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The Relation Between Religion and Nationalism in Early Zionist Thought : a Study in the Prehistory of the State of Israel

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The Relation Between Religion and Nationalism in Early Zionist Thought : a Study in the Prehistory of the State of Israel EARLY ZIONIST THOUGHT: A study in the prehistorj of the State of Isrrel. Guenter 3trothotte Dr. theol., Er1aayl;en University, 1355 A TKESIS SUSLTImED IIJ PARTIAL E'ULFIL12:TlTT OF IIIISTER OF ARTS in the Department of History M am c : Guenter S-l-rot:>otto ABSTRACT The emergence of the State of Israel in 1948 nas a result of the mrk of Jenn, nho late in the nineteenth oentury begm to call thenselves 'Zionistsw. The object of the thesis here presented is to investigate the rati'onale of the forerunners, as well as of the founders =d the early adherents of the Zionist novernent nainly up to 1914. Of special concern - II Lt - This is cocipered rrith notives springin;: fron the ?hr6pectn.._.- -- natio- Jenisli religion. -Use considered is the influence ~h?.chthe rise of ~odern anti-3emitisn had upon Zionist thought. The developaent of Zionisn is seen against the different back.~oundsof Jewish life in ;-?estern and Eastern Europe. The paTer sunmarizes the yrinciple argments over these issues. Zionis~! is shorn to be a .Jewish natiwel rloveaent of self-liberation, f -7 /patterned after sinilar movements in Europe at that tine. Jens were urcecl , 1 to consider the-.lselves across t3e international borders as one people, and I no longer just as adhetents of a defiain rexigion. They nelie to f~custheir I? attention on one country, which was to become their nationel hone and xhere if they could eventually live a no& national life es one peo?le, like zll 1 i i other nations. Anti-Semitic outbursts vere a decisive factor in the devel- L - -..- - - - op2ents of Zionist thought. They he& to be considered, honever, as the imedizte rather than the main cause. .- -.pry#== * Ol~inionsof the religious leaders mere divided. 7'ost Refom Jews rejected Zionist aspirations out of considerztions of yrinciple. They sew them as a danger for emmc5pation and essi lilztion. The first to sug:r;ezt Zionist thou& rrere Orthodox .Teus. In their mitines the influence of conte~orary%ro?ea nationalis? is clearly discernible. They nere forced to reinteqret some religious prknciples, mousing the'opposition of many of their co1lez;ues. Fobody was opposed to the founding of agriculture9 4 (iii) 4 settleaents for Jews in Palestine.) The Talirnrd eonsidered it even a meri- torious act for a Jew to live in the Holy Land. Jewish agricultural settle- nents could perhaps even hasten the coming of the Yessiah, But nany Rzbbis feared that the Torah could not be pro~erlyobserved in these settle~.ients. It nas also believed that man mas not permi-tted to interfere in the affcirs 3 liof the Al,?ightg. Self-help as suggested by the Zioaists ms considered to ube precisely this. The ingathering of the exiled fro3 the four corners of the earth mas to be ecconplished by God's Yessiah. !?any nere opposed the founding of a -state. Xost of the leaders, who vere able to found a Zionist orsarizatio-n vere secular-minded and nere e-lberrassed by religious arguments. Yley mted a lend for their poor tmd suffering brethren, not the Eoly Land. They mted to found a 3odern state, not.the kingdon of Cod. The majority of religiously-) L/-- minded Jews stayed amy or were even outrightly opposed to Zioaisn. There was, horrever, a minority of observmt Jews within the movement. They advocated the observmce of religious preceyts and the building up of a Jewish national honelznd on the basis of the Torah. -7 The official position of ti.e leadership of the Zionist novenent xith 1 kf regard to religion mas one of neutrality. The discussion of religious C.! i " questions ms not >emitted at Zionist Conmesses. This was, ho;,ever, not elnays ~ossible. The most troublesome issue becme the attempt of some Zionists to further'the develop~e-ntof secular .Jewish culture. This m.s seen by others as an infringement on religious ~rerop~tives.Thenever the "cultural Question" cane up for discussion, religious issues rrere also debated. Yhen it mas decided actively to supyo& cultural nork, !la=rly of She religious fzction / broke amy from the orgmization and founded their om novenent, There mre also thox, who tried to overcole the dirferences between (id religion and nationalism, As an exmp1e for such attempts some of the thoughts of Ibrtin 13uber are summvized. Table of Contents. Introduction \ Chapter I: Judaism Prior to ModeraZionism Chapter 11: Precursors of Zionism \ Cher 111: Beginnings of Wonism in Russia Chapter IV: Nationalism and Religion in the Debates of the Lovers of Zion t I Chapter V: Nationalism and Religion in the First \ Zionist Debates in Central and Western t Chapter The Pirst Zionist Congress and . : the Religious Issues. Chapter VI1:- The Debates 6ncerning Religion and National Jewish Culture in the Zionist Movement Between 1897 and 199. Chapter VIII: The Debates Concerming Relimn and National Jedsh Culture at the Zionist - Congress in 1911 and the Consequenws. Conclusion Selected Bibliography Introduction The emergence of the State of Israel in 1948 was a result of the work of ~ews,who late in the nineteenth century began to call themselves wZionists". The object of the following paper is to investigate the rationale of the founders of the movement and the debates concerning its objects among the early adherents. It is a well known fact that C--------- -jJ U-ad U-ad Jewish nattwJewish , qligion, Of special concern in this paper will be the question, to what extent the early Zionists and their precursors were influenced by the ideals and ideas of European nationalism of the nineteenth century. This will be compared with the motives originating from the Jewish religion. Of special interest will be the question, how the impetds coming from these basically different sources merged in the thought- mrld of some outstanding Zionists. It will also be investigated to rhaf extent the ideas emerging from the two different sourma caused oonflicts in the ranks of the early adherents of the movement, and 1 set the the stage for a Kulturkampf, A third factor needs to be taken I into account, the rise of modern anti-Semitism in ~rope,f.tself a I@ product of the nationalism of that periodO2 The extent to which Zion- ( ism was a Jewish reaction and counte~measureto this phenomenon will &so be discussed, The paper will mainly be confined to the period prior to 1914, The Mrst World War brought about many changes for the Zionist movement, especially as a result of the Balfuur Declaration, Nevertheless, some of the basic positions derived at in the debates prior to World War I remained Axndamentsl and still are so *day in some respects, especially in the field of education in Israel, The outlines of the debates con- wrning nationalism and religion in the Zionist movement are not only a contribution to the pre-history of the Jewish Stzte. Nationalismhas become a world-wide phenomenon, It has even been called a modern religion. Jews were no strangers to such suggestions. mere were people among them, nho wanted the Jewish religion to be replaced by Zionism, as will be shown, Nany of the problems of nationalism and religion, which the Zionist thinkers thought through, are also of interest to those, whose national and religious background is different. It should be of special concern to those, who have partially the same background, namely Christians, and in another way Muslims. A study of Zionist thought is a study of a part of our own Zeitgeist, Many of the questions raised exist in one form or the other in many places and demand answers. The paper had by necessity to be limited in some way. Not dealt rfth are three closely related questions, which certainly would deserve filler treatment, than the scope of the topic was thought of to permit. The first of these are the ideas Christians had concerning the return of Jews to the Holy Land and their influence upon the development of Zionism. It can be shown that Christian groups had more religious reasons for a mwe of Jews to Palestine than most Zionists had. kt they started from different presuppositions, which should be explained in more detail. The second area not dealt with are national Jewish movements other than Zionist. These were omitted because they were not aa directly influential upon the founding of the State of Israel as Zionism was, The third question not dealt with are the BrabZionist relations. This question was mentioned occasionally and had caused some minor problems in the period dealt with in this paper. It waa not fore- seen by the early Zionists, however, that it could ever become a major problem. It indeed did not become such, until the Arabs developed nation- al movements of their own many years later. A comparison between the different stages in the development of the Jewish and Arab national move- ments, which to-day are pitched again& ea& other, would be an intrigu- ing topio, but it would be a new thesis in itself and more extensive than the one here presented. Chapter I Judaism Prior to Jlodern Zionism. In 70 A.D. the second Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroye5 and the 1 ancient Jewish state ceased to exist. E'rom then until the twentieth century, 4 the history of the .Jemish people and that of their ancient homeland were separate. The land changed hands several times and nas ruled by various 4 nations, Tine Jews themselves were scattered as minorities in different countries, Nowhere did they rule over a country of their om. They con- sidered this an unnatural situation and referred to their existence as "in exileN, "in the Diaspora", or, using a Hebrew word, Yn the Golastl, There were always Jews, who managed to visit -the Holy Land, some even to settle there for sone length of time.
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