarno agreements or the When the United States at the First Hague Conference secured recog covenant of the League of Nations; so we reduce this state nition by our cosignatories for the Monroe doctrine, It was regarded as ment to the fact that all wars which have been fought within an achievement of American diplomacy. the last century have been fought as wars of self-defense. It will be news to every Member of this Chamber, I am sure, Thus, the writer argues that the treaty is valueless, because that our representatives at the First Hague Conference obtained it does not include wars of self-defense; and yet we are per recognition of the Monroe doctrine, and it would be startling fectly safe in saying that if it had declared against wars of intelligence, I am very sure,,to most of the nations of the earth, self-defense it would have invited even more irrational criti some of which, as we were told by the Senator from Missouri cism from the author of this article. the other day, have expressed themselves in contemptuous lan He goes on: - guage concerning it. Again it will be noticed that we recognize a British claim to use What happened at the First Hague Conference? The agree war as an instrument of national policy in certain undefined " regions ment setting up The Hague tribunal having been entered into of the world," any "interference" with which by anybody, including the American plenipotentiaries attached the following to their the United States, will be regarded by Great Britain as a cause of signatures : war. Nothing contained in this convention shall be so construed as to re Before I go to that, however, I want to advert to these so quire the United States of America to depart from its traditional policy called wars under the league covenant and the Locarno treaties. of not intruding upon, interfering with, or entangling itself in the When it was suggested in the correspondence between our political questions of policy or internal administration of any foreign Secretary of State and the French Government that perhaps state; nor shall anything contained in the said convention be construed the French Government would be unable to enter into a treaty to imply a relinquishment by the United States of America of its tradi of this character, because it was already bound to the Locarno tional attitude toward purely American questions. treaties and the covenant of the League of Nations, Mr. It was not in the body of the instrument at all; it was not Kellogg expressed the view that there would be nothing in above the signature of any other signer of the treaty; it was a consistent at all in their doing so; in other words, that there mere declaration upon the part of the American representatives was nothing whatever. that was contradictory between those to that conference. I am not a little amazed that a teacher of agreements and the treaty proposed. He elaborated this idea international law should put out a statement to the world that in his address, referred to in the notes, and said that if a the Monroe doctrine was recognized through the diplomacy of ·nation should violate one of those agreements it likewise vio American representatives at the First Hague Conference. I lates the multilateral treaty, and all other nations are released should be glad to hear from any gentleman who thinks that the from their obligations under the multilateral treaty, and are at l\Ionroe doctrine was recognized by any nation by the action liberty to proceed against the offending nation as they see fit. taken at the First Hague Conference. I read from Secretary Kellogg's note- But to refer to the criticisms of the treaty by the writer. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President-- After having recited in brief the notes exchanged in relation to The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. McNARY in the chair). the treaty, the writer continues: Does the Senator from Montana yield to the Senator from The original proposition of Mr. Kellogg was an unconditional re California? ~unciation of war. Mr. WALSH of Montana. I yield. 1929 CONG'RESSIONAL R.ECORD-SENATE 1715 Mr. JOHNSON. Will the Senator yield for a mere question that nothing in the draft treaty is inconsistent with the _covenant of the of information? _ League_of Nations,. the Government of the Irish. Free State accept unre Mr. WALSH of Montana. I yield. servedly the invitation of the United States Government to become a Mr. JOHNSON. The Senator will observe that excepted, party to the treaty jointly with the / .. 1718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 1\Ir. BAYARD. But under section 2 of the present treaty correspondence or not, but that he did make the statement that now pending before the Senate we say: it wa not international law, but a bit of American impudence 'l'he high contracting parties agree that the settlement or solution of or insolence. all disputes or contlicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they Mr. WALSH of Montana. Of course, it is a matter of very may be, which may arise among them, shall never be sought except by little concern what he did or what he did not say or what the pacific means. quotation I am about to read says ; it is merely by way of in I suppose that " pacific means " must mean some channel of a troduction to some other remark of Mr. Webster. He said : friendly natiun. We have established that channel or are try • • • the sentiment which this declaration inspired was not con ing to establish that channel, and when we establish that chan fined to ourselves. Its force was felt everywhere, by all those who could nel we set up certain conditions precedent. understand its object and foresee its effect. In that very House of l\lr. WALSH of Montana. It simply means we will not en Commons of which the gentleman from South Carolina has spoken deavor to solve them by war; we will try to solve them in some with such commendation, how was it received? Not only, sit·, with other way. approbation, but, I may say, with no little enthusiasm. While the Mr. BAYARD. But we decline to discuss those.under these leading minister, Mr. Canning, expressed his entire concurrence in the arbitration treaties. sentiments and opinions of the American President, his distinguished Mr. WALSH of Montana. Discuss what? competitor, Mr. Brougham, in that popular body, less restrained by 1\fr. BAYARD. '.rhe four reservations made in the arbitration official decorum, and more at liberty to give utterance to all the feel treaties. We say they are not subjects of arbitration. ing of the occasion, declared that no event had ever created greater Mr. WALSH of Montana. We would decline to discuss them joy, exultation, and gratitude among all the free men in Europe ; that here. We will not seek a solution of them by war. That is all he felt pt·ide in being connected by blood and language with the people we say. of the United States; that the policy disclosed by the message became Mr. BAYARD. The point I am making is that we have in a great, a free, and an independent nation ; and that be hoped his own contemplation some 23 other arbitration treaties similar in form country would be prevented by no mean pride or paltry jealousy from to those negotiated in 1928. Assuming we ratify the Kellogg following so noble and glorious an example. treaty, or peace pact, and that thereafter we go ahead and com I merely desire to quote the following paragraph to show plete the ratification and exchange of the other pending arbitra what Mr. Webster thought was the foundation of the Monroe tion treaties, do we not in all conscience and in all morals bind doctrine. He says : ourselves under those new arbitration treaties to keep off of the four questions which are excepted? It is doubtless true, as I took occasion to observe the other day, that l\1r. WALSH of Montana. Of course we do. this declaration must be considered as founded on our rights and to l\lr. BAYARD. That is my contention exactly. spring mainly from a regard to their preservation. It did not commit Mr. WALSH of Montana. Exactly ; with respect to every us, at all events, to take up arms on any indication of hostile feeling thing except the four questions; we have already set up by the powers of Europe toward South America. If, for example, all machinery for the adjustment of them. the states of Europe had refused to trade with South America until Mr. BAYARD. And they are not susceptible of arbitration her states should return to their former allegiance, that would have or any other conciliation between our country and other furnished no cause of interference to us. Or if an armament bad countries. been furnished by the Allies to act against Provinces the most remote Mr. WALSH of Montana. Exactly; and that is why they from us, as Chile or Buenos Aires, the distance of the scene of action are reserved in the treaty. diminishing our apprehension of . danger and diminishing also our Mr. BAYARD. Why can they not be expressed by some means of effectual interpositi{)n, might still have left us to content form of reservation here? ourselves with remonstrance. But a very different case would have Mr. WALSH of Montana. There is no occasion to exclude arisen if an army, equipped and maintained by these powers, had them here, because we do not agree by this treaty to submit been landed on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and commenced the anything to arbitration. war in our own immediate neighborhood. Such an event might justly Mr. SACKETT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to me be regarded as dangerous to ourselves and, on that ground, call for for a moment? I want to be sure as to one thing in my own decided and immediate interference by us. mind. I will now read from the letter of Mr. Olney in the famous The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Mon Venezuelan controversy. tana yield to the Senator from Kentucky? Mr. SHORTRIDGE. Mr. President, will the Senator be Mr. WALSH of Montana. I yield. good enough to add-- Mr. SACKETT. There can not be any breach of the Mon The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Mon roe doctrine, as I understand the Monroe doctrine, to be ex tana yield to the Senator from California? pounded by every Senator upon the floor without an attack of Mr. WALSH of Montana. I yield. some kind. Mr. SHORTRIDGE. My recollection is, however, quite Mr. WALSH of Montana. Exactly. agreeing with all that the Senator has just said, that Daniel Mr. SACKETT. And if there should be an attack, then we Webster does not fail to point out that, while the Monroe doc would no longer be obligated under the treaty. trine is grounded upon self-defense, we were not indifferent Mr. WALSH of Montana. We would be released. to its effect upon the struggling people of Central and South Mr. SACKETT. And that is the reason why no mention of the America. Monroe doctrine is going to help this treaty one way or the other. Mr. WALSH of Montana. Of course he does, and, of course, Mr. WALSH of Montana. Exactly. The Monroe doctrine also does Mr. Clay. presupposes an attack by some nation upon one of the American I read from the Olney letter, as follows: Republics, which necessarily releases the United States, and that, as well as the fact that the Monroe doctrine is based upon Is it true, then, that the safety and welfare of the United States self-defense, safeguards it completely, in my estimation. are so concerned with the maintenance of the independence of every In addition to what was put in the RmoRD a few days ago, American state as against any European power as to justify or require l\Ir. President, concerning the basis of the Monroe doctrine, I the interposition of the United States whenever that independence desire to submit some observations from some of our states is endangered ? The question can be candidly answered in but one way. men. I read first from a s~h delivered by Mr. Webster in 1826. I am very glad that the Senator from Missouri [Mr. Mr. Cleveland, in making his report of the transaction to the REED] has come into the Chamber, because he seemed to think Congress, said : the other day that we had no sort of support anywhere in the Without attempting extended argument in reply to these positions world now or at any time in the past for the Monroe doctrine. I will read what l\Ir. ·webster said-- referring to the po ition of the Engli h Government in the Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, I did not make any controversy- such statement as that. The Senator bas been caviling here it may not be amiss to suggest that the doctrine upon which we about accuracy this morning. When did I say that we had no stand is- strong and sound, because its enforcement is important to support for the Monroe doctrine anywhere? our peace and safety as a nation, and is essential to the integrity Mr. WALSH of Montana. No; the Senator did not say so, of our free institutions and the tranquil maintenance of our distinctive but the Senator did sar that a certain English statesman had forni of Government. It was intended to apply to every stage of made some sneering remark about the Monroe doctrine. our national life, and can not become obsolete while our Republic Mr. REED of Missouri. I said that the minister of Great endures. If the- balance of power is justly a cause for jealous anxiety Britain during the controversy over the Venezuelan matter had among the governments of the Old World, and a subject for our ab made certain characterizations of tbe Monroe doctrine. I said solute noninterference, none the less is an observance of the Monroe that I did not know whether he had done so in his official doctrine of vital concern to our people and their Government. 1929 OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE 1719 I think the world understands that the Monroe doetrine is a our Nation be placed in a position where its vital interests part of our system of self-defense. I do not think there can be were protected and its integrity assured. any question about that; at least we so understand it. And the administration has pm·sued this irreconcilable and The next reason why this treaty should b'e clarified, according inconsistent course. It has loudly . declared that the United to the Senator from Missouri, is to get rid of anyone imagining State-S is for world peace; that it renounces war and solemnly that there is an obligation to apply sanctions; that is to say, promises to settle all controversies by pacific means. It would we should provide by declaration of this body that when we seem that it believes that there is some virtue in the renuncia agree not to go to war we do not mean that we will go to war. tion of war and the pledge to settle disputes of every kind by The contention that by this treaty we obligate ourselves to pacific means. If it does not so believe then it is insincere in go to war against every nation violating it originates in a dis attempting to secure the rati{ication of this treaty. If the ordered mind. I care not who may have said i)l Europe that Secretary of State had no belief in the efficacy of this treaty, there is an implied obligation on the part of every nation to in solemn obligations entered into by the United States and assail that nation which violates the treaty, I insist that it other nations, under which war was renounced, then this treaty goes against common sense. Greece invades Bulgaria in viola should no.t have been negotiated and its ratification should not tion of the treaty. Of course we would deplore anything of the be urged. kind, but under what kind of reasoning can it be argued that we The President of the United States, as well as the Secretary have obligated ourselves by this treaty to go to the aid of of State, have proclain1ed that the ratification of this treaty Bulgaria? It would not clarify this treaty to say we were would constitute a notable contribution to world peace. The under no such obligation. It would introduce confusion worse influence of the administration has been employed to secure its confounded. ratification, but while engaged in negotiating the treaty and Then we ought to have some clalification, it is advanced, so attempting to secure its ratification both the President of the that it will be understood that there is no recognition of the United States and the Secretar:V of State have lent strength to binding force of the· treaties named in the notes. The treaties the movement in favor of appropriations amounting to hundreds named in the notes are the covenant of the League of Nations, of millions of dollars to build additional naval craft and to the Locarno treaties, and the neutrality treaties. Why should we carry out a policy of "preparedness." undertake to say that there is or there is not any binding force Mr. President, there are many people who can not reconcile in the covenant of the League of Nations among those who these positions of the President and the Secretary of State. entered into it? Why should we undertake to say that France's They will not only regard their conduct as inconsistent but many neutrality treaty with Poland and France's neutrality treaty do not he.sitate to say that the United States is insincere, if not with Czechoslovakia are binding or are not binding upon either hypocritical, in demanding the ratification of the multilateral Czechoslovakia or Poland? I do not think the Senator from treaty and at the same time insisting that hundreds of millions Missouri could possibly have made that suggestion reflectingly. shall be expended in military preparations. Speaking for my Mr. REED of Missouri. Perhaps, Mr. President, in view of self, I can not reconcile these divergent positions of the admin the Senator's polite characterization, I possess a disordered istration. In my opinion, many people of the world will charge brain ; that was the charge the Senator made here ; and he made the United States with insincerity when they learn that the it against a good many other Senators, because there are n'early United States ratified a peace treaty-a treaty renouncing war 30 Senators who have expressed the same view. Our brains and sacredly and solemnly promising to settle all disputes of may all be disordered. every kind and character by pacific means, and synchronizing Mr. WALSH of Montana. However that may be, I desire with the ratification of the treaty, it appropriated hundreds of merely to add that no such suggestion bas been made in any millions of dollars for military preparations. Such conduct of the correspondence between any of the nations with respect will not inspire confidence among the nations of the world in the to this treaty. No intimation of that ~d is carried in any, of good faith of this Nation. It will tend to arouse suspicions the correspondence. Why should we pay any attention to what among millions who will regard the military preparations as a some newspaper in some country of Europe may say about this revelation of the true mind of America and the true purpose of matter or what some individual may say about it? What is this Government. Yesterday the Senator from Maine [Mr. said in this Chamber in debate, it is said, can not be resorted to HALE] pushed through the Senate three or four bills calling for for the pm·pose of interpreting this treaty. How much more millions of dollars to strengthen the Navy; to elevate guns, and is that true of what has been said by some newspaper in Bel to make our fighting &hips more powerful. To-morrow he will grade, for instance, or in Prague, or by some member of the demand the passage of the cruiser bill, and with the sentiment Swedish Storthing as to what be or it thinks would be the manifest in the Senate it seems hardly possible to prevent its obligation of a nation under this treaty; and why should we passage. With the passage of the cruiser bill additional appro4 take note of such things officially in our action here? pri.ations will be required for naval and other military purposes. The treaty needs no clarification. It is in no sense ambig No one can foretell what the direct and indirect cost of the uou . The notion that peril to our Nation lurks in it is cruiser bill will be. The naval personnel will be largely in " wrought of such stuff as dreams are and as baseless as the creased; various forms of auxiliary craft will be required; fantastic visions of the morning." naval bases will be strengthened; the ordinary expenses of the Mr. JONES. A Senator asked me to call for a ·quorum at Navy will be augmented, so that it can be safely predicted that the conclusion of the address of the Senator from Montana; so the effects of the bill directly and indirectly will add perhaps a I suggest the absence of a quorum. billion dollars to the burdens of the American people. Mr. KING. Mr. President, I desire to submit some observa So in the consideration of the treaty we are met with the tions, and I would just as soon submit them now as later. thesis that a solemn renunciation of war and a pledge to settle Mr. JONES. Very well. I rather think that would be satis all international disputes by pacific means, call for naval arma factory to the Senator who asked me to call for a quorum at ments and military preparations. In other words, we solemnly the conclusion of the address of the Senator from Montana. I abjure war and pledge the honor of the Nation to settle every think he thought something else was coming up. So I with controversy by peaceable means, and then proceed with increased draw the suggestion. zeal to strengthen our Navy and carry forward additional mili Mr. KING. Mr. President, it is regrettable that the advocates tary preparations. It would seem to me that if the administra-. of the treaty under consideration were compelled to engage in tion had confidence in the efficacy and virtue of the multi a struggle of no mean proportions to secure its consideration. lateral treaty which they profess it possesses, they would mani A naval b-ill is on the calendar which calls for an expenditur-e fest that faith by seeking to exorcise from the world the spirit of hundreds of millions of dollars for the construction of war of war and earnestly strive to create an international will for. vessels. It was insisted by some Senators that that measure peace. should have precedence over the peace treaty, and only after a 'l'h'ere is much psychology in a treaty of this character. If it bitter contest did the multilateral treaty secure a superior place is effective as an instrumentality for the promotion of peace, upon the calendar. But the naval bill is pressing upon the heels it will be largely because it acts upon the minds of the people of this measure and to-morrow it is quite likely the Senate will and develops or creates a sentiment against war with all its proceed to the consideration of the cruiser bill, which embarks horrors, and an unconquerable faith that peace can be realized. our country upon an era of naval construction the ultimate cost This treaty should aid in the mobilization of the moral forces of which no one can predict. To many it is inexplicable that of the world: but it will b'e deprived of its potency and strength there should be so much apparent eagerness fo~ world peace and if the nations signing it confess its impotency by increasing so strong a desire for preparations for war. There has been their milfta.ry forces, and talk of the imminence of war. Ger a nation-wide propaganda, particularly during the past year, man writers said much about the "will to conquer" and the for what has been denominated " national preparedness." Scores "glory of war," and the necessity for Germany to take her of citizens have gone through the land declaring that our coun "place in the sun" and be prepared as a military nation to try was not safe and was menaced by foes; that its security impose her will upon ·others. Thus a war psychology was was imJKi'riled; that only by enormous appropriations could developed. The talk of war in Germany produced reactions in 1720 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 other cOuntries, and Europe for years liv'ed in fear of military fenses.'~ Consequently it may not be said when they had not conflicts. Mothers retired at night not knowing but that with neglected their defenses and war ensued, that it resulted from the morning sun a bugle call would be heard summoning their failure to prepare for war. The nations which did not con loved ones to military duty. cern themselves so much in military preparedness were not the Apparently we have not learned the lesson that most wars occasion of the war. It seems to me inconsistent to contend are the product of fear and that fear is too often inspired by in the face of the fact that the military nations that had not the clamorous voices of militarists. Civic and other organiza neglected their defenses were responsible for the war " that tions in our country are being appealed to by military officers it is probable that the war would have come sooner h~d they and by others t~ give their support to what is denominated made less military preparations." "preparedness." They are told our country is in danger and The President states : that it is necessary for its protection that we should spend To be ready for defense is not to be guilty of aggression. We can more for military purposes than was ever expended in peace have military preparation without assuming a military spirit. times by our country. Appropriations for the current fiscal year for the ordinary expenses of the Army and Navy alone, exceeded 1\fr. President, when nations make preparations for war, $700,000,000. The appropriations for the ne:>..'t fiscal year will the;r have in mind other nations against whom they are pre exceed this stupendous amount. We hold out by this treaty parmg, and when they talk of military preparations or " pre a hand of friendship, but in the other hand we carry a sword. paredness" they create in the minds of the people fears or I regret that the President of the United States employed resentment and even malice and hatred. These situations language in his recent Armistice Day speech which some will finally culminate in military explosions and devastating wars. construe as provocative of war and evidence of a disbelief in Military preparations presuppose national dangers and inse the efficacy and virtue of the Kellogg-Briand treaty. The curity, and national insecurity postulates national foes and dan President has been regarded as a man of peace, and many of gerous enemies. It might be interesting to i.nquire what military his addresses have proclaimed the importance of peace and nation can be found that did not develop a military spirit. The the evils of war. In the address referred to he declares : development of a military spirit is concomitant with military preparations. Lord Grey, in his Memoirs, speaks of armaments The whole essence of war is destruction. It is the negation and the as one of the greatest causes of war. The President, in his antithesis of human progress. No good thing ever came out of war address, says it is our duty to "maintain an adequate Army that could not better have been secured by reason and conscience. and Navy.~' No one disputes that, but the question arises, What In the face of this declaration the President supported the is an adequate army and an adequate navy? Denmark has naval bill offered by Secretary Wilbur in December last which practically abolished her army, which consists of a small patrol called for over a billion dollars for new naval construction. force. She has no foes and entertains no fears. What nation The President, in the address referred to, further says : menaces the United States? Whom have we to fear? We do not know of any nation which has ever been able to provide In 1920 our naval officers contended that an adequate Navy arms enough so as always to be at peace. Fifteen years ago the most for the United States required the carrying out of the 1916 thoroughly equipped people of Europe were Germany and France. program at a cost directly and indirectly of more than a billion and a half dollars. We had, in 1920, a Navy superior to any in In view of this declaration it was to be expected that the the world, and I may say in passing that our Navy to-day is President would give enthusiastic support to the multilateral not equaled by that of Great Britain or any other power. treaty, and it seems to me that the expectation would be Returning to the question of what is an adequate army and strengthened if he would as earnestly seek to relieve the people navy, Germany insisted that when her military forces were from the heavy burdens involved in our military and naval greater than any other country in the world they were not expenditures and oppose programs and policies which would adequate. The most militant nations have always contended result in enormous additions to our Navy. While declaring in that their military forces, whether on land or sea, were neces effect that no nation has been able to devise sufficient arms to sary for their protection and came within the requirements or always be at peace, he has, nevertheless, given his support to a formula of an adequate army and navy. Naval authorities in naval program that when completed will exceed a billion dol the United States declared in 1920 and 1921 that an adequate lars. The President has seen the evils of militarism. He has navy in the United States required the construction of nearly pointed out that with the military preparations of Germany and 100 naval vessels, the cost of which would be at least one and a other nations, war was not avoided; and yet he has, as I have half billion dollars. stated, approved of a program which will impose upon the The President further declares- United States enormous burdens. The President further said that- That all human experience demonstrates that a country which makes reasonable preparation for defense is less likely to be subject to hostile The eternal question before the nations is how to prevent war and attack and less likely to suffer a violation of its rights which might how to defend themselves if it comes. lead to war. He then states that- Mr. President, this sentence, fairly construed, is unobjection There are those who see no answer except military preparation. able, but the question always arises when the problem of na I submit, Mr. President, that the military and naval measures tional defense or reasonable preparation for defense is under which have been offered in the House and in the Senate during consideration. What are reasonable preparations and what is the past year, and which have received the approval of the reasonably necessary for defense? I repeat that those nations executive department, give color to the charge that the United which have taken the lead in preparations for defense and have States supports militaristic policies, and instead of promoting made what they call reasonable preparations for defense have peace, as it should, it devotes too great a portion of its revenues produced or inspired war or have been the most active partici to military preparations. Is it not military preparation upon pants in war. I am not contending that nations should not the part of the United States · when it expends more tharr take reasonable_ steps for the protection. of themselves and their $700,000,000 annually for the ordinary expenses of the Army citizens. Indeed, I take the opposite position. That is an and Navy and projects a naval program of 71 war vessels, with obligation and a duty which must be met; but too often nations ancillary naval auxiliaries and instrumentalities the aggregate under the pretext of national defense prepared for war and cost of which will be a billion and a half dollars? Already our made it the excuse for letting loose the thunderbolts of destruc military and naval leaders are preparing a program for the tion. When Bismarck bad prepared Germany for war he sought, replacement of battleships which, if carried into execution, will by subtle and reprehensible means, to involve France in war. greatly increase our annual naval expenditures. I am challenging attention to these statements of the Presi Mr. President, the loud clamors for preparedness are incon dent which are being used to support demands for stupendous sistent with our appeals for world peace. They add to the fears appr9priations for our Army and Navy, to show at least their of the world and contribute to the development of military and apparent inconsistency with the position of the Chief Execu war psychology. tive and the administration in urging the ratification of the I can not understand the President's position when he refers pending treaty. They insist that this treaty is one of the to the extensive military preparations of Germany and France epochal events in the history of mankind, and many supporters and the resulting war, and then states- of the administration declare that it presages an era of uni versal peace and leads to the abolition of wnr. My position is If the European countries had neglected their defenses it is probable that our Government should show its faith in this treaty by that war would have come much sooner. promoting international conferences for the reduction of arma So-called preparedness by a few nations, as many believe, ments and the setting up of instrumentalities supplemental to provoked the war, and the nations which were not militaristic this treaty. :Machinery will be needed and agencies required to were drawn into the vortex. Those nations which spent enor settle international disputes. It is not sufficient to renounce mous sums in preparing for war did not " neglect their de- war and solemnly agree to settle all disputes by pacific means ; 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . 1721 there must be organizations and agencies, judicial tribunals, treaties of neutrality from obligations which they have assumed and arbitration boards in order to realize the objective. But thereunder. the President is preaching preparedness for war, and suppo~ts Mr. President, I should not vote for this treaty, much as I huge military appropriations. We would exhibit great~r faith desire to, if it could be construed to mean that the members in this treaty if we were to bend every effort to secure mterna of ·the league would be compelled to abjure their solemn obli tional disa1·mament. gations under the Versailles treaty. I should not want my The President in the address to which I have referred gives country to enter into a treaty that would compel a nation to be expression to a genuine peace policy when he declares: guilty of Punic faith. '.rhe whole scheme of human progress and civilization requires that we I have wondered, in listening to the debate, whether there was should have faith in men and in nations. • • • a desire by some Senators to destroy the league and to make odious the treaties under the Locarno pact, and to supersede In these words the President states the basis of the multi them by the pending treaty. If there is such a purpose, in my lateral treaty-faith in the honor of men and nations; faith in opinion it should be abandoned. The league has served an im their solemn promises to renounce war and to follow the paths portant purpose in preserving peace among the nations of Eu of peace. Mr. President, I have listened with interest to the rope, and in directing world affairs amidst storms and tempests discussions of the multilateral treaty before us and have been that threatened military repercussions, not only in Europe but amazed at some of the views expressed. The treaty is free in many other parts of the world. from ambiguity and should not have provoked the protracted It must be remembered that the treaty before us relies upon debate which has occurred. The Senator from Montana [Mr. no sanctions; there is no element of force behind it. It does not WALSH] has just delivered an_able address which, in my view, outlaw war in a technical and proper sense. In any effective disposes of some of the objections which have been urged to plan to outlaw war there must be agencies and instrumentalities the treaty. defining war and providing for the determination of who are In my opinion there is no reason for reservations or amend offenders; and, finally, there must be machinery and authority ments to the treaty. So far as I am concerned, I shall be glad for the punishment of offending and recalcitrant nations. There to vote for it without any change in its phraseology or any may be renunciation of war, and at the same time organizations explanatory notes or reservations. The Senator from Connecti among nations which have renounced war as a national policy, · cut [Mr. BINGHAM] has insisted that the Committee on For armed with authority to repress lawless nations and thus pre- eign Relations submit a report in the nature of an interpreta vent or terminate military activities. tion of the treaty, or at any rate as an explanation of their Undoubtedly there are many people ~n this and other coun views as to what the treaty means. Mr. President, I have re tries who misconceive the scope of the pending treaty, and who spect for the members of that committee, but their interpreta will be disappointed in its accomplishments. I have no doubt tion of the treaty, I submit, should not be controlling upon that there are millions who believe that this treaty will prevent Senators. If the treaty is ambiguous and uncertain, then it all future wars; that when the nations of the world declare should perhaps be amended or, at any rate, ambiguities should that they renounce war as a national policy, and pledge them be removed by explanatory reservations. Where an instrument selves to a pacific settlement of all controversies, that war, with is clear and unambiguous, then interpretations are not needed. all its horror and evils, will no longer affright the nations and The duty rests upon Senatqrs to determine as best they can fill the world with woe and sorrow. It is to be regretted that the meaning of measures presented for their consideration. these results will not follow the signing of this treaty. The responsibility rests upon them for their action. It might The signatories to this h·eaty undoubtedly believe in the right not be regarded as a valid excuse if a Senator were to say, "I of various nations to decline to abandon the agencies now in relied upon the statements of some other Senator as to the existence, which they regard as important for the present at meaning of a measure or a treaty, and :finding the interpreta least, in aiding in the preservation of world peace. tion to be wrong I seek immunity from criticism." Of course, The Briaud-Kellogg treaty, as I have stated, sets up no ma the Senate should be advised with respect to an important chinery for interpreting the treaty or punishing or restraining document such as this treaty is in regard to all matters perti its violation. It rests upon good will and upon the conscience nent and germane. Whatever information that bears upon the and national honor of peoples and nations. Perhaps it is a treaty they are entitle(} to possess. Indeed, it is their duty to weakness of the treaty that it contains no provisions for its secure all available information, and having secured it and interpretation and no agencies to settle in a pacific way disputes acquainted themselves with the treaty, the responsibility rests which may arise among the nations adhering to the treaty. upon them when they vote upon the question of its ratification. Obviously this treaty will call for additional international agree Mr. President, I desire to answer in a general way some of ments. When nations renounce war and solemnly declare that · the attacks which have been made upon the treaty. Many of all international disputes shall be settled by pacific means, they them turn upon the exeeptions stated in the interpretative will supplement such declaration by further treaties to aid in notes of the various signatories, as well as certain statements discharging the obligations contained in this treaty. by Secretary Kellogg, One listening to the debates could not Who shall say that a solemn obligation to renounce_war is be otherwise than impressed with the view that the League of meaningless and will make no contribution to world peace? It Nations and the Locarno pact and the treaties referred to in is true that nations have violated treaties and doubtless in the the various notes constituted serious objections to the Kellogg future will be untrue to international pledges; but it is equally treaty; in other words, that the League of Nations and the true that such violations will result in condemnation propor obligations resulting from the varlous treati~ referred to are tioned to the development of international morality and concep obstacles to world peace and valid reasons for not ratifying tions of national r~ponsibility. the treaty under consideration.· Undoubtedly those nations which '.rhe world is not devoid of honor. It exists among men and are members of the League of Nations, and those which are it is found in nations. . The world has made advancement; tb,ere partfes to the Locarno pact and the treaties referred to, are is a higher standard of individual, national, and international unwilling to weaken the effect of these treaties or to destroy morality to-das than ever before. Humanity is slowly and whatever organizations have resulted therefrom. There has painfully, but with c_ertainty, marching to higher levels; there been no evasion by the principal signatories to the treaty in is less of provincialism and racial and national prejudice than regard to this matter. They have definitely indicated that they ever before. The world is growing smaller. All parts are being were unwilling to enter into any treaty that would be incon brought into close association, and the prejudices of the past sistent with their obligations under the Versailles treaty or the are yielding to ethical and spiritual influences which seek intPr· other treaties referred to. It is . manifest that they believe a national friendship if not world solidarity. renunciation of war and the settlement of international disputes Sorrie people scoff at the " public opinion" of the world and by pacific means, are not incompatible with their obligations the good faith anq conscience of the world. under the important treaties mentioned. The Senator from Missouri [Mr. REED] grew dramati,c and It is true that sanctions have been provided in the covenant elo-quent when be discussed the question of "public opinion." of the league and that obligations have been assumed which Yet I venture the assertion that it constitutes the most powerful may authorize the obligors to engage in military activities; but influence in all the world to-day. It is an imponderable _force, the covenant as interpreted and the obligations as understood the effect of which .may not be easily determined or measured,, do not compel or require war, aggressive or otherwise, upon the the effect of which will persist, and the influences of which will part of signatories to this treaty, or any conduct inconsistent persist, as the agencies which it has influenced multiply in the with the renunciation of war or the pacific settlement of inter .world. _ national disputes. I think no criticism can be justly leveled It is a fact, Mr. President, that public opinion, imperfect as against Mr. Kellogg or representatives of some of the ~igna it is, oftentimes unreasoning, and too often resting upon faulty tories to the treaty before us because of their frank statements foundations and lack of information, does influence if not con . of tact, nor because they do n.ot seek to absolve the members trol national and international conduct; and it is equally true of the league and the signatories to the Locarno pact and the that as the means of communication increase and international 1722 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 contacts become more numerous public opinion will take on addi· The members of the League of Nations have covenanted to tlonal force and virtue and become more powerful in determin maintain peace and to avoid aggression. To accomplish these ing individual, community, national, and international conduct. ends they have created machinery and set up instl'umentalities. The settlement of international disputes can be brought about We can not hope, indeed we should not uesire, that this benefi by two means, and two means only, war or law; and when I cent organization should disband. The Locarno pact and the use the word "law," of course, I mean its corollaries--confer treaty as interpreted by those who are parties to the same are ences, agreements, international law that may be developed in harmony with the terms of the treaty before us. The obliga through agreements and treaties, and usages among the nations tions under those treaties are promotive of peace and tend to of the world. prevent war. If war is renounced measures must and will be devised to While it is true the Kellogg treaty provides for no sanctions settle pacifically all disputes arising. There is an equivalent for and the League of Nations does, it is believed by those who are war. Disputes arise between neighbors and friends and com members of the league and are parties to the Kellogg treaty, munities, but civilization has pointed the way to settle them, not that the provisions for sanctions and the obligations under the as they were settled in past ages but by legal and pacific means. treaties referred to, will make more certain that the renuncia And so nations will devise methods to observe peace and settle tion of war will be effective in promoting peace and that the controversies. sett1ement of controversies by pacific means will, with more I advert to the question heretofore alluded to, namely, that certainty, be realized. Germany is a member of the league and the claim is made that this treaty contains exceptions which, is a party to the Locarno pact. Her interest in the league is in the aggregate, devitalize the treaty and render it wholly great, and her association with members of the league is adding worthless as an agency for preventing war and establishing to her prestige and power. All members of the league regard peace. The treaty is criticized because as interpreted it ex it as an active and powerful force for the happiness and security cepts defensive wars, and yet we .have not so far advanced in of the world. international morality and Christian sentiment as to agree to Much time has l:;>een devoted to the interpretative notes of abolish the right of self-defense. We all know that a solemn the British Government. The purpose of the notes is to advise agreement for its abolition would not always be observed. If, the signatocies to the treaty, that the British Government has 1 • however, international agencies were set up with the consent obligations under the league and the Locarno pact which it may and approval of the world, with positive authority and jurisdic not avoid, and that for the protection of the Empire and in its tion over all controversies, I believe there would be few occa defense, it has vital interests in various parts of the world. sions when a nation would rebel against the decisions of such Whether the United States signs the treaty or not, Great Britain agencies. regards herself as having these obligations. Is it just to criticize nations, as has been done during the This treaty does not require that the United States recognize debate, which have entered into solemn engagements for the the various interpretations placed by the members of the League preservation of peace, because when they adhere to the Kellogg of Nations upon the Versailles treaty, nor does it make any treaty they declare their purpose to carry out existing obliga commitments, as to what if any obligations Great Britain has tions? The members of the League of Nations believe that with respect to various possessions and territories in different sanctions may be necessary to enforce peace, or, at any rate, to parts of the world. We are not interpreting the Versailles treaty prevent war. Do we desire to have members of the league or the Locarno pact or the treaties of neutrality. This treaty repudiate their obligations and undermine the integrity and does not interpret the treaties or define obligations thereunder authority of the league? any more than it attempts to define what is self-defense or In my opinion the League of Nations is the g1:eatest organiza what steps must be taken by a nation in order to protect itself. tion in the world to-day for the promotion of world peace. I This treaty rests upon the good faith, upon the honor and am not in ac-cord with those who denounce the league and de integrity of nations. '.I'reaties which require that upon the hap clare that the terms of the provisions of the Versailles treaty pening of certain contingencies one or more of the signatories are so unjust that the treaty must be scrapped and destroyed. shall engage in military operations must, in the final analysis, It is conceded that the Versailles treaty contains some unfair rest upon the good faith of the nations signing the treaties. and perhaps unjust provisions. What treaty ever written did Treaties calling for punitive action and for the application of not? The situation following the World War finds no parallel sanctions, fundamentally rest, as I have stated, upon the good in the history of the world. The problems confronting those faith and honor of the nations signing them. If Great Britain who had the responsibilitr of drafting a treaty exceeded the conceives that she has duties under the Locarno pact or the burdens resting upon any treaty makers. Most of the world had Versailles treaty, the performance of which is not in conflict been in the war. Peoples for centuries had been submerged; with her obligations under this treaty, we can not insist that nations had been destroyed and their territory partitioned. she abandon what she conceives to be her obligations under Peoples had been conquered and brought under sovereignties those treaties. Perhaps there are persons in the United States and governments not of their own choice. Alsace-Lorraine had who desire that Great Britain withdraw from India or from been taken from France. Poland had been dismembered. Mil South Africa or Australia or, for that matter, from Canada; lions of the Serb race had been incorporated into the Austrian and yet we know that such a course is not probable and that if Empire. The Turk had superimposed his cruel authority upon adopted the results might be injurious. It might not be con Christian peoples who e territories had been ravished and ducive to the peace and welfare of the world. whose people had been slaughtered. Geographical and ethnic Certain it is that for the present no treaty is possible which lines had been disregarded and cruel wrongs and injustices had in terms denies the right of the signatories thereto to defend been perpetrated by autocratic governments upon many races their vital interests in their respective countries. Would it be within many European nations. wise for Great Britain to abandon India? Do the people 0f Decla1·ations had been made by the allied nations during the Australia., New Zealand, or Canada, or, for that matter, the war that the peace terms should embody provisions rectifying people of the world, desire Great Britain to renounce all con some of the wrongs and injustices under which the people suf nection with these countries? It is believed that if some of the fered. The populations of central Europe were so intermixed British dominions ~re to set up independent goYernments and that it was humanly impossible to prepare a treaty that would renounce their allegiance to the King, it might result in an meet every situation and do exact justice to all. It was certain international situation harmful to the world. that no treaty, no matter by whom prepared, would contain pro Is there any desire in the United States that Germany with visions satisfactory to all. I may add that the paramount rea draw from the treaty guaranteeing the neutrality of Belgium? son which led Woodrow Wilson to so tenaciously cling to the These treaties, as well as the covenant of the League of Na idea of a League of Nations was the knowledge that any treaty, tions, are believed to be in the interest of security; and, im prepared when the atmosphere of war had not been cleared and perfect as they are, they are conducive to world peace. when the fears and animosities resulting from the war were still Why then object to these "exceptions" stated in the inter in the hearts and minds of the people, would contain some in pretative notes? Most of the arguments against the treaty are justices which in time must be removed. He believed that such arguments against the 1eague, and the other treaties which have rectification should come through _councils of the nations and been referred to. through agencies set up by them rather than by the sword. Certainly the American people do not desire, as a condition Who is there bold enough to say that he could have written precedent to becoming parties to the Kellogg treaty, that all a better treaty and could have met the situation in a better other treaties should be scrapped. This treaty will strengthen manner? The league is accepted by the peoples of Europe, and the otner treaties, and they add to the strength of this treaty. they would regard its impairment or destruction with the They seek the security of the peoples of the world and tend gravest apprehension. It is to them a tower of strength, a to prevent the lighti1:1g of the fires of war and the devastation protecting agency, a rock, and a fortress under the walls of wrought by international conflicts. If the anctions of the which they seek and find refuge. league deter nations from war, then such sanctions are factors 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1723 contributing to the fulfillment of the terms of the Kellogg feared that if the machinations of the Holy Alliance were treaty. executed the safety of this Republic would be jeopardized and It is no objection to this treaty that the league and the the liberty of the American people imperiled. Locarno pact tend to preserve the status quo. The nations · The European system of government was regarded by Monroe within the league and within the pacts referred to desire the and the American people as dangerous to free institutions and maintenance of the s~tus quo until by peaceful means .rectifi republican forms of government. They believed that if the prin catiop. can be made and injustices removed. If boundaries fixed ciples of the Holy Alliance were carried out in Latin America in the Versailles treaty. should be changed, it were better that the security of this Republic would be endangered. They be the change come through negotiation and the employment of lieved that this Republic stood as a great sentinel guarding the agencies set up by the nations than by the sword upon the way of liberty and democracy and that the fastening upon bloody battle fields. One only has to examine conditions in Latin America of an autocratic system regnant in Europe would Europe to. see the progress which has been made toward Euro jeopardize the existence of this Republic and mena ce the free pean peace since the Versailles treaty was signed. dom of American citizens. The Monroe doctrine as conceived M ONROE DOCTRINE was to safeguard the United States from the machinations of It has been insisted that before the Senate ratifies the treaty the Holy Alliance and from the encroachments of European there should be an exception in favor of the Monroe doctrine. I powers in the Western Hemisphere. agree entirely wlth Secretary Kellogg and Mr. BoRAH that the As stated by Prof. W. R. Shepherd- right of self-defense is inherent in nations and that the treaty Throughout the message of Monroe * • * there runs like a red does not invalidate or vitiate that right. I agree with them thread one connecting idea and purpose--the defense of the United that the right of self-defense comprehends all legitimate and States against aggression from overseas. No strain of altruism is there;· honest measures necessary for the protection of the United no trace of a desire to do more than to qefend what was justly ours; States and its vital interests. The Monroe doctrine, as properly no thought of doing .anything other than protect the national interests interpreted, has been regarded by many as an essential feature of the United States and them alone. • • • or part of the necessary program of self-defense. But our Government can not, under the guise of self-defense, so interpret 1\!r. John W. Foster, ope of America's statesmen, stated that the Monroe doctrine as to constitute it an engine of offense the primary object of the Monroe doctrine was-- or oppression. * * * to prevent the permanent occupation by European nations of In the interest of accuracy I might add that the right of any territory of the American States or the overthrow of their political self-defense may be limited. A nation may limit by treaty institutions. • • • many of its sovereign rights. It may limit its military es- He also stated that various administrations have declared tablishment and the number of its battleships. It may limit that- rights which come within the category of self-defense. So that • • the statement that the right of self-defense is inherent and in- • European governments are free to make war upon the AIDer- alienable and can not be waived, needs some qualification. To ican States or to resort to force to support their complaints, provided what ext~nt the right of self-defense or protection can be limited, they observe the two conditions stated as to territory and political I do not pretend to say. institutions. • • • Under the Monroe doctrine the United States can not carry Mr. President, I have heard the statement upon a number of out imperialistic policies or impose upon Latin America unjust occasions in the Senate that intervention by any foreign country measures. That it has been perverted and misinterpreted and in Latin America would be a violation of the Monroe doctrine. misapplied no one can deny. In my opinion, that view is erroneous and if persisted in will I agree with statements of Mr. Kirby Page, editor of the World lead to unfortunate complications. Tomorrow in his excellent article on "The Monroe Doctrine and Mr. Foster, in one of his statements, referred to the act of World Peace" that the use of marines and gunboats to the Spain in 1864 in declaring war against Peru and Chile, and adds extent that they have been employed by the United States in that- Nicaragua and Haiti would be a violation of the terms of the • • after having received assurances from Spain that it bad no treaty, which calls for the settlement of all disputes or conflicts intention to reannex those Republics or to subvert their political system, through pacific means. In my opinion, the United States was Secretary Seward • * • instructed our ministers that "we con not acting under the Monroe doctrine in carrying on military cede to every nation the right to make peace or war, for E!uch causes operations in those countries, nor can its conduct be justified. other than political or ambitious, as it thillks right and wise." • • • There have been too many cases of intervention under the pretext of enforcing the Monroe doctrine, and this has prevented Mr. Foster states that in 1860 Secretary Cass informed the the growth and development of that spirit of amity and friend- French representative in Washington- ship which should bind Latin America and the United States • • • that the United States did not call in question the right of together. In view of the contradictory interpretations of the France to compel the Government of Mexico, by force if necessary, to do Monroe doctrine and the evils which have resulted therefrom, it justice. • * • and by reason of various acts under these interpretations, it is Mr. Foster also refers to the incident of the Governments of not to be won dered at that in some Latin-American States there Great Britain, France, and Spain approaching the United is no enthusiasm for the Monroe doctrine. The fact is tbat the States- Monroe doctrine is differently interpreted by the people of the United States and by those holding positions in various depart • with a view to securing its joint action with them in a mili ments of the Government. tary expedition to compel Mexico to satisfy their complaints for the I submit that there is no agreement among Americans as to murder of their subjects and the destruction of their property. • what the Monroe doctrine is. Recently communications were However, this proposition was declined, but Secretary Seward sent to hundreds of leading citizens of the United States asking said that the President- their views upon the Monroe doctrine. The contrariety of views did not question that the sovereigns represented have undoubted right was somewhat astonishing, and yet it is not to be wondered at to decide for themselves the fact whether they have sustained griev~ when there have been so many misinterpretations and so many ances, and to resort to war against Mexico for redress, and have a right political and partisan interpretations in the United States of a also to levy war severally or jointly. • • • doctrine or principle which, as originally announced, was clear and definite. Mr. Foster also states that a similar attitude was assumed by The conditions existing throughout the world immediately the United States when, in 1902, the British, German, and Italian before and prior to the announcement of the Monroe doctrine Governments sent a naval expedition to Venezuela to enforce the are different from those obtaining now. The doctrine of legiti claims of their subjects, and he adds : macy prevailed in Europe; autocratic governments ruled the • • • that many other instances may be cited for the forcible inter people. A political system existed which opposed democratic ference of European governments with American countries to redress institutions and the spirit of liberty througbout the world. the complaints of their subjects: The H oly Alliance sought to place an oppressive system, not only upon the peoples of Europe but the inhabitants of most of the France in 1838 blockaded the ports of Mexico as an act of Western Hemisphere. redress for unsatisfied demands. In 1842 and 1844 Great Britain I do not assent to the position taken by the Senator from blockaded the ports of Nicaragua. In 1851 she blockaded the California [Mr. SHORTRIDGE] this morning that we were m()ti whole coast of Salvador; in 1862 and 1863 seized Brazilian ves vated in the announcement of the Monroe doctrine by altruism, sels in Brazilian waters as acts of reprisal ; and in 1895 resorted by a desire to protect the South American Republics. We were to force to bring about a settlement of certain demands against moved by a desire to protect the United States, because we Nicaragua. .1724 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENA_TE JANUARY 15 Prof. John Bassett Moore has tabulated a list of armed inter Secreta_ry Seward, in a letter to our minister in Austria on ventions in Central and South America by European powers September 11, 1863, said : and states (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. II, p. 26) : • • • when France made war against Mexico we asked of France We have not assumed to forbid European powers to settle their explanations of her objects and purpose. She answered that it was a quarrels with American States by the use of force any more than we war for the redress of grievances; that she did not intend to perma have hesitated to do so ourselves. nently occupy or dominate Mexico; and that she should leave to the He refers to the letter to Secretary Cass to our minister people of Mexico a free choice of institutions of government. Under in Spain October 21, lt!58, as follows: these circumstances the United States adopted and they have since maintained entire neutrality between the belligerents in harmony with • • • with respect to the causes or war between Spain and Mexico, the traditional policy in regard to foreign wars. the United States have no concern and do not undertake to judge them. Nor do they claim to interpose in any hostilities which may Under the Monroe doctrine as properly interpreted by 1\ir. take place. Their policy of observation and interference is limited to Seward in Mr. Lincoln's administration we stood by and saw the permanent subjugation of any portion of the territory of Mexico or Mexico invaded, as other South American countries were in of another American State to any European power whatever. vaded, for the purpose not of permanently annexing territory but of redressing grievance which the European nations be Yet, Mr. President, in the face of these clear declarations of lieved they had sustained because of the improper policy and the limitations of the Monro·e doctrine, some Americans, with conduct of some of the South American States. · an arrogance not to be justified, have so expanded the Monroe Secretary Fish, in a report to the President dated July 14, doctrine as to make the United States a sort of protector of 1870, pointed out that the policy of the United Stat~ all Latin-American countries. Those countries have not asked us to protect them. We have solemnly affirmed over and over * • • does not contemplate forcible intervention in any legitimate again that they are inde-Pendent states, and that small states contest, but it protests against permitting such a contest to result in have the same rights in the forum of international relations the increase of European power or influence. • • and international law as have the large and powerful states. That is, on the Western Hemisphere. When we gather around the table with the Pan American Secretary John Sherman in 1897 declined to intervene in the States to discuss Pan American problems, each of the states of conflict between Germany and Haiti when German war hips Costa Rica, San Salvador, and Haiti has the same rights and were sent to the ports of Haiti. Secretary Sherman wrote to the srune number of votes in the determination of Pan American our minister in Haiti that- problems and questions as has the United States. Unfortunately • • • This Government is not under any obligation to become there are Americans who disregard the rights of these sovereign involved in the constantly recurring quarrels of the Republics of this nations and pervert the Monroe doctrine, the result of which has hemisphere with other States. The Monroe doctrine, to which you refer, been the creation of resentments and animosities which militate is wholly inapplicable to the case, and the relations and interests of against the peace and friendship which should exist between this Government with its neighbors are not benefited by erroneous con South and Central America and the United States. ceptions of the scope of the policy announced by President Monroe Mr. President, I have here, apropos of the statement just and since strictly followed. made, some articles from the Chicago Daily News. I read just a sentence or two from an article written from Buenos Later, Secretary Sherman wrote to our mini ter in Haiti: Aires, by Mr. John W. White, who has been making a study of • • • You certainly should not proceed on the hypothesis that it the economic and political conditions of South America, and par is the duty of the United States to protect its American neighbors from ticularly with reference to the relations between South the responsibility which attend the exercise of independent sovereignty. American States and the United States. In one of his articles . I believe that Pre ident Roosevelt's message to Congress in Mr. White says : 1901 contained a statement which was within the Monroe American prestige in South America has been lessened almost to the doctrine: vanishing point as a result of the lack of centralized control in the direc We do not guarantee any state against punishment if it misconducts tion of our foreign relations. Most of the bitterness that exists in South itself, provided that punishment does not take the form of tlle acqulsi· America to-day against the United States and its people arises from tion of territory by any non-American power. the entrance into the foreign field of several organs of the American Government which snare none of the responsibility of the State Depart I should have added, Mr. President, when I was quoting from ment for maintaining internationai good will. Secretary Foster that he said: • • • • • The other misconceptions as to the functions of the Monroe ·doctrine, To observers in South America it is apparent that the United States which were based upon the false conception that the United States does i is proceeding with the development of a system which threatens to not permit force to be used by European governments and that we must ; break down the effective control of America's foreign relations, with undertake the enforcement of their just claims against l\Iexico or other serious effect upon American business. A frequent question asked by disorderly American Republics. American business men at their lunch tables in Buenos Aires, Rio, San tiago, and other South American Republics, is " Who's running our He stated that- Government, anyway?" • • • from the language of that doctrine as announced by President If I may pause to reply to this question, I would say that Monroe we can draw no such mandate, and history of our relations with the American States shows that such a procedu1·e on our part would be many persons believe that trusts and monopolies and business unjust if not impracticable. interests exercise great influence in our domestic and foreign ; policies, and powerfully affect our industrial and economic life. He further added that- Is it Secretary Jardine with his prohibitions against South American • • it is likewise a misconception of the doctrine to assert that meat and agricultural products? Is it Hoover with his pronouncements it is our duty to interfere by force with the administration of the against rubber and coffee monopolies while he is supporting a cotton a.lfairs of other American Republics, when they fall into anarchy through monopoly? Is it Davis, demanding that South American emigration their oft-recurring revolutions. to the nited States be put on a quota basis? Yet we have done that repeatedly. 'Ve went into Nicaragua • • Or is it the Department of State? quite recently without justification and carried on military oper- Then, the writer proceeds to say: • ations and by force superimposed the will of the United States This is not an academic question. upon that Republic. The11, he adds : Mr. President, notwithstanding Mr. Roosevelt's earlier atti tude toward the Monroe doctrine, I regret to say he later It requires only American marines in Nicaragua or some other politi changed his position and misinterpreted the Monroe doctrine. cal action by the United States to fan this ill will into a flame of In his annual message in 1904 he uses this language : hostility. Street meetings are held every day in some pa1·t of Buenos Aires to denounce the United States, and on more than one occasion • • Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a attempts have been made to organize hostile demonstrations against the general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as American Embassy. elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the I shall not con ume the time of the Senate to read further Monroe doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in from these interesting articles, and from many others which I flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an haYe, appearing in I.atin-.A.merican papers, as well as in books international police power. and papers published in the United States. These publications are criticisms of the United States in its treatment of Latin Why, Mr. President, under that broad statement the United American States and its recent perverted interpretation of the States could tak.e possession of any of the South Am'erican Monroe doctrine. Republics when, according to our standards of justice and of 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. '1725 the duties of governments, the ties that should bind peoples prosperity, and when the Spanish-American War came, and ended In were loosened and those countries did not approximate the victory, they were strengthened in national spirit .and the feeling of standard of national and international morality which we think national unity. - should be observed. He refers to the surplus capital seeking foreign markets and This was in fact a declaration that the United States assumed the extent of investments in the Southern Continent. He claims a protectorate over Latin Amelica and would exercise a police that during the last 20 years the people of the United States power for the preservation of order, the United States being have invested in Latin America more than $4,210,000,000. Dur the authority to determine what standard of order was to be ing this period Professor Barreda states that the Monroe doc maintained. This erroneous position and this extended view of trine has been corrupted and distorted in such an extraordinary the Monroe doctrine unfortunately has been followed more or manner that both its interpretation and its application have no less since then. We have prevented even temporary interven connection at all with the policy originally stated by President tion by European and other powers, and where foreign lives Monroe. He states that a study of the various cases of the and property have been endangered the United States has felt modern interpretation and application of the doctrine during obliged to intervene. Mr. Page says there have been 30 arJ?ed the last 20 years makes it clear that it has been employed in interventions in Latin-American countries since the Sparush the following ways: American War. Prof. J. W. Garner, in his American Foreign Policies, states (1) In cases of internal political strife or revolution in Latin-Ameri that- can countries, the Government of the United States assumes the right to declare which is the constit utional party to be supported by the • • if Monroe were alive to-day he would be quite unable to military and naval power of the United States. recognize the policy which still bears his honored name but which is (2) When the conclusion is reached that a Latin-American country not in fact his offspring. is not able to maintain an independent and competent government to This p€rversion of the Monroe doc trin~ is resented by Latin keep order and discharge its international obligations the United American countries. Mr. Page quotes one editor, who states States assumes the right to take political and economic control of such that it is- country. (3) The United States assumes the right to intervene in the political • • • the shield and buckler of the United States aggression; 1t is a sword suspended by a hair over the Latin continent. government and economic administration of a debtor nation in Latin America to enforce and secure the cancellation of public debts. A writer in Foreign Affairs stated that- ( 4) The United States Government assumes the right to intervene in an overlordship on the part of their great northern sister is the internal affairs of Latin-American countries when, in its opinion,· to-day infinitely more :feared by the Latin Republics than is any danger political or economic ideas may · endanger the private interests of from European imperialism. American citizens. (5) The fixed attitude of the United States that the definition, inter Writers have pointed to the fact that it was a danger to the pretation, and application of the Monroe doctrine are its exclusive United States to a s~ ume a position of guardianship over Latin concern. American Republics, and that its assertion of the right to super vise their internal and police force would lead to reckless finan He declares that the deformations of the Monroe doctrine cial undertakings with European investors and, indeed, Amer lack the essential character of Monroeism ; that is, defense ican investors, based upon the assumption that the United against European intervention with a view to aggression and to States would protect them in their defaults when pressed for the subjugation of American countries and the annexation of settlement by European creditors. There should be more and American soil by European nations. more a collective responsibility for preserving the freedom and Mr. President, be further states that this interpretation sets encouragement of American countries. Many years ago a the South against the North. All these interpretations are con writer in the Forum stated that the current interpretation of tradictory to the advice not only of Monroe but of such states the Monroe doctrine frequently left the citizens of this country men as Washington and John Quincy Adams. Monroe's message "inebriated with superabundant patriotism." he quotes as follows : Doctor Rowe 14 years ago stated that the words "Monroe Every people have a right to institute for themselves the government doctrine " have cast a kind of spell over the American people, which, 'in their judgment, may suit them best. .and that thi fact has precluded and still precludes a calm, dis passionate consideration of our international relations. That was Monroe's view. Unfortunately that view has not We must abandon the interpretation accepted quite recently always been adhered to by the United States in its dealings which connotes new policies, including the so-called police with Latin America. power in the Caribbean Sea. Every international conflict between two or more Ameri Prof. Filipe Barreda, of the University of San Marcos, Lima, can States, according to the view of Professor Barreda, should Peru in. an article in Current History for March, 1927, declares be settled by arbitration or by the World Court or by suitable that 'he found among Latin-American writers on the Monroe instrnmentalities that may be set up for that purpose. doctrine a startling misinterpretation of the facts. He states Mr. President, I felt constrained to give more attention, that it is a common mistake among the people of the United perhaps, than I should have done to a discussion of the Monroe States to appeal to the Monroe doctrine as _a ready excuse to doctrine becituse of the constant assertions made here and justify armed intervention and political interference in Latin· elsewhere that the :Monroe doctrine gives to the United States American countries in behalf of commercial and industrial the right to interfere in Latin-American affairs, to collect debts enterprises. which may be due to American citizens-and, for that matter, Mr. President, the United States by force went into Haiti to citizens of European nations-and to assume a protectorate because Americans had made investments there · which they over these Republics. That such a doctrine would prove offen sought to protect and consolidate-through the interposition of sive to independent nations and to spirited and patriotic peoples the United States. We went into Nicaragua because Amerfcan must be obvious to everyone. We have declared, through the investors and capitalists were there. We have used our mouth of a great President, that the right of self-determination marine , our Army, and our Navy in Latin-American Republics belongs to nations and to peoples. May I say that the right because of economic penetration and American investments. of self-determination is essentially and fundamentally the right The e erroneous conceptions lead to misunderstanding and of humanity. People have the right to set up governments the growth of suspicion and animosity between the United giving to them such form as to them seems best. States and Latin America. Professor Barreda declares that the Mr. President, I am for the peace treaty that is before us. I l\fonroe doctrine was a declaration for the protection of the shall vote for it believing that it will contribute to world peace. United States and its commerce and industries against European Mr. President, I wish we would think more of peace and less intrigues at a particular moment of American histort, and of war. I wish we would remember that this is a Christian that in that sense it was interpreted from 1823 until the Mc Nation, that its mission is to promote peace and world unity. Kinley administration, at which period the doctrine was dis We recently commemorated the birth of the Prince of Peace, torted and given a new meaning. He further states that during and millions proclaimed their fealty to His Divine authority. the first period the Monroe doctrine referred to the protection This treaty is in ~nsonance with the spirit of the Master. It is of the two Americas against European interference or threat an avowal of the desire of this Nation to contribute to that ened invasions, and that under this interpretation South Amel-i coming day when there will be- peace on earth and good will can Republics regarded it at this period as a system of Pan toward men. Let us promptly ratify this treaty. American protection of the highest moral value. He proceeds : Mr. HEFLIN. Mr. President, I think we are about to reach • * but by the time President McKinley had been elected the a vote on the peace treaty. I sincerely trust that we will vote Colossus of the North bad grown in statute and was rich, strong, and upon it to-day. I think that this is a very auspicious occasion abounding in vitality. The American people rejoked in their increasing for the United States, the greatest Government in all the world, 1726 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANU.ARY 15 to join with the other nations in an effort to promote peace and powerful instrument to enable them to prevent the outbreak of prevent war. · war. The time was when war was the sport and plaything of kings, But no treaty, no league, no organization of any kind can an instrument of greed and conquest. We are told that once insm·e world peace unless it does two things : First, abolishes upon a time two kings fell out at a banquet, both of them intoxi great navies and compulsory military service, and second, cated, and in a few days their armies were fighting in the field pledges every nation to a war referendum, except in cases of to settle what one considered was an insult offered by the other. attack or invasion. I recognize that this ideal can not be at It would have been infinitely better for the two drunken kings tained at once, but I hope that this treaty may be the first step if they could have shot it out between themselves and spared the in the program that will ultimately lead to the adoption of such lives of the innocent boys whom they bad murdered on the field measures by the great nations of the world that will make war of battle. impossible. I rejoice that the time has come in the history of the world I favor this treaty because I believe it may be used ultimately when war is being outlawed, when the intelligent, upstanding to bring about the condition I have mentioned. When a treaty nations are frowning upon war, when they are all turning their renounces war and pledges nations to seek settlement of disputes attention to the halls of peace and seeking to have their diffi by pacific means, it voices the sentiment of the masses of the culties and their disagreements settled there and not upon the plain people of all the civilized nations of the earth. They de fields of carnage. mand peace as never before. They want peace that is based Mr. President, I rejoice that the time has come when two not on force and fear, but upon reason and justice, and, most nations having a dispute, one with the other, are willing to of all, public opinion. submit their cause to arbitration, that their differences may be The greatest challenge to the statesmanship of the world to settled and their difficulties adjusted without the shedding of day is the formulation of a plan whereby nations may settle their blood and the killing of human beings. disputes honorably without resorting to the organized assassina John Ruskin, one of the brightest minds ever produced in tion and murder known as war. The peace movement is in England, drew· a picture of 30 young men selected in England politics in this world as it has never been previously in history. and 30 in France. They had been trRined in many lines of use The League of Nations, the Locarno agreement, the Paris pact ful work....:_teachers, mechanics, and farmers. They were taken are all the imperfect results of the efforts of statesmen of our away from home and loved ones, away from useful occupations time to act in harmony with a world-wide demand for· permanent and were sent to a given point and fed until a certain day when peace. Nations can no longer afford war. It destroys the victor they were arrayed against the other 30 men, and the command as well as the vanquished. Vast international investments and given to fire. In a moment's time 60 strong and useful men the development of trade and commerce make peace more prof- were dead-60 CO!'PSes, for friends and loved ones to weep over. itable tban war. · and then to be buried in the ground. For the first time in history the millions of common men and - Mr. President, I rejoice that the time has come when the women who toil are able to think for - themselves. The ever life of the boy who might be killed in war is of great concern increasing number of scientific inventions and scientific devices to thoughtful statesmen. We are no longer willing for an are freeing men and women from backbreaking toil and giving ambitious ruler to marshal his hosts and go out to war with them time and energy to think. The intelligent people of all another power in order to increase his power and tenitorial civilized nations are demanding that peace shall be maintained, possessions or to bring military glory to himself. We are tired and unless it is maintained there are large numbers of people and sick of those things. If this Nation is not ready now to in the world who think that those who lead their country into join in a movement for the promotion of peace in the world, ~a.r are more deserving of being shot than those placed in the pray tell me' what would it take to bring it to that state of armies which they are supposed to fight. Make no mistake mind? When the World War ended it was costing this Nation about it; we live in a different time and a different age. Scien a million dollars an hour. When that war was finally ended it ti.fic inventions, scientific methods, chemistry, have all com had cost the nations of the earth $250,000,000,000, half the bined to bring the nations of the world into the relationship wealth of all the world. When that war ended it had murdered of neighbors and make war both contagious and noncontrollable. 10,000,000 young men. It had killed more men than all the When once it is started it almost surely will become world wide. wars of all the world. It had cost more money than !lll the Wise man fear it. Airplanes, radios, and other modern devices wars of the world. are continually making the people of all parts of the earth War is so costly and the ~mplements of war are so dangerous more closely associated and better known to· each other. States and deadly now that something has got to be done to prevent men of the world must recognize this cb'ndition and meet it by another war like the one through which we passed from 1914 to the adoption of methods by which nations C'an settle their dis 1918, because it would destroy civilization and consume the putes peacefully. wealth of the world. 'Var iR a cruel, brutal, barbarous, and I "have liste·ned to many of the speeches made here expressing murderous thing. In its wake are broken hearts, and ruined the fear of the results that would follow the ratification of the homes. Its path is drenched with human blood and paved with treaty. dead men's bones. We ought, Mr. President, . to join heartily For my part I have but little sympathy with the labored lan with other nations in an effort to put war down and to promote guage of diplomats who technically split hairs, who endeavor to peace, blessed peace, in the world. I want to close with a prove that an agreement designed to settle our disputes peace petition uttered by another : fully binds us to go to war with some nation. I believe that Sow thou the seeds o! happy peace, when the statesmen of the world in the future read this treaty AU evils drive from us afar, they will place upon its terms the natural interpretation of the And bid the rage and tumult cease words it contains. Of hateful war. For my part I can conceive of no act more recreant to the trust of a people who long for peace than to do anything that Mr. DILL. Mr. President, I favor the ratification of the would even tend to prevent the ratification and publication to treaty without reservations or interpretations. 'Vhen the prime the world of this Nation's purpose and desire to join with any ministers of the signatory nations exchanged their diplomatic other nation which is willing to join in the working out of notes regarding the treaty they fixed its status as an interna methods and plans that will maintain peace. I rejoice in the tional document so far as anything outside the language of the purpose of those who wrote the treaty and shall support it treaty can affect it. The Senate can not change the meaning of wholeheartedly and enthusiastically. the treaty now. The Senate may make reservations and inter Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a pretations that will serve to weaken it or to narrow its applica quorum. tion to this country or to limit or restrict our Government's The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. use of it. But to all such proposals I am unalterably opposed. The•legislative clerk called the roll, and the following Senators This treaty is the first international peace arrangement be answered to their names : tween the great world powers given to mankind that does not AsbUL'st Caraway Glenn L a F ollet te depend upon force or have force in the background.· It is true Barkley Copeland Greene Larrazolo the Scandinavian countries have signed treaties between them Ba yard Couzens Hale McKellar selves that absolutely outlaw and abolish war between them Bingham Curtis Harris McMast er mack Deneen Harrison McNary selves. I wish those treaties could be extended and made to Blaine Dill Bastings Mayfield include the world powers that have immense armies and navies Blease Edwards Hawes Metcalf Borah F ess , Hayden Mol:j es that dominate the eart h. Such an arrangement seems impossible Bratton Fletcher Beilin Neely at present. This treaty will not prevent war unless those in Brookhart li' raz.ier Johnson or beck control of the governments signatories to it are determined to Broussard George Jones Norris If it Bruce Gerry Kendrick Nye maintain peace. be the desire of those in· control of the Burton Gillett Keyes Oddie Government when this treaty is in effect, it can be made a. ~ost Capper Glass King Overman 1929 CONGR.ESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ~i727 Phipps Sheppard Stephens Wagner Ransdell Sbipstead Swanson Walsh, Muss . . to make this treaty something more than a mere gesture, some Reed, l\Io. Shortridge Thomas, Idaho Walsh, Mont. thing more than transcendental in wo-rds only. I propose to Heed, Pa. Simmons Thomas, Okla. Warren test the sincerity of statesmen and diplomats. If the text of Robinson, Ind. Smoot Trammell Waterman Sackett Steck Tydings this treaty implies nothing excepting the plain language of the Schall Steiwer Vandenberg treaty, if there are no conditions or reservations subjoined to 1\fr, LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I have been requested the treaty, if the treaty is a renouncement of war, then let us to announce that the Senator from Montana [Mr. WHEELER] say so in plain language. If the treaty does not renounce war, and the Senator from Oklahoma [1\fr. PINE] are detained in a then why make a pious pretense? meeting of the Committee on Indian Affairs. . Therefore, Mr. President, I submit the resolution that when The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-two Senators haying an the Senate of the United States shall advise and consent to the swered to their names, a quorum is present. multilateral treaty now pending in the Senate, it is done with Mr. BORAH. 1\Ir. President, I presume I should have stated and in consideration of the understanding that any condition or before calling for a quorum that I was asking for the call for reservation contained in the diplomatic notes exchanged during the purpose of submitting a proposed unanimous-consent agree negotiations for the treaty shall not imply any admission of any ment. ·I now ask that we m-ay not have to call a quorum again reserve made in connection therewith and not a part of the text p.nder the rule; that this calling of a quorum may be regarded of the treaty; and I move the adoption of that resolution. as a compliance with the rule for the purpose of submitting a l\fr. BORAH. Mr. President, I hope this resolution will not unanimous-consent agreement. • be adopted. It is, in my judgment at least, an attempt to effectuate a reservation-a reservation in a note by the British The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Government. Mr. BLAINE. 1\lr. President, aft;er consul~ation with the Senator from Idaho [Mr. BoRAH] for the purpose of expediting I have stated before what I understand to be the purport a vote upon the pending treaty, it has been suggested that the of the note to which the Senator from Wisconsin refers. It resolution that I offered a few days ago and debated might well is a ,statement upon the part of the British Government of that be disposed of before a unanimous-consent agreement for a vote which the British Government have understood to be explicitly shall be entered into. Therefore having no desire to be an in the treaty. I am· riot_going to discuss it; but I desire to put obstructionist, having been ready and willing to vote upon this in the RECORD in connection with this resolution the statement treaty many days ago, I do not want at this time to reiterate of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the British Government what I said in the.debate on the treaty last week. I now desire in the House of Commons when discussing this specific matter. formally to offer another resolution, in the nature of a reserva He says: tion, to be subjoined to the treaty following Artide II. The honorable gentleman· found fault with the wording of my .note The resolution ·which I am about to offer. differs from the with respect to the passage dealing with self-defense. He appeared to resolution which I offered last week, -which resolution is upon think that there was something which I had added, and that .it had the Secretary's desk and has been printed. That 1·esolution re no parallel in the American note. Let me call his attention to Com ferred to paragraph 10 of the British note of May 19, 1928. mand Paper 3153, Document No. 1, in page 2. At the bottom of the 'Dhe purpose of that resolution ,-vas to make it clear to the page there is a paragraph in which Mr. Atherton is instructed to call world that America does not propose to admit by inference, by attention to a speech whi<::h Mr. Keilogg had made before the American implication or by silence that the British Empire has the in Society of Internation~f Law. He quotes from it: he-rent right to rule ove-r one-quarter of the area of the habitable " Self-defense: * * * The right is inherent in every sovereign globe and to dominate one-quarter of the people of the world state and is implicit in every treaty. Every nation is free at all - without their consent. I am not going to discuss that question times, and regardless of treaty provisions, to defend its territories from now. I covered it fully in the debate the other day. I have attack or invasion, and it alone is competent to decide whether circlilll not been convinced by any argument I have heard in- this stances require recourse to war in self-defense. If it bas a good case, Chamber that my conclusions then were in error. I endeavored the world will applaud and not condemn its action." to· arrive at the conclusions set forth in that debate after what I The Secre-tary for Foreign Affairs further states : believed to be a thorough study of the proble-m. It was my conclusion then and it is my conclusion now that paragraph 10 The honorable member will see that everything that was in my note of the British note of May 19, 1928, is, in effect, a reservation is not merely implicit but explicit in the note which was handed to to the pending treaty and that the British Government joins in me by the American charg(! d'affaires. * • I venture to think this tre-aty o-nly upon the express understanding that her that it does no good to put about those exaggerated suspicions, and that allege-d claims shall be recognized. it will be much more helpful to say what is the fact, that our doctrine I know it bas been contended that Great Britain has the right is exactly comparable to that of the American Government, that it is not to do what she expresses in her note quite regardless of any a doctrine of aggression, that it is not a desire for territorial expansion, thing the Senate may do. I do not propose to recognize, how but a pure measure in self-defense necessitated by the geographical ever, this new-found British doctrine of imperialism. I am position of the empire. convinced that in future years if the situation ever arises where It is my contention, and I think now conceded, that the right Great Britain may :find it to her benefit, may find it -to her in of self-defense is fully retained in the treaty, and that· each terest, to invoke this new doctrine of imperialism, America will nation must determine for itself what constitutes its right of be in honor bound to recognize that doctrine. self-defense and the extent of it. That is what the British note We are about to join in this treaty. We shall do so with our undertook to do. In my judgment it was wholly unnecessary, eyes wide open. We know the notice that Great Britain has but it neither adds anything to nor takes anything from the served upon the world. We can not, in my opinion, adhere to treaty. this treaty without by the same token admitting the full effect The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the of the British note. Moreover, Mr. President, we can not in the resoiution offered by the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. BLAINE], future, unless we strip ourselves of honor, deny all that the which will be read. - - British note implies. Therefore America proposes to tie her The Chief Clerk read the resolution, as follows: future course to that of Great Britain in the acknowledgment of an imperialism that challenges not only America but chal Resolved, That when the Senate of the United States shall advise lenge-s as well the right of independence of subjected people. and consent to the .multilateral treaty, now pending in the Senate, it is The guns at Bermuda and in the Caribbean Sea, under the direc done with and in consideration of the understanding that any cou_dition tion of the British Government, then will continue to point at or reservation contained in the diplomatic notes exchanged during nego America more menacingly than they do to-day. tiations for the treaty shall not imply any admission of any reserve So, 1\fr. President, I shall offer this resolution, not Jimiting made in connection therewith and not a part of the text of the treaty. it to paragraph 10 of the British no-te alone but rather broad The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the ening the effect by applying it to all conditions or reservations resolution. contained in the diplomatic notes exchanged during negotiations The resolution was rejected. for the treaty. Mr. BORAH. 1\fr. President, your Committee on Foreign I have broadened the resolution for this reason : I do not Relations has unanimously agreed upon a report which will be want to be charged with ha,·ing any specific antagonism· toward drafted and ready for final action in a few moments. any nation. If this peace treaty means what it says ; if the dip Mr. MOSES. M:r. President, before the Senator goes forward lomats who ~xchanged the notes during the negotiation of this with that~ may I say that I have upon the table a resolution treaty intended to speak as the treaty purports to speak for the dealing with the- pending treaty, and I desire to withdraw it. outlawry of war, in tl1e determination to settle international 1\Ir. HARRISON. What about the reservations that the Sen disputes by pacific means; then, sir, I propose by thls resolution ator had filed? Are-they withdrawn? to make this treaty more than a mere scrap of paper. I propose Mr. MOSES. The resolution. LXX--109 1728 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 Mr. HARRISON. · The resolution embodying the reservations? remember only 12 years ago during the-time of the Great War·. Mr. MOSES. No; embodying the understandings. There are The first casualty when war comes is truth, and wheneyer there no reservations any more. is a war, and whenever an individual nation seeks to coerce by 1\Ir. BORAH. After the report is filed it is hoped that we force of arms another, it always acts, and always insists that it may have a vote, and I therefore submit a unanimous-consent acts, in self-defense. agreement that we begin voting upon the treaty and any reser That being so, it begins what we were so familiar with only a vations or resolutions relating thereto at 4 o'clock this after biief period ago, war-time propaganda, whereby its people be noon. come war hungry in their patriotism and are lied into a desire The VICE PRESlDEl\TT. Is there objection? to fight. We have seen it in the past; it will happen again in Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I ask that the proposed unanimous the future. Those in power, governments and state men, in consent agreement be transcribed at the desk in order that deed, through propaganda, will not only fashion, but absolutely there may be no mistake ·about it. control public opinion, and the propaganda will always dem Mr. GLASS. Mr. President, meanwhile will the Senator yield onstrate the justice of the cause of the government and the to me to present petitions by vru.ious women's organizations, infamy of the nation opposed. I will vote for this pact with a chu,rch, and other societies in favor of the Kellogg peace pact? hope, only a hope. I am willing to indulge in any hope that Mr. BORAH. Certainly. peace may come on earth. The VICE PRESIDENT. The petitions will lie on the table. I remember long ago reading Justin McCarthy's If I Were l\lr. GLASS. l\Ir. President, while I am on my feet, and in King and seeing Sothern in his inimitable fashion portraying connection with this particular matter, I may say that I intend the character of Fran~ois Villon. I remember certain words to vote for the peace pact; but I am not willing that anybody that were attributed by Mr. McCarthy to Villon. I dedicate in Virginia shall think that I am simple enough to suppose that those words to this treaty. -vmon said: it is worth a postage stamp in the direction of accomplishing To Messire Noel, named the neat permanent international peace. By those who love him, I bequeath I think we are about to renounce something as a national A helmless ship, a houseless street, policy which no nation on earth for 150 years has ever pro A wordless book, a swordless sheath, claimed as a national policy. Those who are familiar with the An hourless clock, a leafless wreath, period must know that not even Napoleon was ever willing to A bed sans sheet, a board sans meat, concede that war was the national policy of his empire. In A !.>ell sans tongue, a saw sans teeth, fact he rarely ever, if ever--except at Waterloo, when time with To make bls nothingness complete. him was the deciding factor-went into a great battle without first importuning the adversary monarch against hostilities and Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, in view of the discussion which begging him to avoid the inevitable sacrifice of life which would has just taken place I want to say a word. I should like to be involved in joining battle. express my sincere views in a very brief way as to what I think I had purposed speaking on the pact, but when I sat here of the treaty. and reflected that in the 28 years that I have been a Member of When we come to analyze this treaty, and to consider what one or the other branches of Congress I have never known a the treaty is and what is behind it, and compare it with what is speech to change a vote, I decided that I would not encroach in oth-er treaties for peace and what is behind other treaties, upon the time of the Senate or delay the consummation of this why should this treaty be considered as impractical or as an great peace pact; yet I am not willing merely to vote and not ideal beyond the power of men and women to attain? Why go into the REcoBD as having no confidence whatsoever in the should a treaty renouncing war and pledging nations to the accomplishment of any good by this alleged pact. settlement of their controversies through pacific means be I'e I am going to vote for the treaty for the simple reason that garded as without value? Is the obligation in this treaty any I think its defeat will psychologically be a bad thing. I have less binding than the obligation in any other treaty? Is the come to the considered judgment that Mr. Lincoln's most popu honor or the good faith of the nations signatory to this treaty lar aphorism needs amending, wherein he said that " you can any less binding than the honor and the good faith of the not fool all the people all the time." If the word " time " may nations signatory to any other treaty? If I understand inter be applied to an epoch or a period rather than to eternity, I national affairs, there is nothing behind any treaty save the say that all the people all the time for nearly the last 10 years honor and the good faith of the nations signing the treaty. have been fooled. They are going to be fooled nqw by a They all rest upon the honor and the faith of the nations, and so-called peace pact that, in the last analysis, is one of the nothing more. many devices that have been contrived to solace the awakened Sir .Austen Chamberlain said at Geneva a few months ago, conscience of some people who kept the United States out of at a time when he was discussing a treaty which provided for the League of Nations; and, whether it was so intended or not, the use of force, " Do what we will, we must depend at last it is going to confuse the minds of many good and pious people upon the plighted word." who think that peace may be secured by polite professions of We may talk about treaties providing for war, and providing for the use of armies and navies, and for economic boycotts, but neighborly and brotherly love. there is at last nothing behind any of those treaties except the That did not fool Theodore Roosevelt ; it did not fool Henry honor and the good faith of the nations signing them. Cabot Lodge, who for a long period was chairman of the Com There is just the same honor, the same binding obligation, and mittee on Foreign Relations ; it· did not fool great men like the same good faith behind an agreement not to go to war under Taft, the present Chief Justice; it did not in any respect or any circumstances that there is behind an agreement to go to degree fool the President elect of the United States. Every war under certain circumstances. Let us take an illustration. one of those men is over and over again on the re~ord in saying Suppose we have a treaty which provides for an economic boy that no peace pact between nations will ever amount to a thrip cott, and suppose the conditions upon which the boycott is to be that has not behind it the potential use of the military power laid have arisen, and suppose the time hliS come when we are of these nations combined. to lay the economic boycott, and the nations refuse to go along: I agree with that. But I am·going to be simple enough, along What is to be done about it? How is the treaty to be enforced? with the balance of you, to vote for the ratification of this There is nothing behind it except that which is behind thi-:; worthless, but perfectly harmless peace treaty. treaty; that is, the honor of the nations signing the treaty. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, it is not my intention in the Suppose there is a treaty providing for the use of an army slightest degree to take up the time of the Senate now, and I or a navy, for the use of force, for the purpose of punishing congratulate those who have discussed this question upon reach another nation, and the time comes when those parties to the ing finally an accord. I do wish, however, before the vote is treaty are to punish the other nation, but the nations having taken, to say that I vote for this pact-and I have been for it igned refuse to go along, oo not deem it to their welfare to go since its inception-under no delusions at all. I vote for it along. What is to be done about it? There is nothing, in the upon practically the ground that has been suggested in the last analysis, except what there is behind this treaty ; that is, earlier remarks of the Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLASS] who the honor and good faith of the nations signing the treaty. has just taken his seat. It has been intimated that it is easier to mobilize the passions Mr. President, I remember a critic of the great novelist for war, and is easier to direct the passions for conflict, than it Henry James who once accused the author of analyzing his is to mobilize the passions for peace or the passions for adjust characters practically into disintegration, and I believe that ment. I challenge the proposition. I say that the most search this treaty has been analyzed by its proponents practically into ing, universal, and profound pas ion in the human breast to-day disintegration. is the passion for peace, and if it is organized and directed as Not only that, sir, but when I see, too, that we rely ulti we organize and direct the pas ion for war, it will dominate and mately upon the opinion of mankind when war shall occur, I control in international affairs, and the great object and pur- 1929 CONG-RESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1729 pose of this treaty is to organize the peace forces, to organize the Mr. BRUCE. Have not Great Britain and Italy guaranteed moral influences, in behalf of adjustment of difficulties without Germany against invasion and France against invasion, the two conflict. Its great-purpose is to let the peace machinery of all 'powers in the world that are most likely to come into conflict? peace plans work-to utilize the everlasting real aspiration Mr. BORAH. Precisely; and because they have limited it of the human family. to a controversy that may arise upon the western side of Ger- Mr. President, it is said there is no security in this treaty, many or the western frontier. Great Britain refused to incor- that there is no safety in it, that people are signing with their porate the eastern frontier in her pledge. _ tongues in their cheeks. For decades and decades nations and Mr. GLASS. I am not talking about Great Britain. people have been persistently and pathetically pleading for Mr. BORAH. The Senator from Maryland was. security, for safety, for some kind of understanding which Mr. GLASS. I am talking about this Government of ours. would give them security; and they are entitled to it. Particu- I say that under the 4-power pact the United States has pledged larly has that been the problem since the World War. Fear its honor, its Army, its navies, and every power that it may and distrust and suspicion and hatred have tortured and tor- exert to guarantee the territorial integrity and to maintain the mented the human family long enough. They are entitled to the rights of Japan in the Pacific Ocean. security for which they plead. But how are they to· get Mr. BORAH. No; the Senator is mistaken. security? How are they to get protection? Mr. GLASS. No; I am not. I have the treaty right here now. I do not hesitate to say that a scheme which undertakes to Mr. BORAH. Has the Senator the reservation? The reser- build security _upon international force is a mad delusion. Any vation says that this treaty does not bind us to use force or such scheme carries within itself the seeds of its own destruc- commit us to the use of force in the carrying out of the 4-power tion. Nothing could better illustrate this than the happenings pact. of a few months ago at the Geneva as.o;embly. The Premier of Mr. GLASS. I do not note any reservation whatsoever. the British Government, speaking on behalf of his Government, There may be a reservation, but it is a reservation somewhat declared that the British Government could not and would not like the Senator's report from the Foreign Relations Com undertake to go further in extending that kind of security to mittee, that will have no application to the treaty itself. foreign governments, that it would not undertake to go further Here is the plain text of the treaty, and I will read it to the in furnishing an army or a navy or giving the protection of its Senator. strong and mighty arm, and in effect he declared that to do so Mr. BORAH. I am perfectly familiar with it. would imperil the existence of the British Empire itself. Mr. GLASS. The Senator seems to have forgotten it. To those who believe that security can be based upon interna- Mr. BORAH. No; I have not forgotten it at all. If the tional force I say, here is the fatal weakness. No responsible Senator will read the reservation, he will find it is exactly in government will undertake to give an unlimited promise for the accord with what I have stated. use of its fortunes and its people, no responsible government will Mr. GLASS. I do not discover any reservation here. My undertake to pledge its army and its navy to another power, recollection is there was no reservation. except upon the theory that it is necessary to its own im- Mr. BORAH. Yes; there was a reservation. The Senator mediate protection and defense. has overlooked it. When we pass outside of a certain range, a certain territory, 1\fr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will the Senator from or a certain latitude, no government will undertake to pledge Idaho yield? security beyond that limitation. The result is that when we Mr. BORAH. Certainly. are building security upon force, we break the world up into Mr. SHIPSTEAD. \Vas the reservation in the form of an groups and alliances and balances of power which in themselves interpretative note? breed distrust and suspicion, and, at last, hatred and war. This l\lr. BORAH. No; it was adopted here by the Senate. scheme brings into existence the very conditions which inevi- Mr. SHIPSTEAD. As a resolution of the Senate? tably breed war. Mr. BORAH. Yes; as a resolution of the Senate. Mr. President, that has been the history of Europe for these Mr. President, it bas been suggested that we close debate and thousand years, and what is happening-in Europe to-day? They vote. I feel that by reason of an understanding I must not go are seeking security, based upon international force, by building further with this debate. up new groups and new alliances and new balances of power, 1\fr. HEFLIN. Mr. President, let me suggest to the Senator and a whole continent is again being saturated with suspicion that the hour of 4 o'clock was suggested in his unanimous-con and distrust. · sent request, but it is now 4.05, so he had better make it 4.10. It is one thing to pledge the nations of the earth to peaceable [Laughter.] adjustment, but it is a wholly different thing to pledge the lives Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, I now file the report of the and the fortunes of the people of a nation on the other side of committee. I ask to have read the first article in the treaty. the world. Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator from Mr. GLASS. Mr. President, does not the Senator know-I Idaho whether it was a part of the agreement that the report assume that he has forgotten, however-that this Nation right was not to be read? now, without limitation, has made that very pledge to Japan, to Mr. BORAH. Oh, no. maintain its·territorial integrity and to enforce its rights in the Mr. HARRISON. Or was to be read? Pacific? I refer to the 4-power pact. Mr, BORAH. Oh, no. Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President, may I remind the Senator from Mr. HARRISON. There was no understanding about that? Virginia also of the Locarno-Rhine pact, in which England has Mr. BORAH. No. It can be read if anyone desires to have pledged her entire power to guarantee France and Germany it read. from invasion 'l Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, let the report be read. Mr. BORAH. Exactly; a fine illustration, a beautiful iHus- Mr. SWANSON. 1\fr. President, have we reached an agree- tration. Great Britain was perfectly ·willing to pledge security ment as to the time we shall vote? against the western frontier and upon the western problems, The VICE PRESIDENT. No agreement has been reached. but wllen they undertook to extend it to a controversy upcn the 1\Ir. HEFLIN. I think that ought to be · done. eastern side, Great Britain in effect said, No, that is beyond Mr. BORAH. I ask that we vote not later than 20 minutes_ what we think is necessary to our protection and our security. after 4 o'clock upon the ratification resolution and any reserva We will not extend our guarantee beyond our. own immediate tion connected therewith. interests. That is a beautiful illustration. -That is a complete Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, I take it there will example that such a scheme breaks the world up into groups be no question that the report of the committee would be p1inted and groups deluge the world with distrust and finally engender in the ordinary way. I would like to have it printed in the war. Mr. GLASS. But the Senator knows that England is in honor RECORD. bound to maintain the territorial integrity of all Japanese pos- M:&. McKELLAR. I would like to have it read. sessions in the Pacific Ocean and to enforce its rights, and so Mr. HEFLIN. Let us have a time fixed to vote. is the United States. Mr. BORAH. I was going to ask that we agree upon a t1me Mr. BORAH. Precisely, Mr. President. England is bound to vote. bec-ause her possessions and her interests in China are equal Mr. REED of Missouri. I want-to say that I have seen the to those of Japan. She is simply entering into a combination substance of what will be presented in the report. I presume for the purpose, I say again, of protecting her interests. But it. will be read, of course, to the Senate. So far as I am con these nations will not go beyond what they conc-eive to be the cerned I am content with the suggestion made by the Senator immediate protection of their own interests. The last 10 years from Idaho. proves that beyond pe-radventure. -As to the United ·States, it · Mr. BORAH. Mr. President,. I ask unanimous consent that bas not guaranteed any territory for Japan. - ·we may .vote at not later than 4 o'clock and.20 minutes p.m.- . -· 1730 '. CONGRESSION~IJ '"' RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Ohair measures as against the nation violating the treaty. The effect of the hears none, and it is so agreed. The clerk will read the report. violation of the treaty is to relieve the other signers of the treaty from The Chief Clerk read as follows: any obligation under it with the nation thus violating the same. " In other words, the treaty does not, either expressly or impliedly, [Ex. Rept. No. 1, 70th Cong., 2d sess.] contemplate the use of force or coercive measures for its enforcement Mr. BoRAH, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted the as a.gainst any nation violating it. It is a voluntary pledge upon the following report : part of each nation that it will not have recourse to war except in self "Your Committee on Foreign Relations reports favorably the treaty defense, and that it will not seek settlement of its international con signed at Paris, August 27, 1928, popularly called the multilateral or troversies except through pacific means. And if a nation sees proper Kellogg-Briand treaty. The two articles in this treaty are as follows : to disregard the treaty and violate the same, the effect of such action " 'ARTICLE I. The high contracting parties solemnly declare in · the is to take it from under the benefits of the treaty and to relieve the names of their respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for other nations from any treaty relationship with the said power. the solution of international controversies and renounce it as an instru "This treaty in no respect changes or qualifies our present position ment of national policy in their relations with one another. or relation to any pact or treaty existing between other nations or "'ART. II. The high contracting parties agree that the settlement or governments. solution of all disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever " This report is made solely for the purpose of putting upon record origin they may be, which may arise among them, shall never be sought what your committee tmderstands to be the true interpretation of the except by pacific means.' treaty, and not in any sense for the purpose or with the design of "The treaty in brief pledges the nations bound by the same not to modifying or changing the treaty in any way or effectuating a reserva resort to war in the settlement of their international controversies save tion or reservations to the same." in bona fide self-defense and never to seek settlement of such contra· Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, I ask that we now proceed with versies except through pacific means. It is hoped and believed that the the consideration of the first article of the treaty. treaty will serve to bring about a sincere effort upon the part of the The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Chair nations to put aside war and to employ peaceful methods in their deal hears none. ing with each other. Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator from "The committee reports the above treaty with the Understanding Idaho [Mr. BoRAH], while he is on his feet, now that all ele that the right of self-defense is in no way curtailed or impaired by the ments have reconciled their differences and everybody is for terms or conditions of the treaty. Each nation is free at all times and the treaty, has the State Department any objection to the report regardless of the treaty provisions to defend itself, and is the sole of the committee being adopted? I judge from what the Senator judge of what constitutes the right of self-defense and the necessity from Idaho said in his speech the other day that the State and extent of the same. Department had no objection to the filing of the report, but "The United States regards the Monroe doctrine as a part of !ts would object to its adoption. national security and defense. Under the right of self-defense allowed Mr. BO;RAH. Mr. President, I am proceeding on my own by the treaty must necessarily be included the right to maintain th~ responsibility. Monroe doctrine which is a part of our system of national defense. 1\Ir. HARRISON. Then the Senator from Idaho does not Bearing upon this question and as to the true interpretation of the Mon know how the State Department feels about it? roe doctrine as it bas always been maintained and interpreted by the Mr. BORAH. I repeat, I am proceeding on my own respon United States, we incorporate the following: sibility. ••' We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations ex Mr. HARRISON. I find myself trying to follow the Senator isting between the United States and those powers to declare that we from Idaho and the State Department, but with one going one should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any way and the other going the other way, I am lost. portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. • • • Mr. BORAH. If the Senator from Mississippi will follow me, It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political he will be all right. [Laughter.] system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace Mr. HARRISON. I shall do that. and happiness.' (President Monroe's message, December 2, 1823.) The VICE PRESIDENT. The treaty is before the Senate as "'The doctrine upon which we stand is strong and sound because its in Committee of the Whole. The .clerk will read the first article enforcement is important to our pea<:,e and safety as a Nation, and is of the treaty. essential to the integrity of our free institutions and the tranquil The Chief Clerk read the first article of the treaty, as follows: maintenance of our distinct form of government.' (Message of Presi ARTICLE I dent Cleveland, December 17, 1895.) The high contracting parties solemnly declare in the names of their " 'Tbe doctrine is not international law, but it rests upon the right respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of self-protection and that right is recognized by international law. of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of The right is a necessary corollary of independent sovereignty. It is well national policy in their relations with one another. understood that the exercise of the right of self-protection may, and frequently does, extend in its effect beyond the limits of the tertitorinl Mr. BORAH. A parliamentary inquiry, Mr. President. Is it jurisdiction of the State exercising it. • • * · Since the Monroe doc necessary to take a yea-and-nay vote upon the separate articles trine is a declaration based upon this Nation's right of self-protectitJn of the treaty? it can not be transmuted into a joint or common declaration by The VICE PRESIDENT. It is not nece sary to have a yea American States, or any number of them. and-nay Yote until the question comes on the ratification of the. "'It is to be observed that in reference to the South American gov treaty. The question now is on agreeing to Article I of the ernments, as in all other respects, the international right npiJn which treaty. Without objection, it is agreed to. the declaration expressly rests is not sentiment or sympathy or a daim Article 2 of the treaty will now be read. to dictate what kind of government any other country shall havl.', but The Ohief Clerk read article 2 of the treaty, as follows: the safety of the United States. It is because the new governments ARTICLE II can not be overthrown by the allied powers "without endangering our The high contracting parties agree that the settlement or solution of peace and happiness"; that "the United States can not behold such all disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin interposition in any form with indifference." ' (Hon. Elihu Root, .July they may be, which may arise among them, shall never be sought 1914.) except by pacific means. " t There are now three fundamental principles which characterize the The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to policy of President Monroe as it was and as it is. First, the Monroe article 2 of the treaty. Without objection, it is agreed to. The doctrine was a statement of policy originated and maintained by reason Chief Clerk will now read article 3 of the treaty. of self-interest, not of altruism. Second, it was justifiable by reason The Chief Clerk read article 3 of the treaty, as follows: of the right of self-defense (which is a recognized principle of inter national law). Third, it called no new rights into being; therefore, ARTICLE III whenever it oversteps the principle of self-defense, reasonably inter The present treaty shall be ratified by the high contracting parties preted, the right disappears and the policy is questionable, because it named in the preamble in accordance with their respective constitu then violates the rights of others. * • * The Monroe doctrine is tional requirements, and shall take effect as between them as soon !.lased upon the right of self-defense. This is the first law of nations, as all their several instrumentstof ratification shall have been deposited as of individuals.' (Prof. Theodore Woolsey, June, 1914.) at Washington. "The committee further understands that the treaty does not provide This treaty shall, when it has come into effect as prescribed in the sanctions, express or implied. Should any signatory to the treaty or preceding paragraph, remain open as long as may be necessary for any nation adhering _to the treaty violate the terms of the same, tbere adherence by all the other powers of the world. Every instrument is no obligation or commitment, express or implied, upon the part of evidencing the adherence of a power shall . be deposited at Washington any of the other signers of the treaty to engage in punitive or coercive and the treaty shall immediately upon such deposit become effective 1929 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SENATE 1731 as between the power thus adhering and the other powers parties CONSTRUOTION OF CRUISERS hereto. Mr. CURTIS. I now move that the Senate resume the con It shall be the duty of the Government of the United States to sideration of legislative business. furnish each government named in the preamble and every govern The motion was agreed to. ment subsequently adhering to this treaty with a certified copy of Mr. HALE. Mr. President, a parliamentary inquiry. May I the treaty and of every instrument of ratification or adherence. It inquire what is the business now before the Senate? shall also be the duty of the Government of the United States tel The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair lays before the Senate egraphically to notify such governments imme.diately upon the deposit the unfinished business, the title of which will be stated. with it of each instrument of ratification or adherence. The CHIEF CLERK. The bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, article 3 of construction of certain naval vessels, and for other purposes. the treaty is agreed to. If there are no amendments to be The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con offered the treaty will be reported to the Senate. sideration of the bill. The 'treaty was reported to the Senate without amendment. Mr. SWANSON. Mr. President, I give notice that to-morrow The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chief Clerk will read the morning when the unfinished business shall be laid before the resolution of ratification. Senate I will address the Senate in behalf of the pending meas The Chief Clerk read as follows : ure, known as the cruiser bill. Resolved (two-thirds ot the Se11ators present ootwurring th.erein), O'FALLON RAILWAY VALUATION CASE That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of Executive A, 1\fr. · SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, on yesterday the Senate, Seventieth Congress, second session, a multilateral treaty for re· while considering the calendar, Senate Concurrent Resolution 31, nunciation of war, signed in Paris August 27, 1928. being Calendar No. 1457, was passed over on account of objec Mr. BORAH. I ask for the yeas and nays on the adoption tion made to it by the Senator from Utah [Mr. SMOOT]. The of the resolution of ratification. Senator from Utah has now expressed a desire to withdraw his The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Chief Clerk pro- objection, provided certain amendments shall be made. In view ceeded to call the roll. · of the numerous requests which have been made for printed Mr . .JONES (when Mr. EDGE's name was called). The senior copies of the record and of the briefs filed in the so-called O'Fallon Railway case, which is now before the Supreme Court, Senator from New .Jersey [Mr. EDGE] is necessarily absent. If I ask unanimous consent that Senate Concurrent Resolution 31 present, he would vote" yea." be given immediate consideration. Mr. NORRIS (when Mr. HowELL's name was called). ~Y The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? colleague the junior Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HoWELL] IS Mr. SMOOT. . Mr. President, I understand that the Senator detained from the Chamber on account of illness. If he were from Minnesota asks unanimous consent for the consideration present, he would vote " yea." of the resolution to which he has referred with the distinct Mr. BINGHAM (when Mr. McLEAN's name was called). If understanding that the words "and binding" shall be stricken the senior Senator from Connecticut [Mr. McLEAN] were out. present, he would vote "yea." He is detained at home on Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Certainly. account of illness. 1\fr. BRUCE. Mr. President, I, too, want to have an under Mr. McKELLAR (when Mr. TYsoN's name was called). ~Y standing, and I wish to ask the Senator a question. As I colleague the junior Senator from Tennessee [Mr. TYSON] IS understand, I have the right to object if I choose. Is the unavoidably detained at home on account of illness. If he consideration of the concurrent resoluticm going to lead to any were present, he would vote "yea." discussion? If it does; 1 am going to object. Mr. ROBINSON of Indiana (when Mr. WATSON's name was 1\Ir. SHIPSTEAD. I do not think it will lead to any dis called). My colleague the senior Senator from Indiana is cussion. detained from the Senate on account of illness. If he were Mr. BRUCE. If we are going to take it up and pass it with present, he would vote "yea." out debate, very well. The roll call was concluded. Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, I should like to say to the Mr. SWANSON. I desire to state that the Senator from Senator from Maryland that on a previous occasion we had the Arkansas [Mr. ROBINSON] and the Senator from Nevada [Mr. question up and obtained unanimous consent to print the PriTMAN] are unavoidably detained from the Senate, and the briefs and record in the O'Fall(}n Railway case. It was found, Senator from South Carolina [Mr. SMITH] is absent on account however, that under the rules of the Senate the cost of the print of illness in his family. If these Senators were present, they ing W(}uld be greater than was allowed, and so it became neces would vote " yea." sary to pr(}vide for the printing by a concurrent resolution in The roll call resulted-yeas 85, nays 1, as follows : stead of a Senate resolution. YEAS-85 Mr. BRUCE. I have no (}bjecti(}n to having the concurrent Ashurst Fletcher Larrazolo Shipf$tead resolution considered and adopted if there is no objection and Barkley Frazier McKellar Shortridge it will not lead to debate. Bayard George McMaster Simmons Bingham Gerry McNary Smoot Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I hope the Senator Black Gillett Mayfield Steck from Maryland will not object. It is a very important case, and Blease Glass Metcalf Steiwer there are many demands for copies of the document proposed Borah Glenn Moses Stephens Bratton Gould Neely Swanson to be printed. Brookhart Greene Norbeck Thomas, Idaho Mr. BRUCE. I withdraw my (}bjection. Broussard Hale Norris Thomas, Okla. Mr. I Bruce Harris Nye Trammell Mr. BLEASE. President, object to the consideration Burton Harrison Oddie 'l'ydings of the concurrent resolution. Capper Hastings Overman Vandenberg The VICE PRESIDENT. Objection is made to the considera Caraway Hawes Phipps Wagner tion of the resolution. Copeland Hayden Pine Walsh, Mass. Couzens Hefiin Ransdell Walsh, Mont. Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, the Senator from Maryland Curtis Johnson Reed, Mo. Warren withdrew his objection. . . . - Dale Jones Reed, Pa. Waterman Deneen Kendrick llobinson, Ind. Wheeler The VICE PRESIDENT. Objection is made by the Senator Dill Keyes Sackett from South Carolina [Mr. BLEASE]. Edwards King Schall Fess La Follette Sheppard EXECUTIVE SESSION NAYS-1 Mr. CURTIS. I move that the Senate proceed to the con sideration of executive business. Blaine The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the NOT VOTING-9 consideration of executive business. After 10 minutes spent in F:dge McLean Robinson, Ark. Tyson executive session the doors were reopened; and (at 4 o'clock Golf • Pittman Smith Watson Howell and 38 minutes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Wednesday, .January 16, 1929, at 12 o'clock meridian. The VICE PRESIDENT. The yeas are 85, the nays are 1. Two-thirds of the Senators present having voted in the affirma~ tive the resolution is agreed to and the treaty is ratified. NOMINATIONS 1tir. BROOKHART. Mr. President, at this moment I desire to Ea:ecutive nominations received by Senate January 15 (l!egis~a call attention to the fact that the Union of Soviet Socialist tioo day of January 14), 1929 Republics and the United States of America are the only two TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES nations that have ratified this treaty and are parties to it, and Walter 0. Woods, of Kansas, to be Treasurer of the United I hope these two great revolutionary countries will now proceed States in place of H. Theodore Tate now serving under tempo to outlaw war throughout the world. rary commission. ---- 1732 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 PosTMASTERS Willis I. Stebbins to be postmaster at Gothenburg, Nebr., in CONNECTICUT place of W. I. Stebbins. Incumbent's commission expires Janu ary 21, 1929. Walter H. DeForest to be postmaster at Derby, Conn., in place of W. B. DeForest. Incumbent's commission expires January Charles H. Kuhns to be postmaster at Maxwell, Nebr., in place 22, 1929. of C. H. Kuhns. Incumbent's commission expires January 22 1929. I John F. Egan to be postmaster at Lakeville, Conn., in place of J. F. Egan. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, John A. Gibson to be postmaster at Mullen, Nebr., in place of J. A. Gibson. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 192D. 1929. Anna T. Harding to be postmaster as Rockyhill, Conn., in NEVADA place of A. T. Harding. Incumbent's commission expires Janu Katie O'Connor to be postmaster at Virginia City, Nev., in ary 22, 1929. place of Katie O'Connor. Incumbent's commission expired Jan Frank H. Northrop to be postmaster at Saugatuck, Conn., in uary 14, 1929. place of J. V. Serena, removed. NEW JERSEY Erie Rogers to be postmaster at Windsor, Conn., in place of Preston Pedrick to be postmaster at Pedricktown, N. J., in Erie Rogers. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. place of Prt.:lston Pedrick. Incumbent's commission expires GEORGIA January 22, 1929. Charles P. Graddick to be postmaster at Barnesville, Ga., in OKLAHOMA place of C. P. Graddick. Incumbent's commission expires Janu Ella M. Harding to be postmaster at Pryor, Okla., in place of ary 22, 1929. E. M. Harding. Incumbent's commission expired January 10 Floyd P. Jones to be postmaster at Leslie, Ga., in place of 1929. ' F. P. Jones. Incumbent's commission expired December 20, PENNSYLVA.NIA 1928. Lillian K. Strong to be postmaster at Columbia Cross Roads, HAW.All Pa., in place of L. K. Strong. Incumbent's commission expired Thomas E. Longstreth to be postmaster at Lihue, Hawaii, in January 13, 1929. place of T. E. Longstreth. Incumbent's commission expires Paul J. Kessler to be postmaster at Gilberton, Pa., in place of January 22, 1929. P. J. Kessler. Incumbent's commission expires January 21, ILLINOIS 1929. William Hayes to be postmaster at Ogden, Ill., in place of Charles J. Levegood to be postmaster at Jersey Shore, Pa., in William McKinley, resigned. place of C. J. Levegood. Incumbent's commission expires Janu Daniel Reeder to be postmaster at Payson, Ill., in place of ary 22, 1929. E. K. Maher, removed. Louis S. Bisky to be postmaster at Meshoppen, Pa., in place of Paul A. Witte to be postmaster at St. Peter, Ill., in place of L. S. Bisky. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. P. A. Witte. Incumbent's commission expires January 21., 1929. William S. Livengood to be postmaster at Meyersdale, Pa., in place of W. S. Livengood. Incumbent's commission expires Jan- INDIANA uary 22, 1929. - James J. Speck to be postmaster at Greentown, Ind., in place Ross A. Harclerode to be postmaster at Windber, Pa., in place of J. J. Speck. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, of D. J. Moore. Incumbent's commission expired April 3, 1928. 1929. Elmer E. Eggemeyer to be postmaster at Richmond, Ind., in SOUTH CAROLINA place of R. H. Weisbrod, resigned. Richard B. Poore to be postmaster at Belton, S. C., in place of R. B. Poore. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. IOWA Leslie E. Kislingbury to be postmaster at Alta, Iowa, in place VIRGINIA of L. E. Kislingbury. Incumbent's commission expires January Benjamin T. Culbertson to be postmaster at Dungannon, Va., 22, 1929. in place of B. T. Culbertson. Incumbent's commission expires George H. Falb to be postmaster at Elgin, Iowa, in place of January 23, 1929. G. H. Falb. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. Charles E. Black to be postmaster at Fordwick, Va., in place KANSAS of C. E. Black. Incumbent's commission expires January 23, 1929. August Bernasky to be postmaster at Ingalls, Kans., in place Wilbert D. R. Proffitt to be postmaster at Highland Springs, of August Bernasky. Incumbent's commission expires January Va., in place of W. D. R. Proffitt. Incumbent's commission ex 22, 1929. pires January 22, 1929. Ulysses E. Van Dyke to be postmaster at Woodston, Kans., in John W. Taliaferro to be postmaster at Mount Solon, Va., in place of U. E. Van Dyke. Incumbent's commission expires place of J. W. TaliafeiTo. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. January 22, 1929. LOUISIANA John A. Johnston to be postmaster at Petersburg, Va., in place Norris F. Jones to be postmaster at Good Pine, La.: in place of of J. A. Johnston. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, H. S. Adams, resigned. 1929. MAINE George W. Robinson to be postmaster at Raven, Va., in place of G. W. Robinson. Incumbent's commission expires January 23, Edna McGuire to be postmaster at Lucerne in Maine, Me. 1929. Office became presidential July 1, 1928. Helen T. Munt to be postmaster at Surry, Va., in place of MARYLAND H. T. Munt. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. Daniel W. Babcock to be postmaster at Berlin, Md., in place I!'annie Moore to be postmaster at Vinton, Va., in place of of D. w. Babcock. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, Fannie Moore. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. 1929. Helen G. Rawlings to be postmaster at Rising Sun, Md., in WISCONSIN place of H. G. Rawlings. Incumbent's commission expires Janu Eugene s. Tradewell to be postmaster at Antigo, Wis., in place ary 22, 1929. of E. S. Tradewell. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, Victor R. Mumma to be postmaster at S_harpsburg, Md., in 1929. ' place of V. R. Mumma. Incumbent's commission expires Janu James A. Watson to be postmaster at Chippewa Falls, Wis., in ary 22, 1929. place of E. R. Nickel, removed. Luther B. Miller to be postmaster at Williamsport, Md., in Miles M. Shepard to be postmaster at De Pere, Wis., in place place of L. B. Miller. Incumbent's commission expires January of M. :M. Shepard. Incumbent's comm1ssion expires January 22, 22, 1929. 1929. MISSOURI Herbert B. Linde to be postmaster at East Troy, Wis., in place of H. B. Linde. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, Dorsey F. Waggoner to be postmaster at Brownington, Mo., in 1929. . - place of D. F. Waggoner. Incumbent's co~ission expires Janu- Thomas A. Watson to be postmaster at Fond duLac, Wis., in ary 21, 1929. _ Ray Streeter to be. postmaster at Sturgeon, Mo., in place of place of E. C. Kraemer, deceased. Ray St_reeter. Incumbent's commission expires January 21, 1929. Marie D. Host to be postmaster at _Lake Geneva, Wis., in place of M. D. Host. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, NEBRASKA 1929. Henry C. Blonie to be pOstmaster at Dalton, Nebr., in place of Edward W. LeRoy to be postmaster at Marinette, Wis., in H.· C. Blome. Incumbent's ·comniission expire'd December 19, place of E: w. LeRoy. Inctimbent's commission expires January 1927. . 22, 1929. 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-_ HOUSE 1733 James ·J. Stoveken to be postmaster at Pembine,· Wis., in place :ij:OUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of J. J. Stoveken. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, 1929. TUESDAY, January 15, 19~9 George F. Fiedler to be postmaster at Seymour, Wis., in place The House met at 12 o'clock noon. of G. F. Fiedler. Incumbent's commission expires January 22, The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., offered 1929. the following prayer : :Magnus Magnusson to be postmaster at Washington Island, Wis., in place of Magnus Magnusson. Incumbent's commission Because of human frailty, our loving Father, we speak Thy expires January 22, 1929. name with faltering lips. All about us are the myriad forms of life and power. We no longer tremble before these mysteries CONFIRMATIONS of the material world. All in vain shall we find Thee here. Do Ea;eautive nomirnatioos confirmed by the Senate January 15 Thou enable us to see more than matter. There is nothing (legislative day of January 14), 1929 greater in all the. world than the ~ul of man ! Oh, deal with us according to Thy will and wisdom. Give what is best; still TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES the sigh and awaken the song. Among the shadows of the Walter 0. Woods to be Treasurer of the United States. transient may we most reverently realize the permanent, to UNITED STATES JunGE, DisTRicT oF ALASKA, DIVISION No. 1 which we are eternally allied. We thank Thee for the imperish Justin W. Harding to be United States judge, District o.f able certainties that sing on forever. Thy holy name, which Alaska, division No. 1. is forever chanted through the heavenly spheres ; may its voice continue to foretell the morning of earth's fairest day. Through UNITED STATES ATTORNEY Jesus Christ our Saviour. Amen. Levi H. Bancroft to be United States attorney, eastern dis· The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and trict of Wisconsin. approved. UNITED STATES MARSHALS MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Howard C. Arnold to be United States marshal, district of A message from the Senate, by Mr. Craven, its principal clerk, Rhode Island. announced that the Senate had passed without amendment bills Charles A. Smith to be United States marshal, northern (lis of the House of the following titles : trict of Indiana. H. R. 4280. An act to correct military record of John W. POSTMASTERS Cleavenger, deceased ; ALABAMA H. R. 5528. An act to enable electricians, radioelectricians, chief electricians, and chief radioelectricians to be appointed to Charles W. Horn, Brantley. the grade of ensign ; CONNECTICUT H. R. 5617. A~ act to limit the date of filing claims for retainer pay; Albert N. Colgrove, Waterbury. H. R. 7209. An act to provide for the care and treatment of FLORIDA naval patients, on the active or retired list, in other Government Blanche B. Perry, Jennings. hospitals when naval hospital facilities are not available; H. R. 8327. An act for the relief of certain members of the GEORGIA Navy and Marine Corps who were dischRrged because of misrep Charles P. Graddick, Barnesville. resentation of age. H. R. 8859. An act for the relief of Edna E. Snably, IDAHO H. R. 10157. An act making an additional grant of lands for Homer W. Woodall, Soda Springs. the support and maintenance of the Agricultural College and School of Mines of Territory of Alaska, and for other purposes ; MAINE H. R. 10550. An act to provide for the acquisition by Meyer Charles E. Sherman, Boothbay Harbor. Shield Post, No. 92, American Legion, Alva, Okla., of lot 19, Ernest A. Fogg, Livermore Falls. block 41, the original town site of Alva, Okla. ; Virgil A. Linnell, Rumford. H. R. 10908. An act for the relief of L. Pickert Fish Co. George G. Winters, Strong, (Inc.); MICHIGAN H. R. 11719. An act to revise the boundaries of the Lassen Volcanic National Park, in the State of California, and for other Myrtle G. Lewis, Burr Oak. purpo::;es; Harry G. Buck, Carleton. H. R. 12775. An act providing for a grant of land to the county Frank A. Cole, Grass Lake. of San Juan, in the State of Washington, for recreational and Edgar Rashleigh, Houghton. public-park purposes; Peter Trudell, jr., Negaunee. H. R. 13249. An act to authorize an increase in the limit of Hattie G. Jones, Oxford. cost of alterations and repairs to certain naval vessels; MISSISSIPPI H. R.13498. An act for the relief of Clarence P. Smith; H. R. 13744. An act to provide for the acquisition by Parker Annie D. McLelland, Newton. I-See-0 Post, No. 12, AU-American Indian Legion, Lawton, Okla., NORTH DAKOTA of the east half northeast quarter northeast quarter northwest quarter of section 20, township 2 north, range 11 west, Indian John W. Jeffery, Wales. meridian, in Comanche County, Okla. ; OHIO H. R. 14660. An act to authorize alterations and repairs to Clyde A. Wilcox, Bethesda. the U. S. S. OalifO'l"'l'llia; ·Alice Hastings, Lagrange. H . R.14922. An act to authorize an increase in the limit of Russell C. Niles, West Milton. cost of two fleet submarines ; H. R. 15067. An act authorizing the State of Louisiana and PENNSYLVANIA the State of Texas to construct, maintain, and operate a free Norman H. Koch, Weatherly. highway bridge across the Sabine River where Louisiana High Boies M. Boyer, Weissport. way No. 21 meets Texas Highway No. 45; and UTAH H. R. 15088. An act to provide for the extension of the bound ary limits of the Lafayette National Park in the State of Maine Cora E. Paxton, Lynndyl. and for change of name of said park to the Acadia National Park. WITHDRAWALS The message also announced that the Senate had passed bills of the following titles, in which the concurrence of the House is E:Decutioo nom,inations withdrawn January 15 (legi8lative dav requested: of January 14), 1929 S. 1640. An act for the relief of certain persons formerly hav TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES ing interests in Baltimore and Harford Counties, Md.; H. Theodore Tate, of Tennessee, to be Treasurer of the United S. 2362. An act to authorize the payment to Robert · To quothty of royalties arising from an oil and gas well in the bed States. of the Red River, Okla. ; POSTMASTER S. 4691. An act to extend the provisions of section 18a of an · Robert Kirkpatrick, to be postmaster at Folcroft, in the State act approved February 25, 1920 (41 Stat. 437), to certain lands of Pennsylvania. in Utah, and for other purposes; 1734 CONGRESSIONAL _RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 15 S. 4979. An act to authorize the city of Niobrara, Nebr., to STEPHEN T. MATHER AND THE NATIONAL PARKS transfer Niobrara Island to the State of Nebraska; Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker and gentlemen of the House, S. 5060. An act to aid the Grand Army of the Republic in its word has been carried to the country that Stephen T. Mather, Memorial Day services, 1\Iay 30, 1929 ; the first Director of the National Park Service, has, by reason S. 5110. An act validating certain application,s for and entries of serious ill health, been obliged to resign that position, and: of public lands, and for other purposes; his successor has been appointed and taken office. That word S. 5146. An act to reserve certain lands on the public domain has caused the greatest of regret on the part of every Member in Santa Fe County, N. Mex., for the ~ use and benefit of the of this House, just as it has in the hearts of nature lovers Indians of the San lldefonso Pueblo ; throughout this country. S. 5147. An act to reserve 920 acres on the public domain for My contact with him through my committee work has be'en the use and benefit of the Kanosh Band of Indians residing in of the closest nature in the last eight or nine years, and I have the vicinity of Kanosh, Utah ; and felt that expression should be given here, even in my humble S. 5180. An act to authorize the payment of interest on certain way, in recognition of his outstanding services to the country funds held in trust by the United States for Indian tribes. as the head and the inspiration of the National Park Service. The message also announced that the Senate had passed, with [Applause.] amendments in which the concurrence of the House is requested, For many years the national parks that had been set apart bills of the House of the following titles: for the preservation of outstanding scenic areas were adminis H. R. 1320. An act for the relief of James W. Pringle; and tered in a most desultory way. In 1915 Franklin K. Lane, a H. R. 11859. An act for the relief of B. C. Miller. great Secretary of the Interior, demonstrated that capacity, 'l'he message also announced that the Vice President had greatness, and breadth of view when he disregarded party lines appointed Mr. MosEs and Mr. McKELLAR members o.f the jo~t and appointed Stephen T. Mather, not of his party, as the head select committee on the part of the Senate as proVIded for m of the newly created Park Service. Disregarding party consid the act of February 16, 1889, as amended by the act of March erations and party lines, Secretary Lane selected wisely the 2 1895 entitled "An act to authorize and provide for the dis head of the newly created National Park Service. p~sitio~ of useless papers in the executive departments," for In 1915 Secretary Lane had brought Mr. Mather to Washllig the disposition of useless papers in the Post Office Department. ton by appointment as assistant to the Secretary. At that time The message also announced that the Vice President had ap the administration of the national parks was chiefly by the pointed Mr. HALE and 1\fr. SwANSON members of the joint select Army, but in so far as there was any jurisdiction in the Inte committee on the part of the Senate as provided for in the act rior Department it was brought together under Mr. Mather. of February 16, 1889, as amended by the act of March 2, 1895, His chief aide and legal adviser was Horace M. Albright, who entitled "An act to authorize and provide for the disposition had come to Washington for the purpose of following up his of useless papers in the executive departments" for the disp~ college work by researches in mining and land law and became sition of useless papers in the Navy Department. an assistant attorney in the Interior Department, dealing chiefly PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE with national-park matters. Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask_unanimous consent to Stephen T. Mather is a native of California, a graduate of proceed for five minutes. the University of California, whose postgraduate work was on The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani the staff of the New York Sun from 1887 to 1893. In 1894 he mous consent to proceed for five minutes. Is there objection? became interested in the borax industry, where the fortune There was no objection. was accumulated which he has drawn upon so lavishly for the public good. CALL OF THE HOUSE Up to 1915 he had been actively engaged in the administra Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. Speaker, there is a very important tion of his business interests, but this did not prevent him from matter coming up from the Committee on Rules, and I think realizing the importance of outdoor recreation; and as a mem we ought to have a quorum present. Therefore I make the ber of the Sierra Club he explored the mountains of California point of order that there is no quorum present. and came in touch with many conservationists of note. Under The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Alabama makes the Mr. Mather's efficient leadership the national-park work was point of order that there is no quorum present. Evidently coordinated and expanded, and in a year and a half legislation there is no quorum present. bad been secured creating the National Park Service as a Mr.' TILSON. Mr. Speaker, I move a call of the House. separate bureau of the Department of the Interior. Several A call of the House was ordered. months later, when funds became available for actually estab The Clerk called the roll, and the following Members failed lishing the bureau, 1\fr. Mather was appointed its first director. to answer to their names : In the days of struggle before the creation of the bureau [Roll No. 121 and for many years afterwards when funds for civilian bureaus Ackerman Dickstein Kunz Reed, Ark. were necessarily limited because of war and postwar expenses, Aldrich Douglass, Mass. Kurtz Schafer Mr. Mather gave freely of his personal funds in many ways for Allgood Doutrich Leblbach Sears, Fla. Anthony Doyle Lindsay Seger the benefit of the national-park system. In one park a road Auf der Heide Drewry I.dnthicum Sirovich was purchased with private funds raised through his efforts Bell Eaton Lozier Speaks and largely with his own personal funds. In another, land for Black, N.Y. Fitzgerald, Roy G. Lyon Stedman Blanton Fletcher McClintic Strother an admiuistration site w.as purchased by him and donated to Boles Fort McCormack Sullivan the Government. He spent thousands· of dollars of his private Bowles Free McFadden Summers, Wash. fortune in the purchase of private lands within the parks, and Brigham Fulmer McSwain Sumners, Tex. Britten Gasque McSweeney Tatgenhorst by his example and through his untiring efforts secured many Burtness Gibson Maas Taylor, Tenn. thousands more from other private sources. Just how much Bushong Golder Michaelson Temple he has spent in helping the people of America to enjoy their Canfield Griest Moore, Ky. Thompson Carley Hammer Moore, N.J. Tillman national parks will never be known, for he has been very Chase Hoffman O'Connor, N.Y. Underwood reticent about this; but the sum that is known is an impressive Cochran, Pa. Houston Palmer Updike one. Cole, M'd. Hull, William E. Palmisano Weaver Combs lgoe Peavey Welch, Calif'. By no means the least factor in Mr. Mather's success in co Connolly, Pa. Jacobstein Prall White, Colo. ordinating, administering, and developing the national-park sys Crail Jenkins Pratt White, Kans. tem has been his uncanny ability to pick the right man for a Curry Kent Purnell Wilson, Miss. Davenport Kiess Quayle Wolverton particular job; and the loyalty to the cause, as represented by Davey Kindred Rainey Yates the chief, bas caused many a park superintendent and other Dempsey King Ransley officer to give up opportunities for larger financial returns to The SPEAKER. Three hundred and twenty-five Members are stick to the "park game," as they call it. Working under M.r. present, a quorum. Mather bas been a game in the truest sense of the word. Mr. TILSON. Mr. Speaker, I move to dispense with further I have in my service of many years on the Committee on proceedings under the call. Appropriations come into rather close contact with many The motion was agreed to. branches of the Government service in Washington and in the The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan is recognized field and nowhere have I seen such unifonn devotion to the for five minutes. high'est ideals of service to the country, such unselfish team Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to work, such an esprit de corps as in the National Park Service extend that 5 minutes to 10 minutes. as organized and built up under Stephen T. Mather. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani Since Mr. Mather took charge of the national park system mous consent to proceed for 10 minutes. Is there objection? seven new national parks have been created, as follows: Hawaii, There was no objection. Lassen Volcanic, Mount McKinley, Lafayette, Grand Canyon, 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1735 Zion, and Bryce Canyon. Another one, the Rocky Mountain, Years ago Thackeray wrote to his daughters of a sunrise: was established several days after his appointment, but all Those magnificent spectacles of nature are like personal kindnesses the preliminary work on this project had been completed before from the Maker to us-and make me feel grateful. he joined the Government. During his administration two other eastern projects, those for the establishment of the Shenandoah On a former occasion in this House, December 6, 1924, I and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks, have received the sought to emphasize the value of tllis work, saying then: approval of Congress, and their actual establishment undoubt These places are being secured to the free public use of all our people edly will be only a matter of time. Park travel showed a for ail time to come. The park of other lands and other times was the mighty increase during his incumbency. During the 1915 travel monopolized exponent of human selfishness, with " keep out " signs year a total of only 334,799 visited the parks, while during the facing the multitudes. The American public park idea is unique and season ended September 30, 1928, the number of visitors to the its crowning glory is the national-park system. Therein are being en national parks amounted to 2,522,188, with 502,656 more visiting shrined nature's masterpieces, their beauties and wonders to be preserved the national monuments. · and protected for the common use of all for all time to come. Whether Confidence in Mr. Mather's administration led private indi it be preeminent in the glory of its trees, of a lake of unrivaled blue, of viduals and corporations to invest huge sums in the installation glaciers, of majestic peaks massing one upon another with eternal snow of public utilities in the major parks. It is doubtful if any upon them, or one rising in solitary grandeur above a principality, of other man in the critical early days of the service could have wild · plant and animal life, of waterfalls that thrill and arouse while obtained quite the same satisfactory results. Sufficient credit they subdue, or of eroded chasms and precipices colored by nature with is not given to the public-spirited men who have organized and beauty that defies the imagination, whatever it offers to delight the developed the needed utilities for the parks. human eye, is offered freely and unselfishly to all alike. Paraphrasing As Director of the National Park Service of the Interior Longfellow, whatever fortune is denied me, " you can not rob me of free Department Mr. Mather was also a member of the National nature's grace," and in the Nation's playgrounds and scenic reserva Capital Park and Planning Commission. He was also the tions-=- representative of the Department of the Interior on the Coordi You can not bar my constant teet to trace nating Commission on National Parks and Forests, appointed by The woods and lawns, by living stream, at eve; the President's committee on outdoor recreation for the purpose Let health my ·nerves and finer fibers brace, of considering proposed adjustments of national park and forest And I their toys to the great children leave ; boundaries. He is now chairman of the National Conference Of fancy, reason, virtue, naught can me bereave. on State Parks, an organization established through his per sonal efforts to urge upon our Governments, local and national,· Communion with nature chastens and subdues the ego, it conduces the desirability of acquiring land and water areas suitable for to unselfishness and willingness to serve and sacrifice, it modifies the recreation and the preservation of wild life. will to exploit, to monopolize, it clears the vision as to relative values In 1926 he was awarded the gold medal of the National Insti of temporary gain against the eternal. tute of Social Sciences for his services to the Nation in the The act of August ~5, 1916; establishing the National Park development and administration of the national parks through Service prescribed its duties thus : out the country. The University of California, from which he graduated in 1887, in 1924 conferred upon him the honorary The service thus established shall promote and regulate the use of degree of doctor of laws, and he was the recipient of several the Federal area known as national parks, monuments, and reservations other honorary degrees. hereinafter specified by such means and measures as conform to the In December, 1921, hearings were held on the first Interior fundamental purpose of the said parks, monuments, and reservations, Department appropriation bill, all the appropriations for all the which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic activities of that department in Washington and elsewhere objects and the wild life therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of being then for the first time, under the operation of the newly the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unim adopted Budget system, brought into one bill. Before that I paired for the enjoyment of future generations. had been in contact with the work of the National Park Service In establishing the Yellowstone National Park in 1872, Con in a general way and through visits to some of the parks. Since gress dedicated that marvelous area and set it apart "as a that time my contact with the National Park Service and with public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment the labors of Stephen T. Mather as its chief and inspiration of the people." have been close. My contact with him has been intimate, and In his sixth annual report as Director of .the National Park as a natural consequence my confidence in him and my admira Service, for 1922, Mr. Mather said : tion for his work has become unlimited, as his wonderful per The subjugation and utilization of the forces and products of nature sonality and splendid ideals have won me and inspired me as by man is the basis of successful economic existence and national de they have all with whom he has come in contact. The oppor velopment. But is nature untouched, unnecessary, or unwanted in our tunity given me by my committee work to cooperate with him complicated scheme of living? Are not reserved places of great natural has been one of the privileges and greatest pleasures of my beauty as important in our daily life as those utilized areas that take congressional career. care of our physical needs? Viewing this question in the light of what In the early days of his administration the appropriations may "be called business vision or practical common sense, and leaving were small and sometimes contested before Congress, but in the latter days no request that has come to Congress from the out sentiment, we have only to point, for our answer, to the strenuous Park Service has been denied by Congress, and frequently appro efforts of war-torn and other countries of Europe to reestablish their. priations for the acceleration of his program have been granted formerly large tourist trade by advertising their scenic attractions, to that were not requested but were indorsed by the Park Service. appreciate the extent to which the traveling public helps in filling the In the fiscal year 1917 the total appropriations for the National financial coffers of any country that has scenery of the first class to Park Service were $784,566.67. In 1922 they were $1,433,220, offer. Surely few of us are not susceptible to the appeal of nature. in 1929 they are $4,659,700, and the 1930 bill, now pending, There is something in the quiet contemplation of natural scenery, and carries $7,390,94()-very tangible evidence of the confidence of particularly in magnificent examples of the Creator's work, that is Congress in the leadership and administration of Stephen T. elevating, refreshing, restful, and inspiring. It exerts its appeal to the 1\father, as well as interest in the work committed to his charge. best in us ; seeing it makes us better men and women, physically and He won the regard and confidence of our committee primarily mentally and spiritually. in this : He is as careful and economical in the use of public It has been Stephen T. Mather's great opportunity in these funds as he is generous in the giving of his own. past 12 years to lay the foundations of the Park Service, to No one knows how much of his own money has been put define and develop the policies under which for centuries ,to into the development of these projects, into the acquisition of come these national park areas shall be conserved unimpaired timbered areas that were menaced by private development. It for future generations, while enjoyed by the present generation. is many, many thousands of dollars that he has given of his As he has builded so wisely, his work will stand. There will money, but with that generous use of his own money he has never come an end. to the good that he has done. Can any man combined the quality of careful economy in the expenditure of desire a more wonderful career? the public funds; and these qualities gave him the absolute He came to this work because of the great confidence which confidence of our committee and have given him the absolute Secretary Lane had in him, a confidence manifested in generous confidence of the Congress, and thus he has developed the measure by each subsequent Secretary of the Interior. program much more rapidly than otherwise would have been He served longer under Hubert C. Work than under any other possible. Interior Department head and the country is greatly indebted The preservation of our greatest scenic wonders as national to Secretary Work for the constant and invaluable support he parks and the contact of our people with them under proper gave Director Mather at all times ~n his -work of development, condition is bound to affect appreciably and in a desirable way his building of policies and his preservation of these invaluable the future of our Nation. sce!J.iC areas. Against powerful political and other selfish in- 1736 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE JANU.ARY 15 terests he stood always in firm support of Director· Mather, and Under your splendid leadership the peop:te of the Nation have been I speak of my own personal know ledge in this. awakened to the beauties and possibilities of the national parks and Now, because of very serious illness which has confined him the ne~essity of conserving these areas for all time. So firmly have to the hospital since early November, Director Mather has felt you bruit the foundations of the National Park Service that it is now oblige~ to resign from the service, his letter of resignation, ad bound to move firmly onward along the lines of greatest service to the dressed to the Secretary of the Interior, Hon. Roy 0. West, ~eople. Not t~e least of your achievements was the ability of attract reading: · mg to the ~erVIce an unusually high type of men whose loyalty to their MY DlllA.R Mr. SECRETARY: I regret that I am forced by illness to hand parks and to the chief who formulated its policies will insure its this, my resignation as Director of the National Park Service to you continued success. elrective to-day. I am happy in the thought, however, that I' can feei Taken all in all, you have achieved results that I believe no other that the accomplishments of the past 10 years in particular in that field man could have accomplished in the early days of organization and ad have seen the development of the national park system into one of ministration during the trying period of the World War and ita aftermath. real service to the public of our country, as was the purpose when the National Park Service was created. As Sec~e~ary of the Interior I am taking this opportunity, on behalf I can not sever my connection with the Department of the Interior of the ~lllions of Americans who enjoy the national parks each year, without paying a tribute to the fine service of my associates in the of assurmg you of their grateful appreciation of the services you have Washington office and in the field branches of my bureau who have rendered in developing and preserving these great national scenic areas. been so loyal, efficient, and untiring in their helpfulness and without With sentiments of highest esteem and heartiest good wishes for whom this result could not have been attained. No bureau chief has your speedy return to health, believe me, had more competent and faithful employees than it has been my good Most sincerely yours, fortune to have had associated with me in this national park work. RoY 0. WEST, Secretarv. May I not also express here my gratitude for the inspirational leadership Announcement of his retirement has brought country-wide and unfailing support of yourself and your predecessors, the Secretaries expression of deep regret, with universal co~mendation of his of the Interior under .whom I have served. unusual public services. I wish, too, there was some way in which I could thank my friends The Evening Star, of Washington, said last night: in Congress for the aid, through legislation and appropriations, which has been so generously extended and without which our efforts would Not often is a country so fortunate as to possess at the bend of one have been largely futile. of its governmental branches an executive so whole-heartedly devoted to Faithfully yours, STEPHEN T. MATHER, Director, the interests thereof. This entire Nation has benefited by Mr. Mather's l>ervices. Well-deserved tribute to his work was paid by Secretary West in accepting this resignation, when he said: The New York Herald-Tribune to-day: The Federal Government, and the American people as a whole, owe • • * No friend of conservation has been a more stalwart up you a deep debt of gratitude for the many yea.rs of intensely patriotic, bolder than Mr. Mather of the standard of excellence set for the National self-sacrificing, and constructive service you have rendered in furthering Park Service and of its freedom from commercial and industrial en the cause of national parks and making these reservations readily croachment. The great tide of motor travel to these unique scenic res available to all classes of our people. • • • ervations presented problems of access and facilities for recreation in Under your splendid leadership the people of the Nation have been keeping with park integrity. Mr. Mather's policy has guarded against awakened to the beauties and possibilities of the national parks and excessive development in the manner of ordinary tourist grounds. Auto the necessity of conserving these areas for all time. So firmly have you mobile roads are available, but they do not crisscross the parks. Wil bunt the foundations of the National Park Service that it is now bound derness areas are preserved. In the main, the National Park Service to move firmly onward along the lines of greatest service to the people. has kept alteration of primitive conditions to the minimum compatible Not the least of your achievements was the ability of attracting to the with liberal public enjoyment of the national parks. service an unusually high type of men whose loyalty to their parks and The New York Time of to-day, the Washington Post of yes to the chie-f who formulated its policies will insure its continued terday have pronounced the retirement of Mr. Mather a rrreat success. lo s t~ the Nation, and many other publications have join:d in The Secretary's letter in full is as follows : paying tribute to his great accomplishments. So ends the service of Stephen T. Mather as the first Director MY DEAR MR. MA~HER : It is with the keenest regret that I have of the National Pat·k Service. It is fortunate for the cause be received your resignation as Director of the National Park Service bas so ably and generously promoted, and it must be a matter tendered January 8. Since you ask it on the grounds of personal health of great satisfaction and comfort to him that the flag of leader considerations, I feel that I can not, in justice to you, decline to accept ship goes from his hands to those of one who has been beside this resignation. him all these years and can be depended on to carry on without The Federal Government, and the American people as a whole, owe change of policy or program. you a deep debt of gratitude for the many years of intensely patriotic, Nature lovers everywhere, regretting that Mr. Mather bas self-sacrificing, and constructive service you have rendered in furthering felt obliged to retire, will commend the prompt and wise action the cause of national parks and making these reservations readily avail of Secretary West in naming as the second Director· of the able to all classes of our people. National Park Service Horace M. Albright, for 15 years do ·ely Going back over your years of service· I find that when you entered the associated with Mr. Mather and for a number of years superin Department of the Interior in January, 1915, there was no National tendent of Yellowstone National Park and field director of the Park Service and no coordinated administration of the national parks, service. Mr. Alb~ight has the vision, the experience, the ability, these areas being administered as part of the miscellaneous work In the and the personality to make a worthy successor of Stephen T. omce of the Secretary. Largely through your personal efforts the Mather. establishment of the service was brought about and the work coordi nated and put upon a practical, businesslike basis. Since that time The House will be glad to know that there is a gradual and in will seven new parks have been created, including the only eastern park so encouraging improvement Mr. Mather's condition and all join in up far established and the only ones in our Territories of Alaska and the hope that he may soon be again and be spared to Hawaii. During the same time several existing parks have been en us yet for many years and permitted to aid in many ways by his larged to include important areas and their boundaries changed to make advice and his generous leadership the preservation and enjoy them capable of better administration. Even now two other Eastern ment of nature's beauties and wonders. Freed of the routine park projects-the Great Smoky Mountains and Shenandoah-are pend that attaches to official position, he will, no doubt, accomplish ing, approved by Congress and the President, and it is only a matter much in his new r~le of private citizen as health comes back to of time before their actual establishment will be consummated. This him again. achievement also should be listed as part of the work of your adminis In the Congress where, from time to time, we find it neces tration. sary to criticize the conduct of public officials it is well that Especially noteworthy has been the manner in which you have we should also for a few moments stop in our_ work to pay brought about the installation of adequate public-utility facilities in the tribute to this outstanding figure in the public service who national parks through inducing private capital, without hope of immedi has sacrificed his money, bis health, his time, his opportunity ate financial return upon their investments and in the face of grave for wealth, in order that he might promote that which will hazards, to undertake this work. It was solely through your personal mean so much to the people of this country in the future. achievement and the confidence your integrity inspired that this result [Applause.] was made possible. Absolute confidence in your administration has I thank you. been shown also by the Congress of the United States in appropriating The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Michigan larger sums each year for park work. has expired. 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1737 AMENDMENT OF THE DEFICIENCY BILL mittee to have a meeting. But you could not get the committee Mr. GARNER of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con· to meet. The committee has the power; Yes; but the com sent to proceed for 10 minutes. mittee does not exercise it. What is the use ()f giving it power The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gen~ unless it exercises the power? tleman from Texas? It was the intention of Congress when this committee was There was no objection. created that it would function, that it would look into the Mr. GARNER of Texas. Mr. Speaker and gentlemen of the Treasury's activities and report back to Congress whether House, I have asked for this time in order to direct the atten the laws were properly administered. It has not done it. tion of the membership of the House to the possibility, if not The only way we can do it is to make an unequivocal statute, the probability, of having to consider a material amendment to and that is what the Senate proposes to do, requiring them to the deficiency bill which we passed some days ago in this House. send it to the Board of Tax Appeals ancl get their sanction - By referring to the RECORD this morning you will see where a before it is approved. bill has been reported by the Judiciary Comm~ttee of the Senate Now I notify you that when you come back with the bill and it is proposed to offer this. as an amendment to the so-called from the Senate and it has that amendment in· it, you need not refund item in the deficiency bill. I want to suggest that you . ask to take it· to . conference by unanimous consent, for you gentlemen get a copy of the hearings and a copy of the report will not get it. You will either let us vote on that amendment and examine them. The hearings are not in the RECORD this or bring in a rule or go back to the committee under the regular morning, but the report of the Judiciary Committee of the Sen rule ; because if the amendment is placed in the bill in the ate is in the RECORD, and I suggest that each of you get that be Senate, you will go on record on this proposed statute by which cause it has valuable information, even if you did not have to we can examine these stupendous refunds by the Treasury act on the proposed amendment. . Department. [Applause.] I want to call the attention of the Committee on Appropria WALTER. D. LOYELL tions to an error-that they made in reporting the deficiency bill. Mr. STRONG of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous As you will recall, the gentleman from Kansas [Mr. ANTHONY] consent to take from the Speaker's table the bill H. R. 5944, and the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. WooD] particularly for the relief of Walter D. Lovell, and agree to the Senate stressed the point that the amount of taxes collected since 1921, amendments. compared with the amount of refund, was equal to 4 to 1, and The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Kansas asks unani they said this was a great accomplishment on the part of the mous consent to take from the Speaker's table the bill H. R. Treasury. They secured this information from Assistant Secre 5944, and agree to the Senate amendments. Is there objection? tary of the Treasury, Mr. Bond, who appeared before the Appro There was no objection. priations Committee and gave them this data. You will ebserve The Senate amendments were read and agreed to. from the morning paper and you will also observe from the CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD, the Senate proceedings on the reporting DEFINING CHILD AND CHILDREN IN THE ACTS OF MAY 18, 1920 AND 10 1922 of this bill, a letter sent to Senator McKELLAR, in which this JUNE 1 proportion of 4 to 1 has been changed to the extent of 4 to -2%. Mr. MORIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to take I said to this House at the time we were discussing-·the from the Speaker's table the bill H. R. 12449, to define the terms deficiency bill that, in my judgment, if we had the facts before child and children as used in the acts of May 18, 1920, and the House they would show that not only $1,000,000,000 had been June 10, 1922, disagree to the Senate amendments, and ask for refunded, but that at least that amount had been given in a conference. credits and abatements. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Pennsylvania asks I find this letter of the Treasury Department to Senator Mc unanimous consent to take from the Speaker's table the bill KEL:LAR. reveals the fact that not only has the Treasury Depart H. R. 12449, disagree to the Senate amendments, and ask for ment since 1923-not 1921-refunded $1,000,000,000, but has given a conference. Is there objection? credits and abatements that the people knew nothing on earth There was no objection. about, amounting to $1,611,000,000. The SPEAKER appointed as conferees on the part of the I said then that this was astounding, that it was shocking, House Mr. MoRIN, Mr. JAMES, and Mr. McSwAIN. to think that the Treasury Department had refunded in five INCOME REFUND years $2,600,000,000. Why, do you know how much money this is? If you h~d an employee down here at the Treasury Depart Mr. BEGG. Mr. Speaker, I _ask unanimoUs consent to speak ment counting that money at the rate of $1 a second, it would for five minutes. take him 250 years. In other words, it would take six genera The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Ohio asks unanimous tions, working eight hours per day, to count the money that Mr. consent to speak for five minutes. Is there objection? Mellon has returned to the taxpayers since he has been in office. There was no objection. There is another thing, gentlemen. As compared with the Mr. BEGG. Mr. Speaker and gentlemen of the House, I amount of money, you will note particularly that the Treasury am interested in the speech of the gentleman from Texas [Mr. Department reports to the Congress under compulsion of the GARNER], the distinguished minority leader of the Ways and law all refunds in excess of $500 and to the joint committee re Means Committee, a speech that I would call insinuations re funds in excess of $75,000. When Mr. Bond wrote Senato-r garding tax refunds maQe by the Secretary of the Treasury. McKELLAR this letter he declined to give him the names of those Now, I also want to ask the House to read his speech care who had received rebates and credits. No law prohibits him fully to-morrow. He has not in all his speech, unless I mis from giving these names. There is no law on the statute books understood it, made a single positive statement as to a refund that prohibHs the Secretary of the Treasury from giving the made in any other manner than according to the law which names any more than the amount, but the Secretary of the was passed by this body, and I think the RECORD will show that Treasury declines to let the public know to whom he has given the gentleman from Texas himself did not oppose the law. these secret rebates and credits to the extent of $1,600,000,000 I do not think it quite the thing to do to make a speech in in five years. sinuating that the man in business, let him be big or little, has I say now, as I said before, that this Congress has given been able to mulct the Government of the United States out Secretary Mellon unlimited confidence to the extent of giving of some money unlawfully through the Secretary of the Treas him unlimited power to settle these cases, and yet when we liry. I know a giant concern in this country which was given come and ask him how he has exercised this power which we credit for a million and a half dollars in round numbers. in placed in his hands he says, "I have not that confidence in you, the past year, but it was in settlement ~f a case pending since although you have expressed it in me. I can not let you look in. 1918, and that same concern went through every single agency I decline to give you the information." We have a joint com created by this body and won its case in every agency. Is mittee. By the way, I have heard some attack the joint com there· anything wrong in rebating what we lawfully provide for mittee employees. They are all right. The result of. this in in overpayment of taxes collected? formation is from the activity of the clerks of the joint com M:r. GARNER of Texas. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman mittee and not the joint committee itself. The employees of the yield? joint committee have functioned well. They are able · men; Mr. BEGG. Yes. they are doing their duty; they ar~ willing to tell the truth 1\Ir. GARNER of Texas. The gentleman's information, if I and the whole truth. But that joint committee will not func understand it, is that this concern got it through the Board of tion. You can not get a meeting of the committee. The clerk Tax Appeals, through the courts? of that committee wrote Mr. HAWLEY a letter, a copy ,of which Mr. BEGG. · No; they did not get it there. They went I have on my desk, suggesting that he call a meeting of that through every agency, and then the collector, the head of the committee, but no meeting has been called. Hts duty is · to revenue, Mr. Blair, was not in a position to say that the Gov examine them, and he made the suggestion to the joint com- ernment would accept or reject for a long period of time, but 1738 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--nOUSE J.ANU.ABY .15 finally decided in favor of the claimant, and refunded the claim Mr. ALMON. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last ant a million and a half dollars. word and ask unanimous consent to proceed for 10 minutes. Mr. GARNER of Texas. The courts or the Treasury Depart- The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Alabama asks unani ment? . mous consent to proceed for 10 minutes. Is there objection? Mr. BEGG. Let me ask the gentleman from Texas a question. . Mr. LAGUARDIA. Mr. Chairman, reserving the right to ob Mr. GARNER of Texas. But the gentleman does not answer Ject-and I shall not object-! think it is fair to announce that my question. the rule will be adhered to for the remainder of the discussion Mr. BEGG. Is the gentleman in favor of the Government of of this bill, owing to the program for the day. the United States taking money from a big taxpayer or a little The CHAIRMAN. The Chair hears no objection; and the one, for that matter, to which the Government is not rightfully gentleman from Alabama is recognized for 10 minutes. · entitled? Mr. ALMON. Mr. Chairman, I do not oppose the item in the Mr. GARNER of Texas. Certainly not. ~rmy appropriation bill which has just been read appropriat Mr. BEGG. In his speech, does the gentleman insinuate that lllg $270,000 for operation and maintaining Dam No. 2 for the the Secretary of the Treasury has wrongfully settled a single next fiscal year, but I take this occasion to call the attention of case in the whole history of the Government? the House and the country to the situation at Muscle Shoals Mr. GARNER of Texas. I will be glad to answer that if the ·with the view of showing the very great importance of the gentleman will let me. enactment of legislation at this session providinoo for the oper Mr. BEGG. Yes; answer it yes or no, not in a long speech. ation of the nitrate plant at Muscle Shoals fo; the manufac Mr. GARNER of Texas. I say this, that with the stupendous ture of fertilizer for the relief of the overburdened and dis amounts being refunded, the Secretary of the Treasury ought tressed farmers of the country. This plant has remained idle to welcome examination by this House as to whether he is in a stand-by condition, since the war ended. The hydroelectri~ settling them rightfully or wrongfully. [Applause on the Demo plan.t has ~en. operated in part for the past two or three years. cratic side.] Durmg th1s time the Government has sold to the Alabama Mr. BEGG. The Secretary of the Treasury is. not concealing Power Co. such an amount of power as it desired at about 2 any of the facts. mills per killowatt-hour under a contract revocable at the will of either party on 30 days' notice. DuTing the year 1928 the Mr. GARNER of Texas. He does not give anybody any facts. Uni~ed States district engineer, by authority from the Ohief of Mr. BEGG. He gives everybody the ·facts to which he is Engllleers, furnished ~he Florence Daily Times-News, published entitled, and the gentlemen on the committee can go down to at Florence, Ala., dally reports showing the amount of avail the Secretary of the Treasury-and I have no authority to able power, the amount sold to the power company, and the speak for him-and I know that they can get every bit of infor amount of wasted power. These amounts have been compiled mation that I can get, and a little more. I have never sought and I ask unanimous consent to insert in the RECORD a tabula any information on refunds or on taxes due that I was denied. tion, by months, as follows. Mr. GARNER of Texas. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Alabama asks unani yield? mous consent to insert the statement indicated. Is there objee Mr. BEGG. Yes. tiO!l? Mr. GARNER of Texas. Then I make the request through There was no objection. the gentleman now for the r~:ames of the people who have gotten The statement referred to is as follows : credits and rebates in the last few years. [From the Florence Times-News, Florence, Ala., Wednes?iay, January 2, Mr. BEGG. What right has the gentleman to the names any 1929] more than to the amount and the time. Mr. GARNER of Texas. I have not any more, but he gives TREMENDOUS LOSSES AT WILSON DAM FOR 1928 SHOWN BY GOVERN:P.fENT the amounts of the rebates, but not the names. FIGURES ON POWER SOLD AND WASTED Mr. BEGG. But we ourselves passed a law denying that as Compilations for the year 1928, just closed, assembled from official public property. Government figures at Wilson Dam, reveal that dming the 12 months Mr. GARNER of Texas. Oh, where is the law? there was a total waste of 1,579,788,041 kilowatt-hours of power, while Mr. BEGG. We repealed the law making it public property, for the year there wa,s sold to the Alabama Power Co., under the ar which is the same thing. I think it is not for the best interests rangement the Government now has with this company, only 217,115,- of the country at large to make a speech insinuating and by 687 kilowatt-hours, out of a total estimated available for the year ot innuendo leaving the interpretation that the Secretary of the 1,796,903,728 kilowatt-hours. These figmes, compiled by the Times Treasury, because he bas refunded $2,600,000,000, has done News from the figures now furnished it each day by the Government something which is not right. To me we ought to refund authorities at Wilson Dam reveal that in 1928 the Alabama Power Co. $2,600,000,000 or $10,000,000,000 if it does not rightfully belong took only a little over 12 per cent of the total estimated available to the Government of the United States. [Applause.] power. The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Ohio has By figming the amounts of power taken by the Alabama Power Co. expired. each month in 1928 and the official amounts paid by the company for the first 11 months of the year-the figures for December not being, WAR DEPARTMENT .APPROPRIATIONS available on amount paid-the approximate average of $0.002115 per Mr. BARBOUR. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House resolve kilowatt-hour is r eached as the price the Alabama Power Co. pays for itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the the gross power it takes from the Government. Using this figure as a Union for the further consideration of the bill H. R. 15712, basis, the Times-News thus secures for the year 1928 $3,341,251.70 making appropriations for the military and nonmilitary activi as the value of the waste power, even at this ridiculously low price. ties of the War Department for the :fiscal year ending June 30, In connection with to-day's compilations for the year 1928, the. 1930, and f or other purposes. following complete table is given, showing the totals for each month of The motion was agreed to. 1928: Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the further con .Amount Amount Wasted lost, com- sideration of the War Department appropriation bill, with Mr. Kilowatt- received power, TILSON in the chair. Month Available hours sold by United puted at power at $0.002115 StatesGov- kilowatt- $0.002115 The Clerk reported the title of -the bill. ernment hours per kilo- Mr. BARBOUR Mr. Chairman, it is our purpose, if possible, watt-hour to :finish the consideration of this bill by 2 o'clock. The bill was reported to the House on January 3, and off and on has been January------159, 960, 000 48,185,765 $104, 533. 78 111,774,235 $236, 402. 51 under consideration during all of the time since then. We have February______149,640,000 52,508,765 111,673.13 97, 131,235 205,432.56 March ______158, 242, 128 37,654,510 80,448.42 120, 587,618 255,042.81 been quite liberal in allowing time for discussion and debate, ApriL ______154,800,000 17,493,090 36,830.75 137,306,910 290,404.11 and I hope all wiU cooperate and close the discussion and con- May______159, 960, 000 3,110, 275 6, 220.55 156, 849, 725 331, 737. 17 sideration of the bill by 2 o'cloCk. - June ______-- 154, 800, 000 .2, 816,415 5, 632. 83 151, 983, 585 321,445.28 July------159, 960, 000 2, 836,867 5, 673.73 157, 123, 133 332,315.43 The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will read. August______152, 241, !JOO 14,399,000 28,699.94 137, 842, 900 . 291,537.73 The Clerk read as follows : September----- ___ 146,417, 500 7, 291,000 14,478. 21 · 139, 126, 500 294,252.55 October. __ ------136, 625, 100 8, <109, 000 16,810.00 123, 216, 100 260,602.51 MUSCLE SHOALS November ______129, 455, 200 7, 44:i, 000 13,690. 00 122, 010, 200 258,051.57 For operating, maintaining, and keeping in repair the works at Dam December_------139, 801, 900 14,966, ()()() 31,642.00 124, 788, 900 264,027.92 No. 2, Tennessee River, including the hydroelectrical development, Grand totaL 1, 796, 903, 728 217, 115, 687 456,157.47 I, 579,788,041 3, 341, 251.70 $270,000, to remain available until June 30, 1930, and· to be expended nrider the direction of the Secretary of War and the supervi"Sion of the NOTE.-December amount received by Government estimated at $0.002115 per Chief of Engineers. kilowatt. 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1739 The distressing part of this is not the two or three million Shoals plant for the Government, owns the patent for the dollars' worth of power that has been running to waste, but process, and has submitted to Congress an offer to the lease the many millions of dollars that would have been saved tl;e of the entire Muscle Shoals development for 50 years, and is farmers in the reduced price of fertilizer had it been used m and has been since 1909 successfully operating a plant of this the operation of the fertilizer plant, as was intended when kind with this process at Niagara Falls, Canada. the power plant was built. There are many plants in Germany and other European When this item of the expense for the operation of this PlB;nt countries using this cyanamide process successfully, and some for the next fiscal year was being considered by the Appropna such plants have been erected in recent years. tions Committee the representatives of the Engineer Depart Where there is cheap power and all the raw materials in ment were asked why more of the power was not sold. The close proximity and in inexhaustible quantities as exists at essence of their testimony was to the effect that they could Muscle Shoals, I am of the opinion, after making extensive make a more profitable lease of the power if they had the investigation and visiting the cyanamide plant at Niagara Falls, authority from Congress to do so. Congress has refused to Canada, that the cyanamide process is the best. Much bas give such authority, for a very good reason, at least as far a..q been said about the advantages of the synthetic process over the House is concerned. The majority of the Members of the the cyanamide process, but the fact remains that there is no House has insisted, and I believe still do, that no lease of the synthetic plant in the United States that is providing nitrogen power at Muscle Shoals shall be p1ade without a ~rovision in for fertilizer purposes, so we must look to the Muscle Shoals the lease that will guarantee the operation of the mtrate plant plant for cheaper nitrogen for fertilizer purposes. No. 2 for the production of fertilizer. President Coolidge ip To allow this great investment by the Government at Muscle his various messages has insisted that any lease of the Gov Shoals to remain idle when it could be of such great service to ernment's MuscJe Shoals property should provide primar~ly ~or. the people would be little less than a public calamity. [Ap- the production of fertilizer in peace times. When application plause.] . was presented to him recently for the purchase of this power Germany and other European countries have been utilizing for a period of five years without any provision for the opera their nitrogen plants since the war in providing fertilizer for tion of the fertilizer plant he declined to give it his approval the benefit of their farmers and have been so successful that and again said that he was opposed to a sale of the power for Germany, for instance, no longer imports nitrogen from Chile a number of years unless at the same time provision was made but has become a large exporter of nitrogen and fertilizer, for the operation of the nitrate plant for the manufacture of some of which is being imported into the United States. What fertilizer. Germany has done in this respect can be and should have been Mr. JAMES. Nobody except Congress has a right to lease done long ago with the Government's plant at Muscle Shoals. for two, three, or five years. - During the first session of this Congress the American Cyan Mr. ALMON. The Secretary of War, Mr. Weeks, sold the amid Co. submitted to the Congress an offer to lease Muscle Gorgas steam plant, which cost the Government about $5,000,000, Shoals for a term of 50 years, which provided for the operation being a part of the Muscle Shoals development, to the power of the nitrate plant for the manufacture of a highly conce~ company without authority from Congress. trated fertilizer, and providing for the construction of Dam No. Mr. JAMES. But the Judge Advocate General did not concur. 3 on the Tennessee River about 15 miles above Muscle Shoals, Mr. ALMON. This position of President Coolidge is emi and the Cove Creek Dam located on the Clinch River in east nently right and sound, because the nitrate plant and the Tennessee, a tributary of the Tennessee River. hydroelectric plant at Muscle Shoals constitute one plant or Mr. Madden, of Illinois, introduced a bill providing for the unit. The hydroelectric plant was constructed to create power acceptance of this offer. His b!ll was referred to the Military to operate the nitrate plant. Affairs Committee of the House. · This committee held exten Congress authorized and directed this development for two sive bearings and I am informed that the committee finally fundamental purposes, viz, to make explosives in times of war approved of every feature of the bill except what is known as and fertilizer in peace times. If the power is disposed of and the recapture clause. the plant remains idle in a stand-by condition, as it has since This question has been hefore Congress so long and being the war ended, the nitrate plant would rust out and become of such very great national importance, would it not be proper obsolete and of no value for national-defense purposes in the and aid in the settlement for the commtttee to report the bill event of war. to the House, each member of the committee, if he desired, All nations learned one very valuable lesson as a result of reserving the right to offer amendments and oppose the passage the World War. That is, that no nation of any standing or of the bill. respectability can afford to depend upon a foreign market for The result of such action on the part of the committee would a supply of nitrogen for explosives in time of war. Germany give the House an opportunity to consider the bill in every as had the foresight and wisdom before the beginning of the war pect. In this way the controverted parts of the bill might be to prepare, and built great nitrogen plants, and if she had not ironed out and a bill i,n the interest of the Government and done so, when her supply of Chilean nitrates was cut off she agriculture as well worked out and passed. Such a proceeding would have been helpless and could not have prosecuted the on the part of the committee would not be without precedent. war. If the German submarines had destroyed the Panama I have made these remarks with the view of showing the Canal and cut off our supply of nitrogen from Chile, we would importance of legislation on this subject without further delay. have been helpless to have prosecuted the war had it not been I urge upon the leaders of the majority who decide what bills for the erection of the nitrogen plant at Muscle Shoals: shall be considered during the remainder of this session of We can only preserve our nitrogen plant at Muscle Shoals for Congress to take steps to have the Madden bill brought before national-defense purposes by operating it in peace times for the House for consideration, which I trust they will do. the manufacture of fertilizer, thereby keeping it in an up-tcrdate [Applause.] running condition for the manufacture of explosives in the We hear much these days about farm-relief legislation. This event of war. But this would not be all. proposed legislation is real farm relief. I do not know of The farmers of the country would be denied the benefits any thing that the farmers are in greater need of and which which have been promised them and which they have the right will be more helpful to them than to be able to secure a good· to expect in securing better and cheaper fertilizer. Fertilizer grade of fertilizer at a reasonable price. That, in my opinion, can be made at Muscle Shoals at about one-half or not more would be the result of a settlement of the Muscle Shoals ques than two-thirds the prevailing prices. This has been proved tion in the right way. In the event this is not done at this before the committees of Congress and can not be successfully session I sincerely hope that the new President, Mr. Hoover, denied. It can be produced there in a concentrated form con will include in the legislative program of the extra session taining as much as 50 per cent plant food, which would be a Muscle Shoals legislation. It is just as important to the farmers saving of millions of dollars to the American farmers in trans as any farm-relief legislation that will be considered at that portation charges. Nitrates can be produced at the Muscle session. [Applause.] Shoals plant for approximately 5 cents per pound, while nitrates Mr. HILL of Alabama. Mr. Chairman, I rise in opposition to in the form of Chilean nitrate cost about 20 cents per pound. the pro forma amendment. Much propaganda has- been sent out in recent years for the The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Alabama is recog- purpose of trying to show that the cyanamide process for the nized for five minutes. . fixation of atmospheric nitrogen at the Muscle Shoals plant Mr. HILL of Alabama. Mr. Chairman, my colleague from is obsolete. This was done by interests that desired to see Alabama Judge ALMON, who is always vigorous and alert in Muscle Shoals converted into a hydroelectric-power develop all matters pertaining to Muscle Shoals, has just called your ment and prevent the operation of the nitrate plant for the attention to a chart based on :figures prepared by the Army en manufacture of fertilizer. gineers, which shows that during the year 1928 the Government No process is obsolete that is being successfully used and on of the United States sustained a loss of $3,341,251.70 at Muscle a large scale. The American Cyanamid Co. built Muscle Shoals. I have here a statement which shows that prior to last 1740 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 1.5 year, up to June 30, 1927, the Government sustained a loss of in Canada is sent to an ammonium phosphate plant at Warners, $7,379,008 at Muscle Shoals ; and, Mr. Chairman, I ask unapi N. J., and there converted into ammonium phosphate. On Janu mous consent to insert this &tatement an and the various reports which have been submitted show the EQUITY necessity for the passage of this bill, I therefore reserve the Cases on calendar Oct. 11 1928------ 82 remainder of my time. Cases added during Octooer------18 1\Ir. SUMNERS of Texns. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself five 100 minutes. Mr. Chairman, I have opposed greatly increasing the Tried------15 number of Federal judges hoping that some plan might be Otherwise disposed of------13 worked out under which such increases would not be necessary. Cases on calendar Nov. 1, 1928------ 72 But that plan has not been worked out. Congestion in the Cases added during November------45 courts has continued to increase until it has reached the point 117 in some of the J 1748 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 15 1928 these assignments averaged one judge for a: little under man representing a congressional district within the eastern district of seven full months. These outside judges, new to the district New York, and to each of the United States Senators from the State and new to the members of the bar, receive $10 per diem, of New York; and be it further together with their railroad fare and necessary clerical hire. - Resolved, That the president of the Brooklyn Bar Association be Here is the list of the names of the judges and the States empowered and directed to appoint a committee of 10, two mem from which assigned, together with the period of their service bers of which shall wait upon each Congressman representing a con in the court of the eastern judicial district of New York: gressional district within the confines of the eastern district of New York and each United States Senator from the State '"of New York to Judge District From- To- obtain from such Congressmen and Senators a definite stand upon the following propositions and report the same back to the Brooklyn Bar Association at its next regular meeting, whether the said bill for the Charles F. Lynch ____ New Jersey __ ------Mar. 5, 1923 Mar. 23, 1923 additional judge shall have been acted upon or not; and be it further D. Lawrence Groner__ Eastern district of Virginia____ Jule 18, 1923 July 7, 1923 Wm. B. Sheppard ____ Northern district of Florida ___ June 1,1923 July 31, 1923 ResoZ·ved, That the questions to be asked by the committee of these Do ______do ______Sept. 3,1923 Sept. 30, 1923 Congressmen and Senators, as follows: Jos. W. Woodrougb __ Nebraska ______July 2,1923 Aug. 31, 1923 1. Are you persuaded that an additional United States (listrict judge W. Lee Estes ______Eastern district of Texas ______Sept. 17,1923 Oct. 15, 1923 Robert T. Erwin _____ Southern district of Alabama ______do ______4 weeks. is necessary in the eastern district of New York at the present time? Wm. B. Sheppard ____ Northern district of Florida ___ June 9,1924 Sept. 30, 1924 2. Are you in favor of the present bill H. R. 5774, providing for the Harland B. Howe ____ Vermont______Feb. 2,1925 Feb. 7,1925 appoinbnent of an additional judge of the District Court of the United Benj. C. Dawkins ____ Western district of Louisiana. June 1, 1925 Sept. 30, 1925 Lake Jones ______Southern district of Florida ___ July 7,1925 July 21, 1925 States for the Eastern District of New York? Robert T. Erwin _____ Southern district of Alabama __ Sept. 1,1925 4 weeks. 3. If not, why? Wm. B. Sheppard ____ Northern district of Florida ___ July 1,1926 Sept. 30, 1926 Do ______do ______July 1,1927 Sept. 30, 1927 This measure has the support of every chamber of commerce Fred. H. Bryant ______Northern district of New York_ Nov. 7, 1927 Dec. 3,1927 and business organization in the eastern district of New York, Warren B. Burrows __ Connecticut ______Mar. 7,1928 Apr. 7,1928 Fred H. Bryant______NortherndistrictofNewYork_ Apr. 301,928 May 31,1928 as well as merchant and commercial bodies in the city of New Albert H. Johnson____ Middle district of Pennsyl- Apr. 23, 1928 May 5,1928 York proper. · vania. But forming the fundamental background for the support of Wm. H. AtwelL______Northern district of Texas_____ July 17, 1928 Aug. 31, 1928 Henry D. Clayton ____ Northern district of Alabama__ Sept. 1,1928 Sept. 30,1928 this proposal to improve the judicial machinery are the private Frank Cooper______Northern district of New York_ Nov. 7,1928 Nov. 30,1928 citizens and business interests for whose sole benefit it is in Do ______do ______Dec. 1,1928 Dec. 21,1928 tended. This morning's mail brought me a letter from one of the largest surety companies in the world which succinctly A recapitulation of the above shows that the judges named served 877 days in the eastern district, or a total period of 2 years 4 months 27 days. states the need for this measure. In urging the enactment of the bill it stated: But even with the aid furnished by these outside judges there As you b.-now, one of the greatest handicaps that business in our city has been no marked improvement in the condition of the busi labors under is the delay in obtaining justice in the Federal courts, due ness at this court. And to obtain these jurists has been a diffi to the inadequate number of judges. cult task. The senior judge in the eastern district court has found it a hard and often an embarrassing task to secure out Under present conditions existing at this court, all arising side juuges. My information is that at one time he was forced from the inadequate judicial personnel, these citizens and busi· to write to 18 different judges before he succeeded in persuauing ness interests are denied that measure of justice to which they one to hold a term of court. This was a very recent occasion. are entitled. In the criminal cases their service was invaluable, but in I think I am as much against authorizing unnecessary addi admiralty and common law the resident judges had to be de tional judicial personnel as any Member of this Bou e. Before pended upon. Then, too, these outside judges, not having the voting for an increase anywhere I would want the justification. wide acquaintanceship with the local bar, are at a disadvantage I would want to know that there was a real neecl for the cre in pushing cases to trial. ation of additional judgesll.ips in any district. But the assign So much for the justification of this bill. I will only take a ment practice, at least as far as the eastern district is concerned, few more moments of your time to tell you the influences that has broken down. It offers no real relief. Not only ll.as it been are earnestly back of this measure and that demand and expect practically impossible to bring in outside judge · but those who it enactment. have favored our district were available only, for all practical Back of thi bill is the editorial prestige of all the important pm·poses, for the criminal part, not having special admiralty ex newspapers in the eastern judicial district. Not one paper, to perience, or being experienced with the common law as practiced my knowledge, has ever printed a word of opposition, or of indif in New York. ference, to the bill. Rather, the press has been most insistent on Every expedient to aid the ea tern district with the present its passage. machinery has failed, and therefore there is only one solution, This measure has the support of every bar association in the and that is the appointment of two additional permanent judges. eastern judicial district and also of the New York Bar Associa It becomes our duty, our patriotic duty, to offer every help pos tion and the New York Patent Bar Association. The resolution sible in the administration of justice, and therefore, gentlemen, of the Brooklyn Bar Association, directed to a previous bill in I earnestly hope that you will support this measure and aid in troduced by me, is particularly pointed, and I give it in full: curing the "hopeless situation" in our district pictured by Chief Justice Taft. Whereas the amount of business in the United States District Court for the Eash>~·n District of New York has increased so largely that from 1911 Summary of business at Federal court for Easten1- District of New Ym·k to December 1, 1928 until 1922 there was an increase of about 500 per cent in admiralty, 250 per cent in law and equity, 200 per cent in bankruptcy, and an ADMIRALTY Cases on calendar Oct. 1. 1928------1, 034 increase of 500 per cent in criminal cases ; and Cases added during October______28 Whereas the percentage of increases has continued from that period down to the fiscal year ending June 30, 1927 ; and 1,062 Whereas there are now only three district judges appointed from Tried------44 this district ; and Otherwise disposed of------~------56 Whereas under the present condition one judge is continually occu Cases on calendar Nov. 1, 1.,928 ______: ______-_____ 962 pied with criminal cases, one judge is occupied with all the ex parte Cases added during November------21 and litigated motions, and naturalization; that only one judge is 983 therefore available to try the litigated causes in equity, law, and ad Othe~ise disposed of------10 miralty, so that each class of causes bas but three months of each year for the transaction of its business unless judges are brought from out Cases on calendar Dec. 1, 1928------993 of town; and EQUITY Whereas there has been increasing difficulty in obtaining judges from Cases on calendar Oet. 1. 1928------82 other districts to sit in the eastern district of New York and relieve Cases added during October------18 the pressure : Now, therefore, be it 100 Resolved, That the Brooklyn Bar Association at a regular meeting Tried------15 thereof held on the 8th day of March, 1928, places itself on record Otherwise disposed of------13 as being unanimously in favor of there being an increase in the number Cases on calendar Nov. 1, 1928------~ of judges for the eastern district of New York by at least one; and be it Cases added during November______45 further Resolved, That the Brooklyn Bar Association place its-elf on record 117 Tried------16 as being in favor of the bill H. R. 5774 now pending before the Com Otherwise disposed of______36 mittee of the Whole House on the state of the Union; and be it further Cases on calendar Dec. 1, 1928------65 Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to each Congress- 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1749 COMMON LAW The CHAIRMAN. Pursuant to the rule, the committee will Cases on calendar Oct. 1, 1928------126 now rise and report the bill back to the House without Cases added during October------8 amendment. 134 Accordingly the committee rose; and the Speaker having Otherwise disposed oL------8 resumed the chair, 1\Ir. HOOPER, Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, reported that that Cases on calendar Nov. 1, 1928------126 · Cases added during November------10 committee had had under consideration the bill (S. 1976) for the appointment of an additional circuit judge for the second 136 judicial circuit and had directed him to report the same back Tried------11 Otherwise disposed oL------7 to the House without amendment, pursuant to House Resolu Cases Wool and manufactures of1 February 6. merce. S. 5038. An act to extend the times for commencing Silk and. silk goods, February 11, 12. and completing the construction of a bridge across the Missi~ 1929' CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE 1751 sippi River at or near Baton Rouge, La. ; without amendment By Mr. MORROW: A bill (H. R. 16281) to provide for a (Rept. No. 2092). Referred to the House Calendar. military and industrial school for boys and girls in the State Mr. DENISON: Committee on Int.er~te and Foreign Com of New Mexico; to the Committee on the Public Lands. merce. S. 5039. An act to extend the times for commencing and completing the coru;truction of a bridge across the Wabash PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS River at Mount Carmel, Ill; without amendment (Rept. No. Under clause 1 of Rule XXIT, private bills and resolutioru; 2093) Referred to the House Calendar. were introduced and severally referred as follows: Mr.' GARBER: Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com By Mr. BACHMANN: -A bill (H. R. 16282) for the relief of merce. H. R. 14151. A bill to provide for establishment of a Andrew Boyd Rogers; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. Coast Guard station at or near the mouth of the Quillayute By Mr. BEERS: A bill (H. R. 16283) granting a pension to River in the State of Washington; with amendment (Rept. No. Katharine M. Thomas ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 2094). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the By Mr. W. T. FITZGERALD: A bill (H. R. 16284) granting state of the Union. a pension to Joseph W. Stroud; to the Committee on Invalid Mr. SHALLENBERGER: Committee on Interstate and For Pensions. eign Commerce. H. R. 14452. A bill to authorize the Secretary Also, a bill (H. R. 16285) to correct the military record of of the Treasury to donate to the city of Oakland, Calif., the Benjamin F. Yazel; to the Committee on Military Affairs. United States Coast Guard cutter Bear; with amendment (Rept. By Mr. FULBRIGHT: A bill (H. R. 16286) granting an in r No. 2095). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on crease of pension to William H. Surridge; to the Committee on the state of the Union. Peru;ions. · Mr. HOCH: Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Also, a bill (H. R. 16287) granting an increase of pension to H. R. 16129. A bill to provide for the acquisition of a site and Lavina M. Williams; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. the construction thereon and equipment of buildings and ap By Mr. GAMBRILL: A bill (H. R. 16288) granting a pension purtenances for the Coast Guard Academy ; with amendment to Susie G. Ganbin; to the Committee on Peru;ions. (Rept. No. 2096). Referred to the Committee of the Whole By Mr. GARBER: A bill (H. R. 16289) granting an increase House on the state of the Union. of pension to Elizabeth Kennel; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. REPORTS OF COMl\fi'rl'EES ON PRIVATE BILLS AND By Mr. GARDNER of Indiana: A bill (H. R. 16290) granting RESOLUTIONS a pension to Stephen Cole, alias Steven Cole; to the Committee on Peru;ions. Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, Also, a bill (H. R. 16291) for the relief of Stephen Cole, alias Mr. DARROW: Committee on Naval Affairs. H. R. 13428. A Steven Cole; to the Committee on Military Affairs. bill for the relief of Mackenzie Memorial Hospital and German By Mr. IRWIN: A bill (H. R. 16292) granting an increase of American Hospital a.nd Lau Ye Kun, all of Tientsin, China ; pension to Alice L. Enloe ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. with amendment (Rept. No. 2007). Referred to the Committee By Mr. McKEOWN: A bill (H. R. 16293) granting an increase of the Whole House. of pension to Emily A. Northcutt ; to the Committee on Invalid Mr. YON: Committee on the Public Lands. H. R. 15651. A Pensions. bill for the relief of Leonidas L. Cochran; with amendment By Mr. O'CONNELL: A bill (H. R. 16294) granting a pension (Rept. No. 2098). Referred to the Committee of the Whole t-o William E. Dollard ; to the Committee on Pensions. House. By Mr. STRONG of Pennsylvania: A bill (H. R. 16295) granting an increase of pension to Pauline Carney; to the Com PUBLIC BILLS Al\"D RESOLUTIONS mittee on Invalid Pensions. Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, public bills and resolutions were By Mr. SWICK: A bill (H. R. 16296) granting an increase of introduced and severally referred as follows: pension to Matilda Beighley; to the Committee on Invalid By Mr. HERSEY: A bill (H. R. 16270) to revive and reenact Pensions. an act entitled "An act granting the consent of Congress for By Mr. VINSON of Kentucky: A bill (H. R. 16297) granting the construction of a bridge across the St. John River between a pension to B. F. Ramey; to the Committe on Invalid Pensions. Fort Kent, Me., and Clairs, Province of New Brunswick, By Mr. WARREN: A bill (H. R. 16298) granting a pension Canada," approved March 18, 1924; to the Committee on Inter to Wallace Cayton; to the Committee on Pensions. state and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. WYANT: A b-ill (H. R. 16299) granting a _pension to By Mr. McMILLAN: A bill (H. R. 16271) to increase the Nancy E. Baker; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. compensation of carriers in the village delivery service; to the Also, a bill (H. R. 16300) granting a pension to Annie Bru· Committee on the Post Office a.nd Post Roads. baker; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. DOlJ.GLAS of Arizona: A bill (H. R. 16272) provid ing for the designation and maintenance of national cemeteries PETITIONS, ETC. at Tucson, Ariz., and Fort Bayard, N. Mex.; to the Committee Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid on Military Affairs. on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: By Mr. MORIN: A bill (H. R. 16273) to amend an act en 8237. By Mr. CHALMERS : Petition signed by residents of titled "An act to provide for the membership of the Board of Toledo, Ohio, protesting against compulsory Sunday observance; Visitors, United States Military Academy, and for other pur to the Committee on the District of Columbia. poses," approved May 17, 1928 ; to the Committee on Military 8238. By Mr. FULBRIGHT: Petition by citizens of New Affairs. Madrid County, Mo., urging passage of House bill 14116; to the • By Mr. SIMMONS: A bill (H. R. 16274) to provide for the Committee on Agriculture. establishment of a municipal center in the District of Colum 8239. By Mr. GARBER: Petition of the Clara Barton Aux bia; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. iliary, United Spanish War Veterans, urging support of House By Mr. McFADDEN: A bill (H. R. 16275) to amend section bill 14676; to the Committee on Pensions. 9 of the Federal reserve act and section 5240 ot the Revised 8240. Also, petition of the Medical Society of the State of Statutes of t}le United States, and for other purposes; to the New York, in opposition to the Newton bill; to the Committee Committee on Banking and Currency. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. FISHER: A bill (H. R. 16276) in referenc~ to mem 8241. By Mr. LINDSAY: Petition of Miller Parlor Frame bers of the Officers' Reserve Corps, United States Army; to the Co. (Inc.), Brooklyn, N.Y., opposing the lowering or preserving Committee on Military Affairs. of the present schedule on importation of furniture frames By Mr. KELLY: A bill (H. R. 16277) to classify certain from Italy, strongly urging increasing schedule; to the Com positions in the Railway Mail Service, and for other purposes; mittee on Ways and Means. to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads. 8242. Also, petition of McKibben Chair Corporation, Brook Also, a bill (H. R. 16278) to amend the national defense act lyn, N. Y., urging an increase in the ~iff on wood manufac by providing for a pharmacy CQrps in the Medical Department, tures and products of wood industry, particularly importation United States Army; to the Committee on Military .Affairs. of wood frames from abroad; to the Committee on Ways and By Mr. VINSON of Kentucky: A bill (H. R. 16279) to ex Means. tend the times for commencing and completing the construction 8243. By. Mr. MOORE of New Jersey~ Petition of employees of a bridge across the Ohio River at Augusta, Ky.; to the of Barrett & Co., leather manufacturers, of Newark, N. J., ask Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. ing for adequate duty on leather, etc.; to the Committee . on By Mr. WINGO: A bill (H. R. 16280) to amend section 7 Ways and Means. of public act 391, Seventieth Congress, approved May 15, 1928; 8244. By Mr. O'CONNELL: Petition of the Magee Carpet Co., to the Committee on Flood ControL BloomBburg, Pa., favoring tile passage of House bills 9200 and • il752 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 16 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal court judges PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS in the State of New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 8245. Also, petition of I. l\Iittelman & Co., New York City, Mr. BRUCE presented letters in the nature of memorials, which were ordered to lie on the table and to be printed in the favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate RECORD, as follows : bill 1976, for additional Federal court judges in the State of New York; to the ~ Committee on the Judiciary. . SaNDY SPRINGS, MD., Jan1W1ry '1, 1929. 8246. Also, petition of the Edmund Wright-Ginsberg Co., New CITIZENS CONFERENCE ON CRUISERS, York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 Hotel Washington, Washington, D. C. and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal court judges in the GENTLEMEN : It is with regret that I am compelled by press of busi State of New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ness connected with the company of which I have been an officer for 8247. By Mr. WINTER: Resclutions from the Washakie near 40 years to decline your invitation to attend your meetings to County Farm Bureau and Washakie Beet Growers' Association, morrow, but as evidence of my deep interest in the splendid work you urging that sugar beets and the production of sugar be in are doing I inclose check for a seat at the dinner table. cluded in the tariff hearings held on agricultural products ; to May your efforts be crowned with success and the cruiser bill be the Committee on Ways and Means. defeated, postponed, or at least amended. It would show the world 8248. Also, resolution by the Powell Chamber of Commerce, that America has lost not only her spiritual leadership among nations Powell, Wyo., urging that every possible effort toward the but an sense of humor if she should aceompany a pact for the re passage of House bill 9956 and Senate bill 2829 be made at this nunciation of war by starting to building a new lot of war vessels. session of Congress; to the Committee on Irrigation and Recla Very truly yours, mation. ALLAN FARQUHA.B. SENATE THE WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, DNPARTMENT OF BIBLICAL THEOLOGY, WEDNESDAY, January 16, 1929 Westmti-nster, Md., January 6, 1929. CONFERENCE ON THE CRUISER BILL, The Chaplain, Rev. Z~.Barney T. Phillips, D. D., offered the following prayer : Hotel Washington, Washington, D. C. DEAR FRIENDS: On account of illness I shall not be able to meet in Almighty Father, from whose bosom we dropped into light, we the conference on the cruiser bill on January 8. know so little of the path we tread or where it leads, but Thou I heartily indorse the purpose of the meeting. I am opposed to the knowest all things, and in Thee is our trust. cruiser bill and believe that the pact for renunciation of war should Put to silence now our clamorous thoughts that we may be be ratified at once and given all possible moral support. still and know that Thou art God, that Thy sheltering love en Sincerely, folds us, wooing us to better things. Give us strength for our M. J. SHROYER. burdens, wisdom for our responsibilities, insight for our times, and faith sufficient for the larger claims, that in all our striving SANDY SPRINGS, MD., January 6, 1929. for the Nation's weal we may be conscious of our fellowship CITIZENS CONFERENCE ON CRUISERS, , with Thee. Hotel Washington, Washington, D. 0. Help us thus to bear the fret of care and to keep unbrok'm GENTLEMEN : I should like to express my interes't in this conference vigil of the soul lest we trifle with life's golden oppDrtunities and heartily indorse the purpose of it, believing that out of honest or scorn its swiftly ebbing day. All of which we ask through discussion we can become keenly alive to the world's ills and realize Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. thut it is not battleships that we need but warm friendliness with all The Chief Clerk proceeded to read the Journal of the proceed nations, which can come about through education. ings of the legislative day of Monday last, when, on request of Sincerely, l\1r. ClJRTIS and by unanimous consent, the further reading was MARY M. MILLER. dispensed with and the Journal was approved. Mr. COPELAND presented resolutions adopted by the Couneil MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE of the New York Commandery of the Naval Order of the United A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Halti States, favoring the prompt passage of the bill (H. R. 11526) gan, one of its clerks, announced that the House had passed the to authorize the constniCtion of certain naval vessels, and for following bills of the Senate: other purposes, which were ordered to lie on the table. S.1275. An act to create an additional judge for the southern He also presented numerous memorials and letters and tele district of Florida ; and grams in the nature of memorials, of citizen~ and civic and S. 1976. An act for the appointment of an additional circuit religious organizations in the State of New York, remonstrating judge for the second judicial circuit. against the passage of the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the The message also announced that the House had passed the construction of certain naval vessels, and for other purposes, following bills, in which it requested the concurrence of the which ''ere ordered to lie on the table. Senale: Mr. FESS presented numerous resolutions adopted by women's H. R. 9200. A bill to provide for the appointment of three addi clubs and civic and religious organizations in the State of tional judges of the Distrid Court of the United States for the Ohio, indorsing the so-called Kellogg multilateral treaty for Southern District of New York; and the renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie on the table. • H. R.14659. A bill to provide for the appointment of two addi Mr. SHEPPARD presented a petition of members of the Phi tional judges of the District Court of the United States for the Gamma 1\Iu Soeiety of the Texas Technological College, in Eastern District of New York. dorsing the so-called general pact for the renunciation of war, MULTILA.TERAL PEACE 'IREATY-PERSON.AL EXPLANA'IION which was ordered to lie on the table. 1\Ir. EDGE presented memorials and letters and telegrams in Mr. EDGE. :M.r. President, I desire, if I may at this time, to the nature of memorials of sundry citizens and organizations make a short personal statement. I was unable to be present in the State of New Jersey, remonstrating against the passage at the session of the Senate yesterday when the final vote was of the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain taken on the ratification of the llriand-Kellogg treaty and there naval vessels, and for other purposes, which were ordered to lie fore, of course, am not recorded as voting. The fact is that we on the table. were inaugurating a governor in the State of New Jersey yes Mr. GILLETT presented letters and papers in the nature of terday and I felt that event of sufficient impDrtance to demand memorials from sundry citizens and organizations in the State my presence. I desire to state that if I had been in the Senate of Massachusetts, remonstrating against the passage of the bill yesterday I would have voted for the ratification of the treaty (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain naval with or without a committee report. vessE>ls, and for other purposes, which were ordered to lie on the HOUSEJ BILLS REFERRED table. The following bills were each read twice by their titles and He also presented numerous · resolutions of women's clubs referred to the Committee on the Judiciary : and civic and religious organizations in the State of Massachu H. R. 9200. An act to provide for the appointment of three setts, indorsing the so--called Kellogg multilateral treaty for the additional judges of the District Court of the United States for renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie on the table. the Southern District of New York: and Mr. WAGNER. I ask that there may be printed in the H. R. 14659. An act to provide for the appointment of two RECORD and lie on the table resolutions received by me from additional judges of the District Court of the United States the Chamber of Commerce of the Bronx, New York City, in for the Eastern District of New York. favor of the passage of the cruiser bill . •